语言学 Functions of language

EMOTIVE
contact
CONATIVE
（情感功能）PHATIC （寒暄功能） （意动功能）
code
METALINGUAL （元语言功能）
Speech event and language functions
Language is language in communication, there is no language without the frame of situation. The elements in a speech event motivate the essential functions of a language.
• Language can be used to describe people’s experience of the real world and their inner world or thoughts.（描述 客观世界和内心世界）
May 1-3 are designated days. Only visitors with a ticket valid for one or more of these three days can enter the Expo Garden. Those with standard day tickets will be denied entry.
Textual function is realized in themestructure, given/new, and rhetorical structure etc.
form, function, situation
In a broader sense, according to Halliday, language varies as its function varies; the form of a language differs in different situations, which imply different general functions of the language used.
context
speaker
contact message code
addressee
Three general functions by Halliday
Halliday tried to relate the functions of language to its structures. He argues that there are three general functions of language: ideational (which is subdivided into experiential and logical), interpersonal and textual.
the ideational function
Language serves for the expression of ‘content’: that is, of the speaker’s experience of the real world, including the inner world of his own consciousness. We may call this the ideational function.
well. （ 表 明 说 话 人 的 社 会 地
位、态度、判断等）
Elizabeth, Lizzy, my dear, Mummy, your majesty…
---Your Majesty（女王陛下）, my party has won the election, and so I ask your permission to form a... (----No, Mr Blair. I ask the question. )
（只有20%语言用于描述事实或传递 信息）
--- Eugene Nida
Interpersonal function （人际功能）
Language can be used to help people
interact with each other in a society, （与人交际）
to express the speaker’s status, social position, attitudes, and his judgment as
message（信息） addressee
contact（交往） （听者）
code（符号）
Functions of Language (Roman Jakobson, 1960)
context
REFERENTIAL（描述功能）
speaker
message POETIC（诗歌功能） addressee
This is the major role of language.（最基本 的功能）
According to some investigations, though the conveying of some information occurs in most uses of language , it probably represents not more than 20 percent of what takes place in verbal communication.
the interpersonal function
Through the interpersonal function the individual is identified and reinforced, since by enabling him to interact with others language also serves in the expression and development of his own personality.
The Basic Functions of Language (Hu Zhuanglin)
informative function (信息功能，描述功能) interpersonal function （人际功能） phatic function （寒暄功能） emotive function （情感功能） recreational function （娱乐功能，诗歌功能） performative function （行事功能） metalingual function （元语言功能）
“every language encompasses several concurrent patterns, each characterized by different functions ” --- Jakobson
speech event
speaker, addressee, context, message, code, contact
the textual function
The textual function enables the speaker or writer to construct ‘texts’ and enables the listener or reader to distinguish a text from random set of sentences.
Functions of language
--- An Introduction to Linguistics
CHEN Jianhua English department
CASBUU
Definition of language
Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.
Queen and his subordinate （ 女王和下属）
---(---Charles, dear, use the royal flight. ) No, Mummy（妈妈）, she can't. This isn't a matter of state.
Mother and son （母子关系）
Halliday’s Functional Grammar
Halliday believes the oral and written texts we produce have their specific linguistic form because of the different social purposes they fulfill. Language used in different situations is not decontextualized structures in their own right but rather the means to realize mutually predictive relationships between texts and the social practices.
speech event
Factors in any speech event
speaker, addressee, context, message, code, contact ---Jakobson, Linguistics and Poectics, 1960
context（情景）
speaker （言者）
5月1日至3日是指定日，在这三天中游客只有持指定日有效的门 票才能进世博园参观，持普通平日门票的游客不能入园参观。
Informative function （信息功能）
Language serves for the expression of content. （语言用语表达内容）
The use of language to record the facts is referred to as informative or referential function.（描述事实）
Informative function信息功能
Whenever we
ask people for information or tell others about our circumstancesLeabharlann and things alike,
we are using language in an attempt
Interpersonal function （人际功能）
These addresses and references to the listeners indicate the various grades of interpersonal relations, or communication role in a certain situation. （这些对听者使用不同的称呼有助 于暗示和保持不同情景下的交际角色）
language form and function
Ideational function is realized in the propositional content.
Interpersonal function is realized in exchange structure, expression of attitude.
to share what we know and （传递信息） exchange what we have in our minds. （交流思想）
This is often called referential, or informative function.
Pale Moon over the Windy Willow Bank misery of leave-taking
for human communication
This means language can be used to achieve some functions.
Language functions are closely related to the interaction of the participants.