英汉翻译方法1——被动语态译法

被动语态的翻译
教学内容
⏹1、英语中常用被动语态的情况
⏹Why passive voice is used in English?
⏹2、汉语中被动意义的表现方式
⏹How the sense of “passiveness” is conveyed in Chinese
⏹3、英语被动语态的翻译
Memo
⏹Suppose a little boy broke someone’s window.
⏹1. Your son broke my window.
⏹2. The window was broken by your son.
⏹Notes: If the owner of the house wants to complain to the boy’s parent, he would say “1”;
⏹But if he just talks about the window and does not want to trace the responsibility of the incident he would simply say “2”.
⏹When the crude oil is obtained from the field, it is taken to the refineries to be treated. The commonest form of treatment is heating. When the oil is heated, the first vapors to rise are cooled and become the finest petrol. Petrol has a low boiling point; if a little is poured into the hand, it soon vaporizes. Gas that comes off the oil later is condensed into paraffin. Last of all the lubricating oils of various grades are produced. What remains is heavy oil that is used as fuel.
⏹When the crude oil is obtained from the field, it is taken to the refineries to be treated. The commonest form of treatment is heating. When the oil is heated, the first vapors to rise are cooled and become the finest petrol. Petrol has a low boiling point; if a little is poured into the hand, it soon vaporizes. Gas that comes off the oil later is condensed into paraffin. Last of all the lubricating oils of various grades are produced. What remains is heavy oil that is used as fuel.
⏹一、被动语态在英语中的运用
被动语态的广泛使用是英语区别于汉语的一大特点。

这一特点在科技英语语体中反映得尤为突出。

这不仅是因为被动结构比主动结构更少主观色彩，结构更简单，还因为有不必、不愿或无从说出施动者等情况的存在。

⏹1、不知道或没有必要说明动作的执行者是谁。

例如：
Such books are written for children.
We haven’t been told about it.
The English evening has been put off till Saturday.
⏹2、出于礼貌措辞等方面考虑不愿说出动作的执行者是谁。

例如：
You are requested to give a performance.
It is said that you were late for class this morning. Why were your late?
⏹3、无从说出施动者是谁。

例如：
You’re wanted on the phone.
The problem is being studied.
Rice is chiefly grown in the south.
⏹4、为了便于上下衔接。

例如：
He appeared on the stage and was warmly applauded by the audience.
Jack fought John in the men’s singles last night and was beaten.
幸亏一个渔夫救起了他。

“Fortunately, a fisherman picked him up.”
“Fortunately, he was picked up by a fisherman.”
⏹5、为了突出谈话的中心。

例如：
The song was composed by a French musician.
The program was designed by ourselves.
⏹There is no grammar item of voice in Chinese, and the 被sentence is thought of as one of the special patterns. In many cases the sense of “passiveness” is often covet (unmarked) in Chinese, that is, the sense of the passive is implied in the active form. But they often have complements:
⏹房子盖好了。

旧报纸卖了。

肉切厚了点儿。

练习做完了。

计划想出来了。

报告听完了。

二、汉语被动意义的表达方式
◆用词汇的手段来表现被动意义
例如：
1、“为”字结构“茅屋为秋风所破”
2、“被”字式——不幸语态“被捕”，“被剥削”，“被压迫”，“被杀”
3、“让”、”给”、”叫”、“挨”、“受”、“遭”、“蒙”
庄稼让大水冲跑了。

The crops were washed away by the flood.
叫你猜对了
You’ve guessed right.
4、“是……的” 表示静态的句子这些产品是我国制造的。

5、“……的是”
推荐我的是一位教授。

6、“……加以/予以”组成倒置的宾语结构
这个问题将在下一章加以讨论。

◆用词序手段来表现被动意义
1、受事者——动词
困难克服了，工作完成了，问题也解决了。

2、受事着——施事者——动词
我们在这里所讲的话，人们不会长久地记住。

三、翻译方法
◆翻译成汉语的主动句
1、“加以”,“经过”,“用……来”
2、增补泛指性的词语(人们,大家等)作主语
3、主语译成宾语
4、翻译成汉语的无主句（zero-subject sentences）
5、翻译成带“是……的”的主动句
◆译成汉语的被动句
1、汉语句中有“被”、“受”、“挨”、“遭受”等词
2、译成“为……所”的结构
◆译成“把”、“使”和“由”字句（causative structure使动结构）
◆翻译成汉语的主动句
◆“加以”,“经过”, “用……来” ，“可以用来”
●Perfumes may be made from the oils of certain flowers. Soaps are made from vegetable and animal oils.
有些花儿产生的油可以用来制造香水。

植物油和动物油还可以用来制作肥皂。

●Nuclear power's danger to health, safety, and
even life itself can be summed up in one word:
radiation.
2.增补泛指性的词语(人们,大家等)作主语
It is generally accepted that the experiences
of the child in his first years largely determine
his character and later personality.
It could be argued that the radio performs this
service as well, but on television everything is
much more living, much more real.
⏹It is asserted that …有人主张……
It is believed that …有人认为……
It is generally considered that …大家(一般人)认为
It is well known that …大家知道(众所周知)……
It will be said …有人会说……
It was told that …有人曾经说……
It is announced that …据宣布说
It is predicted that…据预测，有人预测
It has been found that…已经发现
3.主语译成宾语
By the end of the war, 800 people had been saved by the organization, but at a cost of 200 Belgian and French lives.
4.翻译成汉语的无主句
Great efforts should be made to inform young people
especially the dreadful consequences of taking up the habit of smoking.
New source of energy must be found, and this will
take time….
5. 翻译成带“是……的”的主动句
The decision to attack was not taken lightly.
◆译成汉语的被动结构。

“被”,“给”, “遭”,“挨”,“为……所”,“使”,
“由…”,“受到”等表示。

Early fires on the earth were certainly caused by nature, not by Man.
地球上早期的火肯定是由大自然而不是人类引燃的。

◆译成“把”、“使”和“由”字句
The famous hotel had been practically destroyed by the big fire.
⏹Microsoft chairman Bill Gates is inundated with up to four million e-mails a day - most of them junk.
⏹The English language is being destroyed by a "deadly virus of management speak" which has infected the mouths and minds of politicians like Tony Blair and George W. Bush, a leading UK journalist said recently.
⏹Palestinian Authority President Yasser Arafat, 75, the leader who passionately sought a homeland for his people but was seen by many Israelis as a ruthless terrorist and a roadblock to peace, died early Thursday in Paris.
⏹Arafat had been sick with an unknown illness that had been variously described as the flu, a stomach virus or gallstones.
⏹In 1994, Arafat was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize, along with Israeli leaders Yitzhak Rabin and Shimon Peres, for their work on the Oslo accords, seen at the time as a breakthrough toward an independent Palestinian state and a permanent peace with Israel.
⏹In the factory, productivity has been increased by over 50 percent. The management intends to apply these same methods to office staff in order to reduce costs.
⏹现在，我厂的生产率已经提高了百分之五十以上。

经理部（管理部门）拟在办公室职工中开展同样的查制度以降低成本。

⏹All suggestions should be sent to the Managing Director's office before the end of next month.
⏹请予下月底前将建议提交总经理办公室。

小结：被动语态的翻译
◆翻译成汉语的主动句
1、“加以”,“经过”,“用……来”
2、增补泛指性的词语(人们,大家等)作主语
3、主语译成宾语
4、翻译成汉语的无主句
5、翻译成带“是……的”的主动句
◆译成汉语的被动句
1、汉语句中有“被”、“受”、“挨”、“遭受”等词
2、译成“为……所”的结构
◆译成“把”、“使”和“由”字句
⏹When the crude oil is obtained from the field, it is taken to the refineries to be treated. 1The commonest form of treatment is heating. When the oil is heated, the first vapors to rise are cooled and become the finest petrol. Petrol has a low boiling point; if a little is poured into the hand, it soon vaporizes. Gas that comes off the oil later is condensed into paraffin. Last of all the lubricating oils of various grades are produced. What remains is heavy oil that is used as fuel.
⏹提示：crude oil: 原油condense: 浓缩
refinery: place where oil is refined
paraffin:煤油lubricate:给……润滑
参考译文
⏹油田打出原油以后，便送到炼油厂去处理。

⏹最普通的处理办法是加热。

石油经过加热，最先冒出来的蒸气冷却后就是质量最高的汽油。

⏹汽油的沸点低，倒一点在手上，很快就挥发了。

⏹随后从石油分离出来的气体可以浓缩成煤油。

最后产生的是各种等级的润滑油。

剩下的便是重油，可以用作燃料。

（庄译传：P168）。