2022年考研考博-考博英语-复旦大学考试全真模拟易错、难点剖析B卷(带答案)第34期

2022年考研考博-考博英语-复旦大学考试全真模拟易错、难点剖析B
卷（带答案）
一.综合题(共15题)
1.
翻译题
人类是一个不断的自然进化过程的产物，其中包括无数次的遗传转化：这一不可阻挡的过程自45亿年前地球形成以来一直未曾间断过。

这一进化过程，受环境因素的影响，经过随机突变，形成了更具适应性的系统，从而保证了其连续性。

在动物世界，这导致了更高级物种的进化，并在人类身上达到了极致。

我认为人类掌握了自身的命运，因为人类已经获得创新思维的能力。

创新思维能力的获得大大加速了自然进化的过程。

它导致了人类文明诸多方面的巨大进步。

如在艺术、文学、医学、技术上，在属于人类智慧扩展前沿科学上尤其如此。

然而，正是科学的这些进步使得人类获得了自我毁灭的功能，导致了消灭人类自身的工具的发展。

Put the following passage into English
【答案】Human being is a product of the constant evolutionary which involves numerous genetic transformations, and has gone uninterrupted since the Earth came into being 4.5 billion years ago. Subject to environmental factors and undergoing random mutation, this evolutionary process develops into a more adoptable system to ensure the continuity. In the animal world, this system leads to the evolution of more advanced species and reaches its peak. I think human beings master their own destinies, for they have obtained the creative thinking. Creative thinking greatly accelerates the speed of natural evolution. It leads to great achievements in human civilization, such as art, literature, medicine, technology, especially in science which stands for the forefront of the expansion of human intelligence. However, those advancements in science also enable humans to self-destruction, and result in the development of tools for destroying human beings.
2.
单选题
The aim of making self-criticism for the mistake is to help us ______ so that we shall not repeat them later.
问题1选项A.show off
B.hold out
C.measure up
D.sober up
【答案】D
【解析】考查动词词组辨析。

show off“炫耀”；hold out“主张”；measure up“合格”；sober up“（使）清醒”。

句意：对错误进行自我批评是为了让我们更加清醒，不再重蹈覆辙。

选项D符合题意。

3.
单选题
After a few days, exhaustion ______ and the climbers were forced to give up their attempt to reach the top of the mountain.
问题1选项
A.set off
B.set in
C.set to
D.set out
【答案】B
【解析】考查动词词组辨析。

set off“出发”；set in“开始，流行”；set to“开始认真干”； set out“开始，成列”。

句意：几天后，疲惫渐渐袭来，爬山者被迫放弃爬到山顶的尝试。

选项B符合题意。

4.
单选题
We hadn’t met for nearly 20 years, but I recognized him _____ I saw him in the street.
问题1选项
A.the minute that
B.the minute when
C.at a time when
D.at a time that
【答案】A
【解析】考查 the minute that 句型。

句意：我们将近二十年没见过面了，但是当我在街上遇见他的那一刻我就认出了他。

选项A符合题意。

5.
单选题
To our great delight, yesterday we received a（n）（） donation from a benefactor.
问题1选项
A.handsome
B.awesome
C.miserly
D.prodigal
【答案】D
【解析】考查形容词词义辨析。

handsome“英俊的，大方的”；awesome“令人敬畏的，可怕的；极好的”；miserly“吝啬的，贪婪的”；prodigal“挥霍的，十分慷慨的”。

句意：令我们高兴的是，昨天我们收到了一位捐助者大量的捐助物。

选项D符合题意。

6.
单选题
Make sure you’re （）him before you start sharing a house.
问题1选项
A.synonymous with
patible with
C.subordinate to
D.autonomous of
【答案】B
【解析】考查形容词词组辨析。

synonymous with “与……同义”；compatible with “与……和谐相处，与……相配的”；subordinate to “服从；从属于”；autonomous of “自主的”。

句意：在准备合租房子之前确定你跟他能和睦相处。

选项B符合题意。

7.
单选题
Hurricane Hugo will _____ in the record books as the costliest storm ever faced by insurers. 问题1选项
A.go down
B.go up
C.go by
D.go through
【答案】A
【解析】考查动词词组辨析。

go down“下降，传下去”；go up“增长，上升”；go by“经过，顺便拜访”；go through“经受，通过，仔细检查”。

句意：飓风雨果将作为有史以来遭遇损失最严重的暴风雨
被载入史册。

选项A符合题意。

8.
单选题
Western medicine, （）science and practiced by people with academic internationally accepted medical degrees，is only one of many systems of healing.
问题1选项
A.rooted in
B.originated from
C.trapped in
D.indulged in
【答案】A
【解析】考查动词词组辨析。

root in “来源于，起因于”；originate from “发源于，起源于”；trap in “受困于”；indulge in “沉溺于”。

句意：西药从科学发展而来，通过人们的实践获得国际认定的医学地位，它只是众多治疗系统中的一种。

originate from 指一般意义上的来源于某地。

root in有“扎根于，根植于”的意思。

所以选项A更恰当。

9.
单选题
The small building was marked with a modest brass（） , stating the name and the business of the occupiers.
问题1选项
A.plaque
B.plateau
C.plague
D.plaster
【答案】A
【解析】考查形近名词辨析。

plaque “匾额”；plateau “高原”；p lague “瘟疫”；plaster “石膏”。

句意：这座小小的建筑有一块黄铜匾额，上面写着主人的名字还有营业内容。

选项A符合题意。

10.
单选题
In my Opinion, a good deal of the（）for their success must go to John Francis, the captain.
问题1选项
A.reputation
B.respect
C.credit
pliment
【答案】C
【解析】考查名词词义辨析。

reputation“名声，名誉”；respect“尊重”；credit“功劳；信誉”；compliment“赞美”。

句意：在我看来，他们的成功主要归功于他们的队长约翰。

选项C符合题意。

11.
单选题
A sordid, sentimental plot unwinds, with an inevitable（）ending.
问题1选项
A.mawkish
B.fateful
C.beloved
D.perfunctory
【答案】A
【解析】考查形容词词义辨析。

mawkish“令人厌恶的，自作多情的”；fateful“重大的，决定命运的，致命的”；beloved“深爱的（人），钟爱的（人）”；perfunctory“敷衍的；马虎的”。

句意：一个污秽而伤感的故事情节展开后，必然会有一个令人厌恶的结局。

选项A符合题意。

12.
单选题
As they entered the village shop, the old lady behind the counter ________ at them kindly. 问题1选项
A.beamed
B.glared
C.grimaced
D.peeped
【答案】A
【解析】考查动词词义辨析。

beam at sb.“对某人微笑”；glare at sb.“盯着某人；怒视某人”；grimace“扮鬼脸”；peep at“偷窥”。

句意：当他们走进乡村小店时，柜台后面的老妇人朝他们友好地微笑。

选项A符合题意。

13.
单选题
The contract between the companies will（）at the end of the year.
问题1选项
A.expire
B.exceed
C.terminate
D.cease
【答案】A
【解析】考查动词词义辨析。

expire“期满，短期”；exceed“超过，胜过”；terminate“使终止，使结束”；cease“停止，结束”。

句意：两个公司的合同年底将到期。

选项A符合题意。

14.
单选题
A trade group for liquor retailers put out a press release with an alarming headline: “Millions of Kids Buy Internet Alcohol, Landmark Survey Reveals.”
The announcement, from the Wine and Spirits Wholesalers of America received wide media attention. On NBC’s Today Show, Lea Thompson said, “According to a new online survey, one in 10 teenagers have an underage friend who has ordered beer, wine or liquor over the internet. More than a third think they can easily do it and nearly half think they won’t get caught.” Several newspapers mentioned the study, including USA Today and the Record of New Jersey. The n ews even made Australia’s Gold Coast Bulletin.
Are millions of kids really buying booze online? To arrive at that jarring headline, the group used some questionable logic to pump up results from a survey that was already tilted in favor of finding a large number of online buyer.
For starters, consider the source. The trade group that commissioned the survey has long fought efforts to expand online sales of alcohol; its members are local distributors who compete with online liquor sellers. Some of the news coverage pointed out that conflict of interest, though reports didn’t delve more deeply into how the numbers were computed.
The Wine and Spirits Wholesalers of America hired Teenage Research Unlimited, a research company, to design the study. Teenage Research, in turn, hired San Diego polling firm Luth Research to put the questions to 1,001 people between the ages of 14 and 20in an online survey. Luth gets people to participate in its surveys in part by advertising them online
and offering small cash awards—typically less than $5 for short surveys.
People who agree to participate in online surveys are, by definition, internet users, something that not all teens are. (Also, people who actually take the time to complete such surveys may be more likely to be act ive, or heavy internet users.) It’s safe to say that kids who use the internet regularly are more likely to shop online than those who don’t. Teenage Research Unlimited told me it weighted the survey results to adjust for age, sex, ethnicity and geography of respondents, but had no way to adjust for degree of internet usage. Regardless, the survey found that, after weighting, just 2.1 points of the 1,001 respondents bought alcohol online—compared with 56 points who had consumed alcohol. Making the questionable assumption that their sample was representative of all Americans aged 14 to 20 with access to the internet—and not just those with the time and inclination to participate in online surveys—the researchers concluded that 551,000 were buying alcohol online.
But that falls far short of the reported “millions of kids”. To justify that headline, the wholesalers’ group focused on another part of the survey that asked respondents if they knew a teen who had purchased alcohol online. Some 12 points said they di d. Of course, it’s ridiculous to extrapolate from a state like that—one buyer could be known by many people, and it’s impossible to measure overlap. Consider a high school of 1,000 students, with 20 who have bought booze on line and 100 who know about the purchases. If 100 of the school’s students are surveyed at random, you’d expect to find two who have bought and 10 who know someone who has—but that still represents only two buyers, not 10.（Not to mention the fact that thinking you know someone who has ordered beer online is quite different from ordering a six pack yourself.）
Karen Gravois Elliott, a spokeswoman for the wholesalers’ group, told me, “The numbers are real,” but referred questions about methodology to Teenage Research. When I asked her about the potential problems of conducting the survey online, she said the medium was a strength of the survey: “We specifically wanted to look at the teenage online population.”
Nahme Chokeir, a vice president of client service for San Diego-based Luth Research Inc., told me that some of his online panel comes from word of mouth, which wouldn’t necessarily skew toward heavy internet users. He added that some clients design surveys to screen respondents by online usage, though Teenage Research didn’t.
I asked Michael Wood, a vice president at Teenage Research who worked on the survey, whether one could say, as the liquor trade group did, that millions of teenagers had bought alcohol online. “You can’t,” he replied, adding, “This is their press release.”
1.Which of the following is the message that this passage is trying to convey?
2.According to the author, what is wrong with the report about kids buying alcohol?
3.Which of the following words is closest in meaning to the word “extrapolate” in paragraph 8?
4.By sa ying “To justify that headline, the wholesalers' group focused on another part of the survey that asked respondents if they knew a teen who had purchased alcohol online”, the author implies that（）.
5.Which of the following is more likely to be the source for problems in this survey?
问题1选项A.The severe social consequences of kids buying alcohol online.
B.The hidden drawback of the American educational system.
C.The influence of wide coverage of news media.
D.The problems in statistic methodology in social survey.
问题2选项
A.It is unethical to offer cash awards to subjects of survey.
B.The numbers in this report were falsified.
C.The samples and statistic methods were not used logically.
D.The study designers and survey conductors were bribed.
问题3选项
A.Conduct.
B.Infer.
C.Deduct.
D.Whittle.
问题4选项
A.it is absurd to conduct a survey among teenagers
B.the ways the wholesalers' group conducted surveys are statistically questionable
C.this kinds of survey is preliminary, therefore undependable
D.teenagers might not be honest since buying alcohol online is an indecent behavior
问题5选项
A.This survey is tilted in favor of local alcohol distributors, who have a conflict of interest with online sellers.
B.The data collection and analysis are not scientific and logical.
C.Subjects are not sampled in a right way and can not represent the whole American teenage population.
D.The survey results are affected by gifts to subjects, which can be misleading.
【答案】第1题:D
第2题:C
第3题:B
第4题:B
第5题:A
【解析】第1题:文章讲述了一家酒类零售商商会发布的一则新闻标题Millions of Kids Buy Internet Alcohol, Landmark Survey Reveals（兰德梅克调查发现，数百万的未成年人在网上买酒），指出该调查在统计方法上存在的一些问题，所以选项D符合题意。

第2题:文章第六段提到参加网上调查的人是网络用户，但是并不是所有的青少年都是这样（People who agree to participate in online surveys are, by definition, internet users, something that not all teens are）。

此外，批发商商会询问被调查者们是否有熟人在网上购买过酒，大概百分之十二的人回答有。

从这种统计数据中做出推论是很荒谬的，因为一位购买者能被很多人认识，而统计数字是不能重复计算的，因此存在抽样和统计方法方面的问题。

选项C符合题意。

第3题:extrapolate这个单词出现在文章第八段Of course, it’s ridiculous to extrapolate from a state like that—one buyer could be known by many people, and it’s impossible to measure overlap，从第2题的分析中可以得出extrapolate是“推论，推断”的意思，四个选项中，选项B符合题意。

conduct意为“引导，管理”；deduct意为“扣除，演绎”；whittle意为“削减，损害”。

第4题:文章提到假设受调查者代表了年龄在14到20岁使用网络的所有美国青少年——而不仅仅是因为有时间和兴趣参加网上调查的那些人，调查者得出结论有超过五十五万人在网上买酒。

但是这个数字与报道中“数百万的未成年人”还是有很大差距的。

为了证实那个标题，批发商商会又将注意力集中在调查的另一部分。

也就是说作者对于这个调查结果是持怀疑态度的。

选项B符合题意。

第5题:文章提到委托该项调查的商会一直反对扩大酒类的网上售卖，商会的成员是与网上酒类销售者竞争的批发商，一些新闻报道指出了这二者间的矛盾，所以选项A符合题意。

15.
单选题
We are surprised to find that he has a(n) （）streak, with the tendency of remembering the wrongs done to him.
问题1选项
A.vengeful
B.invincible
C.vulnerable
D.violent
【答案】A
【解析】考查形容词词义辨析。

vengeful“复仇的，报复的”；invincible“无敌的，不能征服的”；vulnerable“易受攻击的”；violent“暴力的，猛烈的”。

句意：我们惊讶地发现他有报复心理，他记着那些做了对不起他的事的人。

选项A符合题意。