电化学阻抗谱简介 (EIS)
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过程研究示例 3: Nyquist 图
Finite diffusion impedance
Warburg impedance
Jianbao Li Group, Electrochem. Commun.2006,8 ,946-950
在 CuInS2太阳电池中的应用
Background and experimental
Parameters obtained from the C−2-V equations
Model Parameters II-A Thickness (nm)
n-CuInS2 100
p-CuInS2 30
ND&NA (cm-3)
4×1016
2×1017
II-B Thickness (nm)
40
90
• Electron-beam-induced current (EBIC)
• only thick type-converted CuInSe2 layers several micrometers
• Secondary ion mass spectroscopy (SIMS).
• only thick type-converted CuInSe2 layers several micrometers
EIS测量结果的分析方法 ——等效电路
• Typical example
++++-
Metal
+
-- +
+
- +
-
+ -+ -
Electrolyte
Electrochemical system
100
10
Rct
Rs
CH
100 F
Normal equivalent circuit
常相位角元件
Constant-Phase Element (CPE) Q
f = 100Hz ~ 1MHz
For frequencies above 100 kHz, the R1C1 branch dominates over the others.
Accordingly, at 1 MHz C1, being the space-charge capacitance, can be calculated directly from the imaginary part of the impedance Z”.
过程研究示例 1: Nyquist 图
Kuo-Chuan Ho Group, Solar Energy Mater. & Solar Cells, 2006,90,2398-2404
过程研究示例 2: Bode 图
Kuo-Chuan Ho Group, Solar Energy Mater. & Solar Cells, 2006,90,2391-2397 Michael Grätzel Group, JACS, 2006,128,4146-4154 R.Kern,et al, Electrochimica Acta. 2002,47,4213-4225
为扰动信号的电化学测量方法。
角频率为 正弦波信号X
电流或者电位
电极系统
角频率为
正弦波信号Y
Y = G()X
电位或者电流
G()为阻抗或者导纳
在一系列下测得的一组这种频响函数值就是电极系统的EIS,即G()~
曹楚南、张鉴清著,《电化学阻抗谱导论》,2002年
EIS测量有哪些特点?
• 以小幅值的正弦波对称的围绕稳定电位极化,不会引起 严重的瞬间浓度变化及表面变化。
ND&NA (cm-3)
2×1017
4×1016
Note: T = 400 K Because p-CuInS2 is firstly deposited, model II-B is more reasonable.
• Find out the energy positions of the involved deep acceptor state and deep hole trap by measuring the temperature dependence of the interface capacitance.
High (kHz)
Photoinjected electrons within the TiO2
Nernstian diffusion within the electrolyte
Middle(10~100 Hz )
Frequency
Low (mHz)
R.Kern,et al, Electrochimica Acta. 2002,47,4213-4225
n-n-p system
TCO Spray pyrolysis
n-TiO2 140 nm
p-CuInS2 130 nm
40 nm n-CuInS2
Carbon spot
(graphite conductive adhesive, 2.3 mm)
Techniques for the measurement of homojunction in CIS
C−2-V plots of a TCO/TiO2 /CuInS2/carbon device at different temperatures.
Junction Models
T<340 K
340K<T<400 K
p-n-n system
FDR FDR
FDR
340K<T<400 K T>400 K
串联阻抗 (RS)
• Electrolyte resistance • Electrode resistance • Interfacial resistance between electrode and TCO
Schematic diagram of DSC
Equivalent circuit
弥散效应:固体电极的电双层电容的频响特性与“纯电容
”
并不一致,而有或大或小的偏离的现象。lt; n <1
曹楚南、张鉴清著,《电化学阻抗谱导论》,2002年
在染料敏化电池 (DSC)中的应用
• 用于电导测定 • 过程研究 • 电池稳定性测试 • 电场分布及表面态能量分布 • ……
B.-K. Koo,et al, J Electroceram. 2006,17 ,79-82
Variation of efficiency of DSSC using Pt electrodes and CNT electrode with time
B.-K. Koo,et al, J Electroceram. 2006,17 ,79-82
电化学阻抗谱简介 (EIS)
内容概要
• 关于EIS方法
• 什么是EIS方法? • EIS测量有哪些特点? • 哪些体系适合进行EIS测定? • 如何测量得到EIS? • EIS测量结果的有哪些表达形式?
• IS在DSC和CIS电池中的应用举例
什么是EIS?
• EIS:Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy • 别名:交流阻抗(AC impedance) • 定义:是一种以小振幅的正弦波电位(或电流)
曹楚南、张鉴清著,《电化学阻抗谱导论》,2002年
如何测量得到EIS?
• 装置简图
Lock-in amplifier (EG&G, M5210).
• 相应的操作软件
Potentiostat (EG&G, M273)
EIS测量结果的表达形式
• Y = G()X G()为阻抗或者导纳,总称阻纳。它是一个随频率变化的矢 量,用变量为f或其角频率为的复变函数表示,可记为: G() = G’() +jG’’() 若G为阻抗,则有Z() = Z’() +jZ’’() 相位角=arctg(-Z’’/Z’)
电极过程研究
• A typical EIS for DSC
• Three semicircles in the Nyquist plot
• Three characteristic frequency peaks in a Bode phase angle presentation
Charge-transfer at the platinum counter electrode
Application in the measurement of conductivity
CNT
Pt
No significant change
Initial : 17 ohm After 5 days: 62.5 ohm
B.-K. Koo,et al, J Electroceram. 2006,17 ,79-82
T<340 K
Model I
Model II-A 340K<T<400 K
Model II-B
T>400 K
Model III
Upon fitting the above expressions to the experimental data,
using relative dielectric constants of 55 for anataseTiO2 and 10 for both p- and n-CuInS2.
哪些体系适合进行EIS测定?
• 因果性条件
• 当用一个正弦波的电位信号对电极系统进行扰动,要求 电极系统只对该电位信号进行响应。
• 线性条件
• 只有当一个状态变量的变化足够小,才能将电极过程速 度的变化与该状态变量的关系近似作线性处理。
• 稳定性条件
• 电极系统在受到扰动后时,其内部结构所发生的变化不 大,可以在受到小幅度扰动之后又回到原先的状态。
• Impedance spectroscopy (IS)
• Monitor the presence of a n-type region in CuInS2 with unprecedented accuracy.
• Determine the thickness, as well as the effective donor and acceptor densities.
• Type transformation in CuInSe2 and CuInS2 solar cells is an important issue with far reaching consequences.
p-type (Cu-rich)
n-type (Cu-poor)
• In the present study, the presence of a p-n homojunction inside CuInS2 in a TiO2 /CuInS2 device is revealed with a detailed impedance spectroscopy and capacitance study.
FDR
Full Depletion Region (FDR)
Band diagrams of pCuInS2 /n-CuInS2 /nTiO2 as a function of temperature at zero applied bias voltage.
C−2-V equations deduced by the supposed models
-Z’’~Z’为阻抗复平面图,也称为Nyquist图;
~ log f (或log ) log|Z| ~ log f (或log )
Bode 图
EIS测量结果典型示例
Nyquist
semicircle *
RS
特征频率*=1/RC 时间常数=1/ *=RC
表征界面电荷转移速度快慢
Bode
* peak
Results and Discussion
• I-V curves of TiO2/CuInS2 devices at different temperatures in the dark
Good diode behavior at all temperatures.
IS of TiO2/CuInS2 devices at different potentials and temperatures
• 由于通过交变电流是在同一电极上交替地出现阳极过程 和阴极过程,即使测量信号长时间作用于电解池,也不 会导致极化现象的积累性发展。(准稳态方法)
• 速度较快的子过程的阻抗谱出现在比较高的频率域,而 速度较慢的子过程的阻抗谱则出现在比较低的频率域, 可据此判断子过程的数目及其动力学特征。
曹楚南、张鉴清著,《电化学阻抗谱导论》,2002年