高中英语语法教案大全17个

合集下载
  1. 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性,平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
  2. 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
  3. 3、如文档侵犯您的权益,请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间:9:00-18:30)。

高中英语语法专题复习教案大全
语法复习专题一——名词
一、考点聚焦
1.可数名词单、复数变化形式
〔1〕规则变化。

①单数名词词尾直接加-s。

如:boy — boys, pen — pens。

②以s、x 、ch 、sh结尾的单词一般加-es。

如:glass — glasses,box— boxes, watch — watches, brush — brushes。

特例:stomach — stomachs。

③以“辅音字母+ y”结尾的变“y”为“i”再加“-es”。

如:
baby — babies, lady — ladies, fly — flies。

④以“o”结尾的多数加-es。

如:tomato — tomatoes, potato — potatoes, hero — heroes。

但以两个元音字母结尾的名词和部分外来词中以o结尾的词只加-s。

如:radio — radios, zoo — zoos, photo — photos, piano — pianos, kilo — kilos, tobacco — tobaccos。

⑤以“f”或“fe”结尾的名词复数形式变“f”或“fe”为“v”,之后再加-es。

如:wife —wives, life —lives, knife — knives, wolf— wolves, self — selves, leaf — leaves等。

特例:handkerchief— handkerchiefs, roof —roofs, chief — chiefs, gulf — gulfs, belief — beliefs, cliff — cliffs。

⑥改变元音字母的。

如:man — men, mouse — mice, foot — feet,
woman — women, tooth — teeth, goose — geese, ox — oxen。

特例:child — children。

⑦复合名词的复数形式。

〔A〕在复合词中最后名词尾加-s。

如:armchair — armchairs, bookcase —bookcases, bookstore — bookstores。

〔B〕man和woman作定语修饰另一个名词时,前后两个名词都要变成复数。

如:man doctor — men doctors, woman driver — women drivers。

〔C〕与介词或副词一起构成的复合名词应在主体名词部分加-s。

如:brother-in-law — brothers-in-law, passer-by — passers-by。

⑧有的名词有两种复数形式。

如:zero — zeros 、zeroes, deer —
deers 、deer。

penny的两种复数形式含义有所不同。

如:pence〔便士的钱数〕,pennies(便士的枚数)。

〔2〕不规则变化。

①单、复数同形。

如:means, aircraft, deer, fish, Chinese,
Japanese, sheep, works〔工厂〕,cattle。

②合成名词的复数。

如:boy-friend — boy-friends, go-between— go-betweens(中间人),grown-up —grown-ups。

③有些名词通常只用作复数。

如:glasses眼镜,clothes衣服,goods
货物,trousers裤子,belongings所有物,wages工资,riches财富, surroundings环境,ashes灰尘, compasses圆规,cattle家畜,congratulations祝贺,have words with sb. 同某人吵架,in high spirits以很高热情地,give one’s regards to sb.向某人问侯,in rags衣衫破烂,It is good manners to do sth.有礼貌做某事。

④集体名词的数。

有些集体名词通常只用作复数,如:people,
cattle, police; 有些名词只用作单数,如:machinery, furniture, mankind, jewellery;有些名词既可用作单数又可用作复数,单数看做整体,复数看做集体的各个成员。

如:The crew is large.船员人数很多〔指整体〕;The crew are all tired.船员们都累坏了〔个体〕。

2、不可数名词的数
〔1〕一般说来抽象名词为不可数名词,但当抽象名词表示具体的东西时,可用作可数名词且词义发生变化,主要类型如下:
①抽象名词表示具有某种特性、状态、感情情绪的人或事。

如:
抽象名词〔不可数〕具体化〔个体名词,可数名词〕
in surprise惊讶地 a surprise一件令人惊讶的事
win success获得成功 a success一个(件)成功的人(事)
win honor赢得荣誉an honor一个(件)引以为荣的(事)
Failure(失败)is the mother of success a failure失败者
失败是成功之母。

by experience靠经验an experience一次经历
youth青春 a youth一个青年人
have pity on sb.怜悯某人 a pity可惜的事情
with pleasure乐意 a pleasure乐事
②抽象名词与a(an)连用,淡化了抽象概念,转化为似乎可以体验到的动作、行为或类别。

如:
A knowledge of English is a must in international trade.
Would you like to have a walk (swim, bath, talk) with me?
It is waste of time reading such a novel.
She made an apology to her mother for her wrong doings.
(2)物质名词是不可数名词,但表示数量或种类之多时,可以用作可数名词。

如:
①物质名词有形或数的相应物体,有单、复数。

如:some coffee一些咖啡,a coffee一杯咖啡,three coffees三杯咖啡,some drink一些饮料, a drink一杯饮料,three drinks三杯饮料,his hair他的头发,a few grey hairs几根白发,glass玻璃,a glass一只玻璃杯。

②物质名词有前置后置修饰时,前面要使用不定冠词。

have breakfast The road is covered with snow.
have a wonderful breakfast They have a heavy snow every year.
Time and tide wait for no man.
We had a wonderful time last night.
(3)有复数形式的不可数名词
①有些抽象名词往往以复数形式出现,起到一种丰富语言感情色彩或强调某种特殊状态的作用。

如:
Use your brains, please.
They have smoothed away the difficulties.
Have you made preparations for tomorrow’s meeting?
Many thanks for your kindness.
No pains, no gains.
After many failures, they finally succeeded.
②有些物质名词以复数形式出现,表示数量之多,范围之广。

如:
The boy burst into tears at the bad news.
The rising waters did a lot of harm to the crops.
The stone bridge broke down in heavy rains.
〔1〕“’s”所有格的特殊表示形式有:
①用于表示时间、距离、价格、重量等的名词后,如:today’s
newspaper, five minutes’ walk(drive),five pounds’ weight, ten dollars’ worth of coffee。

②用于表示国家、世界、城市等地方的名词后。

如:the earth’s planet, the word’s population, China’s industry, New York’s parks。

〔2〕“of”所有格的特殊表示方式有:
①表示“部分”时,一般在所修饰的名词前有一个表示数量的词〔a、two、several、some、no、many 等〕,如:Some students of Mister Zhang’s have gone to college.张老师的一些学生已经上大学了。

②表示“其中之一,其中一部分”的意思时,用:a friend of Tom’s
汤姆的一个朋友〔许多朋友中的一位〕。

③表示赞扬、批评或厌恶等感情色彩时,应该用:that/this/these/
those + 名词〔单、复数〕of Mary’s/yours/his/hers。

如:
That invention of hers belongs to the world. 她的那项发明是属于全世界的〔表赞赏〕。

4、名词作定语
英语中有些名词没有其对应的同根形容词,这些名词可以直接用来作定语修饰另一个名词。

〔1〕分类意义。

air pollution 空气污染boy friend 男朋友
coffee cup咖啡杯income tax所得税
tennis ball网球song writer歌曲作家
body language身体语言road accident交通事故
Nobel Prize诺贝尔奖
〔2〕时间、地点、称呼等。

Doctor Jack杰克医生Professor Li李教授
evening school夜校winter sleep冬眠
street dance 街舞country music乡村音乐
village people村民school education学校教育
China problem中国问题
〔3〕表目的、手段、来源,所属意义。

reception desk接待台sports field田径场
stone table石桌color TV彩电
weather report天气预报
语法复习专题二——冠词
一、考点聚焦
〔1〕专有名词、物质名词、抽象名词、人名、地名等名词前,一般不加冠词。

China, America, Smith
Air is matter.
〔2〕可数名词前有物主代词、指示代词、名词所有格等限制时,不加冠词。

This dictionary is mine.
〔3〕季节、月份、星期、节日、假日、一日三餐名称前一般不加冠词。

March, May Day, National Day, Children’s Day, Women’s Day
Have you had supper?
Spring is the best season of the year.
〔4〕称呼语或指家用雇用的nurse、cook等名词前及表示头衔职务的名词作宾语、补语及同位语时,一般不加冠词。

What’s this, Father? We made him our chairman.
Ask nurse to put the child to bed. Professor Li.
〔5〕学科名称、球类、棋类名称前不加冠词。

Do you study physics?
He likes playing football/chess.
〔6〕复数名词表示泛指一类人或事物时前不用冠词。

They are peasants/ workers.
〔7〕在与by连用的交通工具名称前不加冠词。

by car, by bus,by bike, by train, by air/ water/ land
但:take a bus, come in a boat, on the train/ bus需注意。

〔8〕某些固定词组中不用冠词。

①名词词组中:
husband and wife, brother and sister, body and soul, day and night, knife and fork
②介词词组中:
to(at, from) school, in (to)class, in (to,at, from)university〔college〕,to〔in, into, from〕church, to(in,into, out of)prison(hospital, bed), to(at, from, out of)work, to(in, from) town,at (from)home, to(at)sea, at night(noon, midnight), by car (bus, bicycle, plane), on foot
注意:在有些词组中,有无冠词含义不同。

in hospital 住院〔因病〕
in the hospital在医院〔工作、参观等〕
in front of在前面,指某物体之外
in the front of在前部,指某物之内
in charge负责,主管out of question没问题
in the charge由……负责out of the question不可能
〔9〕as引导的让步状语从句中,作表语的名词不带冠词。

Child as she is, she knows a lot of French.
〔10〕系动词turn〔作“变成”解〕后作表语的单数可数名词前习惯不用冠词。

The young girl has turned writer.
= The young girl has become a writer.
〔11〕在单数名词+ after + 同一单数名词〔表示“一个接一个”〕结构中,单数可数名词前不加冠词。

She did experiment after experiment.
类似的还有:shop after shop, mistake after mistake
〔12〕形容词的最高级前、序数词前也有不用定冠词的情况。

①“most + 形容词原级”作“十分、非常、极”解时,前面不用定冠词。

Oh, it’s most beautiful.
②当两个形容词最高级并列修饰同一个名词时,第二个形容词前通常不用定冠词。

She is the tallest and fattest girl in our school.
③当形容词最高级作表语,不表示与其他人或物相比时,其前不用定冠词。

The market in the country is busiest in winter.
④形容词最高级前有名词所有格或物主代词时,不能用定冠词。

A wolf in a sheep’s skin is our most dangerous enemy.
⑤序数词前面一般加定冠词表示“第……”之意,但在second、third等词前加不定冠词表示“又一,再一”之意。

…why you took a second arrow
注意:下句中“a first”表示“第一名、冠军”。

He is a top student in our class; he often gets a first in maths.
〔13〕no与such连用时应放在such之前,such后面的名词不用冠词。

No such thing has ever happened in this village.
〔14〕never、ever置于作主语的名词前,这些名词前不用冠词。

Never did student study so hard.这个学生从未学得这么认真。

〔15〕有时为了节省空间、时间、金钱和精力,或为了引起注意力,省去a(n)或the,这主要用于新闻标题、工商业文件、广告、电报、公告、提纲、书名等。

Conference opens.会议召开了。

〔1〕使用定冠词的一般情况。

①特指或第二次提到。

②序数词前、最高级前、独一无二的东西前。

③用于表示发明物的单数名词前或某些专有名词前。

〔2〕定冠词使用特殊的场合。

① He hit him in the face.
beat sb. on the nose, take sb. by the arm, pat sb. on the head② the rich, the poor, the wounded 富人,穷人,伤员
③ the elder of the two, he more beautiful of the two两者中较年长的一位,较漂亮的一个
④ The sooner, the better.越快越好。

⑤ He got paid by the hour.他是按小时付工钱的。

by the yard/the dozen/the month/the year…
但:by weight按重量
⑥ in the 50s /in the 1870s〔表示年代〕
⑦ the Smiths/the Whites〔表示一家人或夫妇俩〕
⑧ in the water/field/light/shade/distance/middle/country/rain
⑨ tell the truth/on the other hand/on the way home
⑩当抽象名词表示某一特定内容,特别是当它有一限定性修饰语时,
它与定冠词连用:
She is fond of music.
He is playing the music written by Beethoven.
Good advice is beyond price.
I’m sorry not to have taken the advice he gave.
〔1〕表示“一”相当于“one”。

I’ll return in a day or two.
〔2〕表示“每”相当于“per”。

We have three meals a day.
〔3〕表示“同一性”相当于“the same”。

The children are of an age.
〔4〕表示类指,表示“某类”。

He wants to he a doctor.
〔5〕表示泛指,相当于“any”。

A horse is a useful animal.
〔6〕表示某一个,相当于“a certain”。

A Mr. Smith is asking to see you.
〔7〕与抽象名词连用,可以表示“一场、一次、一件”,如:a pleasure一件乐事,a surprise一件令人惊讶的事,a joy一件高兴的事,a pity一件遗憾的事,an honour一个〔件〕经以为荣的人(事)。

〔8〕与物质名词连用,表示“一种,一阵、一份”。

What a heavy rain!
What a good supper!
Please give me a black coffee!
〔1〕定冠词+ 单数可数名词,表示一个,代表一类。

The computer was invented in 1945.
The TV set was invented by Joan Baird.
The horse is a useful animal.
〔2〕不定冠词+ 单数可数名词〔表示任意一个,某一个〕。

A pen is a tool for writing.
A square has four sides.
A horse is a useful animal.
注意:man, woman表示泛指时,不用冠词,且常用单数。

如:
Man is fighting a battle against pollution.
Man tries to be the protector of woman.
〔3〕可数名词或不可数名词,指类别〔考虑到同类中的各个情况〕。

Horses are useful animals.
Rice is a kind of food.
〔1〕不定冠词+ 副词+ 形容词+ 名词。

This is a very interesting story.
〔2〕such、what、both、all、quite、rather +不定冠词+形容词+名词。

I’ve never seen such a film!
Half a pound of pork,please!
What a good idea it is!
〔3〕as、so、too、how、however、enough+形容词+不定冠词+名词。

It is as pleasant a day as I have ever spent.
I can’t finish the task in so short a time.
This seems not too long a distance.
We wonder how difficult a problem he worked out.
However low te price you paid,you waste your money.
He is brave enough a hunter to kill the bear.
〔4〕定冠词位置。

①half、twice、three times + the + 名词
He paid twice the price for it.
Their house is three times the size of yours.
②all、both、double + the + 名词
Both the blind men were mistaken.
All the students in our class are eager to know the secret.
I offered him double the amount, but he still refused.
语法复习专题三——代词
一、考点聚焦
代词分为九类:人称代词、物主代词、反身代词、相互代词、指示代词\疑问代词、连接代词、不定代词、关系代词。

大多数代词具有名词和形容词的作用。

1、人称代词
〔1〕人称代词作主语用主格,作宾语、表语用宾格,但应注意以下4中情况:
①作主语的人称代词如果孤立地使用于无谓语动词的句子中,或在这种句子中与动词不定式连用,常用宾格。

—Does any of you know where Tom lives?
—Me.
What! Me (to) play him at chess? No!
②句子中代词作宾语或宾语补足语时,与所替代的名词在人称、数、格在意义上一般要保持前后一致。

The thief was thought to be he.(the thief是主格,故用he代替)
They took me to be her.他们误以为我是她。

〔me是宾格,故用her替代〕
③作表语人称代词一般用宾格,但在强调句型中,被强调部分代词的格不变。

I met her in the hospital.→It was her who I met in the hospital.
④在比较级的句子中than、as后用主格、宾格都可以。

如:He is taller than me(I).但在以下句中有区别。

I like Jack as much as her.=I like both Jack and her.
I like Jack as much as she.=I like Jack and she likes him, too.
(2)两个以上的人称代词并列,其次序排列原则:
①在并列主语中,“I”总是放在最后,排列顺序为:二三一〔人称〕。

宾格me也一样。

You ,she and I will be in charge of the case.
Mr.Zhang asked Li Hua and me to help him.
②第三人称,男女两性并用,男先女后。

He and she still don’t agree to the plan.
(3)几个人称代词的特殊用法。

①we/you(口语)常用来泛指一般人。

②she可以代表国家、船只、大地、月亮等。

The “Titanic”was the largest, wasn’t she?
〔1〕名词和形容词性物主代词各自的语法功能。

〔2〕one’s own…=...of one’s o wn句式的转换。

〔3〕某些固定结构中常用定冠词代替物主代词。

如:take sb. by the arm, be wounded in the leg.
〔1〕反身代词的语法功能:宾语、表语、主语或宾语的同位语。

〔2〕反身代词和某些动词连有,构成固定短语。

enjoy oneself, feel oneself, make oneself at home, make oneself understood
〔3〕反身代词还可用于某些成语中。

for oneself为自己或独立地,of oneself自然地,自动地
by oneself单独地,in oneself本身性质,beside oneself喜怒哀愁至极
This problem gets a chapter to itself.这个问题占了一章〔独有〕。

Just between ourselves, I don’t think much of him.私下地说我并不怎么看重他。

They were discussing about it among themselves.〔相互共同〕
Left to himself he began to write.别人走后只留下他,他写了起来。

I’m very angry with myself.生自己的气。

4.相互代词〔each other, one another〕
相互代词无人称、数和格的区别,在句中作宾语。

其所有格分别为each other’s 、one another’s ,作定语。

一般来说,each other指两者之间,one another指三者或三者以上之间,但现在区分已不明显。

5.指示代词〔this, that , these, those, such, same〕
指示代词具有形容词和代词两种词性,在句子中可以作定语、主语、宾语或表语等。

〔1〕指示代词this和that的区别。

①this (these)一般指时间或空间上较近的人或物;that(those)常指时间或空间较远的人或物。

This is my desk and that is yours.
In those days they could not go to school.
②this常指后面要讲到的事物,有启下的作用;that则指前面讲到过的事物,有承上的作用。

I want to tell you this:the English party will be held on Saturday afternoon.
He hurt his leg yesterday. That’s why he didn’t come.
③为了防止重复,常用that或those代替前面已提过的名词。

The weather of Beijing is colder than that of Nanjing.
The ears of a rabbit are longer than those of a fox.
④this在用语中作自我介绍,that询问对方;this和that可以当副词用,意思相当于副词so。

〔2〕such和same的用法。

①such指“这样的”人或事,在句中作主语和定语。

Such was the story.
We have never seen such a tall building.
②same指“同样的”人或事,在句中作主语、表语、宾语和定语,same的前面要用定冠词the.
The same can be said of the other article.
另一篇文章也是同样的情况。

〔主语〕
Whether he can do it or not,it is all the same to me.
他是否能做这事,对我来说都一样。

〔表语〕
6、疑问代词〔who,whom,which,what,whose〕
疑问代词在句中作主语、宾语、定语和表语。

〔1〕who/what
①询问或关系。

——Who is he? ——He is my brother./He is
Henry.询问职业或地位。

——What is he?——He is a lawyer/teacher.
②What/who 作主语时,谓语动词的数取决于说话人的视点,可单数也可复数。

What is /are on the table?
Who is/are in the library?
(2)which与who、what
which表示在一定范围内,而who、what则无此限制。

I found two books on the desk.Which is yours?
连接代词与疑问代词的形式相同,主要有who、whom、whose、what、which以及它们与ever合成的代词whoever、whomever、whatever、whichever等。

它们用来引导主语从句,宾语从句和表语从句,即连接复合句中的主句和从句,并在从句中担任一定的句子成分,以连接代词引起的名词性从句前不能再加that.
关系代词是用来引导定语从句的代词,它们包括who、whom、whose、which、that等。

这两类代词的用法详见“名词性从句”和“定语从句”部分。

8、不定代词
不定代词主要有:all、each、every、both、either、neither、one、none、little、few、many、much、other、another、some、any、no等。

还有由some、any、no和every构成合成代词,不定代词具有名词和形容词的性质,并有可数和不可数之分,在句中可以作主语、表语、宾语、同位语、定语、状语等〔every、no只能作定语〕。

下面介绍几组主要不定代词的用法与区别。

〔1〕some与any
一般用法:some、any可与单、复数可数名词及不可数名词连有。

some一般用于肯定句,any多用于疑问、否认或条件句。

He has some Chinese paintings.(定语)
Some like sports,others like music.(主语)
Ask me if you have any questions.(定语)
Do you have any questions to ask?(定语)
I don’t know any of the students.〔宾语〕
特殊用法:
①any用于肯定句表示“任何”的意思。

Any child can do that.〔定语〕
You may take any of them.〔宾语〕
②some用于单数可数名词前表示“某一”。

Smith went to some place in England.〔定语〕
③在期待对方答复yes 时,some用在表示请求或邀请的问句中。

Would you like some bananas?〔邀请〕
Mum,could you give me some money?(请求)
④some 用于否认句表示部分否认。

I don’t know some of the students.〔宾语〕
some和any在句中还可作状语,作副词。

some意为“大约”相当于“about”,而any则表示程度,意为“稍,丝毫”。

如:
There are some 300 workers on strike.
Do you feel any better today?
(2) One, both, all
①one作定语、表语、主语或宾语,可以指人或物,表示“一个”的意思,其复数为ones,指人时,其所有格是one’s,反身代词是oneself.
One should try one’s best to serve the people.(主语、定语)
This is not the one I want.(表语)
one、ones可以代替上文提到过的名词,以免重复,one、ones前面分别可以用this、that、these、those 或the、which等词修饰。

如:
These books are more interesting than those ones.
Here are three pens.Which one is yours,this one or that one or the one in the pencil-box?
②both用作定语、宾语、主语和同位语,可以指人或指物,表示“两者都”的意思。

This maths problem can be worked out in both ways.(定语)
Both of the boys are here.(主语)
We both are students.(同位语)
注意:both用于否认句,表示部分否认;表示完全否认时,用neither。

如:Both of us are not teachers.我们俩并不都是教师。

Neither of us is a teacher. 我们俩都不是教师。

both不能放在the、these、those、my等之后,而应放在它们的前面。

如:Both my parents like this film.
Both the /these boys are tall.
③all用作主语、表语、宾语、定语、同位语,指“全部的”、“整个的”,可与可数或不可数名词连用,除少数情况外,一般不与单数可数名词连用,与复数名词连用时,表示“所有的”、“全部的”,指三个或三个以上的人或物。

He gave me all the money.他把全部的钱给了我。

All the schools are flooded.所有的学校都被淹了。

I told him all about it. 我把一切都告诉了他。

That’s all for today.今天就在这儿。

They have all been to Xi’an.他们都去过西安。

注意:all 用于否认句,表示部分否认,完全否认用none。

如:
Not all the ants go out for food.(or:All the ants don’t go out for food.)并不是所有的蚂蚁都出去寻找食物。

None of the money is mine.这钱一分也不是我的。

〔3〕many和much
many和much都表示“许多”,但many修饰或代替复数可数名词,much修饰或代替不可数名词。

它们在句中可作主语、宾语、定语。

much有时用作状语。

〔4〕few, little; a few, a little
few和little表示没有多少,含否认意义;而a few 和a little表示有一些,有几个,含肯定意义。

另外,few、a few 修饰可数名词;little、a little修饰不可数名词。

它们在句中常用作定语、主语和宾语。

〔5〕no和none
no=not any,表示“没有”,用来修饰可数名词或不可数名词,通常作定语,none代替不可数名词作主
语时,谓语动词用单数形式;代替可数名词作主语时,谓语动词可用单数也可用复数形式。

none还可以在句中作宾语。

注意:none既可以指人又可以指物,no one只能指人。

〔6〕each和every
each〔各个〕,指两个或两个以上的人或物,侧重个体,在句中作主语、宾语、定语和同位语。

every 〔每个〕,指三个或三个以上的人或物,侧重整体,在句中只能作定语。

Every student it our class has a dictionary.(定语,强调班上“所有的人”)
Each student in our class has a dictionary.〔定语,强调各个个体〕
Each of them has been there.〔主语〕
The teacher gave each of the students a new textbook.〔宾语〕
We each got a ticket.〔同位语〕
〔7〕either和neither
either是“两者中任何一个”的意思,可修饰或代替单数可数名词,neither是“两者中没有一个”的意思,可以修饰或代替单数可数名词,它们可在句在作主语、宾语或定语。

如:
Here are two pens. You may take either of them.(宾语)
Neither boy knows French.(定语)
注意:①either也作副词,其意为“也”,用于否认句的句末。

He doesn’like tea, and I don’t either.〔状语〕②either与or构成连词,意为“不是……就是……”或“要么……要么……”。

He is either Japanese or Chinese. ③neither用作副词,意为“也不”,即“not…either”。

He can’t do it, neither can I. ④neither可与nor构成连词,意为“既不……也不”。

Neither he nor you are a student.
〔8〕other和another, the others 和others
the other表示“两者中的另一个”;“the other + 复数可数名词”
表示“其余〔他〕的……”;the others表示“其他的人或物”。

“others及other + 复数名词”泛指“其他的〔别的〕人或物”。

这些词语在句中可作主语、宾语和定语。

如:
He got two books; one is textbook, the other is a novel.
Five of the pencils are red, the others(the other pens)are yellow.
Some are singing, others are dancing.
another修饰或代替单数可数名词,意为“〔三个或三个以上的〕另一个”,不能指两者中的另一个,在句中可作宾语和定语。

This coat is too dark. Please show me another.(宾语)
Please give me another book.〔定语〕
注意:another修饰复数名词时,意为“再,又”。

如:Please give me another ten minutes. one … another(a second)… a third…the other…意为“一个……一个……一个……一个”用于三者或三者以上的排列。

s ome…others…others…,意为“一些……一些……一些”。

语法复习专题四——形容词和副词
一、考点聚焦
1、形容词、副词的作用与位置
形容词是用来修饰名词的,常被放在名词前作定语,或放在系动词后面作表语。

而副词则用来修饰形容词、动词,其他副词或者句子,一般位于形容词之前,动词之后或句子之首。

以下属几种特殊情况,须牢记;
〔1〕形容词短语作定语,定语后置。

a language difficult to master, a leaning tower about 180 feet high
〔2〕表语形容词〔afraid、alike、alone、asleep、awake、alive等〕作定语,定语后置。

如a man alive。

有些表身体健康状况的形容词如well、faint、ill只作表语。

sick既可作表语又可作定语,ill如作定语意为“bad”。

〔3〕用作定语,修饰由不定代词one、no、any、some和every构成的复合词如anything、something 等时,通常后置。

如:
I have something important to tell you.
〔4〕else常用作疑问代词和不定代词的后置定语。

〔5〕enough、nearby修饰名词前置或后置,程度副词一般位于形容词、副词前面,enough修饰形容词、副词时,必须后置。

〔6〕几个副词并列作状语时,其顺序较灵活,但一般是:方式→地点→时间。

如:
We had a good time together outdoors last Sunday.
〔7〕频度副词如often、always、usually等在be动词后,行为动词前。

〔8〕副词作定语,定语后置。

如:
The person there is waiting for you.
〔9〕几个并列的形容词作定语,其语序通常为:限定语〔The、A〕+ 描绘性形容词+ size〔大小〕+ shape〔形状〕+ age〔年龄、时间〕+ color〔颜色〕+ origin〔国籍、来源〕+ material〔材料〕+ purpose 〔目的〕+ 名词。

如:
a heavy black Chinese steel umbrella,
the man’s first tow interesting little red French oil paitings
〔10〕以-ly结尾的词性辨析。

①以下单词以-ly结尾,但却是形容词而非副词:lively、lonely、lovely、deadly、friendly、ugly、silly、likely、brotherly、timely等。

②表愿意〔无-ly〕和引申意(有-ly)的副词:
deep深宽广high高low位置低
deeply深入地widely广泛地highly高度地lowly地位卑微
③有无-ly意义大不相同的副词:
dead完全,绝对be dead asleep
deadly非常be deadly tired
pretty相当be pretty certain that…
prettily漂亮地be prettily dressed
close近Don’t sit close.
closely密切地Watch closely!
late晚、迟arrive late, come late
lately最近I haven’t seen him lately(recently).
2、复合形容词的构成
〔1〕形容词+ 名词+ ed
kind-hearted好心的,white-haired白发的
(2)形容词+ 形容词
red-hot炽热的,dark-blue深蓝的
〔3〕形容词+ 现在分词
good-looking好看的,easy-going随和的
〔4〕副词+ 现在分词
hard-working勤劳的,fast-moving快速转动的
〔5〕副词+ 过去分词
hard-won得来不易的,newly-made新建的
〔6〕名词+ 形容词
life-long终生的,world-famous世界闻名的
〔7〕名词+ 现在分词
peace-loving爱好和平的,fun-loving爱开玩笑的
〔8〕名词+ 过去分词
snow-covered白雪覆盖的,hand-made手工的
〔9〕数词+ 名词+ ed
four-storeyed 4层楼的,three-legged 3条腿的
〔10〕数词+ 名词〔名词用单数〕
ten-year 10年的,two-man两人的
3、形容词和副词的比较等级
〔1〕原级的构成和用法。

构成:形容词、副词的原级即本身。

用法:表示双方在程度、性质、特征等某方面相等时,用“as + 原级形容词/副词+ as”的结构;表示双方不相等时,用“not so(as) + 原级形容词/副词+ as”的结构;表示一方是另一方的假设干倍时,用“倍数+ as + 原级形容词/副词+ as”的结构。

如:
Xiao Wang is as tall as Xiao Yu.
This building looks not so (as)high as that one.
Miss Xu speaks English as fluently as you .
This room is three times as large as that one.
〔2〕比较级和最高级的构成。

掌握比较级和最高级的变化规则,熟记少数不符合规则的特殊形容词和副词。

〔3〕比较级的用法。

①对方比较,表示一方超过另一方时,用“比较级+ than”的结构表示。

如:
This picture is more beautiful than that one.
②表示一方不及另一方时,用“less + 原级+ than”的结构表示。

如:
This room is less beautiful than that one.
③表示一方超过另一方的程度或数量时,可在比较级前加表示程度的状语,如even、a lot、a bit、a little、still、much、far、yet、by fay等修饰。

如:
He works even harder than before.
注意:英语的比较级前如无even、still或yet等时,译成汉语时可用“较”或“…一些”或不译出,一般不可有“更”。

如:
She is better than she was yesterday
Please come earlier tomorrow.
另注意:by far通常用于强调最高级。

用于比较级时,一般放在比较级的后面,如在前面,应在二者中间加“the”。

如:
He is taller by far than his brother.
He is by far the taller of the two brothers.
④表示一方随另一方的程度而变化时,用“the + 比较级〔主语+ 谓语〕,the + 比较级〔主语+ 谓语〕”的结构〔意为“越……越……”〕。

如:
The harder he works, the happier he feels.
⑤不与其他事物相比,表示本身程度的改变时,用“比较级+ and + 比较级”的结构。

如:
The weather is getting colder and colder.
The girl becomes more and more beautiful.
⑥某些以-ior结尾的形容词进行比较时,用to代替than。

这些词有inferior〔劣等的,次的〕、superior 〔较好的,优于……〕、junior〔资历较浅的〕、senior〔资格较老的〕、prior〔在……之前〕等。

He is superior to Mr.Zhang in chemistry.
⑦在比较从句中为了防止重复,我们通常用that(those)、one(ones)代替前面出现的名词。

that指物,one 既可指人又可指物。

that可代替可数名词单数和不可数名词,而one只能代替可数名词。

相关文档
最新文档