Motivation and Emotions fy

7.1 Theories of motivation—本能论
Instinct Approaches（本能论）: Born to Be Motivated In the 1900s, psychologist William McDougall (麦独孤)(1908) proposed that humans were motivated by a variety of instincts. Instincts are inborn patterns of behavior that are biologically determined rather than learned. 人的行为主要是受人体内的生物模式驱动，不 受理性支配。
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Tour de France（环法自行车赛）
Nine years before he crossed the finish line to win the Tour de France for the seventh time, no one had given Lance Armstrong（兰斯· 阿姆斯特朗）much of a chance to live, yet alone race again.
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7.1 Theories of motivation—本能论
– 麦独孤：逃避、拒绝、好奇、好斗、获取、自信 、生殖、合理性、自卑、建设等 – 詹姆斯：生物本能（衣食住行）、社会本能（爱 、社交、同情、诚实）
– 弗洛伊德：生本能、死本能
– 马斯洛：自我实现的本能
死亡本能不是表现为一种求死的欲望，而是表现为一种自 杀的欲望，不限于杀人和自杀，还包括自我谴责、自我惩罚 、敌手之间的嫉妒以及权威的反抗等。 当它向外表现时，它就成为破坏、征服的动力，表现为侵 略的倾向。 当向外界的侵略受到挫折时，它往往退回到自我，成为一 种自杀的倾向。
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Function of motivation
activate(激活功能) ：激活功能的大小取决于 动机的强度和性质。
direct (指向功能)：动机不同，个体追求的对 象和目标也不相同。 Maintain and adjust (维持和调整功能) ：它 表现为行动的坚持性。
If you give some one a box of fast food , do you think he will eat?
or substitute, mothers made mostly of wire (see Pic 7-1).
7.1 Theories of motivation —驱力理论
homeostasis（体内平衡） .
7.1 Theories of motivation —驱力理论
Need - a requirement of some material (such as food or
water) that is essential for survival of the organism.
– A need results from a lack of something desirable（令人 满意的） or useful. Drive - a state of tension produced by a need that motivates an organism toward a goal.
7.1 Theories of motivation—驱力理论
Drive-Reduction Approaches（驱力理论）
Drive-reduction theory emerged from the work of experimental psychologist Clark Hull （赫尔）， who traced motivation back to basic physiological needs.
Armstrong had been diagnosed with testicular cancer （睾丸癌）that had spread to his lungs and brain. Told his chances for survival were less than 50 percent, Armstrong set about fighting the disease with same motivation that led him to become the world‘s best cyclist. He endured surgery and intense chemotherapy（化疗）.
According to Hull, when an organism is deprived of something it needs or wants (such as food or water), it becomes tense and agitated（焦虑）. To relieve this tension, biological needs drive an organism to act, and the organism strives to maintain
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Байду номын сангаас
7.1 Theories of motivation—本能论
According to instinct approaches to motivation, people and animals are born preprogrammed（预排 程序） with sets of behaviors essential to their survival. Instincts occur in almost the same way among all members of a species. For example, salmon（三文鱼） respond to instinctive urges（怂恿、激励） to swim thousands of miles through ocean waters and up rivers to reach the exact spot in a gravel bed where they were spawned years earlier.
Definition of Motivation
Motivation is an internal state that activates behavior and directs it toward a goal. 动机：是指由目标引导的、激发和维持有机体活 动的一种内在心理过程。
– The processes that account for an individual’s intensity, direction, and persistence of effort toward attaining a goal.
According to drive-reduction theory, infants become
attached to their mothers because mothers usually relieve such drives as hunger and thirst.
Harry Harlow (1905-1981) and others doubted that this
– Identify four theories of motivation. – Demonstrate Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs. – Explain the functions of emotions. – Comprehend the theories of emotion.
When he retired after winning his seventh and final race, he left the sport not only as an example of an athlete at the top of his game but also as a testament （确实的证明） to will power, drive , and the undoubtedly（确实地，毋庸置疑的） of the human spirit.
Before we turn to the content about motivation, let us think about several questions!
Why did Davis study so hard? Why did Lily eat so little? Why do people try to climb Mount Everest(珠穆 朗玛峰) or cross the Atlantic（大西洋） in a balloon?
Chapter
Motivation and Emotions
Fengyu Jining medical college
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Learning Objectives
After studying this chapter, you should be able to:
– Describe the three functions of motivation.
was the only, or even the main, source of an infant‘s love for its mother. Harlow took baby monkeys away from their mothers and put them alone in cages with two surrogate,
驱力：是指个体由生理需要所引起的一种紧张状态，
它能激发和驱动个体行为以满足需要，消除紧张，从而 恢复机体的平衡状态。
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Stress imbalance
Procedure
need
drive
Motivation
Behavior
New need
Homeostasis
Need satisfied
7.1 Theories of motivation —驱力理论
At the same time, he refused to give up cycling, riding 20 to 50 miles a day even after enduring week-long rounds of chemotherapy. Armstrong beat the odds, in the same way he would go on to beat every challenger in the Tour de France after returning to racing.
What motivation lay behind Armstrong‟s determination to overcome his cancer and participate in the Tour de France? In this chapter, we will consider the issues that can help to answer such question, as we address the topic of motivation and the related area of emotion.
– – – – – It depends on several factors: Does he hungry? Does the food taste good? Who you are? ……
Next we will introduce several theory to interpret motivation.