英语语法基础【优质PPT】
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单数复数同形的名词
Sheep fish(加-es时表示种类) deer Chinese mesas works 名词复数的不规则变化
man~men woman~women child~children tooth~teeth foot~feet gooes~geese Mouse~mice ox~oxen 复数形式的固定结构
❖ A,wait B,time C,patience D,rest
❖ 3、We all know that ___speak louder than words.
❖ A,movements
B,performances
❖ C,operations
D,actions
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❖ 4,For a long time they walked without saying ❖ ___word.Jim was the first to break ___silence. ❖ A,the;a B,a;the C,a;/ D,the;/
英语语法基础
第一章 名词
名词是表示人、事物、抽象概念等名称的词
分类:1)专有名词,表示人、地方、机构、组织等的专有名 称。包括人名、地名、月份、星期、节日、书名、电影名等 等以及某些抽象名词,如
Jim 吉姆(人名)China 中国 July七月
注:专有名词首字母常需大写,若是专有名词词组则每个单 词首字母均需大写,若是缩略词则每个字母均需大写
体说哪一个。如:
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A plane is a machine that can fly.
❖ B)表示数量一 ❖ C)表示序数的增加,即用于序数前表示序数的递增。 ❖ Soon we saw a second plane .Then a third and a forth. ❖ D)用于不可数名词前,使得其具体化 ❖ A coffee,please.
上主格用作主语,宾格用作宾语。如:
❖ If I were her ,I would leave. ❖ 注:单独使用的人称代词通常用宾格。如:
❖ “I want to leave.” “Me too.”
❖ “Who did this?” “Me.” ❖ B)人称代词的排列顺序。对于单数人称代词,其排列通常为“二、三、一”
It is too difficult a test for us beginners.
He didn’t kown how great a mistake he had made. C)quite,rather与单数名词连用,冠词位于其后,但若 rather,quite前有形容词修饰,则不定冠词置于前后均可,如:
❖ He was a taxi driver before he turned writer.
❖ Teacher though he is ,he can’t kown everything.
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C)用于抽象化的可数名词前
❖ The man was more animal than man. ❖ Are you man enough for this dangerous job? ❖ D)用于节假日、星期、月份、季节等名词前。 ❖ National Day is coming. ❖ Today is Monday. ❖ F)用于球类运动、三餐、语言等名词前。(若特指时则可用冠词) ❖ He hurt his leg while playing football. ❖ Breakfast is on form 8 to 10. ❖ It is not easy to learn English very well. ❖ G)用于某些由介词by构成的方式状语中。如: ❖ by bus(bike,plane,ship,etc) by phone(post,letter,radio) ❖ H)用于正式或独一无二的头衔或职位前。如: ❖ Look ,he is president.
❖ the rich the poor the old
❖ C)用于专有名词前 ❖ D)其他用法,如用于最高级前,用于独一
无二的事物前,用于方向等等
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零冠词的用法
❖ A)用于物质名词、抽象名词、专有名词、复数名 词前,表示泛指或一般概念,如:
❖ Man can not live with out water.
即you,he and me.而对于复数人称代词,则其排列通常为“一、二、三” 即we,you and they.如:
❖ You ,he and I are all senior students.
❖ We ,you and they should all help each other. ❖ 注:但要表示承认错误时,通常要把第一人称摆在前面。
❖ When you finish reading this book,you will have __better understanding of ___life.
❖ A,a;the B,the;a C,/;the D,a;/
❖ Our neighbor has ___ours. ❖ A,as a big house as B,as big a house as ❖ C,the same big house as ❖ D,a house the same big as
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习题
❖ 1、I keep medicines on the top shelf,out of the children’s _____
❖ A,reach B,hand C,hold D,place
❖ 2、I’ll look into the matter as soon as possble .Just have a little ____
2)普通名词,具体分为个体名词、集合名词、物质名词、和 抽象名词。其中个体名词表示某类人或东西中的个体,如girl; 集合名词表示若干个个体组成的集合体,如student;物质名 词表示无法分为个体的实物,如water;抽象名词表示动作、 状态、品质、感情等抽象概念,如work,happiness
注:专有名词和普通名词中的物质名词和抽象名词为不可数 名词,集体名词和个体名词是可数名词
注:以ch结尾的名词,若ch读音为【tf】时,则加-es,若为【k】 时就直接加-s,如stomachs;
以y结尾的专有名词,直接加-s变复数;
以o结尾的名词,有些加-es,有些加-s,加-es主要有以下4个, tomato,potato,hero,Negro黑人;zero则皆可;
以f或fe结尾的名词,有两种可能,即有些直接加-s,有些则把f改为 v再加es,如,roofs,knives,后者现有有10个,wife,life, knife,leaf,thief,half,self,shelf,loaf,wolf
❖ Mr Smith is eager for success.
❖ Teachers should be kind to students.
❖ B)用于普通的单数可数名词前,如用作呼语是、表 示家庭成员时、用于表示“变成”的连系动词 turn,,go之后做表语时、用于倒装时的让步状语从句 中时等。如:It is serious,doctor?
❖ It is I and Jack who are to blame.
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C)人称代词的指代问题
❖ 指代人的不定代词 anybody,everybody,nobody,anyone,someone,ever yone,no one可用单数he,him或复数they,them;而指 代事的不定代词 something,nothing,anything,everything等则只能用 单数it.如:
❖ All the invitations must be sent out today. ❖ They are twice the size of eggs. ❖ I bought double the amout of milk.
❖ 不定冠词的用法 ❖ A)表示泛指或类别 ❖ 即泛指某类人或物中的任何一个,或笼统指某类中的某一个,但又不具
❖ It is a pleasure to talk with you.
❖ A Mr Smith wants to see you. ❖ F)用于动作名词前,表示“一次”“一番”等意,如 ❖ I must have a wish first.
❖ He agreed to give it a try. ❖ G)其他用法,用于most前表“很,非常”;用于本身不带
consider one’s feelings make friends with 与某人交朋友 take measures to do sth 采取措施做某事 make repairs 修理 make matters better使情况好转
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第二章冠词
❖ 分类:不定冠词,定冠词,零冠词 ❖ 冠词的位置: ❖ 1、不定冠词的位置A)若遇上such,what,many,half等词,不
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名词的数
名词复数的规则变化:
1)一般情况下加-s如,books,desks等
2)以s,x,z,sh,ch等结尾的名词,通常加-es, bus~buses,box~boxes,dish~dishes等
3)以y结尾的名词,其复数构成要分两种情况:以“辅音字母+y” 结尾的名词,将y改为i再加-es:city~cities;以“元音字母+y”结尾的 名词,直接加词尾-s:toy~toys,holiday~holidays.
定冠词位于其后,如:
❖ He is not such a fool as he looks.
❖ He published many a novel. ❖ B)若修饰名词的形容词受as,so,too,how,however,enough等
副词的修饰,则不定冠词放在形容词之后,如:
She is as good a cook as her mother.
❖ Nobody saw it,did he? ❖ 指代动物常用it 或they,有时也用he或they,以示亲
切。如:
❖ Give the cat some food .He is hungry. ❖ 指代车、船、国家等,可用it,若表示感情色彩则用
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第三章 代词
❖ 代词是代替名词以及相当语名词短语或句子的词,可分为人称代词、物主 代词、指示代词、反身代词、相互代词、疑问代词、连接代词、关系代词、 不定代词。
❖ 1)人称代词 ❖ A)主格(I ,you ,he,she,we,they等)和宾格(me,you,him,her,them等),原则
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❖ i)用于某些习语
❖ make ues of keep in touch with
❖ in order to take place ❖ 注:1,不要遗漏单数可数名词前必用冠词,
在通常情况下,单数可数名词前应有冠词, 泛指,用不定冠词;特指,用定冠词。
❖ 2,用不同放入冠词有时会导致不同的含 义
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It was rather a disaster. He is rather an unplearant person.=He is a rather un位于名词或名词修饰语之前,但若遇上 all,both,double,half,twice,three times等词的时候,定冠词置于其中。如:
冠词但由于受形容词修饰而带冠词的情形,如
❖ She is a most mysterious person.
❖ He left after a quick breakfast.
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定冠词的用法 ❖ A)表示特指或确指, ❖ B)表示类别或整体,强调整体,而不定冠词
表类别则强调的是个体。