生态采矿业和可持续发展的讨论外文文献翻译

英文原文
Discussion in the mining industry of ecology and
sustainable development
Xifengru Houxilin Chenerdong Wangweiwei Abstract---Mining is the basic industry of national economy.
Mining development are closely linked with the national economy, and the sustainability of mining development in the entire national economy directly affect the sustainability of the mining industry. Sustainable development of the mining model has become an extremely important issue in our era. This article analyzes and learns from other scholars on the basis of research results.
First of all, this article analyzes the ecological status of the mining industry. Although still in the exploration of ecological mining the initial stage, it did not really form an industry. In practice it is in accordance with the requirements of sustainable development of mining, which mainly reflects in the following aspects: Gradually establish and perfect the relevant laws and regulations, and provide a legal basis to protect the mining industry; Significantly improve utilization of mineral resources and wastes; Protect and recover mining ecological environment.
Second, with the advancement of science and technology, mining has entered an unprecedented phase, but we should also clearly understand that mining industry still have some problems in China: The employees of mining industry have a sense of serious waste of resources; Environmental situation is not optimistic; With low level of development and comprehensive utilization of resources many low-grade ore could not be developed; Lack of a unified mechanism for the mining market, and so on.
Finally, this article achieves mining measures of sustainable development in China: Strengthening awareness of sustainable development in the mining industry; Understanding mining laws of development to develop long-term planning; Enhancing environmental awareness of protection, sounding environmental laws of protection and improving environmental skills of protection; Building a fair and reasonable competition; The establishment of a comprehensive, scientific assessment of sustainable development criteria
Keywords---Ecological mining,Sustainable development of mining industry, Measures
0 Introduction
According to the study have showed that over 92% of primary energy,80% of the industrial raw materials,70% of the agricultural means of production come from mineral resources. China has discovered 171 kinds of mineral resources, and being
proved reserves of 158 species. China's mineral production rose rapidly in 2005. National mining production value reached more than 5900 billion Yuan, accounting for about 6% of GDP. Combined with minerals directly upstream and downstream industries, total output value was about 30% of GDP in 2005.China's total trade more than 300 billion dollars to promote the mining industry in the process of urbanization. There were 390 new mining towns, which lived in more than 300 million people. The employees of mining enterprises reached 930 million. Mining industry played a very important role in national economy in China.
The 21st century is a critical period of moderately country in China. China's mining industry is facing serious challenges, but also has new development opportunities. With development of the mining industry in 21st Century, some insights have made "green mining" and "ecological mining", and the new sustainable development of mining has come into the new content. Therefore, to explore and promote eco-mining achieves the sustainable development of mining itself, no doubt that we have positive meanings in our strategy of sustainable development throughout the country.
1 The status of ecological mining
Although still in the exploration of ecological mining the initial stage, it did not really form an industry. In practice it is in accordance with the requirements of sustainable development of mining, which mainly reflects in the following aspects: 1.1 Gradually establish and perfect the relevant laws and regulations
From the late 80s of the 20th century, China has successively promulgated the "The People's Republic of China Mineral Resources Law" and supporting laws, "The People's Republic of China Environment Protection Law", and so on. Ministry of Land Resources issued the ecological and environmental protective work to strengthen the idea of the development and utilization of mineral resources. These laws, regulations and regulatory documents provided the legal basis for the rational development and utilization of mineral resources to effectively protect mining environment.
1.2 Significantly improve utilization of mineral resources and wastes
Currently, many mining companies have come to realize the sustainable utilization of mineral resources. They fully rely on technological progress and strengthening management practices to utilize mineral resources: scientific mining operation, rational development, utilization, and avoiding or reducing damage and waste of mineral resources. An Opencast Coal Mine in Shanxi Province take effective measures to enable the coal recovery rate above 95%.The loss rate and dilution rates of gold mining are 1.1% and 2.1% in Paishanlou Liaoning Province. 1.3 Protect and recover mining ecological environment
Maintaining a good ecological environment is not only an important part of sustainable development, but also a basic state policy to protect the environment and reflect the specific requirements. In recent years, many mining enterprises have done a lot of work and achieved gratifying results in the respect of mine ecological environmental protection and restoration. Such as Harbin Songjiang Copper Industry Co Ltd of Heilongjiang Province, paid close attention to the work of mining area: 2 million pine trees, 40000 fruit trees and 20000 poplar trees. The green rate of the mining area achieved 98%
2 The main problems of the development of ecological mining
With the advancement of science and technology, mining has entered an unprecedented phase, but we should also clearly understand that mining industry still have some problems in China.
2.1 Depletion of mineral resources
Mine are non-renewable resources, with the exploitation of mineral resources were bound to result in depletion. Due to lack of reserving resources some companies of mine founded in the 20th century face the danger of shutdown. After the resource depletion, the development of mining town relying on resources and national policy support would reveal a variety of contradictions. The cities of mine dried up would create great pressure and burden to society and the state.
2.2 Environmental situation is not optimistic
Mining development takes up a lot of land, and in the development process produces a lot of waste rock, wastewater and waste gas, which causes negative impact on the ecological environment. The mining landslides, ground subsidence and other geological disasters often happen which are risk of lives and properties. Environmental pollution related to mining development is wide, and measures of treatment are difficult.
2.3 With low level of development and comprehensive utilization of resourcesˈ many low-grade ore could not be developed;
Due to a developing country, the level of mining technology and equipment compared with developed countries is a certain distance in China. Backward technology and equipment will inevitably lead to waste of mineral resources. The development of mineral resources is a intensive industry of capital and technology, and large-scale, mechanization, automation is the development direction of international mining. The mining enterprises are mostly labor-intensive and small-scale mines in China, which technology is lag behind, even primitive. There is very serious waste of resources. Even the state-owned mines are relatively backward equipment, and the level are not high .There are the high cost of resource and the problem of low utilization levels.
2.4 Lack of a unified mechanism for the mining market
China is in the early stage of industrialization, and requires a large number of mineral raw materials, energy and mineral support for rapid economic development. The contradiction of mineral supply and demands has become a seller's market. The national macro-control on the mineral market is weak, and mining market is chaotic. Some mining companies rely on government assistance to survive. In sharp contrast to that: a small coal mines and small gold blossom everywhere, and the state repeatedly issue prohibitions. Because of the country's tax system, collective and individual small mines do not play role, which form such unfair competition. Large scale mines have not superior. Even more serious is that cost advantage of small mines is down the market price of mineral products. For the sake of profit, small mines are used to make up a way to expand production, resulting in waste of resources.
2.5 The enforcement of law is not enough
Mining the legal system has undergone considerable development and effectively promoted the development of mining in China. However, with social and economic conditions changing, the legal system of mining need to be further strengthened to reflect principle of the times.
3 To achieve mining measures of sustainable development in China
3.1 Strengthening awareness of sustainable development in the mining industry
Since 1987, Mrs. Bundled made clear concept of sustainable development, sustainable development has become an advocated model of social development, and been widely accepted around the world. But in the process of sustainable development, the role and problems are different between the developed countries and developing countries. China, as a typical developing country, at present the main objective is still developing, which could not take the old road of the "high development, high consumption, high pollution". This idea of sustainable development should guide leadership at all levels. In addition, also by laws and regulations make it obligatory to implement the concept of sustainable development and in various forms for public education to enjoy popular support of sustainable development.
3.2 Understanding mining laws of development to develop long-term planning
Mining development must be faced to resource depletion problem. Any mine, regardless of how to increase exploration efforts and protect existing resources, would be taken without mine one day. Mining workers by means of the highly science and technology, find new deposits, new minerals to guarantee the sustainable development of mining industry. Mining workers increase exploration efforts to find a new source of ore and make full use of existing resources. Under conditions, the
exploitation of poor ore and hard bed mining are realistic option. In addition, marine mining greatly expand the footprint of human exploration. Space mining is still only a dream, and in the future will become of human choice. In the full and effective use of existing resources to formulate a long-term planning are around the corner.
3.3 Enhancing environmental awareness of protection, sounding environmental laws of protection andimproving environmental skills of protection
Enhancing environmental awareness of protection, sounding environmental laws of protection and improving environmental skills of protection are to achieve the harmony of mankind and the environment. Environmental awareness is to achieve self-discipline. Consciously protecting the environment is the lowest social cost, so we enhance the people's environmental awareness. In addition, we make full use of modern technology to supervise and control the mining of various processes. We should develop bio-mining, bio-reclamation, cleaner production technologies and more investments in technology to mobilize the enthusiasm of environmental protection workers.
3.4 Developing and introduce technology and equipment improves the level of comprehensive utilization ofresources.
It is a characteristic of mineral resources development in the 21st century that seeks to exploit the poor refractory ore and hard ore mining. Especially mineral resources are mainly poor in China, such as 70% of the copper, 70% to 80% of the bauxite, 80% of iron ore, 90% of the phosphate and more than 93% lean ore, which is the only way of use of lean ore mining in China. Low level of development and comprehensive utilization of resources is due to backward of technology, equipment and management. To change this situation should introduce foreign advanced technology and equipment, in particular the key equipment, and improve the level of mining equipment. Meanwhile, we should strengthen the capacity of independent development in mining equipment, and achieve large-scale and modernization of mining equipment.
3.5 Building a fair and reasonable competition
Mineral resources implement asset management, and separate rights of ownership and management to realize interests of the owner and operator. Circulation of mining rights is on the basis of in an open, transparent and competition. National mineral resources through training, improving the property market and regulating property rightsprohibit assets. We should strengthen the assessment of mineral resource assets and establish assets evaluation indicator system on the basis of the asset price system and the operational effectiveness. Completely shut down polluting and inefficient small coal mines and small gold.
3.6 Speeding up legal system and strengthening law enforcement in the mining
The government should strengthen the supporting legislation, as soon as possible to make up for gaps or deficiencies in the legislation of mining, to modify or improve some legislations that are incompatible with the market economic system, to abolish some outdated the laws and regulations of adverse effects. The government should establish and improve rules and regulations of law, and make public procedures, in order to ensure the administrative staff enforcing the law impartially and strictly controlling mine.
3.7 The establishment of a comprehensive, scientific assessment of sustainable development criteria
The mining evaluation criteria of sustainable development are a scale of mining sustainable development and a timely basis for evaluation and adjustments. The mining evaluation criteria of sustainable development should be experts in all aspects of participation, which is a systematic work. We should be from the viewpoint of system to develop a practical evaluation factors. We should consider the cost in evaluation of factors. We should acquire target acquisition by means of the science, the feasibility of simple, dynamic guidance, standards universal, flexible and adaptive principles.
4 Results:
With the introduction of the national plan, low-carbon economy, energy industry and industry of environmental protection and so on, makes the development of the mining industry facing new opportunities and challenges. Therefore, we should carefully implement the "in the protection of the development, in the development of the protection" and "development and protection of equal importance," develop ecological mining, and take the coordination of resource development and environmental protection for sustainable mining development, which will be inevitable choice for the sustainable development strategy in China .
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中文译文
生态采矿业和可持续发展的讨论
西凤茹1侯喜林2
（1.辽宁工程技术大学，鞍山，100083；2. 辽宁工程技术大学，鞍山，056038）
摘要---矿业是国民经济的基础产业。

矿业的发展与国民经济紧密相连，矿业在整个国民经济发展的可持续性，直接影响了采矿业的可持续发展。

采矿模型的可持续发展已成为我们这个时代的一个极其重要的问题。

本文分析和学习了其他学者的研究成果的主要内容。

首先，本文分析了采矿业的生态状况。

虽然仍处在探索生态开采初期，它并没有真正形成一个产业。

在实践中的采矿主要有以下几个方面体现了可持续发展的要求，并且逐步建立和完善的有关法律和法规为其提供了法律依据，以保护采矿业，大大提高矿产资源和废物利用率，保护和恢复矿山生态环境。

其次，随着科技进步，采矿已经进入了一个前所未有的阶段，但我们也应该清醒地认识到采矿业在中国仍然有一些问题：采矿业的员工有一个严重的资源浪费的意识;环境状况不能发展不容乐观;发展和全面的资源很多低品位矿石利用水平低，缺乏一个统一的矿业市场机制等等。

最后，这篇文章指出了在中国实现可持续发展的开采措施：加强采矿业的可持续发展意识;采矿法发展的认识，制定长远规划，加强保护环境的意识，探空环境的法律保护和改善环境的技能保护，建立一个公平合理的竞争，建立一个全面的，可持续发展的标准的科学评估。

关键词：生态开采，采矿业的可持续发展，措施
引言
据有关研究已经表明，92％以上的一次能源，80％的工业原材料，70％的农业生产资料来自于矿产资源。

中国已发现矿产资源171种，探明储量的158种。

中国矿产生产在2005年迅速上升。

全国矿业产值达5900多亿元，占国内生产总值的6％左右。

2005年结合矿物质直接上游和下游产业，总产值占国内生产总值约30％。

中国的贸易总额超过300亿美元，这个数目可以促进城市化进程中的采矿业。

共有390名居住在300万人以上新的采矿城镇。

矿山企业的从业人员达到9.3亿。

采矿业在中国和在国民经济中起到了非常重要的作用。

21世纪是中国这样一个中等国家的关键时期。

中国的采矿业正面临着严峻的挑战，但也有新的发展机遇。

随着21世纪采矿业的发展，一些新观点如“绿色开采”和“生态矿山”，挖掘新的可持续发展已进入新的内容。

因此，探索和推广生态采矿自身实现可持续发展，毫无疑问我们的可持续发展战略在全国各地都有积极的意义。

1 生态开采的状态
虽然仍处在探索生态开采初期，它并没有真正形成一个产业。

在实践中若按照可持续发展战略来采矿，主要有以下几个方面：
1.1逐步建立和完善有关法律、法规
从20世纪80年代末以来，中国有先后颁布了《中华人民共和国矿产资源法》及配套法规，《中华人民共和国环境保护法》等等。

国土资源部颁布保护的生态和环境的法律法规实际目的在于加强对矿产资源的开发和利用。

这些法律、法规和规范性文件的规定对矿产资源的合理开发和利用，有效保护矿山环境提供了法律依据。

1.2 显著提高了矿产资源和废物的利用率
目前，许多矿业公司已经认识到矿产资源的可持续利用。

他们充分依靠科技进步和加强管理的做法，科学利用矿产资源开采操作，合理开发利用，避免或减少破坏和浪费矿产资源。

山西省露天煤矿采取有效措施，保证了95％以上的煤炭回采率。

在辽宁省排山楼，损失率和黄金采矿贫化率分别是是1.1％和2.1％。

1.3 保护和恢复矿山生态环境
保持一个良好的生态环境不仅是可持续发展的重要组成部分，也是一项保护环境和反映的具体要求的基本国策。

近年来，许多矿山企业做了很多工作，在矿山生态环境的保护和恢复方面取得了可喜的成绩。

比如黑龙江的哈尔滨松江铜业有限公司高度重视矿区的工作，种了2万松树，果树40000和20000杨树，矿区绿化率达到98％。

2 生态采矿发展的主要问题
随着科学技术的进步，采矿业已经进入了一个前所未有的阶段，但我们也应该清醒地认识到中国的采矿业仍存在一些问题。

2.1矿产资源的枯竭
矿产资源是不可再生资源，随着不断开采势必导致枯竭。

由于缺乏资源，一些始建于20世纪的公司面临倒闭的危险。

发展采矿业的城镇依托资源和国家政策，一旦支撑生产的资源枯竭后，就会引发各种矛盾。

枯竭资源的矿山城市，会对社会和国家造成很大的压力和负担。

2.2环境形势不容乐观
矿业开发占用了大量土地，并在开采过程中产生大量的废石、废水和废气，从而对生态环境产生了负面影响。

而生命和财产的风险则是采矿山体滑坡、地面塌陷等地质灾害经常发生。

与矿业开发有关的环境污染规章太宽泛，处理方法还是很难。

2.3 由于发展水平低和很多资源利用率低，很多品级低的矿石无法开采
由于是一个发展中国家，开采技术和装备水平与发达国家相比有一定的距
离。

落后的技术和设备将不可避免地导致矿产资源浪费。

对矿产资源的开发是一项劳动密集型产业，资本和技术，大规模，机械化，自动化是国际矿业的发展方向。

而在中国矿山企业大多是劳动密集型和小规模的矿山，技术落后，甚至原始，有非常严重的资源浪费情况。

即使是国有煤矿，也有相对装备落后、水平不高、成本高、资源利用水平低的问题。

2.4 缺乏一个统一的矿业市场机制
中国正处在工业化的早期阶段，需要大量的矿物原料、能源和矿产经济快速发展的支持。

矿产供应和需求的矛盾已成为卖方市场严重的问题。

国家对矿产市场的宏观调控较为薄弱，矿业市场混乱。

一些矿业公司依靠政府的援助生存。

与此形成鲜明对比的是：小煤矿和小金矿遍地开花，导致国家一再发禁令。

由于我国的税收制度，集体和个体小煤矿无法发挥作用，导致这种不公平的竞争。

大型煤矿也没有优势。

更为严重的是，小煤矿的成本影响矿产品市场价格。

为求利润，小煤矿用其他方式来扩大生产，造成资源的浪费。

2.5 执法的力度还不够
和矿业有关的法律体系取得了长足的发展，有力地推动了中国矿业的发展。

然而随着社会和经济的变化，采矿的法律制度需要进一步加强。

3 为了在中国实现矿业的可持续发展
3.1 在采矿业中加强可持续发展意识
自1987年以来，Bundled夫人对可持续发展作出了明确的解释，可持续发展已成为社会发展的主流模型，并为世界各地广泛接受。

但在可持续发展的过程中，作用和存在的问题是发达国家和发展中国家之间的不同。

中国作为一个典型的发展中国家，目前的主要目标仍然是发展，不能采取的老路“高发展、高消耗、高污染”。

此外，还可以通过法律、法规、义务和各种形式的公众教育来实现可持续发展。

3.2了解采矿法发展长期规划
矿业开发必须面对资源枯竭的问题。

任何矿，不论如何加大勘探力度，保护现有资源，最终矿产会枯竭。

采矿工人应具备高素质和高超的技术手段，寻找新的矿源，以保证采矿业的可持续发展。

采矿工人找到一个新的矿源和充分利用现有资源的勘探力度的条件下，是现今开采贫矿和硬床开采最好选择。

此外，海洋采矿，大大拓展了人类探索的足迹。

太空开采仍然只是一个梦想，在未来将成为人类的选择。

充分有效地利用现有资源，制订一个长远的规划是指日可待。

3.3 加强环境的保护意识，遵守环境的保护法律，提高环境的保护能力
加强环境的保护意识，遵守环境的保护法律，提高环境的保护能力会使人与自然更加和谐。

环保意识就是自律。

自觉保护环境的社会成本是最低的，所以我们提高人们的环保意识。

此外，我们还应充分利用现代技术，以监督和控制的各种生产工艺的开采。

我们应该发展绿色开采，生物填海工程，清洁生产技术，加
大科技投入，动员环保工作者的积极性。

3.4 开发和引进技术和设备提高资源的综合利用水平
在21世纪，利耐熔的矿石和硬矿石开采是矿产资源开发的一个特征。

尤其是在中国矿产资源品质较杂，如铜的70％，70％至80％的铝土矿，80％的铁矿石，90％的磷酸盐和超过93％的贫矿，这是贫矿开采使用唯一的出路。

由于技术，设备和管理落后，发展和资源综合利用水平低。

为了改变这种局面，应引进国外先进技术和设备，尤其是核心设备，提高采矿设备的水平。

同时，我们应加强采矿设备的自主开发能力，并将其实现规模化和现代化。

3.5 建立一个公平合理的竞争环境
矿产资源实行资产管理，所有权与经营权分开便于实现所有者和经营者的利益。

采矿权在一个公开，透明和竞争的基础上流转的。

我们应该加强矿产资源资产评估和经营效益的资产价格体系，建立资产评估指标体系，完全关闭污染和低效的小煤矿，小金矿。

3.6 在矿业中加快完善法律制度和加强执法力度
政府在采矿法方面应加强配套立法，尽快弥补差距或不足，修改或完善不符合市场经济体制的一些法律，取消一些过时的法律和法规。

政府应建立和完善法律法规和规则，以确保行政人员秉公执法，严格控制煤矿的开采。

可持续发展的开采评价标准是矿业可持续发展的规模和及时进行评价和调整的基础。

可持续发展的开采评价标准应该要参考各方面的专家的意见，这是一个系统性的工作。

我们应该从系统的观点出发，制定一个切实可行的评价标准，还应该考虑成本因素的评价。

通过科学、简单、动态的指导测试其可行性、标准的通用性、灵活性和适应性。

结果：
随着国家计划，低碳经济，能源产业和环保产业的引进，矿业发展面临新的机遇和挑战。

因此，我们要认真贯彻落实“保护发展、发展保护”和“开发与保护并重，发展生态矿业，采矿可持续发展的资源开发和环境保护的协调”的指导思想，这将是中国可持续发展战略的必然选择。

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