地铁英语表达
英语口语速递：地铁的英语表达,到底是subway还是metro？
英语口语速递：地铁的英语表达，到底是subway还是metro？
大家出行最常用的交通工具是什么呢？在中国，“地铁”的英文翻译似乎没有被统一起来。
比如北京的叫做Beijing Subway，而南方的上海杭州叫做Shanghai/Hangzhou Metro。
地铁的英语都有哪些表达呢？
1、Metro
目前，全世界大多数城市的地铁都被称为 metro，其实最早的地铁确实是叫metro，是一个在口语中常用的单词。
世界上第一条地铁就是1863 年在英国伦敦修建的，名为大都会铁路（Metropolitan Railway），连接伦敦的Westminster（威斯敏斯特区）和South Kensington（南肯辛顿区）。
法国人把地铁叫做Métropolitain，进而简称为métro。
被吸附能力强悍的英语吸收后，e字母上面的那个小撇也去掉了，metro 成为了一个英语单词。
2、Underground
而现在英国人更喜欢把地铁叫做Underground，这个单词原义就是地下的，隐秘的，秘密的，所以用来表示地铁很合适。
但因为underground比较长，在英式口语中人们更喜欢使用简称tube，因为地铁线就像是地底下的管道，所以逐渐用tube来替代地铁了。
英语地铁系统介绍(metro,underground railway system)
Rapid transit (Metro)The New York City Subway is the world's largest rapid transit system by track lengthand by number of stations, at 468.The Moscow Metro is one of the busiest metro systems in the world and is the busiest in Europe.Rapid transit, also known as metro, subway, underground, or colloquially as "the train", is a type of high-capacity public transportgenerally found in urban areas.[1][2][3] Unlike buses, trams or light rail, rapid transit systems are electric railways that operate on an exclusive right-of-way, which cannot be accessed by pedestrians or other vehicles of any sort,[4] and which is often grade separated in tunnelsor on elevated railways.Modern services on rapid transit systems are provided on designated lines between stations typically using electric multiple units on rail tracks, although some systems use guided rubber tyres, magnetic levitation, or monorail. The stations typically have high platforms, without steps inside the trains, requiring custom-made trains in order to avoid gaps. They are typically integrated with other public transport and often operated by the same public transport authorities. However, some rapid transit systems have at-grade intersections between a rapid transit line and a road or between two rapid transit lines.[5] It is unchallenged in its ability to transport large numbers of people quickly over short distances with little use of land. Variations of rapid transit include people movers, small-scale light metro, and the commuter rail hybrid S-Bahn.The world's first rapid-transit system was the partially underground Metropolitan Railway which opened as a conventional railway in 1863, and now forms part of the LondonUnderground.[6] In 1868, New York opened the elevated West Side and Yonkers Patent Railway, initially a cable-hauled line using static steam engines.The world's largest rapid transit system by both length of track (842 miles (1,355 km), including non-revenue track)[7] and number of stations (468 stations in total)[8] is the New York City Subway. By length of passenger route, the world's longest single-operator rapid transit system is the Shanghai Metro.[9][10] The busiest rapid transit systems in the world by annual ridership are the Tokyo subway system, the Seoul Metropolitan Subway, the Moscow Metro, the Beijing Metro, and the Shanghai Metro.[11]TerminologyMetro is the most common term for underground rapid transit systems used by non-native English speakers.[12] Rapid transit systems may be named after the medium by which passengers travel in busy central business districts; the use oftunnels inspires names such as subway,[13]underground,[14]Untergrundbahn (U-Bahn) in German,[15] or the Tunnelbana (T-bana) in Swedish;[16] the use of viaducts inspires names such as elevated (el or L), skytrain,[17]overhead, or overground. One of these terms may apply to an entire system, even if a large part of the network (for example, in outer suburbs) runs at ground level.In most of Britain, a subway is a pedestrian underpass; the terms Underground and Tube are used for the London Underground, and the Tyne and Wear Metro, mostly overground, is known as the Metro. In Scotland, however, the Glasgow Subway underground rapid transit system is known as the Subway. Conversely, in the U.S., underground mass transit systems are primarily known as subways, and the term metro is short for metropolitan area.HistoryInitial construction stages of London's Metropolitan Railway atKing's Cross St. Pancras in 1861The opening in 1863 of London's steam-hauled Metropolitan Railway marked the beginning of rapid transit. Initial experiences with steam engines, despite ventilation, were unpleasant. Experiments with pneumatic railways failed in their extended adoption by cities. Electric traction was more efficient, faster and cleaner than steam and the natural choice for trains running in tunnels and proved superior for elevated services. In 1890 the City & South London Railway was the first electric-traction rapid transit railway, which was also fullyunderground.[18]Both railways were eventually merged into London Underground. The 1893 Liverpool Overhead Railway was designed to use electric traction from the outset.[19]The technology quickly spread to other cities in Europe, Canada and the United States with some railways being converted from steam and others being designed to be electric from the outset. Budapest in Hungary and Glasgow, Chicago and New York all converted or purpose-designed and built electric rail services.[20] There were 19 systems by 1940, and 66 by 1984.[citation needed] Cities such as Osloand Marseille opened extensive systems in the 1960s and many new systems were introduced in Southeast Asia and Latin America.[15]Advancements in technology have allowed new automated services. Hybrid solutions have also evolved, such as tram-trainand premetro, which incorporate some of the features of rapid transit systems.[18] In response to cost, engineering considerations and topological challenges some cities have opted to construct tram systems.[21]OperationRapid transit is used in cities, agglomerations, and metropolitan areas to transport large numbers of people often short distances at high frequency. The extent of the rapid transit system varies greatly between cities, with several transport strategies.Some systems may extend only to the limits of the inner city, or to its inner ring of suburbs with trains making frequent station stops. The outer suburbs may then be reached by a separate commuter rail network where more widely spaced stations allow higher speeds. In some cases the differences between urban rapid transit and suburban systems are not clear.[3]Rapid transit systems may be supplemented by other systems such as buses, trams, or commuter rail. This combination of transit modes serves to offset certain limitations of rapid transit such as limited stops and long walking distances between outside access points. Bus or tram feeder systems transport people to rapid transit stops.[22] In Toronto, over 50% of its rapid transit stations have bus and streetcar terminals within the fare-paid zone, providing a connection without requiring proof of payment.[citation needed]LinesEach rapid transit system consists of one or more lines, or circuits. Each line is serviced by at least one specific route with trains stopping at all or some of the line's stations. Most systems operate several routes, and distinguish them by colors, names, numbering, or a combination thereof. Some lines may share track with each other for a portion of their route or operate solely on their own right-of-way. Often a line running through the city center forks into two or more branches in the suburbs, allowing a higher service frequency in the center. This arrangement is used by many systems, such as the Copenhagen Metro[23] and the New York City Subway.[24]Alternatively, there may be a single central terminal (often shared with the central railway station), or multiple interchange stations between lines in the city centre, for instance in the Prague Metro.[25] The London Underground[26]and Paris Métro[27] are densely built systems with a matrix of crisscrossing lines throughout the cities. The Chicago 'L' has most of its linesconverging on The Loop, the main business, financial, and cultural area. Some systems have a circular line around the city center connecting to radially arranged outward lines, such as the Moscow Metro'sKoltsevaya Line and Tokyo's Yamanote Line.The capacity of a line is obtained by multiplying the car capacity, the train length, and the service frequency. Heavy rapid transit trains might have six to twelve cars, while lighter systems may use four or fewer. Cars have a capacity of 100 to 150 passengers, varying with the seated to standing ratio—more standing gives higher capacity. Bilevel cars, used mostly on German S-Bahn type systems, have more space, allowing the higher seated capacity needed on longer journeys. The minimum time interval between trains is shorter for rapid transit than for mainline railways owing to the use of block signaling: the minimum headway might be 90 seconds, which might be limited to 120 seconds to allow for recovery from delays. Typical capacity lines allow 1,200 people per train, giving 36,000 people per hour. The highest attained capacity is 80,000 people per hour by the MTR Corporation in Hong Kong.[28]Network topologiesRapid transit topologies are determined by a large number of factors, including geographical barriers, existing or expected travel patterns, construction costs, politics, and historical constraints. A transit system is expected to cover an area with a set of lines, which consist of shapes summarized as "I", "U", "S", and "O" shapes or loops. Geographical barriers may cause chokepoints where transit lines must converge (for example, to cross a body of water), which are potential congestion sites but also offer an opportunity for transfers between lines. In Walker's analysis, loops appear to provide good coverage, but are inefficient for everyday commuting use, while a rough grid pattern offers a wide variety of routes, while still maintaining reasonable speed and frequency of service.[29]Circle, e.g.GlasgowCircle-radial,e.g.Beijing, London,Madrid, Moscow,Seoul, Shanghai,TokyoSecant,e.g.Athens,Bucharest,Budapest,Hyderabad,Kharkiv, Kiev,Kuala Lumpur,Munich, Prague,São Paulo,Tashkent,TehranComplex grid,e.g.Berlin, Delhi, NewYork, Shenzhen,Osaka, Paris,TaipeiX-shaped,e.g.Amsterdam,Brussels, Oslo,Porto, Riode Janeiro, San Francisco,StockholmDiameter line,e.g.Algiers, Helsinki,Lima, Mumbai,Sendai,YekaterinburgVesica piscis, e.g. Cairo,Lille, Milan,Nuremberg,Rotterdam, Sofia(partly), Tyne and WearCross,e.g.Atlanta,Bangalore,Esfahan,Kaohsiung, Kyoto,Minsk,Philadelphia,Rome, Sapporo,Warsaw Passenger informationInformation panel showing the current location and upcoming stops of an East-West Singapore MRT train. Note that each station has a unique alpha-numeric code, e.g.: EW26 LakesideRapid transit operators have often built up strong brands. The use of a single letter as a station sign has become widespread, with systems identified by the letters L, M, S, T and U, among others.[30] In the Singapore MRT, each station was assigned a unique alphanumeric symbol. E.g.: EW26 Lakeside (26th station on the East West Line). Interchange stations will then have at least two codes. For example, HarbourFront will have two codes, NE1, 1st station on the North East Line section and CC29, 29th station on the Circle Line section. (NE1/CC29 HarbourFront) Branding has focused on easy recognition—to allow quick identification even in the vast array of signage found in large cities—combined with the desire to communicate speed, safety, and authority.[31]In many cities, there is a single corporate image for the entire transit authority, but the rapid transit uses its own logo that fits into the profile.A transit map is a topological map or schematic diagram used to show the routes and stations in a public transport system. The main components are color-coded lines to indicate each line or service, with named icons to indicate stations. Maps may show only rapid transit or also include other modes of public transport.[32]Transit maps can be found in transit vehicles, on platforms, elsewhere in stations, and in printed timetables. Maps help users understand the interconnections between different parts ofthe system; for example, they show theinterchange stations where passengers can transfer between lines. Unlike conventional maps, transit maps are usually not geographically accurate, but emphasize the topological connections among the different stations. The graphic presentation may use straight lines and fixed angles, and often a fixed minimum distance between stations, to simplify the display of the transit network. Often this has the effect of compressing the distance between stations in the outer area of the system, and expanding distances between those close to the center.[32]With widespread use of the Internet and cell phones globally, transit operators now use these technologies to present information to their users. In addition to online maps and timetables, some transit operators now offer real-time information which allows passengers to know when the next vehicle will arrive, and expected travel times. The standardized GTFS data format for transit information allows many third-party software developers to produce web and smartphone app programs which give passengers customized updates regarding specific transit lines and stations of interest.Safety and securityPlatform-edge doors are used for safety at Daan Station on Line 2,Taipei Metro, TaiwanSee also: Classification of railway accidentsCompared to other modes of transport, rapid transit has a good safety record, with few accidents. Rail transport is subject to strict safety regulations, with requirements for procedure and maintenance to minimize risk. Head-on collisions are rare due to use of double track, and low operating speeds reduce the occurrence and severity of rear-end collisions and derailments. Fire is more of a danger underground, such as the King's Cross fire in London in November 1987, which killed 31 people. Systems are generally built to allow evacuation of trains at many places throughout the system.[33][34]High platforms (usually over 1 meter / over 3 feet) are a safety risk, as people falling onto the tracks have trouble climbing back. Platform screen doors are used on some systems to eliminate this danger.Rapid transit facilities are public spaces and may suffer from security problems: petty crimes, such as pickpocketingand baggage theft, and more serious violent crimes. Security measures include video surveillance, security guards, andconductors. In some countries a transit police may be established. These security measures are normally integrated with measures to protect revenue by checking that passengers are not travelling without paying.[35] Rapid transitsystems have been subject to terrorism with many casualties, such as the 1995 Tokyo subway sarin gas attack[36] and the 2005 "7/7" terrorist bombings on the London Underground.InfrastructureMost rapid transit trains are electric multiple units with lengths from three to over ten cars.[37] Power is commonly delivered by a third rail or by overhead wires. The whole London Underground network uses fourth rail and others use the linear motor for propulsion.[38] Most run on conventional steel railway tracks, although some use rubber tires, such as the Montreal Metro and Mexico City Metro and some lines in the Paris Métro. Rubber tires allow steeper gradients and a softer ride, but have higher maintenance costs and are less energy efficient. They also lose traction when weather conditions are wet or icy, preventing above-ground use of the Montréal Metro but not rubber-tired systems in other cities.[39] Crew sizes have decreased throughout history, with some modern systems now running completely unstaffed trains.[40] Other trains continue to have drivers, even if their only role in normal operation is to open and close the doors of the trains at stations.Guideway typesLandungsbrücken station in Hamburg is an example where the U-Bahn is on surface while the S-Bahn station is on lower levelUnderground tunnels move traffic away from street level, avoiding delays caused bytraffic congestion and leaving more land available for buildings and other uses. In areas of high land prices and dense land use, tunnels may be the only economic route for mass transportation. Cut-and-cover tunnels are constructed by digging up city streets, which are then rebuilt over the tunnel; alternatively, tunnel-boring machines can be used to dig deep-bore tunnels that lie further down in bedrock.[18]Street-level railways are used only outside dense areas, since they create a physical barrier that hinders the flow of people and vehicles across their path. This method of construction is the cheapest as long as land values are low. It is often used for new systems in areas that are planned to fill up with buildings after the line is built.[41] Surface-level systems may have dedicated rights-of-way, or may operate by street running in mixed traffic.Elevated railways are a cheaper and easier way to build an exclusive right-of-way without digging expensive tunnels or creating barriers. In addition to street level railways they may also be the only other feasible alternative due to considerations such as a high water table close tothe city surface that raises the cost of, or even precludes underground railways (e.g. Miami). Elevated guideways were popular around the beginning of the 20th century, but fell out of favor; they came back into fashion in the last quarter of the century—often in combination with driverless systems, for instance Vancouver's SkyTrain, London's Docklands Light Railway,[42] the Miami Metrorail, and the Bangkok Skytrain.[43]People mover systems are self-contained rapid transit systems serving relatively small areas such as airports, downtown (central) districts or theme parks, either as independent systems or as shuttle services feeding other transport systems. They are usually driverless and normally elevated. Monorails have been built as both conventional rapid transits and as people movers, either elevated or underground. They are in commercial use in several places, including Germany, Japan and many international airports.Light metro is used when the speed of rapid transit is desired, but for smaller passenger numbers. It often has smaller trains, of typically two to four cars, lower frequency and longer distances between stations, though it remains grade separated. Light metros are sometimes used as shuttles feeding into the main rapid transit system.[44] Some systems have been built from scratch, others are former commuter rail or suburban tramway systems that have been upgraded, and often supplemented with an underground or elevated downtown section.[16]StationsThe spacious Getafe Central station on Line 12 of Madrid Metro has several clearly visible levelsStations function as hubs to allow passengers to board and disembark from trains. They are also payment checkpoints and allow passengers to transfer between modes of transport, for instance to buses or other trains. Access is provided via either island- or side platforms.[45] Underground stations, especially deep-level ones, increase the overall transport time: long escalator rides to the platforms mean that the stations can become bottlenecks if not adequately built. Some underground stations are integrated into shopping centers, or have underground access to large nearby commercial buildings.[46] In suburbs, there may be a "park and ride" connected to the station.[47]To allow easy access to the trains, the platform height allows step-free access between platform and train. If the station complies with accessibility standards, it allows both disabled people andthose with wheeled baggage easy access to the trains,[48] though if the track is curved there can be a gap between the train and platform. Some stations use platform screen doors to increase safety by preventing people falling onto the tracks, as well as reducing ventilation costs.The deepest station in the world is Arsenalna station in Kiev, Ukraine.[49]Particularly in the former Soviet Union and other Eastern European countries, but to an increasing extent elsewhere, the stations were built with splendid decorations such as marble walls, polished granite floors and mosaics—thus exposing the public to art in their everyday life, outside galleries and museums. The systems in Moscow, St. Petersburg, Tashkent and Kiev are widely regarded as some of the most beautiful in the world.[50] Several other cities such as Stockholm, Montreal, Lisbon, Naples and Los Angeles have also focused on art, which may range from decorative wall claddings, to large, flamboyant artistic schemes integrated with station architecture, to displays of ancient artifacts recovered during station construction.[51] It may be possible to profit by attracting more passengers by spending relatively small amounts on grand architecture, art, cleanliness, accessibility, lighting and a feeling ofsafety.[52]Modal tradeoffs and interconnectionsStratford Station in London is shared by London Undergroundtrains (left) and Greater Angliarail services (right), as well as the Docklands Light Railway (not shown).Since the 1980s, trams have incorporated several features of rapid transit: light rail systems (trams) run on their own rights-of-way, thus avoiding congestion; they remain on the same level as buses and cars. Some light rail systems have elevated or underground sections. Both new and upgraded tram systems allow faster speed and higher capacity, and are a cheap alternative to construction of rapid transit, especially in smaller cities.[21]A premetro design means that an underground rapid transit system is built in the city centre, but only a light rail or tram system in the suburbs. Conversely, other cities have opted to build a full metro in the suburbs, but run trams in city streets to save the cost of expensive tunnels. In North America, interurbans were constructed as street-running suburban trams, without the grade-separation of rapid transit. Premetros also allow a gradual upgrade of existing tramways to rapid transit, thus spreading the investment costs over time. They are most common in Germany with the name Stadtbahn.[37]Suburban commuter rail is a heavy rail system that operates at a lower frequency than urban rapid transit, with higher average speeds, often only serving one station in each village andtown. Commuter rails of some cities (such as GermanS-Bahns, Chennai rail, Australian cityrails, Danish S-tog etc.) widely provide a mass transit within city as urban metro systems. As opposition, in some cities (such as PATH in New York, Dubai Metro, Los Teques Metro, Tyne & Wear Metro, MetroSur and other lines of Madrid Metro, Singapore MRT, Taipei Metro, Kuala Lumpur's RapidKL Light Rail Transitetc.) the mainly urban rapid transit systems branch out to the nearest suburbs.Some cities have opted for a hybrid solution, with two tiers of rapid transit: an urban system (such as the Paris Métro, Berlin U-Bahn, London Underground) and a suburban system (such as their counterparts RER, S-Bahn, futureCrossrail, respectively). The suburban systems run on their own tracks with generally high frequency (though less frequently than the urban system), and sometimes operated by the national railways. In some cities the national railway runs through tunnels in the city centre; sometimes commuter trains have direct transfer to the rapid transit system, on the same or adjoining platforms.[53][54] California's BART system functions as a hybrid of the two: in the suburbs, it functions like a commuter rail, with longer trains, longer intervals, and longer distance between stations; in downtownSan Francisco, many lines join and intervals drop to normal subway levels, and stations become closer together. Also, some other urban or "near urban" rapid transit systems (Guangfo Metro, East Rail Line in Hong Kong, Seoul Subway Line 1, etc.) serves the bi- and multi-nucleus agglomerations.Costs, benefits, and impactsThe Docklands Light Railway in London allows for dense land use, while retaining a high capacityAs of May 2012, 184 cities have built rapid transit systems.[55] The capital cost is high, as is the risk of cost overrun and benefit shortfall; public financing is normally required. Rapid transit is sometimes seen as an alternative to an extensive road transport system with many motorways;[56] the rapid transit system allows higher capacity with less land use, less environmental impact, and a lower cost.[57]Elevated or underground systems in city centers allow the transport of people without occupying expensive land, and permit the city to develop compactly without physical barriers. Motorways often depress nearby residential land values, but proximity to a rapid transit station often triggers commercial and residential growth, with large transit oriented development office and housing blocks being constructed.[56][58] Also, an efficient transit system can decrease the economicwelfare loss caused by the increase of population density in a metropolis.[59]Rapid transit systems have high fixed costs. Most systems are publicly owned, by either local governments, transit authorities or national governments. Capital investments are often partially or completely financed by taxation, rather than by passenger fares, but must often compete with funding for roads. The transit systems may be operated by the owner or by a private company through a public service obligation. The owners of the systems often also own the connecting bus or rail systems, or are members of the local transport association, allowing for free transfers between modes. Almost all transit systems operate at a deficit, requiring fare revenue, advertising and subsidies to cover costs.The farebox recovery ratio, a ratio of ticket income to operating costs, is often used to assess operational profitability, with some systems including Hong Kong's MTR Corporation,[60] and Taipei[61] achieving recovery ratios of well over 100%. This ignores both heavy capital costs incurred in building the system, which are often subsidized withsoft loans[62] and whose servicing is excluded from calculations of profitability, as well as ancillary revenue such as income from real estate portfolios.[60] Some metros, including Hong Kong, are even financed by the sale of land whose value has been increased by the building of the system,[41] a process known as value capture.Environmental impactsThe Delhi Metro has won awards for environmentally friendly practices from organisations including the United Nations,[63] RINA,[64] and the International Organization for Standardization,[64] becoming the second metro in the world, after the New York City Subway, to be ISO 14001 certified for environmentally friendly construction.[65] It is also the first railway project in the world to earn carbon credits after being registered with the United Nations under the Clean Development Mechanism,[66] and has so far earned more than 400,000 carbon credits by saving energy through the use of regenerative braking systems on its trains.[67] In order to reduce its dependence on non-renewable sources of energy, Delhi Metro Rail Corporation is looking forward to harness solar energy and install solar panels in some of its metro stations.[68]。
英语地铁系统介绍(metro,underground railway system)
Rapid transit (Metro)The New York City Subway is the world's largest rapid transit system by track lengthand by number of stations, at 468.The Moscow Metro is one of the busiest metro systems in the world and is the busiest in Europe.Rapid transit, also known as metro, subway, underground, or colloquially as "the train", is a type of high-capacity public transportgenerally found in urban areas.[1][2][3] Unlike buses, trams or light rail, rapid transit systems are electric railways that operate on an exclusive right-of-way, which cannot be accessed by pedestrians or other vehicles of any sort,[4] and which is often grade separated in tunnelsor on elevated railways.Modern services on rapid transit systems are provided on designated lines between stations typically using electric multiple units on rail tracks, although some systems use guided rubber tyres, magnetic levitation, or monorail. The stations typically have high platforms, without steps inside the trains, requiring custom-made trains in order to avoid gaps. They are typically integrated with other public transport and often operated by the same public transport authorities. However, some rapid transit systems have at-grade intersections between a rapid transit line and a road or between two rapid transit lines.[5] It is unchallenged in its ability to transport large numbers of people quickly over short distances with little use of land. Variations of rapid transit include people movers, small-scale light metro, and the commuter rail hybrid S-Bahn.The world's first rapid-transit system was the partially underground Metropolitan Railway which opened as a conventional railway in 1863, and now forms part of the LondonUnderground.[6] In 1868, New York opened the elevated West Side and Yonkers Patent Railway, initially a cable-hauled line using static steam engines.The world's largest rapid transit system by both length of track (842 miles (1,355 km), including non-revenue track)[7] and number of stations (468 stations in total)[8] is the New York City Subway. By length of passenger route, the world's longest single-operator rapid transit system is the Shanghai Metro.[9][10] The busiest rapid transit systems in the world by annual ridership are the Tokyo subway system, the Seoul Metropolitan Subway, the Moscow Metro, the Beijing Metro, and the Shanghai Metro.[11]TerminologyMetro is the most common term for underground rapid transit systems used by non-native English speakers.[12] Rapid transit systems may be named after the medium by which passengers travel in busy central business districts; the use oftunnels inspires names such as subway,[13]underground,[14]Untergrundbahn (U-Bahn) in German,[15] or the Tunnelbana (T-bana) in Swedish;[16] the use of viaducts inspires names such as elevated (el or L), skytrain,[17]overhead, or overground. One of these terms may apply to an entire system, even if a large part of the network (for example, in outer suburbs) runs at ground level.In most of Britain, a subway is a pedestrian underpass; the terms Underground and Tube are used for the London Underground, and the Tyne and Wear Metro, mostly overground, is known as the Metro. In Scotland, however, the Glasgow Subway underground rapid transit system is known as the Subway. Conversely, in the U.S., underground mass transit systems are primarily known as subways, and the term metro is short for metropolitan area.HistoryInitial construction stages of London's Metropolitan Railway atKing's Cross St. Pancras in 1861The opening in 1863 of London's steam-hauled Metropolitan Railway marked the beginning of rapid transit. Initial experiences with steam engines, despite ventilation, were unpleasant. Experiments with pneumatic railways failed in their extended adoption by cities. Electric traction was more efficient, faster and cleaner than steam and the natural choice for trains running in tunnels and proved superior for elevated services. In 1890 the City & South London Railway was the first electric-traction rapid transit railway, which was also fullyunderground.[18]Both railways were eventually merged into London Underground. The 1893 Liverpool Overhead Railway was designed to use electric traction from the outset.[19]The technology quickly spread to other cities in Europe, Canada and the United States with some railways being converted from steam and others being designed to be electric from the outset. Budapest in Hungary and Glasgow, Chicago and New York all converted or purpose-designed and built electric rail services.[20] There were 19 systems by 1940, and 66 by 1984.[citation needed] Cities such as Osloand Marseille opened extensive systems in the 1960s and many new systems were introduced in Southeast Asia and Latin America.[15]Advancements in technology have allowed new automated services. Hybrid solutions have also evolved, such as tram-trainand premetro, which incorporate some of the features of rapid transit systems.[18] In response to cost, engineering considerations and topological challenges some cities have opted to construct tram systems.[21]OperationRapid transit is used in cities, agglomerations, and metropolitan areas to transport large numbers of people often short distances at high frequency. The extent of the rapid transit system varies greatly between cities, with several transport strategies.Some systems may extend only to the limits of the inner city, or to its inner ring of suburbs with trains making frequent station stops. The outer suburbs may then be reached by a separate commuter rail network where more widely spaced stations allow higher speeds. In some cases the differences between urban rapid transit and suburban systems are not clear.[3]Rapid transit systems may be supplemented by other systems such as buses, trams, or commuter rail. This combination of transit modes serves to offset certain limitations of rapid transit such as limited stops and long walking distances between outside access points. Bus or tram feeder systems transport people to rapid transit stops.[22] In Toronto, over 50% of its rapid transit stations have bus and streetcar terminals within the fare-paid zone, providing a connection without requiring proof of payment.[citation needed]LinesEach rapid transit system consists of one or more lines, or circuits. Each line is serviced by at least one specific route with trains stopping at all or some of the line's stations. Most systems operate several routes, and distinguish them by colors, names, numbering, or a combination thereof. Some lines may share track with each other for a portion of their route or operate solely on their own right-of-way. Often a line running through the city center forks into two or more branches in the suburbs, allowing a higher service frequency in the center. This arrangement is used by many systems, such as the Copenhagen Metro[23] and the New York City Subway.[24]Alternatively, there may be a single central terminal (often shared with the central railway station), or multiple interchange stations between lines in the city centre, for instance in the Prague Metro.[25] The London Underground[26]and Paris Métro[27] are densely built systems with a matrix of crisscrossing lines throughout the cities. The Chicago 'L' has most of its linesconverging on The Loop, the main business, financial, and cultural area. Some systems have a circular line around the city center connecting to radially arranged outward lines, such as the Moscow Metro'sKoltsevaya Line and Tokyo's Yamanote Line.The capacity of a line is obtained by multiplying the car capacity, the train length, and the service frequency. Heavy rapid transit trains might have six to twelve cars, while lighter systems may use four or fewer. Cars have a capacity of 100 to 150 passengers, varying with the seated to standing ratio—more standing gives higher capacity. Bilevel cars, used mostly on German S-Bahn type systems, have more space, allowing the higher seated capacity needed on longer journeys. The minimum time interval between trains is shorter for rapid transit than for mainline railways owing to the use of block signaling: the minimum headway might be 90 seconds, which might be limited to 120 seconds to allow for recovery from delays. Typical capacity lines allow 1,200 people per train, giving 36,000 people per hour. The highest attained capacity is 80,000 people per hour by the MTR Corporation in Hong Kong.[28]Network topologiesRapid transit topologies are determined by a large number of factors, including geographical barriers, existing or expected travel patterns, construction costs, politics, and historical constraints. A transit system is expected to cover an area with a set of lines, which consist of shapes summarized as "I", "U", "S", and "O" shapes or loops. Geographical barriers may cause chokepoints where transit lines must converge (for example, to cross a body of water), which are potential congestion sites but also offer an opportunity for transfers between lines. In Walker's analysis, loops appear to provide good coverage, but are inefficient for everyday commuting use, while a rough grid pattern offers a wide variety of routes, while still maintaining reasonable speed and frequency of service.[29]Circle, e.g.GlasgowCircle-radial,e.g.Beijing, London,Madrid, Moscow,Seoul, Shanghai,TokyoSecant,e.g.Athens,Bucharest,Budapest,Hyderabad,Kharkiv, Kiev,Kuala Lumpur,Munich, Prague,São Paulo,Tashkent,TehranComplex grid,e.g.Berlin, Delhi, NewYork, Shenzhen,Osaka, Paris,TaipeiX-shaped,e.g.Amsterdam,Brussels, Oslo,Porto, Riode Janeiro, San Francisco,StockholmDiameter line,e.g.Algiers, Helsinki,Lima, Mumbai,Sendai,YekaterinburgVesica piscis, e.g. Cairo,Lille, Milan,Nuremberg,Rotterdam, Sofia(partly), Tyne and WearCross,e.g.Atlanta,Bangalore,Esfahan,Kaohsiung, Kyoto,Minsk,Philadelphia,Rome, Sapporo,Warsaw Passenger informationInformation panel showing the current location and upcoming stops of an East-West Singapore MRT train. Note that each station has a unique alpha-numeric code, e.g.: EW26 LakesideRapid transit operators have often built up strong brands. The use of a single letter as a station sign has become widespread, with systems identified by the letters L, M, S, T and U, among others.[30] In the Singapore MRT, each station was assigned a unique alphanumeric symbol. E.g.: EW26 Lakeside (26th station on the East West Line). Interchange stations will then have at least two codes. For example, HarbourFront will have two codes, NE1, 1st station on the North East Line section and CC29, 29th station on the Circle Line section. (NE1/CC29 HarbourFront) Branding has focused on easy recognition—to allow quick identification even in the vast array of signage found in large cities—combined with the desire to communicate speed, safety, and authority.[31]In many cities, there is a single corporate image for the entire transit authority, but the rapid transit uses its own logo that fits into the profile.A transit map is a topological map or schematic diagram used to show the routes and stations in a public transport system. The main components are color-coded lines to indicate each line or service, with named icons to indicate stations. Maps may show only rapid transit or also include other modes of public transport.[32]Transit maps can be found in transit vehicles, on platforms, elsewhere in stations, and in printed timetables. Maps help users understand the interconnections between different parts ofthe system; for example, they show theinterchange stations where passengers can transfer between lines. Unlike conventional maps, transit maps are usually not geographically accurate, but emphasize the topological connections among the different stations. The graphic presentation may use straight lines and fixed angles, and often a fixed minimum distance between stations, to simplify the display of the transit network. Often this has the effect of compressing the distance between stations in the outer area of the system, and expanding distances between those close to the center.[32]With widespread use of the Internet and cell phones globally, transit operators now use these technologies to present information to their users. In addition to online maps and timetables, some transit operators now offer real-time information which allows passengers to know when the next vehicle will arrive, and expected travel times. The standardized GTFS data format for transit information allows many third-party software developers to produce web and smartphone app programs which give passengers customized updates regarding specific transit lines and stations of interest.Safety and securityPlatform-edge doors are used for safety at Daan Station on Line 2,Taipei Metro, TaiwanSee also: Classification of railway accidentsCompared to other modes of transport, rapid transit has a good safety record, with few accidents. Rail transport is subject to strict safety regulations, with requirements for procedure and maintenance to minimize risk. Head-on collisions are rare due to use of double track, and low operating speeds reduce the occurrence and severity of rear-end collisions and derailments. Fire is more of a danger underground, such as the King's Cross fire in London in November 1987, which killed 31 people. Systems are generally built to allow evacuation of trains at many places throughout the system.[33][34]High platforms (usually over 1 meter / over 3 feet) are a safety risk, as people falling onto the tracks have trouble climbing back. Platform screen doors are used on some systems to eliminate this danger.Rapid transit facilities are public spaces and may suffer from security problems: petty crimes, such as pickpocketingand baggage theft, and more serious violent crimes. Security measures include video surveillance, security guards, andconductors. In some countries a transit police may be established. These security measures are normally integrated with measures to protect revenue by checking that passengers are not travelling without paying.[35] Rapid transitsystems have been subject to terrorism with many casualties, such as the 1995 Tokyo subway sarin gas attack[36] and the 2005 "7/7" terrorist bombings on the London Underground.InfrastructureMost rapid transit trains are electric multiple units with lengths from three to over ten cars.[37] Power is commonly delivered by a third rail or by overhead wires. The whole London Underground network uses fourth rail and others use the linear motor for propulsion.[38] Most run on conventional steel railway tracks, although some use rubber tires, such as the Montreal Metro and Mexico City Metro and some lines in the Paris Métro. Rubber tires allow steeper gradients and a softer ride, but have higher maintenance costs and are less energy efficient. They also lose traction when weather conditions are wet or icy, preventing above-ground use of the Montréal Metro but not rubber-tired systems in other cities.[39] Crew sizes have decreased throughout history, with some modern systems now running completely unstaffed trains.[40] Other trains continue to have drivers, even if their only role in normal operation is to open and close the doors of the trains at stations.Guideway typesLandungsbrücken station in Hamburg is an example where the U-Bahn is on surface while the S-Bahn station is on lower levelUnderground tunnels move traffic away from street level, avoiding delays caused bytraffic congestion and leaving more land available for buildings and other uses. In areas of high land prices and dense land use, tunnels may be the only economic route for mass transportation. Cut-and-cover tunnels are constructed by digging up city streets, which are then rebuilt over the tunnel; alternatively, tunnel-boring machines can be used to dig deep-bore tunnels that lie further down in bedrock.[18]Street-level railways are used only outside dense areas, since they create a physical barrier that hinders the flow of people and vehicles across their path. This method of construction is the cheapest as long as land values are low. It is often used for new systems in areas that are planned to fill up with buildings after the line is built.[41] Surface-level systems may have dedicated rights-of-way, or may operate by street running in mixed traffic.Elevated railways are a cheaper and easier way to build an exclusive right-of-way without digging expensive tunnels or creating barriers. In addition to street level railways they may also be the only other feasible alternative due to considerations such as a high water table close tothe city surface that raises the cost of, or even precludes underground railways (e.g. Miami). Elevated guideways were popular around the beginning of the 20th century, but fell out of favor; they came back into fashion in the last quarter of the century—often in combination with driverless systems, for instance Vancouver's SkyTrain, London's Docklands Light Railway,[42] the Miami Metrorail, and the Bangkok Skytrain.[43]People mover systems are self-contained rapid transit systems serving relatively small areas such as airports, downtown (central) districts or theme parks, either as independent systems or as shuttle services feeding other transport systems. They are usually driverless and normally elevated. Monorails have been built as both conventional rapid transits and as people movers, either elevated or underground. They are in commercial use in several places, including Germany, Japan and many international airports.Light metro is used when the speed of rapid transit is desired, but for smaller passenger numbers. It often has smaller trains, of typically two to four cars, lower frequency and longer distances between stations, though it remains grade separated. Light metros are sometimes used as shuttles feeding into the main rapid transit system.[44] Some systems have been built from scratch, others are former commuter rail or suburban tramway systems that have been upgraded, and often supplemented with an underground or elevated downtown section.[16]StationsThe spacious Getafe Central station on Line 12 of Madrid Metro has several clearly visible levelsStations function as hubs to allow passengers to board and disembark from trains. They are also payment checkpoints and allow passengers to transfer between modes of transport, for instance to buses or other trains. Access is provided via either island- or side platforms.[45] Underground stations, especially deep-level ones, increase the overall transport time: long escalator rides to the platforms mean that the stations can become bottlenecks if not adequately built. Some underground stations are integrated into shopping centers, or have underground access to large nearby commercial buildings.[46] In suburbs, there may be a "park and ride" connected to the station.[47]To allow easy access to the trains, the platform height allows step-free access between platform and train. If the station complies with accessibility standards, it allows both disabled people andthose with wheeled baggage easy access to the trains,[48] though if the track is curved there can be a gap between the train and platform. Some stations use platform screen doors to increase safety by preventing people falling onto the tracks, as well as reducing ventilation costs.The deepest station in the world is Arsenalna station in Kiev, Ukraine.[49]Particularly in the former Soviet Union and other Eastern European countries, but to an increasing extent elsewhere, the stations were built with splendid decorations such as marble walls, polished granite floors and mosaics—thus exposing the public to art in their everyday life, outside galleries and museums. The systems in Moscow, St. Petersburg, Tashkent and Kiev are widely regarded as some of the most beautiful in the world.[50] Several other cities such as Stockholm, Montreal, Lisbon, Naples and Los Angeles have also focused on art, which may range from decorative wall claddings, to large, flamboyant artistic schemes integrated with station architecture, to displays of ancient artifacts recovered during station construction.[51] It may be possible to profit by attracting more passengers by spending relatively small amounts on grand architecture, art, cleanliness, accessibility, lighting and a feeling ofsafety.[52]Modal tradeoffs and interconnectionsStratford Station in London is shared by London Undergroundtrains (left) and Greater Angliarail services (right), as well as the Docklands Light Railway (not shown).Since the 1980s, trams have incorporated several features of rapid transit: light rail systems (trams) run on their own rights-of-way, thus avoiding congestion; they remain on the same level as buses and cars. Some light rail systems have elevated or underground sections. Both new and upgraded tram systems allow faster speed and higher capacity, and are a cheap alternative to construction of rapid transit, especially in smaller cities.[21]A premetro design means that an underground rapid transit system is built in the city centre, but only a light rail or tram system in the suburbs. Conversely, other cities have opted to build a full metro in the suburbs, but run trams in city streets to save the cost of expensive tunnels. In North America, interurbans were constructed as street-running suburban trams, without the grade-separation of rapid transit. Premetros also allow a gradual upgrade of existing tramways to rapid transit, thus spreading the investment costs over time. They are most common in Germany with the name Stadtbahn.[37]Suburban commuter rail is a heavy rail system that operates at a lower frequency than urban rapid transit, with higher average speeds, often only serving one station in each village andtown. Commuter rails of some cities (such as GermanS-Bahns, Chennai rail, Australian cityrails, Danish S-tog etc.) widely provide a mass transit within city as urban metro systems. As opposition, in some cities (such as PATH in New York, Dubai Metro, Los Teques Metro, Tyne & Wear Metro, MetroSur and other lines of Madrid Metro, Singapore MRT, Taipei Metro, Kuala Lumpur's RapidKL Light Rail Transitetc.) the mainly urban rapid transit systems branch out to the nearest suburbs.Some cities have opted for a hybrid solution, with two tiers of rapid transit: an urban system (such as the Paris Métro, Berlin U-Bahn, London Underground) and a suburban system (such as their counterparts RER, S-Bahn, futureCrossrail, respectively). The suburban systems run on their own tracks with generally high frequency (though less frequently than the urban system), and sometimes operated by the national railways. In some cities the national railway runs through tunnels in the city centre; sometimes commuter trains have direct transfer to the rapid transit system, on the same or adjoining platforms.[53][54] California's BART system functions as a hybrid of the two: in the suburbs, it functions like a commuter rail, with longer trains, longer intervals, and longer distance between stations; in downtownSan Francisco, many lines join and intervals drop to normal subway levels, and stations become closer together. Also, some other urban or "near urban" rapid transit systems (Guangfo Metro, East Rail Line in Hong Kong, Seoul Subway Line 1, etc.) serves the bi- and multi-nucleus agglomerations.Costs, benefits, and impactsThe Docklands Light Railway in London allows for dense land use, while retaining a high capacityAs of May 2012, 184 cities have built rapid transit systems.[55] The capital cost is high, as is the risk of cost overrun and benefit shortfall; public financing is normally required. Rapid transit is sometimes seen as an alternative to an extensive road transport system with many motorways;[56] the rapid transit system allows higher capacity with less land use, less environmental impact, and a lower cost.[57]Elevated or underground systems in city centers allow the transport of people without occupying expensive land, and permit the city to develop compactly without physical barriers. Motorways often depress nearby residential land values, but proximity to a rapid transit station often triggers commercial and residential growth, with large transit oriented development office and housing blocks being constructed.[56][58] Also, an efficient transit system can decrease the economicwelfare loss caused by the increase of population density in a metropolis.[59]Rapid transit systems have high fixed costs. Most systems are publicly owned, by either local governments, transit authorities or national governments. Capital investments are often partially or completely financed by taxation, rather than by passenger fares, but must often compete with funding for roads. The transit systems may be operated by the owner or by a private company through a public service obligation. The owners of the systems often also own the connecting bus or rail systems, or are members of the local transport association, allowing for free transfers between modes. Almost all transit systems operate at a deficit, requiring fare revenue, advertising and subsidies to cover costs.The farebox recovery ratio, a ratio of ticket income to operating costs, is often used to assess operational profitability, with some systems including Hong Kong's MTR Corporation,[60] and Taipei[61] achieving recovery ratios of well over 100%. This ignores both heavy capital costs incurred in building the system, which are often subsidized withsoft loans[62] and whose servicing is excluded from calculations of profitability, as well as ancillary revenue such as income from real estate portfolios.[60] Some metros, including Hong Kong, are even financed by the sale of land whose value has been increased by the building of the system,[41] a process known as value capture.Environmental impactsThe Delhi Metro has won awards for environmentally friendly practices from organisations including the United Nations,[63] RINA,[64] and the International Organization for Standardization,[64] becoming the second metro in the world, after the New York City Subway, to be ISO 14001 certified for environmentally friendly construction.[65] It is also the first railway project in the world to earn carbon credits after being registered with the United Nations under the Clean Development Mechanism,[66] and has so far earned more than 400,000 carbon credits by saving energy through the use of regenerative braking systems on its trains.[67] In order to reduce its dependence on non-renewable sources of energy, Delhi Metro Rail Corporation is looking forward to harness solar energy and install solar panels in some of its metro stations.[68]。
盘点：公共交通的英文表达方式
洛基提醒：英语学习已经进入互联网时代1. 城市公共交通urban public transport城市中供公众乘用的、经济方便的各种交通方式的总称。
2. 公共交通方式public transport mode按公共交通工具类型划分的各种客运形式。
3. 城市公共交通系统urban public transport system由多种城市公共交通方式组成的有机总体。
4. 大运量客运系统mass transit system城市公共交通中，运送大量乘客的有机总体。
5. 快速轨道交通rail rapid transit(RRT)通常以电能为动力，采取轮轨运黑心方式的快速大运量公共交通之总称。
6. 地下铁道，地铁subway由于城市中的一种速度快、运量大、行车间隔小的电动有轨客运系统，其部分线路设一地下隧道内。
7. 单轨运输系统monorail transit system车厢跨骑或悬持在架空的单轨上，由电力驱动的轨道客运系统。
8. 新交通系统new transport system新开发的具有高速、准点、舒适和污染小的交通方式及其运行服务系统的总体。
9. 垂直运送系统vertical transit system沿铅直方向运送乘客的有机整体。
10. 应急公共交通系统emergency public transport system在非常时期为应变而组成的临时公共交通系统。
11. 城市客渡urban ferry在城市区域及邻近郊县内，以运送乘客为主，横渡江河、湖泊的水上交通方式。
12. 索道缆车客运cableway transport在以架空钢索为轨道的线路上，以电能为动力由钢索牵引载客工具的运输方式。
13. 轨道缆车客运funicular railway transport在坡面铺设的轨道上，以电能为动力由钢索牵引载客工具的运输方式。
14. 公共交通信息系统public transport information system与公共交通服务有关的信号、数据、显示等所构成的有机整体。
地铁用语英语
地铁用语英语全文共四篇示例，供读者参考第一篇示例：地铁是城市生活中非常重要的交通方式，它不仅快捷方便，还能够给人们提供一个舒适的出行体验。
在地铁的运营过程中，乘客们需要遵守一些规则和礼仪，同时也需要了解一些地铁用语，以便更好地理解和应对各种情况。
下面就给大家介绍一些常见的地铁用语英语，希望能够帮助大家更好地乘坐地铁。
1. Platform：站台在地铁站台上等车时，我们站的位置就叫做platform。
一般来说，地铁站台都会有不同的platform，分别是上行和下行方向的。
3. Mind the gap：小心站台间隙在地铁站台上，通常会有站台和列车之间存在一定的缝隙，这时就需要提醒大家小心站台间隙，防止发生意外。
4. Stand clear of the doors：远离车门当地铁列车到站，车门开启时，为了避免拥挤和安全问题，乘客们需要远离车门，等待其他乘客下车再进入。
6. Mind your belongings：注意保管好你的物品在地铁列车上，每个人都需要注意保管好自己的物品，防止遗失或被偷窃，这是非常重要的。
7. Change at the next station：在下一站换乘有时候乘客需要在某一站下车，然后换乘其他线路的列车，这时就需要在车内提醒自己要在下一站换乘。
9. Please give up your seat for someone in need：请为有需要的人让座在地铁列车上，如果有老人、孕妇、残疾人等有需要的人上车，乘客们应该主动让座，以体现社会责任和人文关怀。
第二篇示例：地铁是城市中常见的交通工具之一，为了更好地乘坐地铁，我们需要了解一些地铁用语。
下面将为大家介绍一些常见的地铁用语及其英语表达。
1. 站名：Station name在地铁乘车过程中，我们会经过很多站点，每个站点都有自己的名称。
在地铁内显示的站名通常为英语和本地语言双语显示，方便外国游客使用。
3. 注意行李：Mind your luggage在地铁站或车厢内，请保持行李整齐有序，并避免占用过多空间，以确保其他乘客的舒适度。
英语作文地铁
英语作文地铁Subway。
The subway, also known as the underground or metro, isa type of public transportation that operates on a fixed route and is primarily located underground. It is a popular mode of transportation in many major cities around the world, providing a convenient and efficient way for peopleto travel within urban areas.The history of the subway dates back to the 19th century, with the first underground railway systems being developed in London and New York City. Since then, the concept of the subway has spread to cities across the globe, with each system being tailored to meet the specific needsof its respective city.One of the key advantages of the subway is its abilityto alleviate traffic congestion in densely populated urban areas. By providing a fast and reliable mode oftransportation, the subway helps reduce the number of cars on the road, leading to improved air quality and a reduction in overall travel time for commuters.In addition to its role in reducing traffic congestion, the subway also plays a crucial role in connectingdifferent parts of a city. With its extensive network of underground tunnels and stations, the subway provides a convenient way for people to travel from one neighborhood to another, making it easier for individuals to access employment, education, and recreational opportunities.Furthermore, the subway is known for its reliability and punctuality. Unlike other forms of public transportation, such as buses or trams, the subway operates on a fixed schedule and is not affected by traffic jams or inclement weather. This predictability makes it a popular choice for commuters who rely on the subway to get to work or school on time.Another benefit of the subway is its capacity to transport large numbers of people. With its spacious trainsand frequent service, the subway can accommodate a high volume of passengers, making it an efficient mode of transportation during peak travel times.Moreover, the subway is designed with safety andsecurity in mind. Many subway systems are equipped with surveillance cameras, emergency intercoms, and policepatrols to ensure the well-being of passengers. As a result, the subway is considered to be a safe and secure mode of transportation for people of all ages.Despite its many advantages, the subway also faces challenges and limitations. One of the main issues is the high cost of construction and maintenance. Building and maintaining underground tunnels and stations requires significant financial investment, which can be a burden for city governments and transit authorities.Additionally, the subway is not without its environmental impact. The construction of subway systemscan disrupt natural habitats and contribute to noise andair pollution. However, many cities are working to mitigatethese effects by implementing eco-friendly design and technology in their subway systems.In conclusion, the subway is an essential component of urban transportation infrastructure. Its ability to reduce traffic congestion, connect different parts of a city, and provide a reliable and efficient mode of transportation makes it a valuable asset for urban dwellers. Despite its challenges, the subway continues to play a vital role in shaping the way people travel within cities around the world.。
英语地铁系统介绍(metro,underground railway system)
Rapid transit (Metro)The New York City Subway is the world's largest rapid transit system by track lengthand by number of stations, at 468.The Moscow Metro is one of the busiest metro systems in the world and is the busiest in Europe.Rapid transit, also known as metro, subway, underground, or colloquially as "the train", is a type of high-capacity public transportgenerally found in urban areas.[1][2][3] Unlike buses, trams or light rail, rapid transit systems are electric railways that operate on an exclusive right-of-way, which cannot be accessed by pedestrians or other vehicles of any sort,[4] and which is often grade separated in tunnelsor on elevated railways.Modern services on rapid transit systems are provided on designated lines between stations typically using electric multiple units on rail tracks, although some systems use guided rubber tyres, magnetic levitation, or monorail. The stations typically have high platforms, without steps inside the trains, requiring custom-made trains in order to avoid gaps. They are typically integrated with other public transport and often operated by the same public transport authorities. However, some rapid transit systems have at-grade intersections between a rapid transit line and a road or between two rapid transit lines.[5] It is unchallenged in its ability to transport large numbers of people quickly over short distances with little use of land. Variations of rapid transit include people movers, small-scale light metro, and the commuter rail hybrid S-Bahn.The world's first rapid-transit system was the partially underground Metropolitan Railway which opened as a conventional railway in 1863, and now forms part of the LondonUnderground.[6] In 1868, New York opened the elevated West Side and Yonkers Patent Railway, initially a cable-hauled line using static steam engines.The world's largest rapid transit system by both length of track (842 miles (1,355 km), including non-revenue track)[7] and number of stations (468 stations in total)[8] is the New York City Subway. By length of passenger route, the world's longest single-operator rapid transit system is the Shanghai Metro.[9][10] The busiest rapid transit systems in the world by annual ridership are the Tokyo subway system, the Seoul Metropolitan Subway, the Moscow Metro, the Beijing Metro, and the Shanghai Metro.[11]TerminologyMetro is the most common term for underground rapid transit systems used by non-native English speakers.[12] Rapid transit systems may be named after the medium by which passengers travel in busy central business districts; the use oftunnels inspires names such as subway,[13]underground,[14]Untergrundbahn (U-Bahn) in German,[15] or the Tunnelbana (T-bana) in Swedish;[16] the use of viaducts inspires names such as elevated (el or L), skytrain,[17]overhead, or overground. One of these terms may apply to an entire system, even if a large part of the network (for example, in outer suburbs) runs at ground level.In most of Britain, a subway is a pedestrian underpass; the terms Underground and Tube are used for the London Underground, and the Tyne and Wear Metro, mostly overground, is known as the Metro. In Scotland, however, the Glasgow Subway underground rapid transit system is known as the Subway. Conversely, in the U.S., underground mass transit systems are primarily known as subways, and the term metro is short for metropolitan area.HistoryInitial construction stages of London's Metropolitan Railway atKing's Cross St. Pancras in 1861The opening in 1863 of London's steam-hauled Metropolitan Railway marked the beginning of rapid transit. Initial experiences with steam engines, despite ventilation, were unpleasant. Experiments with pneumatic railways failed in their extended adoption by cities. Electric traction was more efficient, faster and cleaner than steam and the natural choice for trains running in tunnels and proved superior for elevated services. In 1890 the City & South London Railway was the first electric-traction rapid transit railway, which was also fullyunderground.[18]Both railways were eventually merged into London Underground. The 1893 Liverpool Overhead Railway was designed to use electric traction from the outset.[19]The technology quickly spread to other cities in Europe, Canada and the United States with some railways being converted from steam and others being designed to be electric from the outset. Budapest in Hungary and Glasgow, Chicago and New York all converted or purpose-designed and built electric rail services.[20] There were 19 systems by 1940, and 66 by 1984.[citation needed] Cities such as Osloand Marseille opened extensive systems in the 1960s and many new systems were introduced in Southeast Asia and Latin America.[15]Advancements in technology have allowed new automated services. Hybrid solutions have also evolved, such as tram-trainand premetro, which incorporate some of the features of rapid transit systems.[18] In response to cost, engineering considerations and topological challenges some cities have opted to construct tram systems.[21]OperationRapid transit is used in cities, agglomerations, and metropolitan areas to transport large numbers of people often short distances at high frequency. The extent of the rapid transit system varies greatly between cities, with several transport strategies.Some systems may extend only to the limits of the inner city, or to its inner ring of suburbs with trains making frequent station stops. The outer suburbs may then be reached by a separate commuter rail network where more widely spaced stations allow higher speeds. In some cases the differences between urban rapid transit and suburban systems are not clear.[3]Rapid transit systems may be supplemented by other systems such as buses, trams, or commuter rail. This combination of transit modes serves to offset certain limitations of rapid transit such as limited stops and long walking distances between outside access points. Bus or tram feeder systems transport people to rapid transit stops.[22] In Toronto, over 50% of its rapid transit stations have bus and streetcar terminals within the fare-paid zone, providing a connection without requiring proof of payment.[citation needed]LinesEach rapid transit system consists of one or more lines, or circuits. Each line is serviced by at least one specific route with trains stopping at all or some of the line's stations. Most systems operate several routes, and distinguish them by colors, names, numbering, or a combination thereof. Some lines may share track with each other for a portion of their route or operate solely on their own right-of-way. Often a line running through the city center forks into two or more branches in the suburbs, allowing a higher service frequency in the center. This arrangement is used by many systems, such as the Copenhagen Metro[23] and the New York City Subway.[24]Alternatively, there may be a single central terminal (often shared with the central railway station), or multiple interchange stations between lines in the city centre, for instance in the Prague Metro.[25] The London Underground[26]and Paris Métro[27] are densely built systems with a matrix of crisscrossing lines throughout the cities. The Chicago 'L' has most of its linesconverging on The Loop, the main business, financial, and cultural area. Some systems have a circular line around the city center connecting to radially arranged outward lines, such as the Moscow Metro'sKoltsevaya Line and Tokyo's Yamanote Line.The capacity of a line is obtained by multiplying the car capacity, the train length, and the service frequency. Heavy rapid transit trains might have six to twelve cars, while lighter systems may use four or fewer. Cars have a capacity of 100 to 150 passengers, varying with the seated to standing ratio—more standing gives higher capacity. Bilevel cars, used mostly on German S-Bahn type systems, have more space, allowing the higher seated capacity needed on longer journeys. The minimum time interval between trains is shorter for rapid transit than for mainline railways owing to the use of block signaling: the minimum headway might be 90 seconds, which might be limited to 120 seconds to allow for recovery from delays. Typical capacity lines allow 1,200 people per train, giving 36,000 people per hour. The highest attained capacity is 80,000 people per hour by the MTR Corporation in Hong Kong.[28]Network topologiesRapid transit topologies are determined by a large number of factors, including geographical barriers, existing or expected travel patterns, construction costs, politics, and historical constraints. A transit system is expected to cover an area with a set of lines, which consist of shapes summarized as "I", "U", "S", and "O" shapes or loops. Geographical barriers may cause chokepoints where transit lines must converge (for example, to cross a body of water), which are potential congestion sites but also offer an opportunity for transfers between lines. In Walker's analysis, loops appear to provide good coverage, but are inefficient for everyday commuting use, while a rough grid pattern offers a wide variety of routes, while still maintaining reasonable speed and frequency of service.[29]Circle, e.g.GlasgowCircle-radial,e.g.Beijing, London,Madrid, Moscow,Seoul, Shanghai,TokyoSecant,e.g.Athens,Bucharest,Budapest,Hyderabad,Kharkiv, Kiev,Kuala Lumpur,Munich, Prague,São Paulo,Tashkent,TehranComplex grid,e.g.Berlin, Delhi, NewYork, Shenzhen,Osaka, Paris,TaipeiX-shaped,e.g.Amsterdam,Brussels, Oslo,Porto, Riode Janeiro, San Francisco,StockholmDiameter line,e.g.Algiers, Helsinki,Lima, Mumbai,Sendai,YekaterinburgVesica piscis, e.g. Cairo,Lille, Milan,Nuremberg,Rotterdam, Sofia(partly), Tyne and WearCross,e.g.Atlanta,Bangalore,Esfahan,Kaohsiung, Kyoto,Minsk,Philadelphia,Rome, Sapporo,Warsaw Passenger informationInformation panel showing the current location and upcoming stops of an East-West Singapore MRT train. Note that each station has a unique alpha-numeric code, e.g.: EW26 LakesideRapid transit operators have often built up strong brands. The use of a single letter as a station sign has become widespread, with systems identified by the letters L, M, S, T and U, among others.[30] In the Singapore MRT, each station was assigned a unique alphanumeric symbol. E.g.: EW26 Lakeside (26th station on the East West Line). Interchange stations will then have at least two codes. For example, HarbourFront will have two codes, NE1, 1st station on the North East Line section and CC29, 29th station on the Circle Line section. (NE1/CC29 HarbourFront) Branding has focused on easy recognition—to allow quick identification even in the vast array of signage found in large cities—combined with the desire to communicate speed, safety, and authority.[31]In many cities, there is a single corporate image for the entire transit authority, but the rapid transit uses its own logo that fits into the profile.A transit map is a topological map or schematic diagram used to show the routes and stations in a public transport system. The main components are color-coded lines to indicate each line or service, with named icons to indicate stations. Maps may show only rapid transit or also include other modes of public transport.[32]Transit maps can be found in transit vehicles, on platforms, elsewhere in stations, and in printed timetables. Maps help users understand the interconnections between different parts ofthe system; for example, they show theinterchange stations where passengers can transfer between lines. Unlike conventional maps, transit maps are usually not geographically accurate, but emphasize the topological connections among the different stations. The graphic presentation may use straight lines and fixed angles, and often a fixed minimum distance between stations, to simplify the display of the transit network. Often this has the effect of compressing the distance between stations in the outer area of the system, and expanding distances between those close to the center.[32]With widespread use of the Internet and cell phones globally, transit operators now use these technologies to present information to their users. In addition to online maps and timetables, some transit operators now offer real-time information which allows passengers to know when the next vehicle will arrive, and expected travel times. The standardized GTFS data format for transit information allows many third-party software developers to produce web and smartphone app programs which give passengers customized updates regarding specific transit lines and stations of interest.Safety and securityPlatform-edge doors are used for safety at Daan Station on Line 2,Taipei Metro, TaiwanSee also: Classification of railway accidentsCompared to other modes of transport, rapid transit has a good safety record, with few accidents. Rail transport is subject to strict safety regulations, with requirements for procedure and maintenance to minimize risk. Head-on collisions are rare due to use of double track, and low operating speeds reduce the occurrence and severity of rear-end collisions and derailments. Fire is more of a danger underground, such as the King's Cross fire in London in November 1987, which killed 31 people. Systems are generally built to allow evacuation of trains at many places throughout the system.[33][34]High platforms (usually over 1 meter / over 3 feet) are a safety risk, as people falling onto the tracks have trouble climbing back. Platform screen doors are used on some systems to eliminate this danger.Rapid transit facilities are public spaces and may suffer from security problems: petty crimes, such as pickpocketingand baggage theft, and more serious violent crimes. Security measures include video surveillance, security guards, andconductors. In some countries a transit police may be established. These security measures are normally integrated with measures to protect revenue by checking that passengers are not travelling without paying.[35] Rapid transitsystems have been subject to terrorism with many casualties, such as the 1995 Tokyo subway sarin gas attack[36] and the 2005 "7/7" terrorist bombings on the London Underground.InfrastructureMost rapid transit trains are electric multiple units with lengths from three to over ten cars.[37] Power is commonly delivered by a third rail or by overhead wires. The whole London Underground network uses fourth rail and others use the linear motor for propulsion.[38] Most run on conventional steel railway tracks, although some use rubber tires, such as the Montreal Metro and Mexico City Metro and some lines in the Paris Métro. Rubber tires allow steeper gradients and a softer ride, but have higher maintenance costs and are less energy efficient. They also lose traction when weather conditions are wet or icy, preventing above-ground use of the Montréal Metro but not rubber-tired systems in other cities.[39] Crew sizes have decreased throughout history, with some modern systems now running completely unstaffed trains.[40] Other trains continue to have drivers, even if their only role in normal operation is to open and close the doors of the trains at stations.Guideway typesLandungsbrücken station in Hamburg is an example where the U-Bahn is on surface while the S-Bahn station is on lower levelUnderground tunnels move traffic away from street level, avoiding delays caused bytraffic congestion and leaving more land available for buildings and other uses. In areas of high land prices and dense land use, tunnels may be the only economic route for mass transportation. Cut-and-cover tunnels are constructed by digging up city streets, which are then rebuilt over the tunnel; alternatively, tunnel-boring machines can be used to dig deep-bore tunnels that lie further down in bedrock.[18]Street-level railways are used only outside dense areas, since they create a physical barrier that hinders the flow of people and vehicles across their path. This method of construction is the cheapest as long as land values are low. It is often used for new systems in areas that are planned to fill up with buildings after the line is built.[41] Surface-level systems may have dedicated rights-of-way, or may operate by street running in mixed traffic.Elevated railways are a cheaper and easier way to build an exclusive right-of-way without digging expensive tunnels or creating barriers. In addition to street level railways they may also be the only other feasible alternative due to considerations such as a high water table close tothe city surface that raises the cost of, or even precludes underground railways (e.g. Miami). Elevated guideways were popular around the beginning of the 20th century, but fell out of favor; they came back into fashion in the last quarter of the century—often in combination with driverless systems, for instance Vancouver's SkyTrain, London's Docklands Light Railway,[42] the Miami Metrorail, and the Bangkok Skytrain.[43]People mover systems are self-contained rapid transit systems serving relatively small areas such as airports, downtown (central) districts or theme parks, either as independent systems or as shuttle services feeding other transport systems. They are usually driverless and normally elevated. Monorails have been built as both conventional rapid transits and as people movers, either elevated or underground. They are in commercial use in several places, including Germany, Japan and many international airports.Light metro is used when the speed of rapid transit is desired, but for smaller passenger numbers. It often has smaller trains, of typically two to four cars, lower frequency and longer distances between stations, though it remains grade separated. Light metros are sometimes used as shuttles feeding into the main rapid transit system.[44] Some systems have been built from scratch, others are former commuter rail or suburban tramway systems that have been upgraded, and often supplemented with an underground or elevated downtown section.[16]StationsThe spacious Getafe Central station on Line 12 of Madrid Metro has several clearly visible levelsStations function as hubs to allow passengers to board and disembark from trains. They are also payment checkpoints and allow passengers to transfer between modes of transport, for instance to buses or other trains. Access is provided via either island- or side platforms.[45] Underground stations, especially deep-level ones, increase the overall transport time: long escalator rides to the platforms mean that the stations can become bottlenecks if not adequately built. Some underground stations are integrated into shopping centers, or have underground access to large nearby commercial buildings.[46] In suburbs, there may be a "park and ride" connected to the station.[47]To allow easy access to the trains, the platform height allows step-free access between platform and train. If the station complies with accessibility standards, it allows both disabled people andthose with wheeled baggage easy access to the trains,[48] though if the track is curved there can be a gap between the train and platform. Some stations use platform screen doors to increase safety by preventing people falling onto the tracks, as well as reducing ventilation costs.The deepest station in the world is Arsenalna station in Kiev, Ukraine.[49]Particularly in the former Soviet Union and other Eastern European countries, but to an increasing extent elsewhere, the stations were built with splendid decorations such as marble walls, polished granite floors and mosaics—thus exposing the public to art in their everyday life, outside galleries and museums. The systems in Moscow, St. Petersburg, Tashkent and Kiev are widely regarded as some of the most beautiful in the world.[50] Several other cities such as Stockholm, Montreal, Lisbon, Naples and Los Angeles have also focused on art, which may range from decorative wall claddings, to large, flamboyant artistic schemes integrated with station architecture, to displays of ancient artifacts recovered during station construction.[51] It may be possible to profit by attracting more passengers by spending relatively small amounts on grand architecture, art, cleanliness, accessibility, lighting and a feeling ofsafety.[52]Modal tradeoffs and interconnectionsStratford Station in London is shared by London Undergroundtrains (left) and Greater Angliarail services (right), as well as the Docklands Light Railway (not shown).Since the 1980s, trams have incorporated several features of rapid transit: light rail systems (trams) run on their own rights-of-way, thus avoiding congestion; they remain on the same level as buses and cars. Some light rail systems have elevated or underground sections. Both new and upgraded tram systems allow faster speed and higher capacity, and are a cheap alternative to construction of rapid transit, especially in smaller cities.[21]A premetro design means that an underground rapid transit system is built in the city centre, but only a light rail or tram system in the suburbs. Conversely, other cities have opted to build a full metro in the suburbs, but run trams in city streets to save the cost of expensive tunnels. In North America, interurbans were constructed as street-running suburban trams, without the grade-separation of rapid transit. Premetros also allow a gradual upgrade of existing tramways to rapid transit, thus spreading the investment costs over time. They are most common in Germany with the name Stadtbahn.[37]Suburban commuter rail is a heavy rail system that operates at a lower frequency than urban rapid transit, with higher average speeds, often only serving one station in each village andtown. Commuter rails of some cities (such as GermanS-Bahns, Chennai rail, Australian cityrails, Danish S-tog etc.) widely provide a mass transit within city as urban metro systems. As opposition, in some cities (such as PATH in New York, Dubai Metro, Los Teques Metro, Tyne & Wear Metro, MetroSur and other lines of Madrid Metro, Singapore MRT, Taipei Metro, Kuala Lumpur's RapidKL Light Rail Transitetc.) the mainly urban rapid transit systems branch out to the nearest suburbs.Some cities have opted for a hybrid solution, with two tiers of rapid transit: an urban system (such as the Paris Métro, Berlin U-Bahn, London Underground) and a suburban system (such as their counterparts RER, S-Bahn, futureCrossrail, respectively). The suburban systems run on their own tracks with generally high frequency (though less frequently than the urban system), and sometimes operated by the national railways. In some cities the national railway runs through tunnels in the city centre; sometimes commuter trains have direct transfer to the rapid transit system, on the same or adjoining platforms.[53][54] California's BART system functions as a hybrid of the two: in the suburbs, it functions like a commuter rail, with longer trains, longer intervals, and longer distance between stations; in downtownSan Francisco, many lines join and intervals drop to normal subway levels, and stations become closer together. Also, some other urban or "near urban" rapid transit systems (Guangfo Metro, East Rail Line in Hong Kong, Seoul Subway Line 1, etc.) serves the bi- and multi-nucleus agglomerations.Costs, benefits, and impactsThe Docklands Light Railway in London allows for dense land use, while retaining a high capacityAs of May 2012, 184 cities have built rapid transit systems.[55] The capital cost is high, as is the risk of cost overrun and benefit shortfall; public financing is normally required. Rapid transit is sometimes seen as an alternative to an extensive road transport system with many motorways;[56] the rapid transit system allows higher capacity with less land use, less environmental impact, and a lower cost.[57]Elevated or underground systems in city centers allow the transport of people without occupying expensive land, and permit the city to develop compactly without physical barriers. Motorways often depress nearby residential land values, but proximity to a rapid transit station often triggers commercial and residential growth, with large transit oriented development office and housing blocks being constructed.[56][58] Also, an efficient transit system can decrease the economicwelfare loss caused by the increase of population density in a metropolis.[59]Rapid transit systems have high fixed costs. Most systems are publicly owned, by either local governments, transit authorities or national governments. Capital investments are often partially or completely financed by taxation, rather than by passenger fares, but must often compete with funding for roads. The transit systems may be operated by the owner or by a private company through a public service obligation. The owners of the systems often also own the connecting bus or rail systems, or are members of the local transport association, allowing for free transfers between modes. Almost all transit systems operate at a deficit, requiring fare revenue, advertising and subsidies to cover costs.The farebox recovery ratio, a ratio of ticket income to operating costs, is often used to assess operational profitability, with some systems including Hong Kong's MTR Corporation,[60] and Taipei[61] achieving recovery ratios of well over 100%. This ignores both heavy capital costs incurred in building the system, which are often subsidized withsoft loans[62] and whose servicing is excluded from calculations of profitability, as well as ancillary revenue such as income from real estate portfolios.[60] Some metros, including Hong Kong, are even financed by the sale of land whose value has been increased by the building of the system,[41] a process known as value capture.Environmental impactsThe Delhi Metro has won awards for environmentally friendly practices from organisations including the United Nations,[63] RINA,[64] and the International Organization for Standardization,[64] becoming the second metro in the world, after the New York City Subway, to be ISO 14001 certified for environmentally friendly construction.[65] It is also the first railway project in the world to earn carbon credits after being registered with the United Nations under the Clean Development Mechanism,[66] and has so far earned more than 400,000 carbon credits by saving energy through the use of regenerative braking systems on its trains.[67] In order to reduce its dependence on non-renewable sources of energy, Delhi Metro Rail Corporation is looking forward to harness solar energy and install solar panels in some of its metro stations.[68]。
准确表达城市英语词汇大全
准确表达城市英语词汇大全在如今全球化发展的时代，英语已经成为了世界上最广泛使用的语言之一。
对于居住在城市中的人来说，学习城市英语词汇是非常重要的，以便能够更好地融入城市生活并与他人交流。
本文将为大家提供一个准确表达城市英语词汇的大全，方便大家在城市生活中进行交流和表达。
一、交通1. Subway / Underground / Metro（地铁）- 表示在城市中运行的地铁系统。
例如：I take the subway to work every day.（我每天坐地铁上班。
）2. Bus（公交车）- 城市中常见的公共交通工具。
例如：I always take the bus to go shopping.（我经常坐公交车去购物。
）3. Taxi（出租车）- 城市中常见的交通工具，用于乘坐或租用。
例如：I hailed a taxi to go to the airport.（我拦了一辆出租车去机场。
）4. Bicycle（自行车）- 一种人力驱动的交通工具。
例如：Many people in the city choose to ride bicycles to work.（城市里很多人选择骑自行车上班。
）5. Traffic jam（交通堵塞）- 道路上车辆拥堵无法前进。
例如：There is always a traffic jam during rush hour.（高峰时段交通总是堵塞。
）6. Pedestrian（行人）- 步行的人。
例如：The pedestrian crossed the road at the zebra crossing.（行人在斑马线过马路。
）7. Crosswalk（人行横道）- 用于行人横穿马路的地方。
例如：Please use the crosswalk to cross the street safely.（请使用人行横道安全过马路。
）二、建筑1. Skyscraper（摩天大楼）- 在城市中耸立的极高的大楼。
地铁英语表达
1. The train to •••.is arriving, please let passengers exit first. Next station:___ ,doors will open on the left/rightPlease mi nd the gap betwee n the train and the platform. 开往….的歹U车即将至U站，请先下后上，下一站：___ 左/右侧的将会车门打开，请小心列车与站台之间的空隙。
2. Get on/off the bus in an orderly fashion . 请有序上下车。
3. Please stand in line . Let passengers get off first.请排队候车，先下后上。
4. Please be careful.请注意安全。
5. Please hold fast and sit securely.请做好扶稳。
6. Please take care of your belongings.请保管好您的行李物品。
7. Do not exit or board when doors are closing 当车门正在关闭，请勿上/下车8. Please stand by at the door.请勿靠近车门。
9. Please hold the handrail (to balanee) 请抓紧扶手(站稳)10. The last train this evening will be the service to … 今晚最后一列火车是到.....11. We're now at _____ , you may interchange to Line 2 or Line 8.人民广场到了，您可换乘 2 号线或8 号12. We're now at ________ . Please get ready to alight from the left 到了，下车的乘客请提前做好准备，从左门下车。
地铁的英文怎么说
地铁的英文怎么说地铁是现代很便利的一种交通工具，复杂的交错在城市的地底下，那么你知道地铁的英文怎么说吗?现在跟店铺一起学习关于地铁的英语知识吧。
地铁的英文读法metro英 [ˈmetrəʊ]美 [ˈmetroʊ]subway英 [ˈsʌbweɪ]美 [ˈsʌbˌwe]underground英 [ˈʌndəgraʊnd]美 [ˈʌndərgraʊnd]地铁相关同义词辨析underground, subway, tube这些名词均可表示"地铁"之意。
underground ：一般用词，指城市中的地铁，主要用于英国。
subway ：指城市中的地铁或通道，主要用于美国。
tube ：主要用于英国口语中。
地铁的例句1. The new Metro is designed to run on unleaded fuel.新的地铁系统设计为使用无铅燃料。
2. The metro is efficient and spotlessly clean.地铁非常快捷，而且一尘不染。
3. Can you reach the park by metro?你可以乘地铁到达那个公园吗 ?4. After failing a singing audition at the Metro-politan Opera, she turned to musical comedy.在大都会歌剧院的试唱失败后，她转而投身歌舞喜剧。
5. The Metro journey back to the centre of the town was hot and uncomfortable.乘地铁返回市中心又热又不舒服。
6. When travelling at bus or metro, please hold the handrail.坐公交或地铁时, 请抓紧扶手.7. B And there will be new metro lines and transport systems.而且到时将有新的地铁线路和新的交通系统开始运行.8. So far, Harbin Aijian Metro project trust problem has remained unsolved.至今, 爱建信托哈尔滨新城项目的问题仍未能解决.9. The northern extension of Metro Line 3 began operating last Monday.轨道交通3号线的北延伸段已于本周一投入营运.10. Wheel wear is a concern on most metro systems.对大部分地铁系统来说车轮磨损事关重大.11. A And there will be new metro and transport systems.还将有新的地铁和交通系统.12. The full project about measuring the stability of metro bogie was presented.给出了测试地铁转向架平稳度的完整方案.13. But what really sets Metro Bank apart is its state - of the - art It'system.但是能让首都银行分开的是其最顶尖的信息技术系统.14. Johnny : You really wanna help me in the Metro Organization?你真的想插手帮忙地下组织?15. Its advertisement was all over in the Metro carriage.因为满地铁的车厢里都是它的广告.地铁的英语句子带翻译1. Solid low-level waste will be disposed of deep underground.放射性水平低的固体废料将做地下深埋处理。
地铁的三种写法英语作文
地铁的三种写法英语作文Title: The Three Modes of Subway: A Comparative Analysis。
Introduction:Subway systems, a hallmark of modern urban transportation, come in various forms across the globe. In this essay, we will delve into three distinct modes of subway systems, namely, the Metro, the Underground, and the Subway, exploring their characteristics, historical backgrounds, and operational differences.Metro:The Metro, often associated with European cities like Paris and Madrid, is characterized by its efficient underground rail network. Originating from the French word "metropolitain," the Metro typically features spacious stations adorned with artistic designs and architecturalmarvels. With its extensive coverage, punctuality, andsleek trains, the Metro serves as a lifeline for commuters and tourists alike.Historically, the Metro traces its roots back to thelate 19th century when cities faced the challenges of urbanization and burgeoning populations. The inauguralMetro system, the London Underground, opened in 1863,setting the stage for the proliferation of underground railways worldwide. Since then, Metros have evolved to incorporate advanced technologies, such as automatic train control and contactless payment systems, enhancing both efficiency and passenger experience.Underground:Contrary to the Metro, the Underground primarily refers to the iconic subway system in London, England. Renownedfor its distinctive red roundel logo and deep-level tunnels, the London Underground holds a special place in the annalsof urban transportation history. Spanning over 400kilometers of track, the Underground serves as a testamentto Victorian engineering prowess and remains a symbol of London's resilience and adaptability.The Underground, colloquially known as the "Tube," operates on a comprehensive network comprising 11 lines, each distinguished by its unique color code. Despite its age, the Tube continues to undergo modernization efforts, including the introduction of air-conditioned trains andWi-Fi connectivity, catering to the needs of contemporary commuters in the bustling metropolis.Subway:In North America, the term "Subway" is synonymous with the rapid transit systems prevalent in cities like New York, Toronto, and Tokyo. Unlike the Metro and the Underground, which predominantly operate underground, Subways often feature a mix of underground and elevated tracks,reflecting the urban landscape and topographical challenges of their respective regions.The New York City Subway, inaugurated in 1904, standsas the archetype of the Subway system, known for its extensive route network and round-the-clock service. Despite facing infrastructure challenges and occasional disruptions, the Subway remains an integral part of New York City's cultural fabric, immortalized in literature, film, and popular culture.Comparative Analysis:While the Metro, Underground, and Subway share the common objective of providing mass transit solutions, they exhibit notable differences in terms of infrastructure, design, and cultural significance. The Metro emphasizes efficiency and aesthetic appeal, with its underground network seamlessly integrated into the urban landscape. In contrast, the Underground embodies a blend of heritage and modernity, symbolizing London's rich history and cosmopolitan character. Meanwhile, the Subway reflects the dynamism and diversity of North American cities, adapting to the evolving needs of its populous clientele.Conclusion:In conclusion, the Metro, Underground, and Subway represent three distinct modes of subway systems, each with its unique attributes and historical legacies. Whether navigating the labyrinthine tunnels of the Metro, marveling at the architectural splendor of the Underground, or experiencing the hustle and bustle of the Subway, these urban transit networks continue to shape the way we commute and perceive our cities. As we embrace the future of transportation, let us not forget the enduring legacy of these iconic subway systems, which serve as conduits of connectivity and catalysts of urban development.。
地铁有几种写法英语作文
地铁有几种写法英语作文There are several ways to write "subway" in English. Some of the most common include "subway," "metro," "underground," "tube," and "rapid transit." Each of these terms is used in different parts of the English-speaking world, and they may have slightly different connotations or meanings depending on the context.In the United States, "subway" is the most commonly used term for an underground rail system. This term is used in cities such as New York, Boston, and Washington D.C., where the subway is an important part of the public transportation network. The term "metro" is also used in some American cities, such as Los Angeles and Miami.In the United Kingdom, the term "underground" is most commonly used to refer to the subway system in London. This term has a long history, dating back to the opening of the world's first underground railway in London in 1863. The term "tube" is also commonly used in London, and is thoughtto have originated from the shape of the tunnels, which resemble a tube.In other parts of the world, different terms are used to refer to underground rail systems. In Canada, for example, the term "subway" is used in Toronto and Montreal, while the term "metro" is used in Vancouver. In Australia, the term "train" is often used to refer to the city's underground rail system.Regardless of the specific term used, underground rail systems are an important part of many cities' public transportation networks. They offer a fast and efficient way to move large numbers of people around urban areas, and are often seen as an environmentally friendly alternative to driving or taking taxis. As cities continue to grow and become more crowded, underground rail systems are likely to become even more important in the years ahead.。
地铁介绍英语作文
地铁介绍英语作文Introduction to the Subway。
The subway, also known as the underground or metro, is a popular mode of public transportation in many majorcities around the world. It is a network of trains that run on underground tracks, providing a convenient and efficient way for people to travel within the city.One of the key benefits of the subway is its ability to alleviate traffic congestion on the roads. With more and more people living and working in urban areas, the roads can become heavily congested, leading to long commute times and increased air pollution. The subway offers a solution to this problem by providing an alternative mode of transportation that is not affected by traffic jams.Another advantage of the subway is its speed and reliability. Unlike buses or trams, which can get stuck in traffic or delayed by road closures, the subway operates onits own dedicated tracks, allowing it to travel quickly and consistently. This makes it a popular choice for commuters who need to get to their destinations on time.In addition to its speed and reliability, the subway is also known for its affordability. In many cities, the cost of a subway ticket is much lower than the cost of driving a car or taking a taxi. This makes it an attractive optionfor people who are looking to save money on their daily commute.Furthermore, the subway is a safe and secure mode of transportation. With its controlled access points and surveillance systems, the subway provides a secure environment for passengers to travel in. This is especially important for those who are traveling late at night or in areas with high crime rates.The subway also plays a crucial role in reducing the environmental impact of transportation. By providing a mass transit option, the subway helps to reduce the number of cars on the road, which in turn reduces air pollution andcarbon emissions. This makes it an environmentally friendly choice for those who are concerned about the impact oftheir daily commute on the planet.Overall, the subway is an essential part of many modern cities, providing a convenient, efficient, and affordable mode of transportation for millions of people every day.Its ability to alleviate traffic congestion, its speed and reliability, its affordability, its safety and security, and its environmental benefits make it a popular choice for commuters around the world. Whether you are a resident or a visitor, the subway is a great way to explore and navigate a city.。
各种英语的交通工具表达方式
各种英语的交通工具表达方式一.交通工具英语表达bus 公共汽车driver 汽车司机double decker bus 双层公共汽车coach, motor coach, bus 大客车taxi, taxicab 计程汽车, 出租汽车trolleybus 无轨电车tramcar, streetcar 电车, 有轨电车underground, tube, subway 地铁stop 停车站taxi rank, taxi stand 计程汽车车站, 出租汽车总站taxi driver, cab driver 出租车司机conductor 售票员inspector 检查员, 稽查员ride 乘车minimum fare (of a taxi) 最低车费railway 铁路 (美作:railroad)track 轨道train 火车railway system, railway net-work 铁路系统express train 特别快车fast train 快车through train 直达快车stopping train, slow train 慢车excursion train 游览列车muter train, suburban train 市郊火车railcar 轨道车coach, carriage 车厢sleeping car, sleeper 卧车dining car, restaurant car, luncheon car 餐车sleeper with couchettes 双层卧铺车berth, bunk 铺位up train 上行车down train 下行车luggage van, baggage car 行李车mail car 邮政车station, railway station 车站station hall 车站大厅booking office, ticket office 售票处ticket-collector, gateman 收票员platform 月台, 站台platform ticket 站台票buffet 小卖部waiting room 候车室platform bridge 天桥left-luggage office 行李暂存处platform-ticket 验票门terminal, terminus 终点站coach, passenger train 客车car attendant, train attendant 列车员guard, conductor 列车长rack, baggage rack 行李架left-luggage office 行李房 (美作:checkroom) registration 登记timetable 时刻表change, transfer 换乘connection 公铁交接处ticket inspector 验票员porter 搬运工人to change trains at... 在(某地)换车the train is due at... 在(某时)到达to break the journey 中途下车boat, ship 船(passenger) liner 邮轮, 客轮sailing boat, sailing ship 帆船yacht 游船(ocean) liner 远洋班轮packet boat 定期客船, 班轮cabin 船舱hovercraft 气垫船life buoy 救生圈lifeboat 救生艇life jacket 救生衣berth, cabin, stateroom 客舱first-class stateroom (cabin) 头等舱second-class stateroom (cabin) 二等舱steerage, third-class 三等舱steerage 统舱gang-plank 跳板crossing 横渡cruise 游弋to embark, to ship 乘船to land 抵岸, to sail at a speed of 20 knots, 航速为20节to transship 换船to disembark 上岸to board a ship; to embark; to go aboard 上船to disembark from a ship, to go ashore, to land 下船on board a ship, aboard 在船上to stop over at... 中途在…停留civil aviation 民用航空plane, aircraft, airplane 飞机airliner 班机jet, supersonic plane 喷气机airliner, passenger aircraft 客机medium-haul aircraft 中程飞机long-range aircraft, long-haul aircraft 远程飞机propeller-driven aircraft 螺旋桨飞机jet (aircraft) 喷气飞机turbofan jet 涡轮风扇飞机turboprop 涡轮螺旋桨飞机turbojet 涡轮喷气飞机by air, by plane 乘飞机airline 航空线passenger cabin 客舱tourist class 普通舱, 经济舱first class 一等舱waiting list 登机票名单customs formalities 报关单boarding check 登机牌airport 航空港air terminal 航空集散站tarmac 停机坪air hostess, stewardess 空中小姐, 女乘务员steward 乘务员aircraft crew, air crew 机组, 机务人员pilot 驾驶员, 机长takeoff 起飞landing 着陆to board a plane, get into a plane 上飞机to get off a plane, alight from a plane 下飞机non-stop flight to 飞往, 直飞in transit 运送中的air pocket 气潭, 气阱二.交通工具乘坐方式表达1. I took a bus/train/plane/taxi/cab.句中的take不能换成ride，因为ride一般是指乘坐在该交通工具的顶部(on the top)，比如骑马(ride a horse)或骑自行车(ride a bike)。
各种英语的交通工具表达方式
各种英语的交通工具表达方式在英语中，人们用多种方式描述各种类型的交通工具。
无论是日常通勤、旅游出行还是货运运输，今天我们将探讨一些常用的英语交通工具表达方式。
1. 汽车(Car)汽车是一种受欢迎的交通工具，人们通常称之为车辆或车子。
以下是一些与汽车相关的词汇：- Hatchback -掀背车- Sedan -轿车- SUV (Sport Utility Vehicle)-SUV- Coupe -两厢轿车- Convertible -敞篷车- Van -货车除了以上车辆类别，还有一些其他的术语：- Carpool -拼车- Rental car -租车- Self-driving car -自驾车- Road trip -自驾旅行- Highway -高速公路- Traffic jam -交通堵塞2. 公共汽车(Bus)公共汽车是城市里常见的交通工具。
以下是一些与公共汽车相关的术语：- City bus -市内公交车- Coach -长途汽车- Double-decker bus -双层巴士- School bus -校车- Express bus -快速巴士3. 列车(Train)列车可快速而舒适地横跨长距离。
以下是一些与列车相关的术语：- High-speed train -高速列车- Subway/metro -地铁- Commuter train -通勤列车- Freight train -货运列车- Dining car -餐车- Sleeper car -卧铺车厢4. 飞机(Plane)飞机是快速而迅捷的出行方式。
以下是一些与飞机相关的术语：- Airline -航空公司- Airport -机场- Departure -出发- Arrival -到达- Cabin -机舱- Flight -航班- Boarding pass -登机牌- TSA (Transportation Security Administration)-美国运输安全管理局5. 自行车(Bike)自行车是环保且实用的出行方式，也是健身的好工具。
地铁的英语翻译
metro，subway和underground
metro是个名词，它的意思是“ 地铁，地下铁路”，其复数形式为metros。
the Metro是巴黎和华盛顿市的地铁名称。
subway是个名词，其含义为“ 地铁，地铁交通；(穿越马路等的)地下人行道”，其复数形式为subways。
在北美英语中，通常用subway表示“地铁”，说英国英语的人指美国城市的地铁亦用subway，而指其他欧洲国家的地铁则用metro。
underground既可以是名词，也可以是形容词，还可以是副词。
当其为名词时，意思是“地铁”，通常在英国英语中，人们会使用underground来表示地铁。
当其为副词时，意思是“地下；地面下；秘密地，暗中”。
当其为形容词时，意思是“地下的；秘密的；非法的”。
地铁的英语作文
地铁的英语作文The subway, an underground railway system, has become an indispensable part of urban transportation in many cities around the world. It is not just a means of travel but a lifeline that connects the heart of the city to its sprawling suburbs, facilitating the daily commute of millions. In this essay, we will explore the significance of the subway system in urban life, its impact on the environment, and thecultural aspects associated with it.Firstly, the subway system is a testament to human ingenuity and engineering prowess. It allows for the efficient transportation of a large number of people in a relatively small space, reducing the reliance on personal vehicles and thus alleviating traffic congestion. The subway's punctuality and frequency of service make it a preferred choice for many city dwellers, especially during peak hours when the streets are at their busiest.Secondly, the environmental benefits of the subway system are significant. By encouraging the use of public transportation, it helps to reduce carbon emissions and air pollution. Subways are powered by electricity, which is often generated from renewable sources, making them a more sustainable option compared to gas-guzzling cars and buses. Moreover, the subway system contributes to a reduction in noise pollution in densely populated areas.Culturally, the subway has become more than just a mode of transport. It is a space where people from all walks of life come together, creating a microcosm of the city's diversity. Street performers, advertisements, and the architectural design of subway stations all contribute to the unique cultural landscape of the city. The subway has also been the subject of numerous artistic expressions, from films to literature, reflecting its integral role in urban life.However, the subway system is not without its challenges. Issues such as overcrowding, maintenance, and safety are perennial concerns that need to be addressed. Investments in infrastructure and technology are crucial to ensure that the subway system continues to serve the city effectively and safely.In conclusion, the subway system is a vital artery of the modern city, providing efficient, environmentally friendly transportation that supports the rhythm of urban life. As cities continue to grow, the role of the subway will only become more critical, and its development will remain a key priority for urban planners and policymakers. The subway is not just a means to an end but a symbol of a city's progress and its commitment to sustainability and community cohesion.。
商务英语口语：地铁-1
商务英语口语：地铁-1在国际贸易中，作为一个商务人士，日常的口语沟通是必备的工具之一，由于我们面对的大多数是都是外国人，所以这是必需的要会使用的工具哟，那么关于地铁的相关表达该如何说？以下是我给大家整理的关于地铁-1商务英语口语，盼望可以帮到大家Excuse me, can you tell me how I can buy a subway ticket?买票乘车路线问路Am I right if I want to get to Time Square?指路问路选乘地铁地铁站Do you know how much longer it takes to the Museum?买票时间进站How about the traffic?询问距离询问交通便利快捷Oh, no, I should have got off at the last station.换乘搭错地铁坐过站下车时间直达快车Excuse me, can you tell me how I can buy a subway ticket? 请问，您能告知我怎么买地铁票?Am I right if I want to get to Times Square?到时代广场坐这班地铁,对吗?Do you know how much longer it takes to the Museum? 你知道去博物馆还有多久吗?How about the traffic?交通怎么样?Oh, no, I should have got off at the last station.哦，不，我应当在上一站下车的。
You can speak thisYou can speak thisWhich train do I take to the Fifth Circle?到五环我应当坐哪一列车?Can you tell me the best way to the Museum of Modern Art?请问到现代艺术博物馆乘哪趟车最好?Go across the street and turn right, and youll find the entrance to the subway.穿过这条公路向右拐，然后你就能找到地軌口。
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1.The train to ….is arriving, please let passengers exit first. Next station: ____,doors will open on the left/rightPlease mind the gap between the train and the platform. 开往….的列车即将到站，请先下后上，下一站：____左/右侧的将会车门打开，请小心列车与站台之间的空隙。
2.Get on/off the bus in an orderly fashion. 请有序上下车。
3.Please stand in line. Let passengers get off first.请排队候车，先下后上。
4.Please be careful. 请注意安全。
5.Please hold fast and sit securely. 请做好扶稳。
6.Please take care of your belongings.请保管好您的行李物品。
7.Do not exit or board when doors are closing 当车门正在关闭，请勿上/下车8.Please stand by at the door. 请勿靠近车门。
9.Please hold the handrail（to balance）请抓紧扶手（站稳）10.The last train this evening will be the service to …今晚最后一列火车是到……11.We're now at ______, you may interchange to Line 2 or Line 8. 人民广场到了，您可换乘2号线或8号12.We're now at _________. Please get ready to alight from the left 到了，下车的乘客请提前做好准备，从左门下车。
13.Please remember to take all (your luggage) / (your belongings) with you.请带齐您的行李准备下车。
14.Mind your step when the door is opened 开门请当心。
15.Please move to the middle of the bus. 请往中间走。
16.Don’t stand at the door. 不要在车门处停留。
17.At which platform is our train 我们坐的那趟车停在哪个站台18.Can we go direct or do we have to change 我们能直达还是必须转车19.Could you tell me how to go to the platform 你能告诉我去站台怎么走吗20.Does the train stop at South Xizang Road 请问列车在西藏南路站停吗21.How frequent is this subway service 这班地铁多长时间来一次22.Which line do I take for the Art Gallery 去美术馆乘哪条地铁23.Do I have to pay an additional fare to change trains 换乘地铁还要付费吗24.Where do we pay the fare 我们在哪儿付车费25.Is it the right station to change 是在这一站换乘吗26.Where do I change to the Second Line 请问我在哪儿换乘地铁二号线27.Here comes the train. 车来了。
28.The first train pulls in there at 5:00 a.m. 首班列车早上5点进站。
29.Be careful! Subway doors open and close automatically. 当心！地铁车门是自动开关的。
30.Look, there're two empty seats over there. 看，那边有两个空位子。
31.Is there any subway nearby 请问这附近有地铁吗32.I can’t find the subway entrance. 我找不到地铁入口。
33.It's two blocks away from the subway station. 到地铁站有两个街区。
34.How long will it take by subway 坐地铁要花多长时间35.Sir，is this the right subway to central park先生，这是去往中央公园的地铁吗36.You are in the opposite direction. 你坐反了。
37.Let’s stand on the better position to get on the train. 咱们得占个有利的位置以便上车。
38.How do I change 我该怎样转车呢39.We transfer the line one there. 我们就在那换成一号线。
40.Which is the transfer station 那个站是换乘站41.How many stops are there to xidan station 到西单还有几站？42.Which exit is for the library 去图书馆应该走哪个出口43.Is this the transfer station for the loop line 这是去环线地铁的换乘站吗？44.Taking a subwayW:Dan, hurry, the train is coming.M:Don’t rush ,behave yourself please. Let the people get off first.W:Ah, there are so many if the train gets full before we could get in？M:But if we all push that way in, nobody could get off and nobody could get in either.W:The next station is many stops are there to xidan station？M:There are four more stops.W:Oh my God!M:What’s wrong, you are like a little monkey on needles.像个小猴子似的如坐针毡。
W:I need to use the restroom, is there a restroom on the train？M:No, not on the train, but in the station.W:Oh, I'm praying the subway will get there as fast as possible .You can see:(你能看到的)严禁携带易燃易爆物品进站上车Bringing combustibles and exploders into the station and on board is strictly prohibited.为了你的安全，请按扶梯For your safety, please hold the handle.地铁让你生活更便捷Metro offers easy tour for you.请留意您需要换乘线路的首末班车时间，以免耽误您的出行Please pay close attention to the interchange schedule, if you want to transfer to other line末班车进站前三分钟停止售票Stop selling ticket at three minutes before the last train arrives持公交卡的乘客可在三个换乘站出站后30分钟内进入邻线换乘Public transportation card holder is changed by one journey when change in Yishan Road(Line 3,4 and 9)，Shanghai Railway Staion(Line1,3 and 4) and Hongkou Football Stadium(Line 3 and 8) within 30 minutes厕所在上层There is a toilet on the upper level.这里不能用upstairs,因为upstairs指的是当你在平地的时候，说的上层。
地铁是在地下,用above level或upper level更合适。
到西直门换乘13号线地铁Go to the Xizhimen Station to Switch to Railway(因为这句话的最终目的是“去乘13号地铁”所以要先说“到西直门”然后在说原因“去乘13号地铁”）坐右边的地铁到复兴门下车Take the train on the right side and get off at the Fuxingmen Station.请您站在黄色安全线后排队候车Please wait behind the yellow safety line while waiting for the train.乘客注意安全，往后站All passengers,please be careful and stay back.从站台中部上/下台阶,换乘1/2 号线地铁Please use the up/down stairs in the middle of the station to switch to Railway 2Certain stations are closed on public holidays. 假日某些车站关闭Help us to keep the tube litter free 请协助我们，保持地铁清洁卫生。
Luggage must not be put in the gateway 行李不准放到过道上。