(完整版)语言学练习题及答案

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语言学概论-试题及答案

《语言学概论》练习1参考答案（导言、第一章、第二章)一、填空1、语言学的三大发源地是中国、印度和希腊－罗马。

2、现代语言学的标志性著作是瑞士语言学家索绪尔的《普通语言学教程》。

3、印度最早的经典所使用的语言是梵语。

4、文字、音韵、训诂是中国“小学”的主要研究内容。

5、语言的功能包括社会功能和思维功能。

6、语言的社会功能包括信息传递功能和人际互动功能。

7、儿童语言习得一般经过独词句阶段和双词句阶段,这是儿童学话的关键两步。

8、说出的话语句子是无限的,但无限多的句子都是由有限的词和规则组装起来的。

9、符号包括形式和意义两个方面，二者不可分离。

10、语言符号的任意性和线条性，是语言符号的基本性质.11、心理现实是存在于客观现实和语言符号之间的人脑中的信息存在状态。

12、语言系统二层性的一大特点是形式层的最小单位一定大大少于符号层的最小单位。

13、组合关系和聚合关系是语言系统中的两种根本关系。

14、动物无法掌握人类的语言，从生理基础看是不具有发达的大脑和灵活的发音器官.二、问答题。

1、为什么说语言学是自然科学和人文科学的桥梁？从语言学发展的历史来看，语言学首先深受哲学、逻辑学等历史悠久的人文学科思想方法的影响，后来语言学摆脱对传统人文学科的附庸地位成为独立的学科后，受到许多自然科学研究的影响。

比如，19世纪，历史比较语言学的语言观念和研究方法深受生物学的影响；20世纪初的语言结构思想与科学的整体论思想密切相关;生成语言学受数学、逻辑学影响；等等。

与此同时,其他学科也开始从语言学理论中汲取有益的思想观念。

20世纪的社会学、人类学、文学批评等都深受结构主义语言学的影响。

从19世纪后期开始，现代语言学的研究理念在很大程度上接受了物理学等自然科学的方法论原则，一些学者甚至提出语言学是一门自然科学.但另一方面，语言学又从未割断与传统人文学科的联系。

语言学的这一特点在很大程度上源于语言现象的独特性。

语言既具有社会属性，又是人类天赋的能力,既是贮存人类已有文明的宝库，又是人类新的精神创造的依托。

语言学第一章习题(含答案)

第一章语言的功能一、填空题1.从语言的社会功能上看，语言是人类独有的最重要的交际工具和思维工具；从语言的内部结构上看，语言是一套音义结合的符号系统。

2. 文字是建立在语言基础上的最重要的辅助交际工具；旗语之类是建立在语言和文字基础上的特殊领域的辅助交际工具。

3.一种语言的句子数量是无限的，但无限的句子中却包含着有限的词语和为数不多的规则。

4.人类的交际工具分语言的交际工具和身势等非语言的交际工具。

5.语言是一种特殊的社会现象的含义是，语言具有全人类性，没有阶级性。

6.思维的类型可分为直观动作思维、表象思维、抽象思维。

抽象思维的三种形式是概念、判断、推理。

7.人和动物的区别是人会制造工具，而且人类有语言，这是人和动物相区别的重要标志之一。

8.在一定条件下，身体姿势等伴随动作还可以离开语言独立完成交际任务，例如汉民族点头表示同意，摇头表示不同意，咬牙切齿表示愤怒，手舞足蹈表示激动或高兴。

9.人的大脑分左右两半球，大脑的左半球控制语言活动，右半球掌管不需要语言的感性思维。

10.汉语的哥哥、弟弟，英语用 brother 表示；汉语的舅妈、姑妈、姨妈、婶婶，英语用 aunt 表示。

11.英语可以直接用数词修饰名词，汉语数词修饰名词一般要加上一个量词。

12.儿童最早的智力活动就是学习语言。

13.如果一个病人大脑左半球发生损伤，他尽管说不出他家的地址，却认得自己的家门。

相反，大脑右半球发生损伤，他尽管能说出他家的地址，却找不到自己的家门。

二、判断题1. 从理论上来说，句子的长度是可以无限的。

（√）2．语言是在文字基础之上产生的人类最重要的交际工具。

（×）3．文字始终是从属于语言的。

（×）4．在一定的条件下，身势等伴随动作也可以脱离语言而独立完成一些交际任务。

（√）5．现代社会沟通的方式很多，语言的重要性正日渐削弱。

（×）6．语言是组成社会的一个不可缺少的因素。

（√）7．我们常听人们说“工人有工人的语言，农民有农民的语言”，这说明语言是有阶级性的。

(完整版)语言学练习题(附答案)Chapter1Language

Chapter One Language1. Define the following terms1) discreteness 2) design features3) arbitrariness 4) duality5) displacement 6) cultural transmission7) the imaginative function of language 8) the personal function of language9) the heuristic function of language 10) language2. Multiple ChoiceDirections: In each question there are four choices. Decide which one would be the best answer to the question or to complete the sentence best.1) Which of the following words is entirely arbitrary?A. treeB. crashC. typewriterD. bang2) The function of the sentence “Water boils at 100 degrees Centigrade” is ________.A. interrogativeB. directiveC. informativeD. performative3) In Chinese when someone breaks a bowl or a plate the host or the people present arelikely to say sui sui ping an (every year be safe and happy) as a means of controlling theforces which the believers feel might affect their lives. Which function does itperform?A. Interpersonal.B. Emotive. C Performative. D. Recreational.4) Which of the following properties of language enables language users to overcome thebarriers causedby time and place, due to this feature of language, speakers of a languageare free to talk about anything in any situation?A. interchangeability.B. Duality.C. Displacement.D. Arbitrariness.5) Study the following dialogue. What function does it play according to the functions oflanguage?—A nice day, isn’t it?—Right! I really enjoy the sunlight.A. EmotiveB. Phatic.C. Peformative.D. Interpersonal.6) Unlike animal communication systems, human language is .A. stimulus freeB. stimulus boundC. under immediate stimulus controlD. stimulated by some occurrence of communal interest.7) Which of the following is the most important function of language?A. interpersonal functionB. performative functionC. informative functionD. recreational function8) In different languages, different terms are used to express the animal “狗”, this shows the nature of --- of human language.A arbitrarinessB cultural transmissionC displacementD discreteness9) Which of the following disciplines are related to applied linguistics?A. statisticsB. psycholinguisticsC. physicsD. philosophy10) has been widely accepted as the father of modem linguistics.A. ChomskyB. SaussureC. BloomfieldD. John Lyons3. Word CompletionDirections: Fill in the blanks with the most suitable words.1) Design features, a framework proposed by the American linguist Charles Hockett, referto the ________ properties of human language that distinguishes it from any animalsystem of communication.2) ________ refers to the phenomenon that the sounds in a language are meaningfullydistinct. For instance, the difference between the sounds /p/ and /b/ is not actually verygreat, but when these sounds are part of a language like English, they are used in such away that the occurrence of one rather than the other is meaningful.3) In any language words can be used in new ways to mean new things and can becombined into innumerable sentences based on limited rules. This feature is usuallytermed p_______ or c________.4) Language has many functions. We can use language to talk about language itself. Thisfunction is m________ function.5) Cultural transmission refers to the fact that language is c________ transmitted. It ispassed on from one generation to the next through teaching and learning, rather than byi_________.6) One general principle of linguistic analysis is the primacy of ________ over writing.7) The ________ function refers to the use of language to communicate knowledge aboutthe world, to report events, to make statements, to give accounts, to explain relationships, to relay messages and so on.8) The ________ function refers to language used to ensure social maintenance. Phaticcommunion is part of it. The term phatic communion introduced by the anthropologistBronislaw Malinowski refers to language used for establishing an atmosphere ormaintaining social contact rather than for exchanging facts.9) Language is a system of arbitrary symbols used for human Communication.10) Language has two levels. They are ______ level and ______ level.11) Language is a ________ because every language consists of a set of rules whichunderlie people’s actual speech or writing.12) The _function refers to language used in an attempt to control events once theyhappen.13) The design features of language are (1) (2) (3)(4) (5) (6) and (7) _______.14) By saying “language is arbitrary”, we mean that there is no logical connection be tweenmeaning and .15) The four principles in the linguistic study are (1) (2) (3)and (4) .4. True or False QuestionsDirections: Decide whether the following statements are true or false. Write T for true and F for false in the bracket before each of them.1) ( ) The relation between form and meaning in human language is natural.2) ( ) When language is used to get information from others, it serves an informativefunction.3) ( ) The reason for French to use cheval and for English to use horse to refer to the sameanimal is inexplicable.4) ( ) Most animal communication systems lack the primary level of articulation.5) ( ) Language change is universal,ongoing and arbitrary.6) ( ) Language is a system of arbitrary, written signs which permit all the people in a givenculture, or other people who have learned the system of that culture, to communicate orinteract.7) ( ) In theory, the length of sentences is limited.8) ( ) The relationship between the sounds and their meaning is arbitrary.9) ( ) Linguistic symbols are a kind of visual symbols, which include vocal symbols.10) ( ) Linguistic symbols are produced by human speech organs.11) ( ) Every language has two levels: grammatically —meaningless and sound —meaningful.12) ( ) Such features of language as being creative, vocal, and arbitrary can differentiatehuman languages from animal communicative systems.13) ( ) Duality is one of the characteristics of human language. It refers to the fact thatlanguage has two levels of structures: the system of sounds and the system of meanings.14) ( ) Language is a means of verbal communication. Therefore, the communication wayused by the deaf-mute is not language.15) ( ) Arbitrariness of language makes it potentially creative, and conventionality oflanguage makes a language be passed from generation to generation. As a foreignlanguage learner, the latter is more important for us.5. Glossary translation1)personal function2)heauristic function3)ideational function4)interchangeability5)控制功能6)表现功能7)文化传递性8)分离性9)区别性特征10)不受时空限制的属性11)Interactional function12)instrumentational function13)imaginative function14)寒暄功能15)元语言功能16)Personal function17)performative function18)娱乐功能19)信息功能20)人际功能6. Short Essay Questions1)What are the functions of language? Exemplify each function.2)Explain what the term duality means as it is used to describe a property of humanlanguage.3)Is language productive or not? Why?4)What is language?5)What are the major design features of language? Please explain three of them withexamples.Key to Chapter One1. Define the followina terms1) Discreteness refers to the phenomenon that the sounds in a language are meaningfully distinct. For instance, the difference between the sounds /p/ and /b/ is not actually very great, but when these sounds are part of a language like English, they are used in such a way that the occurrence of one rather than the other is meaningful. The fact that the pronunciation of the forms pad and bad leads to a distinction in meaning can only be due to the difference between the sounds/p/ and /b/in English. Each sound in the language is thought of as discrete. It is possible to produce a range of sounds in a continuous stream which are all generally like the sounds /p/ and /b/.2) “Design features” refer to the defining properties of human language that tell the difference between human language and any system of animal communication. They are arbitrariness, duality, productivity, displacement, cultural transmission and interchangeability. (3分)3) “Arbitrariness” means that there is no logical connection between meanings and sounds. A dog might be a pig if only the first person or group of persons had used it for a pig.Language is therefore largely arbitrary. But language is not absolutely arbitrary, because there are cases where there are or at least seem to be some sound-meaning association, if we think of echo Words, like “bang”, “crash”,”roar”,’ which are motivated in a certain sense. Secondly, some compounds are not entirely arbitrary eit her. “Snow” and “storm” are arbitrary or unmotivated words, while “snowstorm” is less so. So we can say “arbitrariness” is a matter of degree.4) Linguists refer “duality” of structure to the fact that in all languages so far investigated, one finds two levels of structure or patterning. At the first, higher level, language is analyzed in terms of combinations of meaningful units (such as morphemes, words etc.); at the second, lower level, it is seen as a sequence of segments which lack any meaning in themselves, but which combine to form units of meaning. According to Hu Zhuanglin et al., language is a system of two sets of structures, one of sounds and the other of meaning. This is important for the workings of language. A small number of sounds can be grouped and regrouped into a large number of semantic units (words), and these units of meaning can be arranged and rearranged into an infinite number of sentences. (For example, we have dictionaries of words, but no dictionary of sentences!) Duality makes it possible for a person to talk about anything within his knowledge. No animal communication system enjoys this duality, or even approaches this honor.5) “Displacement”, as one of the design features of the human language, refers to the fact that one can talk about things that are not present, as easily as he does things present. In other words,one can refer to real and unreal things, things of the past, of the present, of the future. Language itself can be talked about too. People can use language’ to d escribe something that had occurred, is occurring, or is to occur. But a dog could not bark for a bone to be lost. The bee’s System has a small share of “displacement”, but it is an unspeakable tiny share.6) Language is not biologically transmitted from generation to generation, but the details of the linguistic system must be learned anew by each speaker. It is true that the capacity for language in human beings (N. Chomsky called it “language acquisition device”, or LAD) has a geneticbasis, but the particular language a person learns to speak is a cultural one rather than a genetic one like the dog’s barking system. If a human being is brought up in isolation he cannot acquire language. The wolf-child reared by the wolves turned out to speak the wolf’s roaring “tongue” when he was saved. And it was difficult for him to acquire human language.7) The imaginative function refers to language used to create imaginary system, whether these are literary works, philosophical systems or utopian visions on the one hand, or daydreams and idle musings on the other hand. It is also language used for sheer joy of using language, such as a baby’s babbling, a chanter’s chanting, a poet’s pleasuring.8) The personal function refers to language used to express the indi vidual’s feelings, emotions and personality.9) The heuristic function of language refers to language used in order to acquire knowledge and understanding the world. The heuristic functioning provides a basis for the structure of knowledge in the different disciplines. Language allows people to ask questions about the nature of the world they live in and to construct possible answers.10) Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.2. Multiple Choice1) – 5): A C C C B 6) – 10): A C C B B3. Word Completion.1) defining 2) Descreteness 3）productivity or creativity 4) metalingual 5) culturally, instinct or inheritance 6) speech 7) representational 8) interactional; 9) vocal;10) gramatically meaningful, sound meaningless; 11) system; 12) regulatory 13) arbitrariness, duality, productivity, cultural transmission, interchangeability, discreteness, displacement. 14) sound; 15) exhaustiveness, economy, objectivity, consistency4. True or False Questions1 – 5: FFTFF 6 – 10: FFTFT 11 – 15: FFTFT5. Glossary Translation1)personal function: 人际功能2)heauristic function：启发功能3)ideational function：概念功能4)interchangeability：互换性5)控制功能：regulatory function6)表现功能: representational functin7)文化传递性: cultural transmisssion8)分离性: discreteness9)区别性特征: design features10)不受时空限制的属性: displacement11)Interactional function: 互动功能12)instrumentational function：工具功能13)imaginative function：想象功能14)寒暄功能：phatic function15)元语言功能: metalingual function or metafunction of language16)personal function: 自指性功能17)performative function: 表达功能18)娱乐功能: recreational function19)信息功能: informative function20)人际功能: interpersonal function6. Short Essay Questions1) What are the functions of language? Exemplify each function.According to Wang Gang (1988: 11), the functions of language can be mainly embodied in three aspects. i) Language is a tool of human communication; ii) Language is a tool whereby people learn about the world; iii) Language is a tool by which people create art.As a matter of fact, different linguists have different terms for the various functions of language. The British linguist M. A. K. Halliday uses the following terms to refer to the initial functions of children’s language:(1) InstrumentalThe instrumental function of language refers to the fact that language allows speakers to get things done. It allows them to control things in the environment. People can cause things to be done and to happen through the use of words alone. An immediate contrast here is with the animal world in which sounds are hardly used in this way, and, when they are, they are used in an extremely limited degree. The instrumental function can be primitive too in human interaction. Performative utterances such as the words which name a ship at a launching ceremony clearly have instrumental functions if the right circumstances exist；they are acts, e.g. I name this ship Liberty Bell.(2) RegulatoryThe regulatory function refers to language used in an attempt to control events once they happen. Those events may involve the self as well as others. People do try to control themselves through language, e.g. Why did I say that?/ Steady! / And Let me think about that again. Language helps to regulate encounters among people. Language provides devices for regulating specific kinds of encounters and contains words for approving or disapproving and for controlling or disrupting the behavior of others. It allows us to establish complex patterns of organization in order to try to regulate behavior, from game playing to political organization, from answering the telephone to addressing in foreign affairs. It is the regulatory function of language that allows people some measure of control over events that occur in their lives.(3)RepresentationalThe representational function refers to the use of language to communicate knowledge about the world, to report events, to make statements, to give accounts, to explain relationships, to relay messages and so on. This function of language is represented by all kinds of record-keeping, such as historical records, geographical surveys, business accounts, scientific reports, government acts, and public data banks. It is an essential domain of language use, for the availability of this material guarantees the knowledge-base of subsequent generations, which is a prerequisite of social development.(4) InteractionalThe interactional function refers to language used to ensure social maintenance. Phatic communion is part of it. The term phatic communion introduced by the anthropologist Bronislaw Malinowski refers to language used for establishing an atmosphere or maintaining social contact rather than for exchanging facts. A greeting such as how are you?is relatively empty of content, and answers like fine or very well, thank you are equally empty, because the speaker is not interested in the hearer’s health, but rather to demonstrate his politeness and general attitude toward the other person when he gives a conversational greeting.(5) PersonalThe personal function refers to language used to express the individual’s feelings, emotions and personali ty. A person’s individuality is usually characterized by his or her use of personal function of communication. Each individual has a “voice” in what happens to him. He is free to speak or not to speak, to say, as much or as little as he pleases, and to choose how to say what he says. The use of language can tell the listener or reader a great deal about the speaker or writer — in particular, about his regional origin, social background, level of education, occupation, age, sex, and personality.Language also provides the individual with a means to express feelings, whether outright in the form of exclamations, endorsements, or curse, or much more subtly through a careful choice of words. Many social situations display language used to foster a sense of identity: the shouting of a crowd at a football match, the shouting of names or slogans at public meetings, the reactions of the audience to television game shows, the shouts of affirmation at some religious meetings. For example, the crowds attending Pres ident Regan’s pre-election meetings in 1984 repeatedly shouted “Four more years!” which united among those who shared the same political views.(6) HeuristicThe heuristic function refers to language used in order to acquire knowledge and understanding the world. The heuristic functioning provides a basis for the structure of knowledge in the different disciplines. Insofar as the inquiry into language itself, a necessary result is the creation of a metalanguage, i.e. a language used to refer to language, containing terms such as sound, syllable, word, structure, sentence, meaning and so on.(7) ImaginativeThe imaginative function refers to language used to create imaginary system, whether these are literary works, philosophical systems or utopian visions on the one hand, or daydreams and idle musings on the other hand. The imaginative function also allows people to consider not just the real world but all possible worlds — and many impossible ones. Much literature is the most obvious example to serve this function as an account of Robinson Crusoe in the deserted island. The imaginative function enables life to be lived vicariously and helps satisfy numerous deep artistic urges.2) Explain what the term duality means as it is used to describe a property of humanlanguage.Language is organized at two levels or layers-- sounds and meaning-- simultaneously. This property is called duality, or “double articulation”. In terms of speech production, we have the physical level at which we can produce individual sounds, like n, b, and i. As individual sound, none of these discrete forms has any intrinsic meaning. When we produce those sounds in a particular combination, as in bin, we have another level producing a meaning, which is differentfrom the meaning of the combination in nib. So, at one level, we have distinct sounds, and at another level, we have distinct meanings. This duality of levels is, in fact,: one of the most economical features of human language, since with a limited set of distinct sounds we are capable of producing a very large number of sound combinations (relatively finite words and infinite number of sentences) which are distinct in meaning. No animal communication system has duality, or ever comes near to possessing it.3) Is language productive or not? Why?(1) Language is productive or creative. (233) This means that users can understand and produce sentences they have never heard before. Every day we send messages that have never been sent before, and we understand novel messages. Much of them we say and hear for the first time; yet there seems no problem of understanding. For example, the sentence” A red-eyed elephant is dancing on the hotel bed” must be new to you and it does not describe a common happening in the world. Nevertheless, nobody has any difficulty in understanding it.(2) Productivity is unique to human language. Most animal communication systems appear to be highly restricted with respect to the number of different signals that their users can send and receive. For example, gibbon calls are not productive, for they draw all their calls from a limited repertoire, which is rapidly exhausted, making any novelty impossible. Bee dancing is used only to indicate food sources, which is the only message that can be sent through the dancing.(3) The productivity or creativity of language partially. originates from its duality, because of which the speaker is able to combine the basic linguistic units to form an infinite set of sentences, most of which are never before produced or heard. The productivity of language also means its potential to create endless sentences. It is the recursive nature of language that provides a theoretical basis for this possibility.4) What is language?(1) It is very difficult to give this question a satisfactory definition. However, most linguists would accept a tentative definition like this: language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication. (2) Language must be a system, since elements in it are arranged according to certain rules; they cannot be combined at will. If language were not systematic, it could not be learned or used consistently. (3) Language is arbitrary in the sense that there is no intrinsic connection between the word pen and the thing we use to write with. The fact that different languages have different words for it (钢笔in Chinese for instance) speaks strongly for the arbitrary nature of language. (4) This also explains the symbolic nature of language: words are associated with objects, actions, ideas by convention. (5) We say language is vocal because the primary medium is sound for all languages, no matter how well developed are their writing systems. All evidence shows that writing systems came much later than the spoken forms and that they are only attempts to capture sounds and meaning on paper (6) The term “human”in the definition is meant to specify that language is human.specific; that is, it is very different from the communication systems other forms of life possess.5) What are the major design features of language? Please explain three of themwith examples.(1) Displacement is one of the defining properties of human language, which refers to the fact that human language can be used to talk about things that are present or not present, real or not real, and about matters in the past, present or future, or in far-away places. In other words, language can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of its users.This phenomenon is thought of as “displacement”, which can provide its users with an opportunity to communicate about a wide range of subjects, free from any barriers caused by separation in time and space. That is, the feature of displacement can enable us to talk about things and places whose existence we cannot even be sure of. We can refer to mythical creatures, demons, fairies, angels, Santa Claus, and recently invented characters such as superman. This feature is unique to human language. No animal communication system possesses it. Some animal calls are often uttered in response to immediate changes of situation. For instance, during the mating season, in the present of danger or pain, animals will make calls. Once the danger or pain is missing, their calls stop.(2) Discreteness The sounds used in language are meaningfully distinct. For example, the difference between the sounds b andp is actually not very great, but when these sounds are part of a language like English, they are used in such a way that the occurrence of one rather than the other is meaningful. The fact that the pronunciation of the forms pack and back leads to a distinction in meaning can only be due to the difference between the sounds p and b in English. This property of language is described as discreteness. Each sound in the language is treated as discrete. It is possible; in fact, to produce a range of sounds in a continuous stream which are all generally like the p and b sounds. However, that continuous stream will only be interpreted as being either a p sound, or a b sound (or, possibly, as a non-sound) in the language. We have a very discrete view of the sounds of our language and wherever a pronunciation falls within the physically possible range of sounds, it will be interpreted as a linguistically specific and meaningfully distinct sound(3) Language is a system. It is organized into two levels simultaneously. We have distinct sounds at the lower level (sound level), which is seen as a sequence of segments which have no meaning in themselves. At the higher level, we have distinct meanings (meaningful level). Language is analyzed in terms of combination of meaningful units. Then the meaningful units (such as morphemes, words, etc.) at the higher level can be arranged and rearranged into an infinite number of sentences. The organization of language into levels, one of sounds, the other of meaning, is known as duality or double articulation. This unique feature of language enables its users to talk about anything within their knowledge. No animal communication system possesses the feature of duality.。

语言学考试试题及其答案

一、填空１５%1、语言中最单纯、最常用、最原始和最能产的词是根词。

2、语言是人类最重要的交际工具，文字是最重要的辅助•••交际工具。

3、我国古代学者为读懂古书而建立的训诂学、文字学、音韵学组成了我国的语文学，通称为“小学”。

4、英语属于印欧语系的日耳曼语族的西部语支。

5、语音可以从生理角度分析它的产生方式，从物理•角度分析它的表现形式（传递过程），从社会功能角度分析它的功能作用。

6、是否能够独立（自由）运用，是区分词和语素的根本特点。

7、现代大多数国家的拼音文字的字母，大多直接来源于拉丁字母。

8、具有不同功能的三种最基本的语法单位是语素、词、句子。

9、语言发展的主要特点是渐变性和不平衡性。

10、我国宪法（１９８２年）第１９条明确规定“国家推广全国通用的普通话”。

二、单项选择题（本大题共26小题，每题1分）1、下列关于“语言”和“言语”的表述中，不正确的一项是【】A.语言是社会的，言语是个人的B.语言是主要的，言语是从属的C.语言是抽象的，言语是具体的D.语言是书面的，言语是口头的答案：D2、下列关于一般语汇总体特点的表述中，正确的一项是【】A.构词能力强B.使用范围窄C.产生历史长D. 大多很稳定答案：B 解析：根据词在语汇系统中的重要程度，可以分为基本语汇和非基本语汇（一般语汇）两大类。

ACD三项都属于基本语汇的特点。

3、区分“单纯词”和“合成词”所依据的是【】A.词的音节数量B.词的语素数量C.词的音形关系D.词的地位用途4、语法规则的“系统性”是指【】A.对语言的结构和成分进行类的概括B.相同规则可在一个结构里重复使用C.语法规则之间可以相互推导和解释D.语法规则的发展变化过程十分缓慢答案：C 解析：ABD三项分别对应的是语法规则的“抽象性”、“递归性”、“稳定性”。

5、语音的四个物理要素中，区别不同的意义起着最为重要的作用的是【】A、音高B、音强C、音长D、音色6、元音和辅音本质区别是【】A、元音的发音可以延长，辅音不可以B、元音发音响亮，辅音不响亮C、元音发音时气流不受阻，辅音一定受阻D、发元音时，发音器官的各个部分均衡紧张；辅音则不然7、[ε]的发音特征是【】A、舌面前高不圆唇B、舌面后高不圆唇C、舌面前半高不圆唇D、舌面前半低不圆唇8、下列关于语义民族性的表述中，正确的一项是【】A.词义上的民族特点并不明显B.词的多义化不受民族特点的制约C.不同的民族语言在词的理性意义上并无差异D.不同的民族语言在词的非理性意义上会有所不同答案：D解析：不同民族对客观事物的认识不同，因而语义的民族特点也不同，词的多义化也会受制约，非理性意义也会有所不同，比如汉语中“狗”字常含贬义，像“走狗”；可在英语里，“dog”常含褒义，像“a lucky dog”（幸运儿）。

(完整版)语言学考试试题及其答案

一、填空１５%1、语言中最单纯、最常用、最原始和最能产的词是根词。

2、语言是人类最重要的交际工具，文字是最重要的辅助•••交际工具。

3、我国古代学者为读懂古书而建立的训诂学、文字学、音韵学组成了我国的语文学，通称为“小学”。

4、英语属于印欧语系的日耳曼语族的西部语支。

5、语音可以从生理角度分析它的产生方式，从物理•角度分析它的表现形式（传递过程），从社会功能角度分析它的功能作用。

6、是否能够独立（自由）运用，是区分词和语素的根本特点。

7、现代大多数国家的拼音文字的字母，大多直接来源于拉丁字母。

8、具有不同功能的三种最基本的语法单位是语素、词、句子。

9、语言发展的主要特点是渐变性和不平衡性。

10、我国宪法（１９８２年）第１９条明确规定“国家推广全国通用的普通话”。

ACD三项都属于基本语汇的特点。

(完整版)英语语言学练习题(含答案))

I . Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False:1. Lin guistics is gen erally defi ned as the scie ntific study of lan guage.2. Lin guistics studies particular lan guage, not lan guages in gen eral.3. A scie ntific study of lan guage is based on what the lin guist thi nks.4. In the study of lin guistics, hypotheses formed should be based on lan guage facts and checked aga inst the observed facts.5. Gen eral li nguistics is gen erally the study of lan guage as a whole.6. Gen eral li nguistics, which relates itself to the research of other are as, studies the basic con cepts, theories, descripti ons, models and me thods applicable in any lin guistic study.7. Pho netics is differe nt from pho no logy in that the latter studies the comb in ati ons of the sounds to con vey meaning in com muni cati on.8. Morphology studies how words can be formed to produce meaning ful senten ces.9. The study of the ways in which morphemes can be comb ined to fo rm words is called morphology.10. Syn tax is differe nt from morphology in that the former not only st udies the morphemes, but also the comb in ati on of morphemes into words and words into senten ces.11. The study of meaning in lan guage is known as sema ntics.12. Both sema ntics and pragmatics study meanin gs.13. Pragmatics is differe nt from sema ntics in that pragmatics studiesmeaning not in isolati on, but in con text.14. Social cha nges can ofte n bring about lan guage cha nges.15. Sociolinguistics is the study of language in relation to society.16. Modern linguistics is mostly prescriptive, but sometimes descriptive.17. Moder n lin guistics is differe nt from traditi onal grammar.18. A diachro nic study of lan guage is the descripti on of lan guage at s ome point in time.19. Moder n lin guistics regards the writte n lan guage as primary, not the writte n lan guage.20. The disti ncti on betwee n compete nee and performa nee was propo sed by F. de Saussure.n . Fill in each of the following blanks with one word which begins with the letter give n:21. Chomsky defi nes “ compete nee as the ideal user ' ___________of the rules of his lan guage.22. Lan gue refers to the a ________ lin guistic system shared by allthe members of a speech commu nity while the parole is the con crete use of the conven ti ons and applicati on of the rules.23. D ________ is one of the desig n features of huma n lan guage which refers to the phe nomenon that lan guage con sists of two levels: alower level of mea nin gless in dividual sounds and a higher level of me anin gful un its.24. Lan guage is a system of a ________ v ocal symbols used for human com muni cati on.25. The discipli ne that studies the rules gover ning the formati on of w ords into permissible senten ces in lan guages is called s ______ .26. Huma n capacity for lan guage has a g ____ basis, but the details of lan guage have to be taught and lear ned.27. P ______ refers to the realizati on of lan gue in actual use.28. Findings in lin guistic studies can ofte n be applied to the settlement of some practical problems. The study of such applicati ons is gene rally known as a __________ lin guistics.29. Lan guage is p _________ in that it makes possible the con struction and in terpretati on of new sig nals by its users .In other words, th ey can produce and un dersta nd an infin itely large nu mber of sentenc es which they have n ever heard before.30. Lin guistics is gen erally defi ned as the s _____ study of lan guage.ID . There are four choices following each statement. Mark the choice that can best complete the stateme nt:31. If a lin guistic study describes and an alyzes the lan guage people a ctually use, it is said to be _______ .A. prescriptiveB. an alyticC. descriptiveD. li nguistic32. Which of the follow ing is not a desig n feature of huma n lan guage ?A. Arbitrari nessB. Displaceme ntC. DualityD. Meaningfuln ess33. Moder n lin guistics regards the writte n lan guage as ____ .A. primaryB. correctC. sec on daryD. stable34. In modern linguistics, speech is regarded as more basic than writi ng, because _______ .A. in linguistic evolution, speech is prior to writingB. speech plays a greater role tha n writ ing in terms of the amount ofin formati on con veyedC. speech is always the way in which every n ative speaker acquires h ismother ton gueD. All of the above35. A historical study of Ian guage is a ______ study of Ian guage.A. syn chro nicB. diachro nicC. prescriptiveD. comparative36. Saussure took a(n) ______ view of Ian guage, while Chomsky lo oks at Ian guage from a ______ point of view.A. sociological …psychologicalB. psychological …sociologicalC. applied …pragmaticD. semantic …linguistic37. Accord ing to F. de Saussure, ______ refers to the abstract lingui stic system shared by all the mem- bers of a speech com muni ty.A. paroleB. performa neeC. la ngueD. Language38. Lan guage is said to be arbitrary because there is no logical conne eti on betwee n _____ and meanin gs.A. senseB. soundsC. objectsD. ideas39. Lan guage can be used to refer to con texts removed from the im mediate situati ons of the speaker. This feature is called ______ ,A. displaceme ntB. dualityC. flexibilityD. cultural tran smissi on40. The details of any lan guage system is passed on from one gener ati on to the n ext through _____ , rather tha n by in st in ct.A. learni ngB. teachi ngC. booksD. both A and BIV . Define the following terms:41. Lin guistics42. Phon ology43. Syntax44. Pragmatics45. Psycholi nguistics46. Language47. Pho netics48. Morphology49. Sema ntics50. Socioli nguistics51. Applied Lin guistics52. Arbitrari ness53. Productivity54. Displaceme nt55. Duality56. Desig n Features57. Compete nee58. Performa nee59. Lan gue60. ParoleSuggested an swers to suppleme ntary exercises:I . Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False:I. T 2. F 3. F 4. T 5. T 6. F 7. T 8. F 9. T 10. FII. T 12. T 13. T 14. T 15. T 16. F 17. T 18. F 19. F 20. Fn . Fill in each of the following blanks with one word which begins with the letter give n:21. kno wledge 22. abstract 23. Duality 24. arbitrary 25. syn tax26. genetic 27. Parole 28. applied 29. productive 30. scientific (or sy stematic)ID . There are four choices following each statement. Mark the choice that can best complete the stateme nt.31. C 32. D 33. C 34. D 35. B 36. A 37. C 38. B 39. A 40. DIV . Define the following terms:41. Lin guistics: Lin guistics is gen erally defi ned as the scie ntific study of lan guage.42. Phono logy: The study of how sounds are put together and used i n com muni cati on is called pho no logy.43. Syn tax: The study of how morphemes and words are comb ined t o form senten ces is called syn tax.44. Pragmatics: The study of meaning in con text of use is called prag matics.45. Psycholi nguistics: The study of Ian guage with reference to the wo rkings of mind is called psycholi nguistics.46. Lan guage: Lan guage is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for huma n com muni cati on.47. Phonetics: The study of sounds which are used in linguistic comm uni cati on is called phon etics.48. Morphology: The study of the way in which morphemes are arra n ged to form words is called morphology.49. Sema ntics: The study of meaning in lan guage is called sema ntics.50. Socioli nguistics: The study of lan guage with reference to society i s called socioli nguistics.51. Applied lin guistics: In a n arrow sen se, applied lin guistics refers to the applicati on of lin guistic prin ciples and theories to lan guage teach ing and lear ning, especially the teach ing of foreig n and sec ond langu ages. In a broad sen se, it refers to the applicati on of lin guistic finding s to the soluti on of practical problems such as the recovery of speech ability.52. arbitrari ness: It is one of the desig n features of lan guage. It mea ns that there is no logical conn ecti on betwee n meanings and sounds53. Productivity: Language is productive or creative in that it makes possible the con-structi on and in terpretati on of new sig nals by its users.54. Displaceme nt: Displaceme nt means that lan guage can be used to refer to thi ngs which are prese nt or not prese nt, real or imag ined m atters in the past, prese nt, or future, or in far-away places. In other words, la nguage can be used to refer to con texts removed from the i mmediate situati ons of the speaker55. Duality: The duality n ature of lan guage means that lan guage is a system, which con sists of two sets of structure, or two levels, one of sounds and the other of meanin gs.56. Design features: Design features refer to the defining properties of huma n lan guage that dist in guish it from any ani mal system of com muni cati on57. Compete nee: Chomsky defi nes compete nee as the ideal user 'n owledge of the rules of his lan guage,58. Performanee: performanee is the actual realization of the knowledge of the rules in lin guistic com muni cati on.59. la ngue: Lan gue refers to the abstract lin guistic system shared by all the members of a speech com muni ty; Lan gue is the set of conven tions and rules which lan guage users all have to follow; Lan gue is relatively stable, it does not cha nge freque ntly60. Parole: Parole refers to the realizati on of lan gue in actual use; pa role is the con crete use of the conven ti ons and the applicati on of the rules; parole varies from pers on to pers on, and from situati on to situ atio n.。

(完整word版)语言学试题与答案

I. Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False.1.Dialectal synonyms can often be found in different regional dialects such as BritishEnglish and American English but cannot be found within the variety itself, forexample, within British English or American English.2.Sense is concerned with the relationship between the linguistic element and thenon-linguistic world of experience, while the reference deals with the inherentmeaning of the linguistic form.3.Linguistic forms having the same sense may have different references in differentsituations.4.In semantics, meaning of language is considered as the intrinsic and inherent relationto the physical world of experience.5.Contextualism is based on the presumption that one can derive meaning from orreduce meaning to observable contexts.6.Behaviorists attempted to define the meaning of a language form as the situation inwhich the speaker utters it and the response it calls forth in the hearer.7.The meaning of a sentence is the sum total of the meanings of all its components.8.Most languages have sets of lexical items similar in meaning but ranked differentlyaccording to their degree of formality.9.“it is hot.” is a no-place predication because it contains no argument.10.In grammatical analysis, the sentence is taken to be the basic unit, but in semanticanalysis of a sentence, the basic unit is predication, which is the abstraction of the meaning of a sentence.II. Fill in each of the following blanks with one word which begins with the letter given.11.S________ can be defined as the study of meaning.12.The conceptualist view holds that there is no d______ link between a linguistic formand what it refers to.13.R______ means what a linguistic form refers to in the real, physical world; it dealswith the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience.14.Words that are close in meaning are called s________.15.When two words are identical in sound, but different in spelling and meaning, theyare called h__________.16.R_________ opposites are pairs of words that exhibit the reversal of a relationshipbetween the two items.17.C____ analysis is based upon the belief that the meaning of a word can be dividedinto meaning components.18.Whether a sentence is semantically meaningful is governed by rules calleds________ restrictions, which are constraints on what lexical items can go with what others.19.An a________ is a logical participant in a predication, largely identical with thenominal element(s) in a sentence.20.According to the n____ theory of meaning, the words in a language are taken to belabels of the objects they stand for.III. There are four choices following each statement. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement.21. The naming theory is advanced by ________.A. PlatoB. BloomfieldC. Geoffrey LeechD. Firth22. “We shall know a word by the company it keeps.” This statement represents_______.A. the conceptualist viewB. contexutalismC. the naming theoryD. behaviorism23. Which of the following is not true?A. Sense is concerned with the inherent meaning of the linguistic form.B. Sense is the collection of all the features of the linguistic form.C. Sense is abstract and de-contextualized.D. Sense is the aspect of meaning dictionary compilers are not interested in.24. “Can I borrow your bike?” _______ “You have a bike.”A. is synonymous withB. is inconsistent withC. entailsD. presupposes25. ___________ is a way in which the meaning of a word can be dissected into meaning components, called semantic features.A. Predication analysisB. Componential analysisC. Phonemic analysisD. Grammatical analysis26. “alive” and “dead” are ______________.A. gradable antonymsB. relational oppositesC. complementary antonymsD. None of the above27. _________ deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and thenon-linguistic world of experience.A. ReferenceB. ConceptC. SemanticsD. Sense28. ___________ refers to the phenomenon that words having different meanings havethe same form.A. PolysemyB. SynonymyC. HomonymyD. Hyponymy29. Words that are close in meaning are called ______________.A. homonymsB. polysemyC. hyponymsD. synonyms30. The grammaticality of a sentence is governed by _______.A. grammatical rulesB. selectional restrictionsC. semantic rulesD. semantic featuresIV. Define the following terms.31.semantics 32.sense33.reference34.synonymy35.polysemy 36.homonymy37.homophones pletehomonyms40.hyponymy41.antonymy ponentialanalysis43.grammatical 44.predication45.Argumentmeaning46.predicate47.Two-placepredicationV. Answer the following questions.48.Why do we say that a meaning of a sentence is not the sum total of the meanings ofall its components?49.What is componential analysis? Illustrate it with examples.50.How do you distinguish between entailment and presupposition in terms of truthvalues?51.How do you account for such sense relations between sentences as synonymousrelation, inconsistent relation in terms of truth values?52.According to the way synonyms differ, how many groups can we classify synonymsinto? Illustrate them with examples.53.What are the major views concerning the study of meaning? How they differ?Suggested AnswersI. Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False.l.F 2.F 3.T 4.F 5.T 6.T7.F8.T9.T10.TII. Fill in each of the following blanks with one word which begins with the letter given.11.Semantics 12.direct13.Reference14.synonyms15.homophones16.Relational ponential18.selectional19.argument 20.namingIII. There are four choices following each statement. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement.2l.A22.B23.D24.D25.B26.C27.A28.C29.D30.AIV. Define the following terms.31. Semantics: Semantics can be simply defined as the study of meaning in language.32. Sense: Sense is concerned with the inherent meaning of the linguistic form. It isthe collection of all the features of the linguistic form; it is abstract and de-contextualized.33. Reference:Reference means what a linguistic form refers to in the real, physicalworld; it deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and thenon-linguistic world of experience34. Synonymy: Synonymy refers to the sameness or close similarity of meaning.35. Polysemy: Polysemy refers to the fact that the same one word may have more thanone meaning.36. Homonymy: Homonymy refers to the phenomenon that words having differentmeanings have the same form, i.e. different words are identical in sound orspelling, or in both.37. Homophones: When two words are identical in sound, they are calledhomophones.38. Homographs: When two words are identical in spelling, they are homographs.39. Complete homonyms: When two words are identical in both sound and spelling,they are called complete homonyms.40. Hyponymy: Hyponymy refers to the sense relation between a more general, moreinclusive word and a more specific word.41. Antonymy: Antonymy refers to the relation of oppositeness of meaning.42. Componential analysis: Componential analysis is a way to analyze word meaning.It was proposed by structural semanticists. The approach is based on the belief that the meaning of a word can be divided into meaning components, which are called semantic features.43. The grammatical meaning: The grammatical meaning of a sentence refers to itsgrammaticality, i.e. its grammatical well-formedness. The grammaticality of a sentence is governed by the grammatical rules of the language.44. Predication: The predication is the abstraction of the meaning of a sentence.45. Argument: An argument is a logical participant in a predication. It is generallyidentical with the nominal element (s) in a sentence.46. Predicate: A predicate is something that is said about an argument or it states thelogical relation linking the arguments in a sentence.47. Two-place predication: A two-place predication is one which contains twoarguments.V. Answer the following questions.48. Why do we say that a meaning of a sentence is not the sum total of the meanings of all its components?The meaning of a sentence is not the sum total of the meanings of all its components because it cannot be worked out by adding up all the meanings of its constituent words. For example:(A) The dog bit the man.(B) The man bit the dog.If the meaning of a sentence were the sum total of the meanings of all its components, then the above two sentences would have the same meaning. In fact they are different in meanings.As we know, there are two aspects to sentence meaning: grammatical meaning a nd semantic meaning. The grammatical meanings of “the dog” and “the man” in (A) are different from the grammatical meanings of “the dog” and “the man” in (B). The meaning of a sentence is the product of both lexical and grammatical meaning. It is the product of the meaning of the constituent words and of the grammatical constructions that relate one word syntagmatically to another.49. What is componential analysis? Illustrate it with examples.Componential analysis, proposed by structural semanticists, is a way to analyze word meaning. The approach is based on the belief that the meaning of a word can be divided into meaning components, which are called semantic features. Plus and minus signs are used to indicate whether a certain semantic feature is present or absent in themeaning of a word, and these feature symbols are usually written in capitalized letters. For example, the word “man” is ana lyzed as consisting of the semantic features of [+ HUMAN, + ADULT, + ANIMATE, +MALE]50. How do you distinguish between entailment and presupposition in terms of truthvalues?Entailment is a relation of inclusion. Suppose there are two sentences X and Y: X: He has been to France.Y: He has been to Europe.In terms of truth values, if X is true, Y is necessarily true, e.g. if he has been to France, he must have been to Europe.If X is false, Y may be true or false, e. g. if he has not been to France, he may still have been to Europe or he has not been to Europe. If Y is true, X may be true or false, e.g. if he has been to Europe, he may or may not have been to France.If Y is false, X is false, e.g. If he has not been to Europe, he cannot have been to France.Therefore we conclude that X entails Y or Y is an entailment of X.The truth conditions that we use to judge presupposition is as follows:Suppose there are two sentences X and Y:X: John's bike needs repairing.Y:John has a bike.If X is true, Y must be true, e.g. if John's bike needs repairing, John must have a bike.If X is false, Y is still true, e. g. If John's bike does not need repairing, John still has a bike. If Y is true, X is either true or false, e.g. if John has a bike, it may or may notneed repairing. If Y is false, no truth value can be said about X, e.g. if John does not have a bike, nothing can be said about whether his bike needs repairing or not. Therefore, X presupposes Y, or Y is a presupposition of X.51. How do you account for such sense relations between sentences as synonymousrelation, inconsistent relation in terms of truth values?In terms of truth condition, of the two sentences X and Y, if X is true, Y is true; if X is false, Y is false, therefore X is synonymous with Y.e.g. X: He was a bachelor all his life.Y: He never married all his life.Of the two sentences X and Y, if X is true, Y is false; if X is false, Y is true, then we can say A is inconsistent with Y.e.g. X: John is married.Y: John is a bachelor.52. According to the ways synonyms differ, how many groups can we classifysynonyms into? Illustrate them with examples.According to the ways synonyms differ, synonyms can be divided into the following groups.i. Dialectal synonymsThey are synonyms which are used in different regional dialects. British English and American English are the two major geographical varieties of the English language. For examples:British English American Englishautumn falllift elevatorThen dialectal synonyms can also be found within British, or American English itself. For example, "girl" is called "lass" or "lassie" in Scottish dialect, and "liquor" is called "whisky" in Irish dialect.ii. Stylistic synonymsThey are synonyms which differ in style or degree of formality. Some of the stylistic synonyms tend to be more formal, others tend to be casual, and still others are neutral in style. For example:old man, daddy, dad, father, male parentchap, pal, friend, companioniii. Synonyms that differ in their emotive or evaluative meaningThey are the words that have the same meaning but express different emotions of the user. The emotions of the user indicate the attitude or bias of the user toward what he is talking about. For exam ple, “collaborator” and “accomplice” are synonymous, sharing the meaning of "a person who helps another", but they are different in their evaluative meaning. The former means that a person who helps another in doing something good, while the latter refers to a person who helps another in a criminal act.iv. Collocational synonymsThey are synonyms which differ in their collocation. For example, we can use accuse, charge, rebuke to say that someone has done something wrong or even criminal, but they are used with different prepositions accuse. . . of, charge. . . with, rebuke. . .for.v. Semantically different synonymsSemantically different synonyms refer to the synonyms that differ slightly in what they mean. For example, "amaze" and "astound" are very close in meaning to theword "surprise," but they have very subtle differences in meaning. While amaze suggests confusion and bewilderment, "astound" implies difficulty in believing.53. What are the major views concerning the study of meaning? How do they differ?One of the oldest was the naming theory, proposed by the ancient Greek scholar Plato, who believed that the words used in a language are taken to be labels of the objects they stand for. The conceptualist view holds that there is no direct link between a linguistic form and what it refers to. The form and the meaning are linked through the mediation of concepts in the mind. Contextualism is based on the presumption that one can derive meaning from or reduce meaning to observable contexts. Two kinds of context are recognized: the situational context and the linguistic context.For example, the meaning of the word "seal" in the sentence "The seal could not be found" can only be determined according to the context in which the sentence occurs:The seal could not be found. The zoo keeper became worried.(‘seal’ meaning an aquatic mammal)The seal could not be found. The king became worried.(‘seal’ meaning the king's stamp)Behaviorism drew on behaviorist psychology when he tried to define the meaning of linguistic forms. Behaviorists attempted to define the meaning of a language form as "the situation in which the speaker utters it and the response it calls forth in the hearer".。

(完整版)语言学概论试题及答案

语言学概论试题及答案A一、填空题、（每空1分，共15分）　1、（）的建立，使语言学摆脱了过去的附庸地位，成为一门独立发展的科学。

　2、语言符号的形式是（），语言符号的内容是（）　3、一个音节可以没有起音和（），但决不可缺少（）。

　4、方言词是诣（）。

　5、附加在词根上，一般表示附加性词汇意义的语素叫（）。

　6、交际的基本单位是（）。

　7、语法手段可以分力两大类型：（）和（）。

　8、语言发展有两个特点：（）和（）。

　9、根据语言的亲属关系对语言的分类叫做（），也叫做（）。

　10、文字起源于（记事的图画）。

二、单选题（在本题的每一小题的备选答案中，只有一个答案是正确的，请把你认确答案的题号，填入题干的括号内。

多选不给分。

每题1分，共15分）1、社会语言学属于（）①理论语言学 ②广义应用语言学③普通语言学 ④狭义应用语言学2、元音［］的名称是（）　①舌尖后高圆唇元音 ②舌尖前高圆唇元音　③舌尖后高不圆唇元音 ④舌尖前高不圆唇元音3、下列汉字的读音中，包含有三合元音的是（） ①邮 ②欧 ③玩 ④农4、汉语普通话音节结构（） ①最长由三个音素组成 ②最长由四个音素组成③最长由五个音素组成 ④最短由两个音素组成5、下列词中，属于单纯词的是（） ①玻璃 ②黑扳 ③语言 ④红旗6、下列词中，属于复台词的是（） ①傻子 ②席子 ③天子 ④椅子7、下列词组中，属于多义的是（） ①两只学生送的花瓶 ②两位学生送的花瓶③两只学生送的花篮。

④两个学生送的花篮8、下列词中粗体的成分，属于同音关系的是（） ①杜鲁门——杜绝　②负荆一负担　③忽然－－突然　④花朵——浪花9、英语的‘foot”（脚，单数）变为“feet”（脚，复数）运用的语法手段是（） ①附加　②异根　③内部屈折　④重叠10、汉语普通话中的：“卡通片”中的“卡”是一个（） ①语素　②音节　③前缀　④词11、汉语中的：“了、着、过”在古代具有实实在在的词汇意义，到现代变成只表语义的助词，　这属于（　） ①异化　②类化　③新语法范畴的形成　④实词虚化12、下列语言中属于粘着语的是（） ①苗语　②越南语　③俄语　④日语13、在一种语言内部划脑言时，最主要的依据是（） ①语法 ②语义 ③语音　④词汇14、下列词的词义，属于词义缩小的是（） ①“皮”原指兽皮 ②“涕”原指眼泪③“瓦”原指一切烧好的上器 ④“江”原捐“长江”15、人类几种古老文字的原始字形，都是（） ①象形的 ②会意的　③表音的 ④形声的三、多选题（在本题的每一小题的备选答案中，正确答案有三个或三个以上多请把为正确答案的题号，填入题干的括号内。

语言学概论课练习题附答案

一、填空题1.语言学的三大发源地是古代印度、中国和古希腊－罗马。

2.语言学是19 世纪成为独立的学科的，其标志是欧洲历史比较语言学的出现。

3.现代语言学的标志性著作是瑞士语言学家索绪尔的《普通语言学教程》。

4.生成语法的标志是1957 年乔姆斯基的《句法结构》的出版。

5.语言交际过程可分为编码－发送－传递－接收－解码五个阶段。

6.现代语言学最主要的流派有形式语言学、功能语言学和认知语言学。

三、分析题1.下面是居住在尼罗河和红海之间的苏丹游牧部落的贝贾语。

（1）根据给出的贝贾语与英语的对照造出一个新的句子：He makes someone walk。

1. tamani I eat2. tamiini He eats3. giigani I walk4. tamsani I feed(someone)（2）请指出从这些词语中看到的该语言的一些基本特征。

2.依据以下语言片段写出推测性答案西非Ewe语汉译uwa ye xa amu 那个头领看着一个孩子uwa ye xa ufi 那个头领看着一棵树uwa xa ina ye 一个头领看着那幅画amu xa ina 一个孩子看着一幅画amu ye vo ele ye 那个孩子想要那把椅子amu xa ele ye 一个孩子看着那把椅子ika vo ina ye 一个妇女想要那幅画问：Ｅｗｅ语中相当于汉语指示代词“那”的是什么？“那个妇女看着一把椅子”在Ｅｗｅ语中怎么说？四、问答题1.为什么说历时比较语言学在语言学史上具有重要地位？2.请找出形式主义与功能语义语言学观点上的主要对立。

3.再找出汉语中的至少一种反映象似性原则的句子。

第一章语言的功能一、填空题1.语言的功能包括社会功能功能和思维功能功能。

2.语言的社会功能包括信息传递功能和人际互动功能。

3.在各种信息传递形式中，语言是第一性的、最基本的手段。

4.人的大脑分左右两半球，语言功能以及相关的计数、分类、推理等功能由左半球掌管，音乐等艺术感知、人的面貌识别、立体图形的识别、整体把握能力、内在想象力等由右半球掌管。

《语言学概论》练习题参考答案

《语⾔学概论》练习题参考答案《语⾔学概论》练习题⼀参考答案⼀、填空题（每空1分，共10分）1.《正名篇》；2.巴利、薛施霭、1916；3.⼈类最重要的交际⼯具、符号结构体系4.1888；5.模糊性；6.定型性；7.虚词8.《读写技巧》9.奥斯汀10.领⾳ 11.图画、字符12.词汇歧义、组合歧义13.壮侗、苗瑶、藏缅14.《说⽂解字》；15.语⾔决定论、语⾔相对论； 16.条件变体、⾃由变体；17.柴门霍夫；18.谓词；19.亲属语⾔；20.词根语、屈折语⼆、单项选择题（每⼩题1分，共10分）1.①；2.③；3.③；4.④；5.③；6.③；7.②；8.①；9.①；10.①11.④；12.④；13.④；14.②；15.②；16.①；17.③；18.③；19.①；20.②21.②；22.④；23.④；24.①；25.①；26.④；27.③；28.②；29.②；30.①三、多项选择（每⼩题2分，共10分）1.①④⑤；2.①②③；3.①②③④⑤；4.①③；5.①②③④⑤6.①②④⑤；7.②③④；8.①②③；9.③⑤；10.①②③⑤11.②③④；12.①②③；13.①②③④⑤；14.①②③④；15.①②③④⑤四、术语解释题（每⼩题2分，共10分）1.语⾔学：语⾔学就是专门以语⾔为研究对象的⼀门独⽴的科学。

语⾔学的任务就是研究语⾔的性质、功能、结构及其运⽤等问题，揭⽰语⾔存在和发展的规律，使⼈们理解并掌握语⾔的理性知识。

2.⾳位：⾳位是某种具体语⾔或⽅⾔⾥能够区别词、语素的语⾳形式和意义的最⼩的语⾳类型单位。

3.虚词：虚词没有实在的词汇意义，位置固定，数量封闭，可分为助词、介词、语⽓词、连词等，⼀般不充当句法成分。

4.象形⽂字: 象形⽂字是⼀种⽤简化了的图形来描摹事物的表意⽂字。

象形⽂字是在图画记事的基础上产⽣的，因此带有明显的图形性质和特征。

如古埃及⽂字、中国的部分甲⾻⽂以及古代克⾥特（⽶诺）⽂字和中美洲的古玛雅⽂字都是象形字。

(完整版)语言学练习题(含答案)

判断题1.Interlanguage is neither the native language nor the second language.(T)2.Krashen assumed that there were two independent means or routesof second language learning: acquisition and learning. (T)3.There are two interacting factors in determining language transfer insecond language learning. (F)4.Three important characteristics of interlanguage: systemacticity ,permeability and fossilization. (T)5.Intrinsic motivation:learners learn a second language for externalpurposes. (F)6.Neurolinguistics is the study of two related areas: language disordersand the relationship between the brain and language. (T)7.The brain is divided two sections: the higher section called the brainstem and the lower section called the cerebrum. (F)8.An interesting fact about these two hemispheres is that eachhemisphere controls the opposite half of the body in terms of muscle movement and sensation. (T)9.Most right-handed individuals are said to be right lateralized forlanguage. (F)10.C T scanning uses a narrow beam of X-ray to create brain images thattake the form of a series of brain slices. (T)11.1 Right hear advantage shows the right hemisphere is not superior forprocessing all sounds, but only for those that are linguistic in nature, thus providing evidence in support of view that the left side of the brain is specialized for language and that's where language centers reside. （f）12.2 Evidence in support of lateralization for language in left hemispherecomes from researches in Dichotic listening tasks（t）13.3interpersonal communications is the process of using languagewithin the individual to facilitate one’s own thought and aid the formulation and manipulation of concepts. （t）14.4 Linguistic lateralization is hemispheric specialization or dominancefor language. （t）15.5 Dichotic Listening is a research technique which has been used tostudy how the brain controls hearing and language, with which subjects wear earphones and simultaneously receive different sounds in the right or left ear, and are then asked to repeat what they hear.（f）16.6 Dichotic Listening is a research technique which has been used tostudy how the brain controls hearing and language, with which subjects wear earphones and simultaneously receive different soundsin the right and left ear, and are then asked to repeat what they hear.（t）17.7 Input refers to the language which a learner bears and receives andfrom which he or she can learn. （f）18.8 Fossilization ，a process that sometimes occurs in language learningin which incorrect linguistic features (such as the accent of a grammatical pattern) become a permanent part of the way a person speaks or writes in the target language.（f）19.9 The different languages have a similar level of complexity anddetail, and reflect general abstract properties of the common linguistic system is called Universal Grammar . （t）20.10 Acculturation a process of adapting to the culture and valuesystem of the second language community.（t）21.I n socialinguistic studies,speakers are not regarded as members ofsocial groups (F)22.n ew words maybe coined from already existing words by substractingan affix thought to be part of the old world (T)23.a ll languages make a distinction between the subject and directobject,which can be illustrated in word order (T)24.I t has been noticed that in many communities be language used bythe older generation differs from that used by the elder generation in certain ways (F)25.A pidgin is a special language variety that mixes or blends languagesand it isn’t used by people who speak different languages for restricted purposes such as trading(F)26.I t is interesting to know that the language used by men and womenhave some special features of others (F)27.I t is an obvious facts that people who claim to be speakers of thesame language don’t speak the language in the different manner (T)28.A regional dialect is a linguistic variety used by people living (T)29.F usion refers to this type of grammatication in which words developinto affixes (T)30.H istorical linguistics,as a branch of linguistics is mainly coverned withboth the description and explanation of language changes that occurred over time (T)选择题Chapter 71.Which one is not right about Blenging?(b)A:disco-discotheque B:brunch-breakfast+luchC:B2B-Business-to-Business D:videophone-video+cellphone2.Semantic changes contains three processes ,which one is ture?(a)A:namely widening ,narrowing and shift in meaningB:semantic broadening ,narrowing and semantic dispearingC:semantic shift ,narrowing and semantic lossingD:namely widening ,narrowing and not shift in meaning3.Science and technology influence English language in these aspects(d) A:space travelB:compnter and internet languageC:ecdogyD:above of allnguage changes can be found at different linguistic levels,such as in the<D>A:phonology and morphologyB:syntax and lexiconC:semantic component of the grammarD:ABC5,Morphological and syntactic change contian<D>A:addition or loss of affixesB:change of word ordenC:change in regation ruleD:abrove of allChapter 81.Which is not Halliday's social variables that determine the register? (D) A:field of discourseB:tenor of discourseC:mode of discouseD:ethnic dialect2.Which is not dialectal varieties?(C)A:regional dialect and idiolectB:language and genderC:registerD:ethnic dialect3.To some extent,language especially the structure of its lexicon,refects___of a sociey.(C)A:physical B:social environmentC:both AandB D:social phenomenon4.____,refers to the linguistic variety characteristic of a particular social class.(D)A:Social-class dialect B:sociolectC:A andB D:A or B5.Two languages are used side by side with each having a ____role to play;and language switching occurs when the situation ____.(A)A:different,changesB:similar,changesC:different,unchangingD:similar,unchangingChapter 91.which is not the component of culture ?<D>nguageB.ideasC.beliefD.soil2.in a word,language express<D>A.factsB.events which represent similar world knowledge by its peopleC.peoples' attitudes.beliefsD.cultural reality3.any linguistic sign may simultaneously have a <D>A.denotativeB.connotativeC.iconicD.denotative,connotative,or iconic kind of meanings4.what's the meaning of"a lucky dog"in english?<B>A.a clever boyB.a smart ladC.a lucky personD.a silent person5.traditionally,curture contact consists of three forms.which is wrong below<A>A.acquisitionB.acculturationC.assimilationD.amalgamation Chapter 101.The interavtionist view holds that language as a result of the complex interplay between the___A__of a child and the __A__in which he grows .A: human chracteristics environmentB: chracteristics environmentC: language acquisition placeD: gift place2.The atypical language development includes__A___A: hearing impairment mental retardationB: autism stutteringC: aphasia dyslexia dysgraphiaD: Both A ,B and C3.Children's language learning is not complete by the time when they enter school at the age of _C__A: 3 or 4 B: 4 or 5C: 5 or 6 D: 6or 7Chapter 111.A distinction was made between ( ) and ( ).The former would facilitate target language learning,the later would interfere. < A >A positive transfer negative transferB negative transfer positive transferC contrastive analysis error analysisD error analysis contrastive analysis2.( ) are learners' consious,goal-oriented and problem-solving based efforts to cahieve desierable learning efficiency. < A >A Learning strategiesB Cognitive strategiesC Metacognitive strategiesD Affect strategiesnguage acquisition device(LAD) came from( ). < D >A John B.WatsonB B.F. SkinnerC S.D. KrashenD ChomskyChapter 121.____is the study of two related areas:language disorders and the relationship between the brainand language.A.neurolinguisticsB.linguisticsC.neuronsD.modern linguistics2.Psycholingusitics is the study of _____and mental activity associated with the use of languageA.psychobiologyB.psychological statesC.physical statesD.biological states3._____uses a narrow beam of X-ray to create brain images that the form of a series of brainslices.A.PETB.MRIC.CT scanningD.fMRI4.The brain is divided into two sections:the lower section called the____and the higher sectioncalled____.A.brain stem,cerebrumB.brain stem,neuronsC.cerebrum,brain stemD.cerebrum,neurons5.Damage to parts of the left cortex behind the central sulcus results in a type of aphasia called_____.A.Wernicke's aphasiaB.Broca'saphasiaC.Acquires dyslexiaD.fluent aphasia填空题第七章1.In addition to the borrowed affixes,some lexical forms become grammaticalized over time,this process is called ______________2.Generally speaking,there are mainly two possible ways of lexical changes: ________and ________,which often reflects the introduction of new objects and notions in social practices.3.New words may be coined from already existing words by "subtracting"an affix thought t be part of the old word ,such words are thus called____________.4.Over the time many words remain in use,but their meanings have changed,three mainly processes of semantic change,___________,____________, ____________.5.While the "_________"and "__________ "do seem to account for some linguistic changes,it may not be explanatory enough to account for other changes.KEYS:1.grammaticalization2.the addition and loss of words3.back-formation4.widening, narrowing, shift5.theory of least effort, economy of memory第八章1·-------is the sub-field of linguistics that studies the relation between language and society,between the uses of language and the social structures in which the users of language live. 答案Sociolinguistics 2·The social group that is singled out for any special study is called th e ----------.答案speech community3A------------is a linguistic variety used by people living in the same geographical region.答案regional dialect4he Ttype of language which is selected as appropriate to the type of situation is a---------.答案register5A-------is a special language variety thatmixes or blends languages ang it is used by people who speak different languages for restricted purposes such as trading.答案pidgin第九章1. anguage and culture,intrinsically interdependent on each other,have_through history (evolved together)2. ulture reflects a total way of life of a people in a_(community)3.in a word,_expreses culture reality (language)4.culture differences are also evident in the way_ and compliments are expressed (gratitude)nguage as the_of culture is tightly intertwined with culture (keystone)第十章1 ( ) refers to a child’s acquisition of his mother tongue.2 Generally speaking, there are mainly three different theories concerning how language is learned,namely the behaviorist,the interactionist ,( ) views.3 All child language acquisition theories talk about the roles of twofactors to different degrees the age ang ( ).4 Lexical contrast and ( ) theories are also proposed to explain how children acquire their vocabulary or lexicon.5 The atypical language development includes hearing impairment,mental retardation, autism,stuttering,( ),dyslexia,dysgraphia.答案：nguage acquisition2.the innatist3.the linguistic environment4.prototype5.aphasia第十一章1.（）refers to the systematic study of how one person acquiresa second language subsequent to his native language (NL or L1) .2.Contrastive analysis compares the ( ) cross these twolanguages to locate the mismatches or differences so that people can predict the possible learning difficulty learners may encounter .3.In addition, because of its association with an outdated modellanguage description (structuralism) and the increasingly discredited learning theory (behaviorism) , the once predominant contrastive analysis was gradually replaced by ( ).4.The interlingual errors mainly result from （）interferenceat different levels such as phonological , lexical , grammatical ordiscoursal , etc .5.Krashen assumed that there were two independent means or routesof second language learning : acquisition and （）。

语言学第四章习题(含答案)

第四章语法一、填空题1．时一般分为现在时、过去时和将来时。

2.划分词类的标准有功能、形态和概念意义三个。

3. 历时语法指的是从语法发展变化角度纵向地、动态地研究语法，研究的重点是某些语法现象在特定的时间过程中产生和消失的原因及规律。

4. 共时（描写）语法指的是从某一时期存在的语法现象角度横向地、静态地研究语法。

研究的重点是某一语法在特定空间范围内的语法表现形式和语法规则系统。

5. 个别语法指的是对个别语言语法的研究，它既包括研究一种语言的语法系统，也包括研究一种语言中与其他语言不同的语法特点，意义在于发现各种语言独特的语法现象。

6. 普遍语法指的是对人类语言的语法共性的研究，其意义在于发现人类语言中共有的语法机制。

7. 句子是由若干个词或词组按照一定规则组合成的，能表达相对完整的意义，前后有较大停顿并带有一定语气和句调的语言单位。

8. 语法规律指语法规则本身，也就是客观存在的语法，即人们说话时直觉和习惯上所遵守的某种语感。

9. 词类就是词在语法上的分类。

它指可以替换出现在语法结构某些共同组合位置上的词的类，即具有聚合关系的词的类。

10.特定的词类与词类的组合就构成了词组。

11.能够补足缺少的成分而构成主谓句，或者说需要一定的语境和上下文的补充才能表达完整意思的句子就是不完全主谓句，或叫做省略句。

12. 语法规则就是大家说话的时候必须遵守的习惯，不是语言学家规定的。

13.语法的组合规则和聚合规则构成一种语言的语法规则。

14.从形式上看，句子的最大特点是有语调。

15.句子按其语气可以分为陈述句、疑问句、祈使句、感叹句等不同的类型。

例如“他取得了优异的成绩”是陈述句。

16.从是否能独立充当句法结构成分的角度看，词可以分为实词和虚词两大类。

17.语法研究通常以词为界，词以上的规则叫句法，词以下的规则叫词法。

18.我们可以根据语素在词中的不同作用把它分成构词语素和变词语素两类。

19.一个词，除去它的词尾，就是它的词干。

语言学概论试题及答案

语言学概论试题及答案语言学概论试题及答案(精选4份)语言学概论试题及答案（一）：1.下列关于＂威尔尼克失语症＂的表述，不正确的一项是。

A.发音仍然比较准确B.构成不完整的句子C.仍然能听懂别人的话D.词语之间没有联系答案：C解析：威尔尼克取受损的患者能够说出一些词语，发音也很准确，可是词语之间在意义上没有联系，构成不了完整的句子，并且患者也听不懂别人说的话。

考点：语言与科学技术--生命科学和人的语言本事--人脑语言本事的研究成果2.人的大脑语言功能的临界期此刻一般认为大约是。

A.5-6岁B.7-8岁C.9-10岁D.12-13岁答案：D解析：人的大脑语言功能的临界期此刻一般认为最迟大约是12-13岁。

考点：语言与科学技术--生命科学和人的语言本事--大脑的语言功能受临界期限制3.＂老刘有三个孩子＂的蕴含义可能有。

A.老刘没有孩子B.老刘仅有三个孩子C.老刘有不止三个孩子D.老刘有孩子E.老刘没有三个孩子答案:BCD解析:蕴含义指说出的话中包含着其中某个词语的上位义或整体义，分为两种＂衍推义＂和＂隐含义＂。

D为衍推义，BC为隐含义。

考点:语用--会话准则和会话含义--蕴含义和预设义4.下头各对词语中，能表此刻同一语法位置上的有。

A.小孩-苹果[由整理]B.大-小C.红-红色D.写-在E.好-衣服答案:ABD解析:能表此刻同一个语法位置上词，他们是属于聚合关系，聚合关系得到的是词类。

A是名词，B是形容词，D是动词。

考点:语法--组合规则和聚合规则--词的聚合：词类5.下头各项中属于词的有。

A.吃败仗B.转基因C.幼儿园D.小女儿E.玩游戏答案:BCD解析:词是最小的、有意义的、能够独立使用的语言单位。

A属于＂语＂，长度相当于语法上的词组或句子，但意义和用法相对凝固的语言片段。

E属于＂短语＂。

考点:语汇--语汇概说--什么是语汇6.医生安慰重病人说：＂没什么大问题，好好回家休养＂明显违反了。

A.赞誉准则B.慷慨准则C.相关准则D.一致准则E.质量准则答案:CE解析:为了避免患者受到损害，遵守礼貌原则，医生被迫违反了合作原则中相关原则和质量准则。

语言学概论书本习题及答案

景说的，符号一旦进入交际，也就是某一语音形式与某一意义结合起来，表示某一特定的现实现象以后，它对使用的人来说就有强制性。 5、谈谈你对语言符号组合的线条性和层次性的认识。
线条性：是语言符号与符号之间的相互关系表现出来的特点，说话的时候，语言符号只能一个跟一个依次出现，在时间的线条上延伸，不能在空间上展开。语言符号的线条性特点使语言符号能够组成各种结构序列。
1、语言学（研究语言规律的学科） 2、小学（围绕阐释和解读先秦典籍来展开研究，以“字”为单位的“小学”：文字、音韵、训诂学） 3、普通语言学（普通语言学，以所有语言为研究对象；探讨各种语言所共有的属性和共同的规律。） 4、个别语言学（个别语言学研究个别语言的结构体系和结构规律。现代汉语，汉语语音学，英语词汇学。） 5、共时语言学（又叫静态语言学。它以语言在历史发展过程中某一特定状态中的语言系统为研究对象,揭示语言的内部结构规律，分析各种语言单位,描写语言规则,而不考虑时间的因素。）
知识
[] 营养 []
品质 [] 班级 [] 开封 [] 语言 [] 学习
[] 家乡 []
故事 [] 苦菜 [] 花朵 []
追求 [] 尊
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三、名词解释 1、语音( 语音是人类发音器官发出的含有一定意义的声音，是语
言的物质外壳（表现形式）。 2、音质(音的性质，本质特色，又叫”音色”→一个音区别于其他
语言的组合关系和聚合关系。 8、为什么说组合关系和聚合关系是语言体系中两种最基本的关系？
组合关系和聚合关系是组成语言符号系统的一个纲。语言符号系统的每一个的单位都既可以和别的同类单位组合，也可以和别的同类单位聚合。我们把语言比作一个装置，那么这个装置就是靠组合和聚合运转的。

语言学概论试题及答案200题

语言学概论试题及答案200题语言学概论试题及答案语言学概论试题及答案（一）：一、单项选择题（本大题共25小题，每小题1分，共25分）在每小题列出的四个备选项中只有一个是贴合题目要求的，请将其代码填写在题后的括号内。

错选、多选或未选均无分。

1．决定两种话是不一样语言还是同一种语言的不一样方言就应主要参考（c）A．相互理解程度B．语言结构的差异程度c．共同的历史文化传统和民族认同感D．是否属于同一个国家2．关于“说话”这种口头交际行为，下列说法正确的一项是（D）A．只涉及心理问题，不涉及物理和生理问题B．只涉及物理问题，不涉及生理和心理问题c．只涉及生理问题，不涉及物理和心理问题D．既涉及心理问题，又涉及生理和物理问题3．关于语音四要素，下列说法不正确的一项是（B）A．在任何语言中，音高变化都是语调的主要构成要素B．能起区别语言好处作用的是绝对的音高、音强和音长c．音长是由发音体振动的持续时光决定的D．音强是由发音体振动的振幅大小决定的4．下列关于区别特征的表述中，不正确的一项是（B）A．音位是透过区别特征相互区别的B．区别特征完全取决于语音的自然属性c．音位的辨义功能由区别特征负担D．区别特征通常都表现为二项对立5．关于“复辅音”，下列说法不正确的一项是（B）A．复辅音是一个音节内两个或几个辅音的组合B．复辅音内的几个辅音彼此之间有过渡音联结c．复辅音内的几个辅音的音质变化是突变式的D．复辅音并不是所有语言中都存在的语音现象6．从语言信息处理技术本身来看，下列各项中，属于未来一段时光研究的主攻方向的是（D）A．文字编码B．语音识别c．文本检索D．机器翻译7．下列各组辅音中，发音部位相同的一组是（A）A．B．c．D．8．北京话“面”单念时读作，但“面包”却读作，这种语流音变现象是（c）A．弱化B．增音c．同化D．异化9．关于现代汉语“洗”和“浴”两个语素，下列说法不正确的一项是（c）A．“洗”是成词语素，“浴”是不成词语素B．“洗”是自由语素，“浴”是黏着语素c．“洗”是不定位语素，“浴”是定位语素D．“洗”和“浴”都是实义语素10．下列各组中，三个复合词构词类型不一致的一组是（A）A．席卷耳鸣地震B．打倒切断推翻c．发光散热出气D．天地欢乐爱好11．下列各组词，吸收外来成分的手段存在不一致状况的一组是（D）A．丹麦挪威法兰西B．沙拉咖啡麦当劳c．卡车啤酒立邦漆D．香波克隆好莱坞12．汉语中的词类（词的语法分类）能够首先分出的两个大类是（B）A．基本词和非基本词B．实词和虚词c．典型词和兼类词D．体词和谓词13．语法现象能够分成“核心语法现象”和“外围语法现象”，其中“核心语法现象”主要是指（D）A．词语搭配问题B．好处表达问题c．语音实现问题D．句法结构问题14．主要功能是用来“造句”的同一级语法单位是指（c）A．语素和语素组B．语素组和词c．词和词组D．词组和句子15．语法规则的“抽象性”是指（A）A．对语言的结构和成分进行类的概括B．相同规则可在一个结构里重复使用c．语法规则之间能够相互推导和解释D．语法规则的发展变化过程十分缓慢16．下列关于“直接组成成分分析法”（层次分析法）的表述，不正确的一项是（D）A．从最大的词组开始逐层切分，一向切分到词为止B．从最小的词开始逐层组合，一向组合到词组为止c．分析时要依据两条原则：“成结构”和“有好处”D．分析时采用的方法是“先分主干”和“后添枝叶”17．“汽车”和“卡车”是（A）A．上下位词B．同义词c．等义词D．近义词18．下列各项中，语义结构属于复合述谓结构的一项是（B）A．这样做不值得B．他跑过去开门c．我们单位需要增加编制D．他们正在研究如何筹集资金19．下列各项中，甲和乙是预设关系的一项是（c）A．（甲）他买了一支钢笔//（乙）他买了一支笔B．（甲）老王在小李的左边//（乙）小李在老王的右边c．（甲）他早就不在学校工作了//（乙）他以前在学校工作过D．（甲）什么水果他都吃过//（乙）他吃过苹果20．文字最基本的单位是（B）A．笔画B．字符c．偏旁D．部首21．根据字符跟什么样的语言单位相联系的标准来分类，已知自源文字都属于（A）A．词语文字B．语素文字c．音节文字D．音位文字22．在语言谱系分类的层级体系中，最大的类别是（c）A．语族B．语支c．语系D．语群23．在儿童学会说话的过程中，“双词阶段”标志着儿童产生的语言潜力是（c）A．语音潜力B．语汇潜力c．语法潜力D．语义潜力24．“萨丕尔（E。

(完整版)语言学概论试题及答案

语言学概论试题及答案A一、填空题、（每空1分，共15分）　1、（）的建立，使语言学摆脱了过去的附庸地位，成为一门独立发展的科学。

　2、语言符号的形式是（），语言符号的内容是（）　3、一个音节可以没有起音和（），但决不可缺少（）。

　4、方言词是诣（）。

　5、附加在词根上，一般表示附加性词汇意义的语素叫（）。

　6、交际的基本单位是（）。

　7、语法手段可以分力两大类型：（）和（）。

　8、语言发展有两个特点：（）和（）。

　9、根据语言的亲属关系对语言的分类叫做（），也叫做（）。

　10、文字起源于（记事的图画）。

二、单选题（在本题的每一小题的备选答案中，只有一个答案是正确的，请把你认确答案的题号，填入题干的括号内。

多选不给分。

《语言学概论》课后练习题（附答案）

《语言学概论》课后练习题（附答案）语言学概论一、单项选择题1. 由单纯字符组合而成的字符，被叫做（）。

A. 声符B. 单纯字符C. 复合字符D. 意符【正确答案】 C2. 语言是个层级体系，底层是语音单位层，凡是跟底层语言单位联系的文字就叫（）。

A. 楔形文字B. 象形文字C. 表意文字D. 表音文字【正确答案】 D3. 语言是个层级体系，上层是音义结合的符号层，凡是跟上层语言单位联系的文字就叫（）。

A. 楔形文字B. 象形文字C. 表意文字D. 表音文字【正确答案】 C4. “楔形文字” 也叫（）。

A. 丁头字B. 大头字C. 丁形字D. 图文字【正确答案】 A5. 刻在雕像座、庙宇和金字塔墓室石头和祭器上的（），是一种象形程度很高的符号。

A. 碑铭体B. 僧侣体C. 平民体D. 模形体【正确答案】 A6. 跟碑铭体并行的有一种僧侶阶层平时使用的已经线条化的近乎草书的字体，称为（）。

A. 碑铭体B. 僧侣体C. 平民体D. 圣书字【正确答案】 B7. 公元前7世纪还出现了一种在僧侣体基础上加以简化供老百姓使用的字体，称为（）。

A. 碑铭体B. 僧侣体C. 平民体D. 圣书字【正确答案】 C8. 腓尼基文字被称做（）。

A. 元音音素文字B. 表意文字C. 辅音音素文字D. 意音文字【正确答案】 C9.希腊人在借用腓尼基文字来书写希腊语时增添了（）。

A. 元音字母B. 辅音字母C. 多音节语素D. 单音节语素【正确答案】 A10. 把两个或两个以上象形字或指事字拼合在一起且把它们的意义结合成一个新的意义的造字方法叫做（）。

A. 象形B. 形声C. 会意D. 指事【正确答案】 C11. 炼字的基本功是（）。

A. 精心挑选关键词语B. 恰当使用修饰词语C. 合理使用修辞手法D. 注意词语的巧妙配合【正确答案】 A12. 一般来说，（）的特点是信息量大、逻辑严谨、细致准确。

A. 长句B. 短句C. 陈述句D. 反问句【正确答案】 A13. 我国古典诗文中常用的修辞方式是（）。

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练习1 1. There is no logical connection between meaning and sounds. A dog might be a pig if only the first person or group of persons had used it for a pig. This is one of the design features of language.A. duality B. arbitrariness C. productivity D. displacement2. Language is a system of two sets of structures, one of sounds and the other of meaning. This is . It makes people possible to talk everything within his knowledge.A. dualityB. arbitrarinessC. productivityD. displacement3. ___ refers to the ability to construct and understand an indefinitely large number of sentences in one’s native language, including those that he has never heard before, but that are appropriate to the speaking situation .A. duality B. arbitrariness C. productivity D. displacement4. __ __ refers to the fact that one can talk about things that are not present, as easily as he does things present. The dog couldn’t be bow-wowing sorrowfully for some lost love or a bone to be lost. A. duality B. arbitrariness C. productivity D. displacement5. ______ means language is not biologically transmitted from generation to generation, but the linguistic system must be learnt anew by each speaker.A. dualityB. ArbitrarinessC. interchangeabilityD. cultural transmission6. ______ means that any human being can be both a producer and a receiver of messages.A. dualityB. ArbitrarinessC. interchangeabilityD. cultural transmission7. To say “How are you.” “Hi” to your friends is the ____ __of language.A. directive functionB. informative functionC. phatic functionD. interrogative function8. “Tell me the result when you finish.” If you want to get your hearer to do something, y ou should use the _____ of language.A. directive functionB. informative functionC. phatic functionD. interrogative function9. A linguist regards the changes in language and language use as __ ___.A. unnaturalB. something to be fearedC. naturalD. abnormal10. A linguist is interested in ___A. speech sounds only B. all sounds C. vowels only11. Which of the following sounds is a voiceless bilabial stop? A. [t] B. [m] C. [b] D. [p12. Which of the following sounds is a voiced affricate? A. [y] B. [t∫] C. [z] D. [dЗ]13. Which of the following sounds is a central vowel? A. [ ə ] B. [ i ] C. [ou] D. [a: ]14. In the following sounds , ______ is a palatal fricative ? A. [ s ] B. [∫] C. [ l ] D. [θ]15. In the following sounds, _____ is a voiceless affricative? A. [dЗ] B. [v] C. [t∫] D. [θ]16. In English if a word begins with a [ l ] or [ r ],then the next sound must be a __ __.A. fricativeB. nasal soundC. semi-vowelD. vowel17. Of the “words” listed below___ is not an English wordA. [r∧b ]B. [ læ b ]C. [məsta:∫]D. [lmæp]18. ___ are produced when the obstruction created by the speech organs is total and audibly released. A. Back vowels B. Stops C. Fricatives D. Glides19. The International Phonetic Association devised the INTERNATIONAL PHONETIC ALPHABET in _____. A. 1965 B. 1957 C. 1888 D. 178820. ___ is a phonological unit , and it is a unit that is of distinctive value.A. PhoneB. PhonemeC. AllophoneD. Sound1. [ f ] is a dental consonant. F2. Phonology studies the characteristics of speech sounds and provides methods for their description, classification and transcription. F 7. The three / p / are allophones. T3. Phoneme is a phonological unit. T4. Phone is a phonetic unit. T5. When we study the different [ p ]’s in “[ pit ], [tip ], [spit ]” , they are similar phones which belong to phonetics. T6. But the three [ p ] belong to the different phoneme / p /. F8. ‘peak’is aspirated , phonetically transcribed as [ph]; ‘speak’ is unaspirated phonetically[ p=]. T9. [ph ], [p=] do not belong to the same phoneme / p /. F10. [p h] and [ p=] are two different phones, and are variants of the phoneme / p /, which is called ALLOPHONES of the same phoneme. T.语义学练习1._______ is not included in Leech’s associative meaning.A. Connotative meaningB. Social meaningC. Collocative meaningD. Thematic meaning2. Among Leech’s seven typ es of meaning is concerned with the relationship between a word and the thing it refers to _____. A. conceptual B. affective C. reflected D. thematic3. According to the referential theory, a word is not directly related to the thing it refers to. They are connected by ____. A. meaning B. reference C. concept D. sense4.”Big” and “Small” are a pair of __ opposites.A. complementaryB. gradableC. completeD. Converse5. The pair of words “same” and “different” are _____.A. gradable oppositesB.converse oppositesC. hyponymsD.contradictory6. A word with several meaning is called ______ word.A. a polysemousB. a synonymousC. an abnormalD. a multiple7. The semantic components of the word “gentleman” can be expressed as __.A. +animate, +male, +human, -adultB. +animate, +male, +human, +adultC. +animate, - male, +human, - adultD. +animate, - male, +human, +adult8. ______is the implied meaning, similar to “implication” and “implicature”. E.g. When we mention about “women”, we’ll think of her soft warm manner.A. DenotationB. Affective meaningC. Reflected meaningD. Connotation9. In the triangle advanced by Ogden and Richards, “thought or reference” is_ __A. word, sentenceB. the objectC. conceptD. symbol10. A linguistic is interested in ___A. What is said.B. What is right both in syntax and in semantics.C. What is grammaticalD. What ought to be said.11. The pair of words “lend”and “borrow” are ___A. gradable oppositesB. relational oppositesC. synonymsD. co-hyponyms12. Nouns, verbs, and adjectives can be classified as _____.A. Lexical wordsB. grammatical wordsC. function wordsD. form words13. What is the meaning relationship between the two words “flower/tulip” ?A. PolysemyB. HomonymyC. HyponymyD. Antonymy14. The words “railway” and “railroad” are ___A. synonyms differing in emotive meaningB. dialectal synonymsC. collocationally-restricted synonymsD. synomyms differing in styles15. The pair of words “wide/narrow” are called__A. gradable oppositesB. complementary antonymsC. co-hyponymsD. relational opposites16. Which of the following two-term sets shows the feature of complementaries?A. single/marriesB. lend/borrowC. hot/coldD. old/young17. The name of “Morning Star”, “Evening Star” and “Venus” is one of the example that different words or name may refer to the same ____A. denotation B. connotation C. reference D. sense18. When we analyze the words “thrifty, economical, stingy”they are synonyms but they have different______A. stylistic meaningB. denotative meaningC. affective meaningD. collocational meaning20. “Seeing those pictures reminds him of his childhood.” The und erlined part in the sentence is_A. agent caseB. object caseC. instrument caseD. benefactive case1. Is reference tied to a particular time and place? T2. Every word in a language can find at least one referent in the objective world. ? F3. Can different expressions have the same referent? T4. Can reference be applied to words such as “and” ,”very” in English? F1. Sense is regarded as a kind of intra-linguistic relationship. T2. In most cases, “sense” and “meaning” are different terms for the same thing. T3. Every word has its own sense. F4. A word may have several different senses and several words may have the same sense. T5. Extension, like denotation, is a kind of relation between elements and the objective world. T6. A: He married a blonde heiress. B: He married a blondeThe relation between these two sentences is entailment. F?7. The relation between extension and intension is the same as that between connotation and denotation. T8. People of different cultures may choose different prototype for the same predicate, e.g. ‘bus’. T9. All the words in a language can be used to refer , but only some have sense. F10. Two synonymous words must be identical in sense in every dimension. F11. There are very few perfect synonyms in a language. T12. Entailment is more inclusive than paraphrase. T13. Almost every word in a dictionary is polysemic. T14. Dry and wet are a pair of gradable antonyms. T15. Innocent and guilt are a pair of relative antonyms. F16. The relationship between the Argument and Predicate is Subject to predicate. FVI. Fill in the blanks in the following passage by choosing the appropriate word.Semantics is the study of ______(1) of language. It is one of the three components of _______(2) . According to Chomsky’s theory , it is at the _______(3) level of language. Semantics concentrates on the _______(4) between languages, rather than on the _______(5).1. A. grammar B. structure C. phonetics D. meaning2. A. linguistics B. grammar C. morphology D. syntax3. A. surface structure B. deep structure C. linguistic D. philosophical4. A. form B. similarity C. differences D. meaning5. A. substance B. difference C. similarities D. grammarMost language utterances（话语）depend for their interpretation upon the ________(6) in which they are used, and the vast majority of them have a ________(7) range of meanings than first come to mind. It may seem to you that meaning is so vague, insubstantial, and elusive that it is impossible to come to any clear, concrete, or tangible conclusions about it. Although many kinds of behavior can be described as _______(8), the range, diversity and complexity of meaning expressed in language is unmatched in any other human or non-human communicative behavior. And linguistic________(9)6. A. words B. sentences C. structure D. context7. A. wider B. narrower C. more accurate D. clearer8. A. productive B. effective C. informative D. communicative9. A. stylistics B. philosophy C. semantics D. grammar--the study of meaning in language was neglected very largely in the past because meaning was felt to be inherently ______(10) and at least temporarily beyond the scope of ______(11) investigation. Largely as a result of Chomsky’s theory of ______ (12) grammar, and the technical advances made in linguistics, in logic and philosophy of _______(13) , linguistic semantics is currently enjoying a very considerable revival of interest.10. A. stable B. unstable C. social D. arbitrary11. A. independent B. philosophical C. linguistic D. human12. A. traditional B. transformational C. structural D. systemic13. A. language B. semantics C. the world D. human mind.词汇练习1. The pair of words “lend” and “borrow” are ______.A. gradable oppositesB. relational oppositesC. SynonymsD. co-hyponyms2. The semantic components of the word “woman” can be expressed as ______.A. +animate, +human, +male, -adultB. +animate, +human, -male, -adultC. +animate, +human, +male, +adultD. +animate, +human, -male, +adult3. What is the meaning relationship between the two words “desk and furniture”?A. PolysemyB. HomonymyC. HyponymyD. Antonymy4. The words “dog” and “read” are called ______because they can occur unattached.A. derivational morphemesB. bound morphemesC. inflectional morphemesD. free morphemes?9. Some morphemes have more than one invariable form , such as “dog→dogs”, “cat→cats”“mouse→mice”,which are called_____.A. bound morphemeB. allomorphC. free morphemeD. minimal morpheme10. In English n. v. a. and adv. make up the largest part of the vocabulary. They are also called _____.A. closed class words B. conventional words C. open class words D. compounds11. ______ can be used independently without being combined with other morphemes.A. Free morphemesB. Bound morphemesC. AffixesD. Roots12. The word “bookish” contains two _____.A. phonemesB. morphsC. morphemesD. allomorphs13. ____ morpheme are those that cannot be used independently but have tobe combined with other morphemes, either free or bound, to form a word.A. FreeB. BoundC. RootD. Affix14. ______ modifies the meaning of the stem, but usually do not change the partof speech of the original word.A. PrefixesB. SufficesC. RootsD. Affixes15. The words “make, bus” are called ______.A. derived morphemesB. inflected morph.C. bound morphD. free morpheme16. Which is variable word?A. fromB. untilC. workD. and17. Which processes of lexical change does the Chinese word “国务院”experienced?A. BlendingB. AbbreviationC. BorrowingD. Back-formation18. Which word is created through the process of acronym?A. adB. editC. AIDSD. Bobo19. The word “math” is formed through ___.A. back formationB. clippingC. BlendingD. derivation20. ______ is the branch of grammar that studies the internal structure of words, and the rules by which words are formed. A. Affix B. Inflection C. Allomorph D. Morphologysyntax练习1. When we say that we can change the second word in the sentence “He is waiting outside” with “was”. We are taking about ____inside the sentence.A. Syntactic relationsB. paradigmatic relationsC. Linear relationsD. Government2. The part of the grammar that represents a speaker’s knowledge of the structure of phrases and sentences is called______ .A. Lexicon B. morphology C. Syntax D. semantics3. What does ‘IC’ stands for as a syntactic notion and analytical technique ?A. Inferential ConnectiveB. Inflectional ComponentC. Immediate ConstituentD. Implicative Communication4. If we are to use the technique of IC analysis to analyze the sentence “She broke the window with a stone yesterday”, where is the first cut?Draw a tree diagram of this sentence.A. between stone and yesterdayB. between she and brokeC. between broke and the windowD. between window and with5. ____ is the defining properties of units like noun (number, gender, case) and verb (tense, aspect, etc.).A. Phonology B. Word classes C. Grammatical categories D. Functions of words6. Which of the following items is not one of the grammatical categories of English ?A. genderB. numberC. caseD. voice7. ____ is a relationship in which a word of a certain class determines the form of others in terms of certain categories.A. ConcordB. Immediate constituentC. Syntagmatic relationsD. Government8. ____ proposed to define sentence as the maximum free form.A. BloomfieldB. ChomskyC. HallidayD. Sussure9. The phrase “boys and girls ” is a(n) _____.A. subordinate endocentric constructionB. coordinate endocentric constructionC. subordinate exocentric constructionD. coordinate exocentric construction10. Chomsky holds that the major task of linguistics is to _____.A. study real ‘facts’ in daily settingsB. tells people how to speak appropriatelyC. tell people what is right in language useD. Look for ‘the universal grammar’11. What is the full form of LAD? B. Language acquisition device12. A speaker’s actual utterance in Chomsky’s terminology is called _____.A. deep structureB. linguistic universalsC. universal grammarD. surface structure13. Chomsky studies language from a psychological point of view, holding that language is a form of ____; while Halliday focuses on the social aspect of language, regarding language as a form of ____. A. knowing, doing B. knowing, thinking C. thinking, doing D. doing, knowing 14．F. de Saussure is a(n) _____ linguist .C. Swiss15. What is the construction of the sentence “The boy smiled”?A. ExocentricB. EndocentricC. CoordinateD. Subordinate16. “You sit down” is transformed into “Sit down”. Which transformational rule is used according to TG Grammar ? A. Copying B. Addition C. Reordering D. Deletion17. L. Bloomfield is a famous _____ structural linguist.C. American18. In ______ , Noam Chomsky published his famous book “Syntactic Structure”.B.195719. “A fish is swimming in the pond” is transformed into “There is a fish swimming in the pond”. Which transformational rule is used. A. Copying B. Reordering C. Addition D. Deletion20.The phrase “the man about whom I’ve been talking.” belong to the ______Construction.A. predicateB. endocentricC. subordinateD. exocentric1．Traditional grammar involves a great deal of gender, number and case. T2. “I’m a teacher.” “He studies English.” describe the form of gov ernment.3. “Langue” is much more stable than “parole”. T4. When we mentioned about the usage of a “树”，it is signified; and the sound /shu:/ is signifier, the relationship among them is arbitrary. T5. The sentence “ If the weather is nice, we’ll go out.” is settled at the base paradigmatic relation.F6. Sassure proposed the linguistic study considered in itself. T7. Rheme contributes much more great than theme. F8. IC analysis is used to analyze the semantic feature of the sentence. F12. “He came back very late last night.” The underlying structure is endocentric one. T13. Wh en we mention about “phonetic”and “lexicon components”, they belong to deep structure category. F14. The abstract meaning and ambiguity of the sentence can be analyzed by deep structure. T15. Systemic – functional grammar wanted to link the function with structure of the language.16.By synchrony we mean to study language change and development. F17. The open-class words include prepositions. F18. “The boy smiled” has an exocen tric structure. T19. The IC Analysis is not able to analyze split verbs like “do sb. in”. T20. Langue is relatively stable and systematic while parole is subject to personal and situational constraints.21. Phonology is a branch of linguistics which studies the sentence patterns of a language. F6语用练习1. According to C.Morris and R. Carnap, _____ studies the relationship between symbols and their interpreters of a listener.A. SyntaxB. SemanticsC. PragmaticsD. Sociolinguistics2. There are ______deixis in the sentence “ she has sold it here yesterday. ”.A. 3B. 4C. 5D. 63. We can do things with words ---- this is the main idea of ______.A. the Speech Act TheoryB. the Co-operative principlesC. the Polite principlesD. pragmatics4. _____refers to the utterance of a sentence with determinate sense and reference.A. Locutionary actB. Illocutionary actC. Perlocutionary actD. Speech act5. _____ may be used as an example of indirect speech act.A. “I’ll declare Mr. Williams election tomorrow.”B. “Good morning!”C. “could you open the window?”D. “I command you to report at 6 in the morning tomorrow. ”6. A: Let’s get something to kids. B: Okey , but not I-C-E C-R-E-A-M-S.In the conversation B violets the _____.A: Quantity Maxim B. Quality Maxim C. Relevance Maxim D. Clarity Maxim 7. A: I really like the dinner. B: I’m vegetarian. There is a _____ violation in the conversation.A. QuantityB. QualityC. RelevanceD. Clarity8. A: How are you? B: I’m dead. There is a _____ violation in the conversation.A. QuantityB. QualityC. RelevanceD. Clarity9. A: Would you like a cocktail? It’s my own invention.B: Well, m mm uh it’s not that we don’t drink. There is a _____ violation in the conversation.A. QuantityB. QualityC. RelevanceD. Clarity10. A: Are you going to Steve’s barbecue?B: A barbecue is an outdoor party.There is a _____ violation in the conversation.A. QuantityB. QualityC. RelevanceD. Clarity11. Pragmatics differs from traditional semantics in that it studies meaningnot in isolation, but in _____.A. relationshipB. dependenceC. sentenceD. context12. To analyze the following sentences ______ is Performative.A. You congratulate me.B. I envy you.C. I command you to put out that cigarette.D. I warned you not to go.13. _____ act expresses the intention of the speaker.A. LocutionaryB. IllocutionaryC. PerlocutionaryD. Speech act14. A: Do you know where Mr. Brown is? B: Somewhere in the suburbs of the city.Speaker B violates the maxim of _______.A. quantityB. qualityC. RelevanceD. Clarity15. A: The hostess is an awful bore. Do you think?B: The roses in the garden are beautiful, aren’t they? Speaker B violates the maxim of _____.A. qualityB. quantityC. RelevanceD. Clarity16. A: This bag is a little bit heavy. B: Let me help you. What is the illocutionary act of speaker A?A. This bag is heavy.B. I don’t want to carry it away.C. Could you help me with this bag?D. I’m very happy about it.17. A: The dress she is wearing is beautiful, isn’t it? B: The pattern is nice.What cooperative maxim does speaker B observe?A. QualityB. QuantityC. RelevanceD. Clarity18. Speech Act Theory was proposed by _____ in the late 50’s of the 20th century. A. John Austin19. One of the contributions ____ has made is his classification of illocutionary acts. John Austin20. Cooperative principle was found by _____. A. Paul Grice21. According to Austin’s Speech Act theory, the actual uttering of a sentence with a particular meaning is called ___ A. Perlocutionary B. locutionary C. illocutionary D. indirect speech. 22. A(n )”_____” means that some sentences, in the utterance and the seeming performance of a speech act, perform a certain illocutionary act indirectly.A. direct speech actB. indirect speech actC. illocutionary actD. utterance23. The _____ provided great philosophical insight into the nature of linguistic communication.A. speech act theoryB. CP theory.C. communicative competenceD. linguistic competence24. According to Austin, Speech Acts fall into ______ general categories.A. fourB. twoC. threeD. five25. _____ resulted mainly from the expansion of the study of linguistics, especially that of semantics. A. Pragmatics B. pragmatism C. phonology D. Practicalism26. Once the notion of _______ was taken into consideration, semantics spilled into pragmatics.A. meaningB. contentC. formD. context27. ____ act theory is an important in the pragmatic study of language.A. SpeakingB. SpokenC. SoundD. Speech28. All the utterances that can be made to serve the same purpose may vary in their _____ form.A. syntacticB. semanticC. grammaticalD. pragmatic29. Of the three acts, Pragmatists are more interested in the _______.A. locutionary actB. perlocutionary actC. illocutionary actD. none of the above30. The maxim of quality requires, do not say what you believe to be _____.A. falseB. trueC. briefD. orderly31. Most of the violations of the maxims of the CP give rise to _____.A. utterance meaningB. speech act theoryC. conversational implicaturesD. all of the above32. Pragmatics is a study ofA. language learningB. language acquisitionC. language planningD. language in use33. The significance of Grice’s CP lies in the fact that it explains how it is possible for the speaker to convey ______ that which is literally said.A. more thanB. less thanC. the same asD. none of the above34. If a sentence is regarded as what people actually utter in the course of communication, it becomes ______.A. a sentenceB. an actC. a unitD. an utterance35. The part of the response to the speech acted by the hearer is _____.A. LocutionB. IllocutionC. PerlocutionD. Direct action36. _____ may perform an act but lay stress on describing the action.A. Speech Act TheoryB. PerlocutionC. PerformativeD. Constative37. A: Good luck to you! B: Thank you. What politeness principle does speaker A observe?A. Generosity maximB. Tact maximC. Modesty maximD. Agreement maxim38. “What a marvelous dinner you cooked!”What politeness maxim does the speaker of the utterance observe?A. Sympathy maximB. Approbation maximC. Modesty maximD. Agreement maxim39. “I swear I have never seen the man before.” This sentence is a ____.A. performativeB. ConstativeC. indirect speechD. procedure40. Conversational Implicature can be___.A. CalculabilityB. CancellabilityC. Non-ConventionalityD. all of above1. Speech act theory was proposed by Austin and has been developed by Grice. F2. Searle suggests 5 basic categories of illocutionary acts as follows: assertives, commissives, expressives, directive and declaratives. T3. “We can do things with words” ----this is the main idea of the Speech Act Theory. T4. “I hereby declare war ” is the typical utterance of “speech act theory”. T5. At first , Austin classifies utterances into two types: constatives and performatives. T6. “Locution” means the speaker’s intention. F7. “Perlocution” is used to bring effects on the hearer. T8. “Can you pass me the salt, please? ” is a question, but it is a direct speech act. F9. In a certain sense pragmatics studies how words influence the interpretation of utterances. T10. “Pragmatics “ is the study of meaning that is not accounted for in semantics. T11. “In Semantics” the sentence meaning should be studied. T12.“ In pragmatics ” the utterance meaning should be studied. T13. The CP Principle, put forward by P. Grice, has four maxims, for writing as well as speaking. F14. Deixis is a technical term for one of the most basic things we do with utterances. T15. “What’s that?” that is a location deixis. FPragmatics is concerned with the study of _16____ as communicated by a speaker and interpreted by a listener. It has consequently __17___ to do with the analysis of what people mean by their utterances than what the words or phrases in those utterances might mean by __18__. __19___ is the study of speaker meaning.16. A. speech B. meaning C. utterance D. communication17. A. less B. impossible C. possible D. more18. A. itself B. himself C. themselves D. yourself19. A. Semantics B. Context C. Syntax D. PragmaticsIf semantics is the study of __1D__that comes from ‘purely linguistic knowledge’ pragmatics concerns all the ‘__2A__of meaning that cannot be predicted by linguistic knowledge alone and takes into account knowledge about the physical and __3_C_world’. So pragmatics is the study of meaning that is not accounted for in__4_B_.a) aspects b) semantics c) social d) meaningSemantics and __1_C_are complementary to__2A__ —hence ‘complementarism’. According to Morris’s trichotomy , __3__ is the study of ‘the formal relation of signs to one another’, __4__ is the study of ‘the relation of signs to the objects to which the signs are applicable ’,and pragmatics is the study of ‘the relation of signs to__D5__’.a) Each other b) Pragmatics c) semantics d) interpreters e) syntax。

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