论文全文翻译
论文 英文文翻译
Guidance Notes for completing application formPart 1 Personal InformationEligibility to work at the British CouncilWe are only able to accept applications from individuals who have the right to work in the country to which they have applied.Personal InformationThe British Council’s normal retirement age is 65. If you are over this age, or within 6 months of it, at the time you apply to join us, in line with the Equality (Age) Regulations 2006, we will consider your application but reserve the right to reject it if we consider that we would be unlikely to derive sufficient benefit from your appointment in the period before your retirement.Criminal Convictions (UK)Subject to certain exempted occupations, convictions that are ‘spent’ under the Rehabilitation of Offenders Act 1974 need not be mentioned. Please be aware that declaring a conviction will not automatically disqualify you from being employed unless this post is subject to a Criminal Records Bureau Check.If the post is subject to a Criminal Records Bureau Check, British Council is committed to safeguarding and promoting the welfare of children and young people and expects all of its partners to share this commitment. Appointment to these roles are subject to enhanced Criminal Records Bureau (CRB) checks in the UK, and, where appropriate, equivalent systems overseas.Data ProtectionThe British Council will use the information you provide in this form to process your application. If your application is successful and you take up employment with the British Council, this form will be kept on your personnel file and some details from it will be held electronically by Human Resources in line with the Data Protection Act (1998). If your application is unsuccessful, this form willbe kept on file for one year after completion of the recruitment exercise and then securely destroyed.The British Council will treat all personal details in accordance with UK law and its own privacy policy. Under Data Protection law you have the right to ask for a copy of the information we hold on you, for which we may charge a fee, and the right to ask us to correct any inaccuracies in that information. If you do want more information about this please contact your local British Council office or the Data Protection Team dataprotection@. Part 2 Job-Related InformationDisabilityThe UK Disability Discrimination Act 1995 defines a person with a disability as someone who has a physical or mental impairment (including a learning or sensory impairment) that has a substantial and long term adverse effect on his/her ability to carry out normal day to day activities. In any country, it is British Council policy to interview all applicants who are disabled and who meet the essential criteria for an advertised job.Employment and professional informationPlease give details of your employment for the last 10 years, or since leaving full-time education if this is sooner, starting with the most recent employment. Account for all your time, including voluntary work or other periods away from work. Please be aware that it will not prejudice your application if you disclose a period of ill health or a period out of formal employment (e.g. time spent at home bringing up children).Other relevant experiencePlease note that this does not need to be limited to work experience. It can include experience of volunteering or of roles held within the community e.g. youth worker, community worker or leader etc..。
论文中英文翻译
An Analysis of Cooperative Principles andHumorous Effects in Friend s合作原则的分析和在朋友的幽默效应Humor is a very intriguing and fascinating phenomenon of human society, which is multidimensional, complex and all pervasive. Therefore, many scholars and experts at all times and in all over the world have done profound research on humor.幽默是人类社会的一个非常有趣和引人入胜的现象，这是多方面的，复杂和无孔不入的。
所以，在任何时候，在世界各地的许多学者和专家总是对幽默进行深入的研究。
The significant functions of humor have aroused the interest of many scholars. About 2,000 years ago, people began the research on humor. However, the study of humor is not a simple task for the reason that it is an interdisciplinary science drawing upon a wide range of academic disciplines including biology, psychology, sociology, philosophy, geography, history, linguistics, literature, education, family science, and film studies and so on. Moreover, there are different reasons and purposes for humor. One may wish to be sociable, cope better, seem clever, solve problems, make a critical point, enhance therapy, or express something one could not otherwise express by means of humor.显著幽默的功能已引起许多学者的兴趣。
论文翻译
はじめに世界上的颜色是无限多样，代表颜色词不是无限的。
人类的色彩科学，系统的辨别颜色，颜色是不可能代表所有。
是什么颜色的颜色出现在语言无限的，这已经建立了一定的框架放置。
在这里关于中日色彩语内包的意义的不同，通过从语言的表面集聚事例考察的事，研究想向(以)日中两国的色彩词汇的差异放了眼的这个课题。
一、研究の意義日本和中国是在所有国家的广泛的词汇，其中有许多颜色，包括词汇量。
日中语言中的色彩词汇，说不定各自的比喻的表现的意义和用法变成怎样，两者在哪个点是相符着，再在哪里还是不同，时代的变化沿着，有新的比喻的意义和用法。
日中语言一般认为也有在这个点中是有怎样的异同，哪里还是有等的那个异同的原因，问题。
为此，笔者把前人的研究做为原来，分析想日中的色彩词汇的异同点，充分理解确实的用法预先显示象运用一样的方向性。
这，是本文的意义・研究价值・目标。
二、先行研究作为关于色彩语最早点研究了的人一人英国的学者，政治家W．能提高Gladstone(Studies on Homer and the Homeric Age,1858)。
他指出了因为是发现荷马时代的希腊语色彩语的词汇数少的事，那些的色彩语抽象的，意义暧昧，那个古代希腊人的色彩辨别能力没有现代人那样发达。
这个发现拉出了德国的语言学者Geiger的兴趣。
主张了有对指出由于对在1867年他德国动物，植物学者学会古代与人现代人的察觉器官的不同着眼，古代人持(有)的抽象的色彩语和色彩语的意义的未确定性色彩辨别能力的不足，色彩语的普通的发生顺序的假设一人的色彩的感觉顺序在色彩谱的排列顺序和关系的事。
他后边在『人类发展史探求』(Contributions to the History of the Development of the Human Race,3)中发表了这个假设。
同年德国眼科专家(H．Magnus)发表「原始民族视觉调查」(Untersuchungenuber den Farbensinn der Narurvolker,1880)，在那个中Geiger的理论反驳了。
毕业论文外文翻译(中英文)
译文交通拥堵和城市交通系统的可持续发展摘要:城市化和机动化的快速增长,通常有助于城市交通系统的发展，是经济性，环境性和社会可持续性的体现,但其结果是交通量无情增加，导致交通拥挤。
道路拥挤定价已经提出了很多次，作为一个经济措施缓解城市交通拥挤，但还没有见过在实践中广泛使用，因为道路收费的一些潜在的影响仍然不明。
本文首先回顾可持续运输系统的概念,它应该满足集体经济发展,环境保护和社会正义的目标.然后,根据可持续交通系统的特点，使拥挤收费能够促进经济增长，环境保护和社会正义。
研究结果表明,交通拥堵收费是一个切实有效的方式，可以促进城市交通系统的可持续发展。
一、介绍城市交通是一个在世界各地的大城市迫切关注的话题。
随着中国的城市化和机动化的快速发展,交通拥堵已成为一个越来越严重的问题,造成较大的时间延迟,增加能源消耗和空气污染，减少了道路网络的可靠性．在许多城市,交通挤塞情况被看作是经济发展的障碍.我们可以使用多种方法来解决交通挤塞,包括新的基础设施建设，改善基础设施的维护和操作,并利用现有的基础设施,通过需求管理策略,包括定价机制,更有效地减少运输密度.交通拥堵收费在很久以前就已提出，作为一种有效的措施,来缓解的交通挤塞情况。
交通拥堵收费的原则与目标是通过对选择在高峰拥挤时段的设施的使用实施附加收费,以纾缓拥堵情况．转移非高峰期一些出行路线,远离拥挤的设施或高占用车辆，或完全阻止一些出行,交通拥堵收费计划将在节省时间和降低经营成本的基础上,改善空气中的质量，减少能源消耗和改善过境生产力。
此计划在世界很多国家和地方都有成功的应用。
继在2０世纪70年代初和8０年代中期挪威与新加坡实行收费环,在20０３年2月伦敦金融城推出了面积收费；直至现在,它都是已经开始实施拥挤收费的大都市圈中一个最知名的例子。
然而,交通拥堵收费由于理论和政治的原因未能在实践中广泛使用。
道路收费的一些潜在的影响尚不清楚,和城市发展的拥塞定价可持续性,需要进一步研究。
袁宏道《论文(下)》原文与翻译
袁宏道《论文（下）》原文与翻译袁宏道《论文（下）》原文与翻译【说明】：在《论文》上篇批判师古模拟的基础上，本文进一步阐述形成这种创作倾向的原因，及解决问题的办法。
文章指出：“有一派学问，则酿出一派意见；有一种意见，则创出一般言语。
”因师古模拟是作者“茫然不曾具一丝意见”，只是乞灵古人的表现。
解决问题的办法，要努力学习，使自己有独立的见解，即“从学生理，从理生文”；只要有自己的“理”，则写文章“将墨不暇研，笔不暇挥”，“虽驱之使模，不可得矣”。
文章强调“理充于腹，而文随之”，见解是比较深刻的，从内容决定形式的高度提出了解决问题的方法。
【原文与注释】：爇（ruò，点燃）香（熏香）者沉（是沉香木），则沉烟；檀（檀香木），则檀气。
何也？其性（本性）异也。
奏乐者钟不藉（借）鼓响，鼓不假（借）钟音，何也？其器殊也。
文章亦然，有一派学问，则酿出一派意见；有一种意见，则创出一般（一种）言语；无意见，则虚浮（虚无漂浮），虚浮则雷同（人云亦云）矣。
大喜者必绝倒（笑弯了腰），大哀者必号痛（呼喊疼痛），大怒者必叫吼动地，发上（向上）指冠（顶起帽子）。
惟戏场中人，心中本无可喜事，而欲强（勉强）笑；亦无可哀事，而欲强哭，其势（那种情况下）不得不假借（借助）模拟（模仿）耳。
【对照翻译】：点燃熏香时用沉香木，那么就是沉香的烟香；点燃檀香木，那么就是檀香的香气。
为什么呢？两种香木的本性不同啊。
奏乐的人敲钟并不依赖鼓凭借钟音，为什么呢？它们的器物不同啊。
文章也是这样，有一种学派的学问，就会酝酿出一种学派的意见；有一种意见，就会创造出一种言辞语句；没有意见，那么文章就会虚无漂浮，虚无漂浮就会人云亦云了。
非常欢喜的人一定会笑弯了腰，特别哀痛的人必一定会号哭呼喊疼痛，大怒的人一定叫吼震动大地，头发向上顶起帽子。
只有那在戏场中的人，心中本来就没有可喜的事，而又想勉强自己笑；没有什么悲哀的事，却又想要勉强自己哭，在那种情况下才不能不借助模仿啊。
《典论·论文》全文、注释、翻译和赏析
《典论·论文》全文、注释、翻译和赏析曹丕文人相轻，自古而然。
傅毅之于班固(1)，伯仲之间耳(2); 而固小之(3)，与弟超书曰(4)：“武仲以能属文，为兰台令史(5)，下笔不能自休(6)。
”夫人善于自见，而文非一体，鲜能备善(7)。
是以各以所长，相轻所短。
里语(8)曰：“家有弊帚，享之千金(9)。
”斯不自见之患也。
今之文人，鲁国孔融文举(10)、广陵陈琳孔璋(11)、山阳王粲仲宣(12)、北海徐干伟长(13)、陈留阮瑀元瑜(14)、汝南应玚德琏(15)、东平刘桢公干(16)，斯七子者(17)，于学无所遗，于辞无所假(18)，咸以自骋骥騄于千里，仰齐足而并驰(19)。
以此相服，亦良难矣(20)。
盖君子审己以度人，故能免于斯累，而作《论文》(21)。
王粲长于辞赋，徐干时有齐气，然粲之匹也(22)。
如粲之《初征》、《登楼》、《槐赋》、《征思》，干之《玄猿》、《漏巵》、《圆扇》、《橘赋》(23)，虽张、蔡不过也(24)。
然于他文，未能称是(25)。
琳、瑀之章表书记，今之隽也(26)。
应玚和而不壮(27)。
刘桢壮而不密(28)。
孔融体气高妙，有过人者; 然不能持论，理不胜辞，以至乎杂以嘲戏(29)。
及其所善，扬、班俦也(30)。
常人贵远贱近，向声背实，又患闇于自见(31)，谓己为贤。
夫文，本同而末异(32)。
盖奏议宜雅，书论宜理，铭诔尚实，诗赋欲丽(33)。
此四科不同，故能之者偏也(34);唯通才能备其体(35)。
文以气为主，气之清浊有体，不可力强而致(36)。
譬诸音乐。
曲度虽均，节奏同检(37)，至于引气不齐(38)，巧拙有素(39)，虽在父兄，不能以移子弟(40)。
盖文章，经国之大业(41)，不朽之盛事。
年寿有时而尽，荣乐止乎其身(42)。
二者必至之常期(43)，未若文章之无穷。
是以古之作者，寄身于翰墨(44)，见意于篇籍(45)，不假良史之辞，不托飞驰之势，而声名自传于后(46)。
故西伯幽而演《易》(47)，周旦显而制《礼》(48)，不以隐约而弗务(49)，不以康乐而加思(50)。
论文中英文翻译(译文)
编号：桂林电子科技大学信息科技学院毕业设计(论文)外文翻译（译文）系别：电子工程系专业：电子信息工程学生姓名：韦骏学号：0852100329指导教师单位：桂林电子科技大学信息科技学院姓名：梁勇职称：讲师2012 年6 月5 日设计与实现基于Modbus 协议的嵌入式Linux 系统摘要：随着嵌入式计算机技术的飞速发展，新一代工业自动化数据采集和监测系统，采用核心的高性能嵌入式微处理器的，该系统很好地适应应用程序。
它符合消费等的严格要求的功能，如可靠性，成本，尺寸和功耗等。
在工业自动化应用系统，Modbus 通信协议的工业标准，广泛应用于大规模的工业设备系统，包括DCS，可编程控制器，RTU 及智能仪表等。
为了达到嵌入式数据监测的工业自动化应用软件的需求，本文设计了嵌入式数据采集监测平台下基于Modbus 协议的Linux 环境采集系统。
串行端口的Modbus 协议是实现主/从式，其中包括两种通信模式：ASCII 和RTU。
因此，各种药膏协议的设备能够满足串行的Modbus通信。
在Modbus 协议的嵌入式平台实现稳定和可靠。
它在嵌入式数据监测自动化应用系统的新收购的前景良好。
关键词：嵌入式系统，嵌入式Linux，Modbus 协议，数据采集，监测和控制。
1、绪论Modbus 是一种通讯协议，是一种由莫迪康公司推广。
它广泛应用于工业自动化，已成为实际的工业标准。
该控制装置或不同厂家的测量仪器可以链接到一个行业监控网络使用Modbus 协议。
Modbus 通信协议可以作为大量的工业设备的通讯标准，包括PLC，DCS 系统，RTU 的，聪明的智能仪表。
随着嵌入式计算机技术的飞速发展，嵌入式数据采集监测系统，使用了高性能的嵌入式微处理器为核心，是一个重要的发展方向。
在环境鉴于嵌入式Linux 的嵌入式工业自动化应用的数据，一个Modbus 主协议下的采集监测系统的设计和实现了这个文件。
因此，通信设备，各种药膏协议能够满足串行的Modbus。
毕业论文英语翻译及原文
=H（ - ）（1）
respectively, the expression can be easily gained as follows
Then, the relation equation between the two baseline vectors is expressedas
There are two steps in the GPS observation data processing course. They are baseline calculationand network adjustment. The baseline vectors in WGS-84 can be firstly got using baseline calculation.Secondly, the baseline vector transformation from WGS-84 to the station orthogonal coordinatesystem can be done with (3). At last, the adjustment of GPS deformatihestation orthogonal coordinate system can be successfully finished.
If the position vector of the station orthogonal coordinate system originP0inWGS-84 isexpressed as = , according to thegeodetic latitude and longitude（ ， ）, theposition vector
论文英文翻译
论文英文翻译Essay 1 - College EducationIn recent years, college education has become a topic of great debate. Some people argue that a college degree is essential for success in today's society, while others believe that it is not necessary. This essay will argue that college education is indeed important and beneficial for several reasons.Firstly, obtaining a college degree can provide individuals with better career opportunities. In today's competitive job market, employers often prioritize candidates with a higher education background. College graduates are more likely to find stable employment and earn higher salaries compared to those without a degree. Furthermore, many professions require specific knowledge and skills that can only be acquired through a college education. For example, doctors, engineers, and lawyers must complete several years of study in order to obtain the necessary qualifications for their respective fields.Secondly, college education can help individuals develop important life skills. During their time at college, students are exposed to a variety of subjects and experiences, which enable them to develop critical thinking, problem-solving, and communication skills. College also provides opportunities for students to engage in extracurricular activities and interact with a diverse group of individuals. This fosters social and cultural awareness, as well as teamwork and leadership skills. These skills are valuable not only in the workplace but also in everyday life.Moreover, college education promotes personal growth and lifelong learning. The college environment encourages students to explore new ideas, challenge their assumptions, and discover their passions. It provides a platform for intellectual development and self-discovery. Students are exposed to a wide range of subjects, perspectives, and cultures, which broadens their knowledge and worldview. College education also instills a sense of curiosity and a desire for continuous learning, which are essential qualities in today's rapidly changing world.In conclusion, college education is important and beneficial for several reasons. It provides better career opportunities, helps individuals develop important life skills, and promotes personal growth and lifelong learning. While it is true that college education may not be necessary for everyone, obtaining a degree can significantly enhance one's chances of success in both personal and professional aspects of life.。
毕业论文英文翻译
毕业论文英文翻译Title: The Impact of Artificial Intelligence on Employment Abstract:This paper explores the impact of artificial intelligence (AI) on employment. The rise of AI technologies has sparked concerns about its potential to replace human jobs. Through an analysis of existing literature and case studies, this study investigates the ways in which AI has affected various industries and job sectors. The findings indicate that while AI has the potential to automate certain tasks and reduce the need for human intervention, it also creates new job opportunities and contributes to economic growth. Additionally, the study highlights the importance of retraining and upskilling workers to adapt to the changing job market. Overall, this research contributes to a better understanding of the complex relationship between AI and employment and provides insights into proactive strategies to address the challenges posed by AI. Introduction:Artificial intelligence has emerged as a powerful technology with the potential to transform various aspects of society, including the workforce. The rapid advancement of AI has raised concerns about potential job losses and increased automation. This study aims to explore the impact of AI on employment and identify strategies to mitigate negative effects. By examining existing literature and case studies, this research provides a comprehensive analysis of AI's influence on different industries and job sectors.Literature Review:The literature offers a wide range of perspectives on the impact ofAI on employment. Some studies suggest that AI will lead to significant job losses in sectors such as manufacturing, transportation, and customer service. They argue that AI technologies, such as autonomous vehicles and chatbots, can perform tasks previously done by humans more efficiently and at a lower cost. On the other hand, other studies argue that AI will create new job opportunities and enhance productivity. For example, the healthcare sector benefits from AI technologies by improving diagnosis accuracy and streamlining administrative processes.Case Studies:This study includes several case studies that examine the impact of AI on specific industries. The manufacturing industry, for instance, has experienced both job losses and job creation due to the introduction of AI. While certain tasks have been automated, new roles related to AI maintenance and programming have emerged. Similarly, the retail industry has witnessed the integration of AI technologies, leading to job displacement in traditional retail jobs but also the creation of new positions in data analysis and online customer support.Mitigation Strategies:To address the challenges posed by AI, strategies should focus on retraining and upskilling the workforce to adapt to the changing job market. Governments and organizations should encourage workers to acquire in-demand skills such as data analysis and AI programming. Additionally, collaboration between academia and industry is crucial to ensure that education and training programs remain relevant and effective. Finally, policies that support jobtransition and income support for displaced workers will help minimize the negative impact of AI on employment. Conclusion:The impact of artificial intelligence on employment is a complex and multifaceted issue. While concerns about job losses are valid, it is important to recognize that AI also creates new job opportunities and contributes to economic growth. By implementing proactive strategies, such as retraining and upskilling, societies can better navigate the changes brought about by AI and ensure a future where humans and machines can coexist harmoniously.。
论文外文文献翻译
论文外文文献翻译以下是一篇700字左右的论文外文文献翻译：原文题目：The Role of Artificial Intelligence in Medical Diagnostics: A Review原文摘要：In recent years, there has been a growing interest in the use of artificial intelligence (AI) in the field of medical diagnostics. AI has the potential to improve the accuracy and efficiency of medical diagnoses, and can assist clinicians in making treatment decisions. This review aims to examine the current state of AI in medical diagnostics, and discuss its advantages and limitations. Several AI techniques, including machine learning, deep learning, and natural language processing, are discussed. The review also examines the ethical and legal considerations associated with the use of AI in medical diagnostics. Overall, AI has shown great promise in improving medical diagnostics, but further research is needed to fully understand its potential benefits and limitations.AI在医学诊断中发挥的作用：一项综述近年来，人工智能（AI）在医学诊断领域的应用引起了越来越多的关注。
论文翻译英文
论文翻译英文Title: The Impact of Artificial Intelligence on the Banking SectorAbstract: This study aims to analyze the impact of artificial intelligence (AI) on the banking sector. AI has emerged as a disruptive technology in recent years and has the potential to revolutionize various industries, including banking. The paper begins by providing an overview of AI and its different applications. It then explores the specific ways in which AI is transforming the banking sector, including customer service, risk management, fraud detection, and process automation. Finally, the study examines the challenges and ethical considerations associated with the implementation of AI in banking. The findings of this research contribute to a better understanding of the role of AI in the banking sector and provide insights for banks and policymakers in adapting to the changing landscape.Introduction:With the rapid advancement of technology, the banking sector has witnessed significant changes in recent years. One of the most prominent advancements is the utilization of artificial intelligence (AI). AI refers to the simulation of human intelligence in machines that are programmed to think and learn like humans. The integration of AI in the banking sector has led to improvements in efficiency, customer experience, and overall decision-making. This paper aims to explore the impact of AI on the banking sector, focusing on customer service, risk management, fraud detection, and process automation.AI in Customer Service:AI has transformed customer service in the banking sector. Chatbots and virtual assistants powered by AI technology have become key tools in handling customer queries and providing personalized experiences. These AI-enabled systems can handle a large volume of customer inquiries simultaneously, resulting in faster response times and improved customer satisfaction. Additionally, AI-powered systems can leverage customer data to provide tailored recommendations and personalized offers, enhancing the customer experience.AI in Risk Management:Risk management is a critical aspect of banking operations. AI algorithms can analyze vast amounts of data to identify patterns, detect anomalies, and predict potential risks more accurately. This enables banks to make more informed decisions regarding loans, credit assessment, and investment portfolios. By incorporating AI into risk management systems, banks can enhance their ability to identify and mitigate potential risks while ensuring compliance with regulatory requirements.AI in Fraud Detection:Fraud detection is another area where AI has significantly impacted the banking sector. AI algorithms can analyze vast datasets to identify fraudulent patterns, enabling banks to detect and prevent fraud in real-time. Machine learning algorithms continuously learn and adapt to new patterns, helping banks stay ahead of fraudsters who constantly evolve their tactics. AI-powered fraud detection systems not only save banks significant financial losses but also enhance trust and confidence amongcustomers.AI in Process Automation:AI has enabled banks to automate various processes that were previously time-consuming and labor-intensive. For instance, AI-powered robots can now perform tasks such as data entry, document processing, and account reconciliation with greater accuracy and efficiency. Automation of these processes not only reduces costs but also minimizes the likelihood of human error, resulting in improved operational efficiency.Challenges and Ethical Considerations:Despite the numerous benefits of AI in the banking sector, several challenges and ethical considerations need to be addressed. These include data privacy and security concerns, potential job displacement, algorithmic bias, and the need for regulatory frameworks to govern the use of AI in banking. It is crucial for banks and policymakers to develop strategies that ensure the responsible and ethical use of AI technologies.Conclusion:Overall, AI has shown great potential in transforming the banking sector. It has revolutionized customer service, risk management, fraud detection, and process automation. However, the implementation of AI in banking comes with its own set of challenges and ethical considerations. Banks and policymakers need to strike a balance between harnessing the benefits of AI and addressing the associated risks. By doing so, they can adapt to the changing landscape and stay competitive in the digital era.。
毕业论文外文翻译范例
外文原文(一)Savigny and his Anglo-American Disciple s*M. H. HoeflichFriedrich Carl von Savigny, nobleman, law reformer, champion of the revived German professoriate, and founder of the Historical School of jurisprudence, not only helped to revolutionize the study of law and legal institutions in Germany and in other civil law countries, but also exercised a profound influence on many of the most creative jurists and legal scholars in England and the United States. Nevertheless, tracing the influence of an individual is always a difficult task. It is especially difficult as regards Savigny and the approach to law and legal sources propounded by the Historical School. This difficulty arises, in part, because Savigny was not alone in adopting this approach. Hugo, for instance, espoused quite similar ideas in Germany; George Long echoed many of these concepts in England during the 1850s, and, of course, Sir Henry Sumner Maine also espoused many of these same concepts central to historical jurisprudence in England in the 1860s and 1870s. Thus, when one looks at the doctrinal writings of British and American jurists and legal scholars in the period before 1875, it is often impossible to say with any certainty that a particular idea which sounds very much the sort of thing that might, indeed, have been derived from Savigny's works, was, in fact, so derived. It is possible, nevertheless, to trace much of the influence of Savigny and his legal writings in the United States and in Great Britain during this period with some certainty because so great was his fame and so great was the respect accorded to his published work that explicit references to him and to his work abound in the doctrinal writing of this period, as well as in actual law cases in the courts. Thus, Max Gutzwiller, in his classic study Der einfluss Savignys auf die Entwicklung des International privatrechts, was able to show how Savigny's ideas on conflict of laws influenced such English and American scholars as Story, Phillimore, Burge, and Dicey. Similarly, Andreas Schwarz, in his "Einflusse Deutscher Zivilistik im Auslande," briefly sketched Savigny's influence upon John Austin, Frederick Pollock, and James Bryce. In this article I wish to examine Savigny's influence over a broader spectrum and to draw a picture of his general fame and reputation both in Britain and in the United States as the leading Romanist, legal historian, and German legal academic of his day. The picture of this Anglo-American respect accorded to Savigny and the historical school of jurisprudence which emerges from these sources is fascinating. It sheds light not only upon Savigny’s trans-channel, trans-Atlantic fame, but also upon the extraordinarily*M.H.Hoeflich, Savigny and his Anglo-American Disciples, American Journal of Comparative Law, vol.37, No.1, 1989.cosmopolitan outlook of many of the leading American and English jurists of the time. Of course, when one sets out to trace the influence of a particular individual and his work, it is necessary to demonstrate, if possible, precisely how knowledge of the man and his work was transmitted. In the case of Savigny and his work on Roman law and ideas of historical jurisprudence, there were three principal modes of transmission. First, there was the direct influence he exercised through his contacts with American lawyers and scholars. Second, there was the influence he exercised through his books. Third, there was the influence he exerted indirectly through intermediate scholars and their works. Let us examine each mode separately.I.INFLUENCE OF THE TRANSLATED WORKSWhile American and British interest in German legal scholarship was high in the antebellum period, the number of American and English jurists who could read German fluently was relatively low. Even those who borrowed from the Germans, for instance, Joseph Story, most often had to depend upon translations. It is thus quite important that Savigny’s works were amongst the most frequently translated into English, both in the United States and in Great Britain. His most influential early work, the Vom Beruf unserer Zeitfur Rechtsgeschichte und Gestzgebung, was translated into English by Abraham Hayward and published in London in 1831. Two years earlier the first volume of his History of Roman Law in the Middle Ages was translated by Cathcart and published in Edinburgh. In 1830, as well, a French translation was published at Paris. Sir Erskine Perry's translation of Savigny's Treatise on Possession was published in London in 1848. This was followed by Archibald Brown's epitome of the treatise on possession in 1872 and Rattigan's translation of the second volume of the System as Jural Relations or the Law of Persons in 1884. Guthrie published a translation of the seventh volume of the System as Private International Law at Edinburgh in 1869. Indeed, two English translations were even published in the far flung corners of the British Raj. A translation of the first volume of the System was published by William Holloway at Madras in 1867 and the volume on possession was translated by Kelleher and published at Calcutta in 1888. Thus, the determined English-speaking scholar had ample access to Savigny's works throughout the nineteenth century.Equally important for the dissemination of Savigny's ideas were those books and articles published in English that explained and analyzed his works. A number of these must have played an important role in this process. One of the earliest of these is John Reddie's Historical Notices of the Roman law and of the Progress of its Study in Germany, published at Edinburgh in 1826. Reddie was a noted Scots jurist and held the Gottingen J.U.D. The book, significantly, is dedicated to Gustav Hugo. It is of that genre known as an external history of Roman law-not so much a history of substantive Roman legal doctrine but rather a historyof Roman legal institutions and of the study of Roman law from antiquity through the nineteenth century. It is very much a polemic for the study of Roman law and for the Historical School. It imparts to the reader the excitement of Savigny and his followers about the study of law historically and it is clear that no reader of the work could possibly be left unmoved. It is, in short, the first work of public relations in English on behalf of Savigny and his ideas.Having mentioned Reddie's promotion of Savigny and the Historical School, it is important to understand the level of excitement with which things Roman and especially Roman law were greeted during this period. Many of the finest American jurists were attracted-to use Peter Stein's term-to Roman and Civil law, but attracted in a way that, at times, seems to have been more enthusiastic than intellectual. Similarly, Roman and Civil law excited much interest in Great Britain, as illustrated by the distinctly Roman influence to be found in the work of John Austin. The attraction of Roman and Civil law can be illustrated and best understood, perhaps, in the context of the publicity and excitement in the English-speaking world surrounding the discovery of the only complete manuscript of the classical Roman jurist Gaius' Institutes in Italy in 1816 by the ancient historian and German consul at Rome, B.G. Niebuhr. Niebuhr, the greatest ancient historian of his time, turned to Savigny for help with the Gaius manuscript (indeed, it was Savigny who recognized the manuscript for what it was) and, almost immediately, the books and journals-not just law journals by any means-were filled with accounts of the discovery, its importance to legal historical studies, and, of course, what it said. For instance, the second volume of the American Jurist contains a long article on the civil law by the scholarly Boston lawyer and classicist, John Pickering. The first quarter of the article is a gushing account of the discovery and first publication of the Gaius manuscript and a paean to Niebuhr and Savigny for their role in this. Similarly, in an article published in the London Law Magazine in 1829 on the civil law, the author contemptuously refers to a certain professor who continued to tell his students that the text of Gaius' Institutes was lost for all time. What could better show his ignorance of all things legal and literary than to be unaware of Niebuhr's great discovery?Another example of this reaction to the discovery of the Gaius palimpsest is to be found in David Irving's Introduction to the Study of the Civil Law. This volume is also more a history of Roman legal scholarship and sources than a study of substantive Roman law. Its pages are filled with references to Savigny's Geschichte and its approach clearly reflects the influence of the Historical School. Indeed, Irving speaks of Savigny's work as "one of the most remarkable productions of the age." He must have been truly impressed with German scholarship and must also have been able to convince the Faculty of Advocates, forwhom he was librarian, of the worth of German scholarship, for in 1820 the Faculty sent him to Gottingen so that he might study their law libraries. Irving devotes several pages of his elementary textbook on Roman law to the praise of the "remarkable" discovery of the Gaius palimpsest. He traces the discovery of the text by Niebuhr and Savigny in language that would have befitted an adventure tale. He elaborates on the various labors required to produce a new edition of the text and was particularly impressed by the use of a then new chemical process to make the under text of the palimpsest visible. He speaks of the reception of the new text as being greeted with "ardor and exultation" strong words for those who spend their lives amidst the "musty tomes" of the Roman law.This excitement over the Verona Gaius is really rather strange. Much of the substance of the Gaius text was already known to legal historians and civil lawyers from its incorporation into Justinian's Institutes and so, from a substantive legal perspective, the find was not crucial. The Gaius did provide new information on Roman procedural rules and it did also provide additional information for those scholars attempting to reconstruct pre-Justinianic Roman law. Nevertheless, these contributions alone seem hardly able to justify the excitement the discovery caused. Instead, I think that the Verona Gaius discovery simply hit a chord in the literary and legal community much the same as did the discovery of the Rosetta Stone or of Schliemann’s Troy. Here was a monument of a great civilization brought newly to light and able to be read for the first time in millenia. And just as the Rosetta Stone helped to establish the modern discipline of Egyptology and Schliemann's discoveries assured the development of classical archaeology as a modern academic discipline, the discovery of the Verona Gaius added to the attraction Roman law held for scholars and for lawyers, even amongst those who were not Romanists by profession. Ancillary to this, the discovery and publication of the Gaius manuscript also added to the fame of the two principals involved in the discovery, Niebuhr and Savigny. What this meant in the English-speaking world is that even those who could not or did not wish to read Savigny's technical works knew of him as one of the discoverers of the Gaius text. This fame itself may well have helped in spreading Savigny's legal and philosophical ideas, for, I would suggest, the Gaius "connection" may well have disposed people to read other of Savigny's writings, unconnected to the Gaius, because they were already familiar with his name.Another example of an English-speaking promoter of Savigny is Luther Stearns Cushing, a noted Boston lawyer who lectured on Roman law at the Harvard Law School in 1848-49 and again in 1851- 1852.Cushing published his lectures at Boston in 1854 under the title An Introduction to the Study of Roman Law. He devoted a full chapter to a description of the historical school and to the controversy betweenSavigny and Thibaut over codification. While Cushing attempted to portray fairly the arguments of both sides, he left no doubt as to his preference for Savigny's approach:The labors of the historical school have established an entirely new and distinct era in the study of the Roman jurisprudence; and though these writers cannot be said to have thrown their predecessors into the shade, it seems to be generally admitted, that almost every branch of the Roman law has received some important modification at their hands, and that a knowledge of their writings, to some extent, at least, is essentially necessary to its acquisition.译文(一)萨维尼和他的英美信徒们*M·H·豪弗里奇弗雷德里奇·卡尔·冯·萨维尼出身贵族，是一位出色的法律改革家，也是一位倡导重建德国教授协会的拥护者，还是历史法学派的创建人之一。
完整英文论文翻译
原文：Marketing in Research and DevelopmentThe Role of the "Innovation Navigator"Marketing in the Management ofResearch Institutions and EnterprisesInvolved in ResearchDr. Marcus LemmensLemmens Consulting-linking industry and science, Bonn-Berlin-LondonBackgroundOver the last ten years,research and development(R&D) has increasingly become a focal point of public awareness. Companies investing in this sector can reckon with a secure future. Therefore, this also benefits the supply systems in society as well as the government institutions .There have been positive developments in the attitude of citizens towards scientific progress and the issue of innovation in general .Thanks to the presentation of measurable results, publicised and public opinion has increasingly approved of investments in teaching, research and development. Here, pharmaceutical research based on biotechnology has contributed a number of examples .And new opportunities, for instance in environmental protection, medicine and industrial safety have promoted sympathy with more funds for R&D also being contributed from public sources.Financial competitionAgainst this background, public funding of research,teaching and development is being re-oriented in terms of its structure. What used to be mainly across-the-board basic funding of institutions is now shifting towardsallocations via a basic budget and supplementary funding via priority areas or individual research projects. This is becoming apparent in higher education institutions, institutes and extra-university research institutions having to compete for these public funds. Usually, it is particularly such priority or project funding that offers attractive amounts of money that may exceed basic funding or can at least be applied more flexibly. In order to compete successfully for funds, institutions have to establish modem science or research management concepts. And R&D marketing assumes a crucial role in this management process.Enterprises engaging in researchCompanies involved in research are also facing new challenges. To optimise costs and resources, they are increasingly seeking co-operation with research institutions and groups of companies. This is aimed at ensuring that individual companies embarking on research activities, running a lower risk. The goal here is to dispose of sufficient qualified knowledge for innovation in the future.(Definition: Innovation is a successful transfer of discoveries to successful sales.) This also applies to any type of innovation strategy being pursued(cumulative innovation=continuous development of knowledge and innovation and radical innovation=combination of cutting-edge technologies and services, North,2000). Should the need arise, R&D marketing has to set individual priorities depending on the strategy opted for. What is certain is that marketing also constitutes a prerequisite for the success of enterprises engaged in research.The role of marketingIn R&D, marketing encompasses more than the traditional fields of activity. This is why it is especially important that marketing should gain approval within the R&D institutions and companies .For under favourable conditions, marketing can assume the role of an"innovation navigator"(Abresch, 2000) bothin public-funded and private research and development.Provided that this is possible, marketing conducted by a research institution or a company involved in research already combines the following phases at a very early stage: market analysisdemand assessmentdevelopment of ideasdevelopment of strategyresearchproduct or service developmentenvironmental and trend analysesMarketing feeds the insights gained from the market into the R&D process. In his way,marketing prevents cost-intensive knowledge being established in Application-oriented R&D from which no innovation is to be expected. So marketing attempts to ensure that demand plays the key role for the R&D company or institute(demand requirements take priority). In contrast,researchers tend to attribute the key role to technology (technological advancement takes priority) (Gerybadze, 2000).Marketing is understood as a steering of the(research) institute or company by the market .And additionally, marketing crucially influences R&D. This means that target markets and groups are defined. Requirements can be deduced from this context, and the R&D process can constantly be measured against the compass needle of the market. If this proves successful,marketing is able to fulfil its role as an "innovation navigator".Marketing conceptScience as such as well as R&D in general is always conducted in the context of religious and philosophical values, and therefore against the background of the society in which research is being conducted (Kashiwagi,2000).And since R&D is embedded in a process of increasing internationalisation, a modem marketing concept ought to consider the intercultural differences of R&Dvalues in addition to the navigation tasks for product innovation, process innovation and social innovation .Here, the author would propose a sub-project in the framework of the workshop aimed at developing an R&D marketing concept taking inter-cultural aspects (Western and Eastern or oriental value orientations) into account.译文：营销调查研究和发展扮演创新导航者的角色——营销在科研机构和企业管理中的调查研究工作Marcus Lemmens 博士Lemmens咨询联系工业和科学，波恩一柏林一伦敦背景在过去的十年，调查研究与发展（R＆D）的问题日益成为公众意识的焦点。
论文全文翻译
刮刀沉积量子点在低损耗大面积发光元件的标准玻璃窗中的应用从减少更昂贵的光伏（PV）材料的使用和减少多电池PV模块的复杂性的方向，我们可以考虑使用发光太阳能集中器（LSC）以降低太阳能电力的成本。
LSC能够实现一些非常规的太阳能转换装置，例如在高人口城市区域作用明显的PV窗户。
在这里，我们试着用胶体核/壳量子点（量子点）制作的低损失，大面积（约90⇥30cm2）LSCs，其光谱是定制的，以最小化波导辐射的自吸收。
为了改善与聚合物基质的相容性和增强的稳定性，将QD封装到二氧化硅壳中。
使用标准刮涂沉积将QD /聚合物复合材料加工沉积到商业窗玻璃上，制造出的半透明器件对于几十厘米的尺寸显示出大于10％的内部量子效率。
发光太阳能聚光器（LSC）是可以用作光伏（PV）电池的大面积太阳光收集器的光管理器件。
LSC由浸渍或涂覆有高发射性荧光团的透明材料板（例如玻璃塑料）组成。
在吸收入射到板的较大面积表面上的太阳光后，LSC荧光团以较低能量再发射光子，这些光子被全内反射引导到器件边缘，在那里它们被PV收集。
如果LSC的成本远低于相当面积的PV电池的成本，并且LSC的效率足够高，则应用这些设备可以实现太阳能电力的成本的显着降低。
半透明LSCs的应用也可以应用于新型设备，如太阳能或PV窗户，可以将当前被动建筑立面转换为电力发电单元。
胶体量子点（QD）已经在利用QD性质的LSC应用的方面有了很多积极的探索，例如广泛可调的吸收和发射光谱，高光稳定性和溶液加工性。
这些结构也可以通过使用通过形状控制，异质结构或杂质掺杂实现的“斯托克斯频移工程”的概念，以大大减少导引光的再吸收（自吸收）的损失的方式来定制。
演示的方法包括使用核/厚壳“巨型”量子点（g-QDs），锰和铜掺杂QDs，II型异质结构和三元I-III-VI2 QDs。
在大多数报道的情况下，LSC荧光团已经嵌入聚合物，例如通过本体聚合制备的聚（甲基丙烯酸甲酯）（PMMA）9,16,17或聚（甲基丙烯酸月桂酯）12,18。
论文英文翻译最终版
序号（学号）：040940131长春光华学院毕业设计（论文）译文Electronic technique电子技术姓名盛遵义教学院电气信息学院专业电子信息工程班级电信09401指导教师张淑艳（讲师）2013 年04 月10 日┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊装┊┊┊┊┊订┊┊┊┊┊线┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊Electronic techniqueFrom the world of radio in the world to a single chip， modern computer technology， industrial revolution， the world economy from the capital into the economy to knowledge economy。
Field in the electronic world， from the 20th century into the era of radio to computer technology in the 21st century as the center of the intelligent modern era of electronic systems。
The basic core of modern electronic systems are embedded computer systems (referred to as embedded systems)， while the microcontroller is the most typical and most extensive and most popular embedded systems。
radio has created generations of excellence in the world Fifties and sixties in the 20th century，the most representative of the advanced electronic technology is wireless technology， including radio broadcasting， radio，wireless communications (telegraph)，Amateur Radio， radio positioning，navigation and other telemetry， remote control， remote technology。
本科毕业设计(论文)外文翻译译文
本科毕业设计（论文）外文翻译译文学生姓名：院（系）：油气资源学院专业班级：物探0502指导教师：完成日期：年月日地震驱动评价与发展：以玻利维亚冲积盆地的研究为例起止页码：1099——1108出版日期：NOVEMBER 2005THE LEADING EDGE出版单位：PanYAmericanYEnergyvBuenosYAiresvYArgentinaJPYBLANGYvYBPYExplorationvYHoustonvYUSAJ.C.YCORDOVAandYE.YMARTINEZvYChacoYS.A.vYSantaYCruzvYBolivia 通过整合多种地球物理地质技术，在玻利维亚冲积盆地，我们可以减少许多与白垩纪储集层勘探有关的地质技术风险。
通过对这些远景区进行成功钻探我们可以验证我们的解释。
这些方法包括盆地模拟，联井及地震叠前同时反演，岩石性质及地震属性解释，A VO/A V A,水平地震同相轴，光谱分解。
联合解释能够得到构造和沉积模式的微笑校正。
迄今为止，在新区有七口井已经进行了成功钻探。
基质和区域地质。
Tarija/Chaco盆地的subandean 褶皱和冲断带山麓的中部和南部，部分扩展到玻利维亚的Boomerange地区经历了集中的成功的开采。
许多深大的泥盆纪气田已经被发现，目前正在生产。
另外在山麓发现的规模较小较浅的天然气和凝析气田和大的油田进行价格竞争，如果他们能产出较快的油流而且成本低。
最近发现气田就是这种情况。
接下来，我们赋予Aguja的虚假名字就是为了讲述这些油田的成功例子。
图1 Aguja油田位于玻利维亚中部Chaco盆地的西北角。
基底构造图显示了Isarzama背斜的相对位置。
地层柱状图显示了主要的储集层和源岩。
该油田在Trija和冲积盆地附近的益背斜基底上，该背斜将油田和Ben i盆地分开（图1），圈闭类型是上盘背斜，它存在于连续冲断层上，Aguja有两个主要结构：Aguja中部和Aguja Norte,通过重要的转换压缩断层将较早开发的“Sur”油田分开Yantata Centro结构是一个三路闭合对低角度逆冲断层并伴随有小的摆幅。
英语翻译论文范文
英语翻译论文范文In the contemporary era, the role of technology in education is undeniably significant. The integration of digital tools and platforms has transformed the way educators teach and students learn. This paper aims to explore the multifaceted impact of technology on modern education, focusing on bothits advantages and challenges.Firstly, technology has democratized access to education. With the proliferation of online learning platforms, students from diverse backgrounds can access a wealth of educational resources. Massive Open Online Courses (MOOCs) have made it possible for individuals to learn from renowned professors without the constraints of geographical location or financial limitations.Secondly, the use of technology in classrooms has enhanced the interactive and collaborative nature of learning. Interactive whiteboards, educational apps, and virtualreality (VR) are some of the tools that have made learning more engaging and immersive. These tools not only cater to different learning styles but also promote critical thinking and problem-solving skills.However, the integration of technology in education is not without its drawbacks. One of the primary concerns is the digital divide, where unequal access to technology can exacerbate existing educational disparities. Additionally,there is a risk of students becoming overly reliant on technology, potentially neglecting the development of essential skills such as critical reading and analytical thinking.Furthermore, the rapid pace of technological advancement presents challenges for educators. It requires continuous professional development to stay abreast of new tools and pedagogical approaches. The balance between traditional teaching methods and technology-assisted learning must be carefully considered to ensure that the educational experience remains holistic and well-rounded.In conclusion, technology has undeniably reshaped the landscape of modern education. While it offers numerous opportunities for enhancing learning experiences, it also presents challenges that need to be addressed. The key lies in harnessing the power of technology to supplement, not supplant, the educational process, ensuring that it serves as a tool for empowering students to become lifelong learners.。
毕业论文翻译稿件【范本模板】
本科毕业论文外文翻译外文译文题目：对于E类型的简单生产线平衡问题的解决过程学院: 机械自动化专业: 工业工程学号: 201003166078学生姓名：谭柱森指导教师: 李颖日期: 二○一四年五月A solution procedure for type E simple assembly linebalancing problemNai—Chieh Wei , I-Ming ChaoIndustrial Engineering and Management，I—Shou University，No. 1，Section 1, Syuecheng Rd. Dashu District, KaohsiungCity 84001，Taiwan, ROC.对于E类型的简单生产线平衡问题的解决过程Nai-Chieh Wei , I-Ming Chao工业工程与管理，中华人民共和国，台湾省，高雄市，Syuecheng Rd。
Dashu街一号，义守大学，第一章第一节摘要本文提出了结合SALBP—1和SALBP-2的E型简单装配线平衡问题（SALBP—E），更多的,本研究为提出的模型提供了解决方法。
提出的模型在最小化空闲时间的同时优化装配线平衡率，为管理实践提供了更好的理解,计算结果表明：给出周期的上限ct以后,提出的模型可以最优的解决问题，因为它含有最少的变量,约max束和计算时间。
1前言从研究者第一次讨论装配线平衡问题以来，大约有50年了，在众多有关生产线平衡问题中,最基本的是简单装配线平衡问题，早在1954年，Bryton就定义并且研究了生产线平衡问题。
后一年，Salverson建立了第一个生产线平衡的数学模型并提出了定性的解决步骤,这引来了很大的兴趣，在Gutjahr 和Nemhauser说明生产线平衡是一种NP组合优化难题，大多数研究者希望开发一种能高效解决多种装配线问题的方法。
在随后的几年,生产线平衡成为了一个流行的主题，Kim，Kim，and Kim （1996）把生产线平衡分为五类问题，其中的问题1（SALBP —1）和问题Ⅱ（SALBP—Ⅱ)是两种基本的优化问题。
论文正文翻译
这则广告迎合了大众心理,尤其是头发干枯打结分叉的女孩。但这则广告却禁不起推敲。它好像缺少了一些成分。不错，“smoother”和“easier”在这时模糊语言。“smoother”和“easier”是比较级。广告中没有体现比较对象和比较范围。这就容易理解为新的洗发水比这牌子的其他洗发水更能让头发顺滑—比这个牌子的其他洗发水更容易打理。或者新的洗发水比其他牌子的洗发水更能让头发顺滑—比其他牌子的洗发水更容易打理。或者两者兼有。再者，广告也没描述使用这款洗发水能使打理头发有多么容易。这则广告有很多解释，而广告商没有明确是否是其中的任何一种解释。
2.2
2.2.1
牛津大学教授HerbertPaulGrice提出了合作原则。合作原则描述了人们之间是怎样互动的。人们为了同一目标或几组目标而进行谈话。在谈话过程中，每一参与者都按照一定的准则。这种准则就称为合作原则。
2.2.2The Content of Cooperative Principle
合作原则包含四个准则：
3.2
根据质量准则，要设法使你的话语真实，不要说自知是虚假的话，也不要说缺乏证据的话。但是在商业广告中，广告商为了达到宣传，吸引顾客的效果，常常会违反此准则。
如下三则广告:
“We asked a lot of Peugeot owners why they first considered buying a Peugeot.”
商业广告最明显的作用就是其吸引性。商业广告中的模糊语言极具诱惑力。模糊词语，如“more”,“better”,“less” and“easier”使受众者浮想联翩。“More”可以被解读为“more goods”,“morediscounts”等。“less”可以被解读为“less risks”或“lessmoney”。然而，经济的发展极大地刺激了消费能力的提高。越来越多的大众最求高质量、高标准、高地位的生活方式。他们希望有名人一样的生活。因此，经常在商业广告中使用代表名流的“thebest”,“the most”及“the top”这些词汇，而这样的模糊语言正好迎合了他们的消费心理。
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刮刀沉积量子点在低损耗大面积发光元件的标准玻璃窗中的应用从减少更昂贵的光伏（PV）材料的使用和减少多电池PV模块的复杂性的方向，我们可以考虑使用发光太阳能集中器（LSC）以降低太阳能电力的成本。
LSC能够实现一些非常规的太阳能转换装置，例如在高人口城市区域作用明显的PV窗户。
在这里，我们试着用胶体核/壳量子点（量子点）制作的低损失，大面积（约90⇥30cm2）LSCs，其光谱是定制的，以最小化波导辐射的自吸收。
为了改善与聚合物基质的相容性和增强的稳定性，将QD封装到二氧化硅壳中。
使用标准刮涂沉积将QD /聚合物复合材料加工沉积到商业窗玻璃上，制造出的半透明器件对于几十厘米的尺寸显示出大于10％的内部量子效率。
发光太阳能聚光器（LSC）是可以用作光伏（PV）电池的大面积太阳光收集器的光管理器件。
LSC由浸渍或涂覆有高发射性荧光团的透明材料板（例如玻璃塑料）组成。
在吸收入射到板的较大面积表面上的太阳光后，LSC荧光团以较低能量再发射光子，这些光子被全内反射引导到器件边缘，在那里它们被PV收集。
如果LSC的成本远低于相当面积的PV电池的成本，并且LSC的效率足够高，则应用这些设备可以实现太阳能电力的成本的显着降低。
半透明LSCs的应用也可以应用于新型设备，如太阳能或PV窗户，可以将当前被动建筑立面转换为电力发电单元。
胶体量子点（QD）已经在利用QD性质的LSC应用的方面有了很多积极的探索，例如广泛可调的吸收和发射光谱，高光稳定性和溶液加工性。
这些结构也可以通过使用通过形状控制，异质结构或杂质掺杂实现的“斯托克斯频移工程”的概念，以大大减少导引光的再吸收（自吸收）的损失的方式来定制。
演示的方法包括使用核/厚壳“巨型”量子点（g-QDs），锰和铜掺杂QDs，II型异质结构和三元I-III-VI2 QDs。
在大多数报道的情况下，LSC荧光团已经嵌入聚合物，例如通过本体聚合制备的聚（甲基丙烯酸甲酯）（PMMA）9,16,17或聚（甲基丙烯酸月桂酯）12,18。
在这种情况下的常见问题是QD和聚合物材料之间的不良相容性，其经常导致QD钝化的降解，导致光致发光（PL）量子产率（QY）12,17-21的下降。
另一个有害的方面是聚合过程中的QD聚集，这导致由于点间激子转移引起的QD发射的额外猝灭22。
此外，QD簇的形成增加光散射，导致QD /聚合物板16的外观模糊。
最后，即使在新制备的聚合物波导中，由于材料密度的波动而导致的不可避免的折射率波动可能由于散射而导致相当大的损失。
部分缓解上述问题的一种方法是通过用层状结构代替全聚合物LSC波导，其包括在一面或两面上涂覆有聚合物/ QD复合物的高光学质量玻璃的板。
由于聚合物基体中的缺陷，在这种结构中的光学散射的损失将与总波导厚度和聚合物层的厚度之间的比成正比地减小。
为了实现分层LSC设计，我们利用刮刀沉积技术在大面积玻璃板的顶部上沉积QD /聚合物复合物的薄膜。
我们的LSC发射器是二氧化硅涂层的I型CdSe / Cd1x Zn x S g-QD，其中电子和空穴都位于中心CdSe核心内，而特别厚的Cd1xZnxShell以及外部二氧化硅层将它们与环境隔开。
这有助于在最终复合材料中保持高PLQY（⇠70％），并产生优异的热稳定性和光稳定性。
我们选择聚乙烯吡咯烷酮（PVP）作为基质材料，因为它可以通过功能性吡咯烷酮环上的氮原子与亚硅壳的羟基配位。
这改善了QD和聚合物之间的相容性，有助于避免基质内的QD聚集。
在使用刮刀技术沉积QD / PVP复合材料的基础上，我们制造大面积器件（高达约90⇥30cm 2），其中由于在波导内的缺陷处的自吸收和散射导致的损失实际上被完全消除。
类型-I巨型量子点厚壳CdSe / CdS g-QD已被证明作为LSC荧光团的优良性能，部分是由于CdSe-核PL 的能量的延迟和起始点限定的大的电感斯托克斯位移在用作光接收器的“巨型”CdS壳中的吸收。
通过将壳组成从CdS改变为Cd1x Zn x S S25，可以进一步利用厚壳结构的有益性质。
标准CdSe / CdS g-QD表现出准II 型定位体系，其中空穴被核限制，而电子在整个QD体积27-29处离域。
在这种情况下，电子波函数可以在壳体表面上采样缺陷，这可能降低PLQY。
此外，电子波函数的近似体样特性限制了PL的光谱可调谐性的范围和强吸收的开始。
图1 |厚壳型，ICdSe / Cd1x Zn x S g-QDs.a，CdSe / Cd1x Zn x S g-QDs中x型0.4（由电感耦合等离子体光学任务光谱测定）的I型配位电势的近似结构.CB和VB分别表示导带和价带; Eg = 1.75eV是体相- CdSe带隙。
基于体半导体能带边缘能量，核/壳界面处的导带和价带偏移分别为0.33eV和0.60eV。
b，A 具有4nm平均直径的CdSe核的TEM图像，核/壳CdSe / Cd1x Zn x S g-QD的TEM图像.Inset：相同QDs.d，吸收（黑色）和PL（红色）的高分辨率TEM图像，CdSe / Cd1x Zn x S g-QDs的光谱。
壳层的吸收在λ460nm处，核的PL峰在λ628nm，表明ε720meV的大的有效斯托克斯位移。
类型-I巨型量子点厚壳CdSe / CdS g-QD作为LSC荧光团表现出优异的性能，部分是由于大的有效的斯托克斯位移由CdSe 核心PL的能量的偏差和在作为光捕获天线的“巨大”CdS壳中的吸收的起始点所限定。
可以进一步利用厚壁的壳结构通过改变壳组成从CdS到Cd1x Zn x S25。
标准的CdSe / CdS g-QDs表现出准类型II定位制度，其中在孔中是核限制的，而电子在整个QD体积27-29处离域。
在这种情况下，电子波函数可以在壳表面采样缺陷，这可能降低PLQY。
此外，电子波函数的早期体积样特性限制了PL的光谱可调谐性的范围和强吸收的开始。
使用合金化的Cd1x Zn x S外壳可以帮助消除上述缺陷。
具体来说，当合金中具有适当分数的Zn时，导带变得非常大以将电子限制在CdSe核中，这对应于仅CdSe核的结构的I型定位特性的恢复，但是具有一种宽能量势垒，保护电子和空穴免受环境的有害影响（图1a）。
此外，使用薄壳，I型异质结构扩展了PL（由芯尺寸控制）的光谱可调范围，和吸收开始（由壳组成控制），因此，允许在控制有效的斯托克斯特移位（1S）中更大的灵活性。
在这项研究中，CdSe / Cd1x Zn x S（x⇡0.4）g-QDs通过连续壳生长合成，如方法详述。
透射电子显微镜（TEM）研究表明CdSe核（尺寸分散<10％）的高单分散性，其在本研究中具有4-nm平均直径（图1b）。
在壳生长反应结束时，CdSe / Cd0.6Zn0.4Sg-QDs达到了12.0nm（⇠15％尺寸分散体;图1c和补充图1a）的平均直径，表明平均壳厚度为4.0nm 。
最终的颗粒具有典型的厚壳结构的不规则形状（图1c）25。
根据高分辨率TEM 图像（图1c的插图），它们没有表现出任何明显的缺陷，例如失配位错，这导致相当高的PL QY为〜70％。
PL峰值在δ628nm处，并且由于厚的合金壳的吸收的开始在⇠460nm（图1d）。
这些值对应于γ720meV的1S，其成功地大到显着降低了自发光的再吸收，是LSC荧光团的关键要求。
硅藻土的包封在制造时，CdSe / Cd1x Zn x S g-QD是疏水的，并且与用于制造QD /聚合物复合材料的极性溶剂不相容。
为了将QD的表面改变成亲水性，我们将它们封装在二氧化硅壳中。
过去，这种方法已成功应用于球形半导体颗粒31-33以及包括纳米棒，四足和纳米片的晶体。
虽然允许在极性溶剂中良好的溶解性，但与二氧化硅外涂层相关的常见问题是完全或部分PL淬灭。
最成功的演示程序，允许保留高达40％的原始PLQY，涉及水包油微乳液反应或QD的非常慢的硅烷化，以通过部分水解的原硅酸四乙酯（TEOS）取代其表面配体37。
在目前的工作中，我们探讨了第一种方法（详见方法）。
它允许通过调节合成中QD和TEOS的相对量来调整二氧化硅壳厚度（H）。
在优化的条件下，H可以在5nm至19nm之间变化（图2a）。
在我们的LSCs中，我们使用覆盖有λ5nm厚壳的量子点，这对应于22.5±2.3nm的总粒径（图2b和互补图1b）。
TEM测量表明，在大多数复合颗粒> 99％），QD位于结构的中心（图2b）。
此外，我们很少观察到多个点存在于位于二氧化硅壳表面的相同二氧化硅壳或QD内的情况，而这些问题在之前关于二氧化硅涂覆点的报告中是常见的。
此外，虽然在所有以前的研究中，二氧化硅的外涂层导致至少部分PL淬灭，在我们的厚壳，I型巨型量子点的情况下，该程序不导致PL强度的任何损失（补充图2），并且对于所有研究的壳厚度，QD保留原始数据（~70％）PL QY（图2c）。
此外，封装到硅壳中不改变PL峰位置或光谱分布（图2d），并且不会显着改变PL强度（图2e，f）。
PL 1 / e-衰变时间（从19.5ns到26.2ns）的小范围增加可以通过乙醇（与二氧化硅涂覆的点一起使用）和甲苯（与未涂覆的点一起使用）的介电常数的偏差来解释;参见补充说明1.如方法（也参见补充图3）中所阐述的，二氧化硅壳的沉积还有助于抑制由于在QD /聚合物复合材料的制备期间经常形成的QD聚集体中的能量转移引起的PL损失。
观察表明，二氧化硅壳不干扰这些厚壳型Ig-QD的发射状态。
二氧化硅外涂层的重要益处是与未涂覆的点相比，QD的长期光和热稳定性的显着改进。
例如，二氧化硅涂覆的点在暴露于空气4个月后保留原始PLQY的85％，而在未涂覆量子点的情况下为⇠23％（图3a）。
二氧化硅涂覆的QD的高水平的稳定性也通过在无空气的环境（N 2气氛）中进行的“加速老化”研究来验证（参见方法和图3b）。
根据这些测试，PL QY仅下降60％，对应于加速因子247的强度的462nm光照射200小时。
如果按标准日夜周期计算，这意味着连续5.6年暴露于直射阳光或者14年的户外寿命。
二氧化硅涂覆的点同时也显示出高水平的热稳定性（参见方法）。
具体来说，在空气中在200℃下热处理30分钟后未观察到PL效率的明显变化，而未涂覆量子点的类似处理导致其PL强度损失60％（图3c）。
二氧化硅涂覆的I型g-QD的这种明显的热和长期光稳定性表明这些纳米结构不仅适用于原理证明装置展示，而且适用于实际技术中的应用，其中材料的稳定性是一个的关键要求。
薄膜LSCs的制造制备LSCs的常用方法是含有单体和QD的前体的本体聚合。
然而，这些全聚合物装置由于在聚合物基质内散射时间裂缝而导致相当大的光学损失。
如前所述，通过用分层结构代替全聚合物波导可以降低散射的影响，所述分层结构包括用QD /聚合物复合材料的薄层实施的高光学质量玻璃。