International economics
国际经济与贸易 金融学 经济学的区别
内容介绍
经济学，围绕经济现象进行解读、分析、预测等等。所学以统计学、会计学、财政学、西方经济 学等等。经济学是一个研究理论的基础学科，距离赚钱相差甚远。 国际经济与贸易，简单来说，与进出口相关。所学课程以贸易实务、贸易政策和贸易理论三个模 块为主，实务以结算、保险、税收为主要导向，政策有海商法、WTO规则等等，理论就是贸易学、 经济学等等。 3、就业方向不同 金融学就业方向是金融监管部门、银行、保险公司、证券公司、信托公司、基金公司、从教等等。 深造才能学到专业精髓。 经济学就业方向是经济管理部门、投资公司、证券公司、资产管理公司、咨询行业、从教等等。 想要获得比较好的岗位，最好深造。
内容介绍
国际经济与贸易就业方向是外贸公司、合资企业、外资企业、海关、商检、货代公司。这个专业 实践经验很重要，所学比较泛的情况下，最好有核心的价值和竞争力。
参考资料：国际经济学
国际经济学，以经济学的一般理论为基础，研究国际经济活动和国际经济关系，是一般经济理论 在国际经济活动范围中的应用与延伸，是经济学体系的有机组成部分。主要研究对象有国际贸易 理论与政策、国际收支理论、汇率理论、要素的国际流动、国际投资理论、开放的宏观经济均衡 等。国际经济学是20世纪20年代初在传统的国际贸易学和国际金融学的基础上逐步发展起来的。 第二次世界大战后，它在资本主义国家越来越受到重视。
名词解释：国际经济
国际经济（International Economics）是指在开放经济条件下，为了实现国家利益最大化和全 球利益的均衡化，国家之间的商品、资本、其他价值判断和价值规律的学科。本专业培养具有金融学理论知识及专业技能的专门人 才。经济学是研究人类经济活动的规律即价值的创造、转化、实现的规律——经济发展规律的理 论，分为政治经济学与科学经济学两大类型。 国际经济与贸易培养能较系统地掌握经济学基本原理和国际经济、国际贸易的基本理论，掌握国 际贸易的基本知识和基本技能的人才。 2、专业性质不同 金融学，围绕货币进行研究，主要学习内容分为宏观金融、微观金融和金融工具方面，宏观金融 方面以国际金融学为代表，微观金融方面以证券投资学、保险学、财务管理等为代表，金融工具 方面以计量经济学为代表。综合来讲，金融学还是研究金融理论多于实操的专业。
国际经济学 英文
国际经济学英文English:International economics is the study of how countries interact with each other in terms of trade, finance, and international investment. It examines the impact of international organizations, such as the World Trade Organization and the International Monetary Fund, on global economic development, and the role of governments in shaping international economic policies. International economics also explores the effects of globalization, exchange rate fluctuations, and trade agreements on national economies, as well as the implications of economic integration and cooperation among countries. This field of study helps to understand the complexities of cross-border transactions and the interconnectedness of different economies, and provides insights into the potential benefits and challenges of international economic interactions.中文翻译:国际经济学是研究国家在贸易、金融和国际投资方面如何相互联系的学科。
国际经济学英文版（第八版）章节练习第一章
国际经济学英⽂版（第⼋版）章节练习第⼀章International Economics, 8e (Krugman)Chapter 1 Introduction1.1 What Is International Economics About?1) Historians of economic thought often describe ________ written by ________ and published in ________ as the first real exposition of an economic model.A) ”Of the Balance of Trade,” David Hume, 1776B) ”Wealth of Nations,” David Hume, 1758C) ”Wealth of Nations,” Adam Smith, 1758D) ”Wealth of Nations,” Adam Smith, 1776E) ”Of the Balance of Trade,” David Hume, 1758Answer: E2) 2)Ancient theories of international economics from the 18th and 19th Centuries areA) not relevant to current policy analysis.B) are only of moderate relevance in today’s modern international economy.C) are highly relevant in today’s modern international economy.D) are the only theories that actually relevant to modern international economy.E) are not well understood by modern mathematically oriented theorists.Answer: C3) An important insight of international trade theory is that when countries exchange goods and services one with the other itA) is always beneficial to both countries.B) is usually beneficial to both countries.C) is typically beneficial only to the low wage trade partner country.D) is typically harmful to the technologically lagging country.E) tends to create unemployment in both countries.Answer: B4) If there are large disparities in wage levels between countries, thenA) trade is likely to be harmful to both countries.B) trade is likely to be harmful to the country with the high wages.C) trade is likely to be harmful to the country with the low wages.D) trade is likely to be harmful to neither country.E) trade is likely to have no effect on either country.Answer: D5) Who sells what to whomA) has been a major preoccupation of international economics.B) is not a valid concern of international economics.C) is not considered important for government foreign trade policy since such decisions are made in the private competitive market.D) is determined by political rather than economic factors.E) None of the aboveAnswer: A6) The insight that patterns of trade are primarily determined by international differences in labor productivity was first proposed byA) Adam Smith.B) David Hume.C) David Ricardo.D) Eli Heckscher.E) Lerner and Samuelson. Answer: C7) The euro, a common currency for most of the nations of Western Europe, was introducedA) before 1900.B) before 1990.C) before 2000.D) in order to snub the pride of the U.S.E) None of the above.Answer: C8) For the 50 years preceding 1994, international trade policies have been governedA) by the World Trade Organization.B) by the International Monetary Fund.C) by the World.D) by an international treaty known as the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT).E) None of the above.Answer: D9) The international capital market isA) the place where you can rent earth moving equipment anywhere in the world.B) a set of arrangements by which individuals and firms exchange money now for promises to pay in the future.C) the arrangement where banks build up their capital by borrowing from the Central Bank.D) the place where emerging economies accept capital invested by banks.E) None of the above.Answer: B10) Since 1994, trade rules have been enforced byA) the WTO.B) the G10.C) the GATT.D) The U.S. Congress.E) None of the above.Answer:A11) Cost-benefit analysis of international tradeA) is basically useless.B) is empirically intractable.C) focuses attention primarily on conflicts of interest within countries.D) focuses attention on conflicts of interests between countries.E) None of the above.Answer: C12) An improvement in a country’s balance of payments means a decrease in its balance of payments deficit, or an increase in its surplus. In fact we know that a surplus in a balance of paymentsA) is good.B) is usually good.C) is probably good.D) may be considered bad.E) is always bad.Answer: D13) The GATT wasA) an international treaty.B) an international U.N. agency.C) an international IMF agency.D) a U.S. government agency.E) a collection of tariffs.Answer: A14) International economics can be divided into two broad sub-fieldsA) macro and micro.B) developed and less developed.C) monetary and barter.D) international trade and international money.E) static and dynamic.Answer: DInternational Economics, 8e (Krugman)Chapter 2 World Trade: An Overview2.1 Who Trades with Whom?1) What percent of all world production of goods and services is exported to other countries?A) 10%B) 30%C) 50%D) 100%E) None of the above.Answer: B2) The gravity model offers a logical explanation for the fact thatA) trade between Asia and the U.S. has grown faster than NAFTA trade.B) trade in services has grown faster than trade in goods.C) trade in manufactures has grown faster than in agricultural products.D) Intra-European Union trade exceeds International Trade of the European Union.E) None of the above.Answer: D3) According to the gravity model, a characteristic that tends to affect the probability of trade existing betweenany two countries isA) their cultural affinity.B) the average weight/value of their traded goods.C) their colonial-historical ties.D) the distance between them.E) the number of varieties produced on the average by their industries.Answer: D4) Why does the gravity model work?A) Large economies became large because they were engaged in international trade.B) Large economies have relatively large incomes, and hence spend more on government promotion of trade and investment.C) Large economies have relatively larger areas which raises the probability that a productive activity will take place within the borders of that country.D) Large economies tend to have large incomes and tend to spend more on imports.E) None of the above.Answer: D5) The two neighbors of the United States do a lot more trade with the United States than European economiesof equal size.A) This contradicts predictions from gravity models.B) This is consistent with predictions from gravity models.C) This is relevant to any inferences that may be drawn from gravity models.D) This is because these neighboring countries have exceptionally large GDPs.E) None of the above.Answer: B6) Since World War II (the early 1950s), the proportion of most countries' production being used in some other countryA) remained constant.B) increased.C) decreased.D) fluctuated widely with no clear trend.E) both A and D above.Answer: B7) Since World War II, the relative importance of raw materials, including oil, in total world tradeA) remained constant.B) increased.C) decreased.D) fluctuated widely with no clear trendE) both A and D above.Answer: C8) In the current Post-Industrial economy, international trade in services (including banking and financial services)A) dominates world trade.B) does not exist.C) is relatively small.D) is relatively stagnant.E) None of the above.Answer: C9) In the pre-World War I period, the U.S. exported primarilyA) manufactured goods.B) services.C) primary products including agricultural.D) technology intensive products.E) None of the above.Answer: C10) In the pre-World War I period, the United Kingdom exported primarilyA) manufactured goods.B) services.C) primary products including agricultural.D) technology intensive products.E) None of the above.Answer:A11) In the present, most of the exports from China are inA) manufactured goods.B) services.C) primary products including agricultural.D) technology intensive products.E) None of the above.Answer: AInternational Economics, 8e (Krugman)Chapter 3 Labor Productivity and Comparative Advantage: The Ricardian Model1) Trade between two countries can benefit both countries ifA) each country exports that good in which it has a comparative advantage.B) each country enjoys superior terms of trade.C) each country has a more elastic demand for the imported goods.D) each country has a more elastic supply for the exported goods.E) Both C and D.Answer: A2) In order to know whether a country has a comparative advantage in the production of one particular product we need information on at least ________ unit labor requirementsA) oneB) twoC) threeD) fourE) fiveAnswer: D3) A country engaging in trade according to the principles of comparative advantage gains from trade because itA) is producing exports indirectly more efficiently than it could alternatively.B) is producing imports indirectly more efficiently than it could domestically.C) is producing exports using fewer labor units.D) is producing imports indirectly using fewer labor units.E) None of the above.Answer: B4) Given the information in the table above, if it is ascertained that Foreign uses prison-slave labor to produce its exports, then home shouldA) export cloth.B) export widgets.C) export both and import nothing.D) export and import nothing.E) All of the above.Answer: A5) Given the information in the table above, if the Home economy suffered a meltdown, and theUnit Labor Requirements doubled to 30 for cloth and 60 for widgets then home shouldA) export cloth.B) export widgets.C) export both and import nothing.D) export and import nothing.E) All of the above.Answer: A6) The earliest statement of the principle of comparative advantage is associated withA) David Hume.B) David Ricardo.C) Adam Smith.D) Eli Heckscher.E) Bertil Ohlin.Answer: B7) The Gains from Trade associated with the principle of Comparative Advantage depends onA) the trade partners must differ in technology or tastes.B) there can be no more goods traded than the number of trade partners.C) there may be no more trade partners than goods traded.D) All of the above.E) None of the above.Answer: A8) The Ricardian model demonstrates thatA) trade between two countries will benefit both countries.B) trade between two countries may benefit both regardless of which good each exports.two countries may benefit both if each exports the product in which it has a comparative advantage. C)trade betweenD) trade between two countries may benefit one but harm the other.E) None of the above.Answer: C9) Given the information in the table aboveA) neither country has a comparative advantage.B) Home has a comparative advantage in cloth.C) Foreign has a comparative advantage in cloth.D) Home has a comparative advantage in widgets.E) Home has a comparative advantage in both products.Answer: B10) Given the information in the table above, if wages were to double in Home, then Home shouldA) export cloth.B) export widgets.C) export both and import nothing.D) export and import nothing.E) All of the above.Answer: A11) In a two product two country world, international trade can lead to increases inA) consumer welfare only if output of both products is increased.B) output of both products and consumer welfare in both countries.C) total production of both products but not consumer welfare in both countries.D) consumer welfare in both countries but not total production of both products.E) None of the above.Answer: B12) A nation engaging in trade according to the Ricardian model will find its consumption bundleA) inside its production possibilities frontier.B) on its production possibilities frontier.C) outside its production possibilities frontier.D) inside its trade-partner's production possibilities frontier.E) on its trade-partner's production possibilities frontier.Answer: C13) In the Ricardian model, if a country's trade is restricted, this will cause all except which?A) limit specialization and the division of laborB) reduce the volume of trade and the gains from tradeC) cause nations to produce inside their production possibilities curvesD) may result in a country producing some of the product of its comparative disadvantageE) None of the above.Answer: C14) If the world terms of trade for a country are somewhere between the domestic cost ratio of Hand that of F, thenA) country H but not country F will gain from trade.B) country H and country F will both gain from trade.C) neither country H nor F will gain from trade.D) only the country whose government subsidizes its exports will gain.E) None of the above.Answer: B15) According to Ricardo, a country will have a comparative advantage in the product in which itsA) labor productivity is relatively low.B) labor productivity is relatively high.C) labor mobility is relatively low.D) labor mobility is relatively high.E) None of the above.Answer: B16)Assume that labor is the only factor of production and that wages in the United States equal $20 per hour while wages in Japan are $10 per hour. Production costs would be lower in the United States as compared to Japan ifA) U.S. labor productivity equaled 40 units per hour and Japan's 15 units per hour.B) U.S. productivity equaled 30 units per hour whereas Japan's was 20.C) U.S. labor productivity equaled 20 and Japan's 30.D) U.S. labor productivity equaled 15 and Japan's 25 units per hour.E) None of the above.Answer: A17) Let us define the real wage as the purchasing power of one hour of labor. In the Ricardian 2X2 model, if twocountries under autarky engage in trade thenA) the real wage will not be affected since this is a financial variable.B) the real wage will increase only if a country attains full specialization.C) the real wage will increase in one country only if it decreases in the other.D) the real wage will rise in both countries.E) None of the above.Answer: D18) In a two country and two product Ricardian model, a small country is likely to benefit more than the largecountry becauseA) the large country will wield greater political power, and hence will not yield to market signals.B) the small country is less likely to trade at price equal or close to its autarkic (domestic) relative prices.C) the small country is more likely to fully specialize.D) the small country is less likely to fully specialize.E) None of the above.Answer: B19) An examination of the Ricardian model of comparative advantage yields the clear result thattrade is (potentially) beneficial for each of the two trading partners since it allows for anexpanded consumption choice for each. However, for the world as a whole the expansion ofproduction of one product must involve a decrease in the availability of the other, so that it isnot clear that trade is better for the world as a whole as compared to an initial situation ofnon-trade (but efficient production in each country). Are there in fact gains from trade for theworld as a whole? Explain.Answer: If we were to combine the production possibility frontiers of the two countries to create a single world production possibility frontier, then it is true that any change in production points (from autarky tospecialization with trade) would involve a tradeoff of one good for another from the world'sperspective. In other words, the new solution cannot possibly involve the production of more of bothgoods. However, since we know that each country is better off at the new solution, it must be true thatthe original points were not on the trade contract curve between the two countries, and it was in factpossible to make some people better off without making others worse off, so that the new solutiondoes indeed represent a welfare improvement from the world's perspective.20）Given the information in the table above. What is the opportunity cost of Cloth in terms of Widgets in Foreign? Answer: One half a widget.21) Given the information in the table above. If these two countries trade these two goods in the context of the Ricardian model of comparative advantage, then what is the lower limit of the world equilibrium price of widgets? Answer: 1/2 Cloths.22) Given the information in the table above. If these two countries trade these two goods with each other incontext of the Ricardian model of comparative advantage, what is the lower limit for the price of cloth? Answer: One half a widget.23) Given the information in the table above. What is the opportunity cost of cloth in terms of Widgets inForeign?Answer: 2 widgets.24) If a production possibilities frontier is bowed out (concave to the origin), then production occurs underconditions ofA) constant opportunity costs.B) increasing opportunity costs.C) decreasing opportunity costs.D) infinite opportunity costs.E) None of the above.Answer: B25) If the production possibilities frontier of one the trade partners ("Country A") is bowed out (concave to theorigin), then increased specialization in production by that country willA) increase the economic welfare of both countries.B) increase the economic welfare of only Country A.C) decrease the economic welfare of Country A.D) decrease the economic welfare of Country B.E) None of the above.Answer: A26)If one country's wage level is very high relative to the other's (the relative wage exceeding the relative productivity ratios), thenA) it is not possible that producers in each will find export markets profitable.B) it is not possible that consumers in both countries will enhance their respective welfares throughimports.C) it is not possible that both countries will find gains from trade.D) it is possible that both will enjoy the conventional gains from trade.E) None of the above.Answer: D27) In a two-country, two-product world, the statement "Germany enjoys a comparative advantageover France in autos relative to ships" is equivalent toA) France having a comparative advantage over Germany in ships.B) France having a comparative disadvantage compared to Germany in autos and ships.C) Germany having a comparative advantage over France in autos and ships.D) France having no comparative advantage over Germany.E) None of the above.Answer: A28) Suppose the United states production possibility frontier was flatter to the widget axis, whereasGermany's was flatter to the butter axis. We now learn that the German wage doubles, but U.S.wages do not change at all. We now know thatA) the United States has no comparative advantage.B) Germany has a comparative advantage in butter.C) the United States has a comparative advantage in butter.D) Not enough information is given.E) None of the above.Answer: B29) We know that in antiquity, China exported silk because no-one in any other country knew how to producethis product. From this information we learn thatA) China enjoyed a comparative advantage in silk.B) China enjoyed an absolute advantage, but not a comparative advantage in silk.C) no comparative advantage exists because technology was not diffused.D) China should have exported silk even though it had no comparative advantage.E) None of the above.Answer: A30) The evidence cited in the chapter using the examples of the East Asia New IndustrializingCountries suggests that as international productivities converge, so do international wage levels.Why do you suppose this happened for the East Asian NICs? In light of your answer, what doyou think is likely to happen to the relative wages (relative to those in the United States) ofChina in the coming decade? Explain your reasoning.Answer: Following the logic of the Ricardian model of comparative advantage, the East Asian countries played to their respective comparative advantages. This allowed the world demand to provide excessdemands for their relatively abundant labor, which in turn tended to raise these wages. If Chinafollows the same pattern, their wages levels should also be expected over time to converge to those intheir industrialized country markets.Answers to Textbook Problems1. a. The production possibility curve is a straight line that intercepts the apple axis at 400(1200/3)and the banana axis at 600(1200/2).b. The opportunity cost of apples in terms of bananas is 3/2. It takes three units of labor toharvest an apple but only two units of labor to harvest a banana. If one foregoes harvesting an apple,this frees up three units of labor. These 3 units of labor could then be used to harvest 1.5 bananas.c. Labor mobility ensures a common wage in each sector and competition ensures the price ofgoods equals their cost of production. Thus, the relative price equals the relative costs, which equalsthe wage times the unit labor requirement for apples divided by the wage times the unit laborrequirement for bananas. Since wages are equal across sectors, the price ratio equals the ratio of the unit labor requirement, which is 3 apples per 2 bananas. 2. a. The production possibility curve is linear, with the intercept on the apple axis equal to 160(800/5) and the intercept on the banana axis equal to 800(800/1).b. The world relative supply curve is constructed by determining the supply of apples relative to the supply of bananas at each relative price. The lowest relative price at which apples are harvested is 3 apples per 2 bananas. The relative supply curve is flat at this price. The maximum number of apples supplied at the price of 3/2 is 400 supplied by Home while, at this price, Foreign harvests 800 bananas and no apples, giving a maximum relative supply at this price of 1/2. This relative supply holds for any price between 3/2 and 5. At the price of 5, both countries would harvest apples. The relative supply curve is again flat at 5. Thus, the relative supply curve is step shaped, flat at the price 3/2 from the relative supply of 0 to 1/2, vertical at the relative quantity 1/2 rising from 3/2 to 5, and then flat again from 1/2 to infinity.International Economics, 8e (Krugman)Chapter 4 Resources, Comparative Advantage, and Income Distribution1) In the 2-factor, 2 good Heckscher-Ohlin model, an influx of workers from across the border wouldA) move the point of production along the production possibility curve.B) shift the production possibility curve outward, and increase the production of both goods.C) shift the production possibility curve outward and decrease the production of the labor-intensiveproduct.D) shift the production possibility curve outward and decrease the production of the capital-intensiveproduct.E) None of the above.Answer: D2) In the 2-factor, 2 good Heckscher-Ohlin model, the two countries differ inA) tastes.B) military capabilities.C) size.D) relative availabilities of factors of production.E) labor productivities.Answer: D3) The Heckscher-Ohlin model differs from the Ricardian model of Comparative Advantage in that the formerA) has only two countries.B) has only two products.C) has two factors of production.D) has two production possibility frontiers (one for each country).E) None of the above.Answer: C4) "A good cannot be both land- and labor-intensive." Discuss.Answer: In a two good, two factor model, such as the original Heckscher-Ohlin framework, the factorintensities are relative intensities. Hence, the relevant statistic is either workers per acre (or acres perworker); or wage per rental unit (or rental per wage). In order to illustrate the logic of the statementabove, let us assume that the production of a broom requires 4 workers and 1 acre. Also, let us assumethat the production of one bushel of wheat requires 40 workers and 80 acres. In this case the acres perperson required to produce a broom is one quarter, whereas to produce a bushel of wheat requires 2 acres per person. The wheat is therefore (relatively) land intensive, and the broom is (relatively) labor intensive.5) "No country is abundant in everything." Discuss.Answer: The concept of relative (country) factor abundance is (like factor intensities) a relative concept. When we identify a country as being capital intensive, we mean that it has more capital per worker than doesthe other country. If one country has more capital worker than another, it is an arithmeticimpossibility that it also has more workers per unit capital.6) Refer to above figure. Can you guess which group of producers in Country P might lobby against free trade? Answer:In Country P, the owners of the relatively scarce factor of production are the owners of capital. Their relative and realincomes will decrease, and so they may well attempt to lobby for protectionism, which may prevent the country frommoving to a free trade equilibrium.An Economy can produce good 1 using labor and capital and good 2 using labor and land. The total supply of labor is 100 units. Given the supply of capital, the outputs of the two goods depends on labor input as follows:7) Refer to the table above.(a) Graph the production functions for good 1 and good 2(b) Graph the production possibility frontier. Why is it curved?Answer: The production possibility frontier is curved because of the diminishing returns associated with the expansion of output in the short run in each of the two industries.8) In the 2-factor, 2 good Heckscher-Ohlin model, a change from autarky (no trade) to trade will benefit theowners ofA) capital.B) the relatively abundant factor of production.C) the relatively scarce factor of production.D) the relatively inelastic factor of production.E) the factor of production with the largest elasticity of substitution.Answer: B9) According to the Heckscher-Ohlin model, the source of comparative advantage is a country'sA) technology.B) advertising.C) human capital.D) factor endowments.E) Both A and B.Answer: D10) The Hechscher-Ohlin model states that a country will have a comparative advantage in the good or servicewhose production is relatively intensive in the ________ with which the country is relatively abundant.A) tastesB) technologyC) factor of productionD) opportunity costE) scale economyAnswer: C11) According to the Hecksher-Ohlin model,A) everyone automatically gains from trade.B) the scarce factor necessarily gains from trade.C) the gainers could compensate the losers and still retain gains.D) a country gains if its exports have a high value added.E) None of the above.Answer:CAssume that only two countries, A and B, exist.12) Refer to the table above. If good S is capital intensive, then following the Heckscher-Ohlin Theory,A) country A will export good S.B) country B will export good S.C) both countries will export good S.D) trade will not occur between these two countries.E) Insufficient information is given.Answer: B13) In international-trade equilibrium in the Heckscher-Ohlin model,A) the capital rich country will charge less for the capital intensive good than the price paid by the capital poor country for the capital-intensive good.B) the capital rich country will charge the same price for the capital intensive good as that paid for it by the capital poor country.C) the capital rich country will charge more for the capital intensive good than the price paid by the capital poor country for the capital-intensive good.D) the workers in the capital rich country will earn more than those in the poor country.E) the workers in the capital rich country will earn less than those in the poor country.Answer: B14) The Heckscher-Ohlin model predicts all of the following exceptA) which country will export which product.B) which factor of production within each country will gain from trade.C) the volume of trade.D) that wages will tend to become equal in both trading countries.。
《国际经济学》考试大纲(International economics examination outline)
《国际经济学》考试大纲（International economics examinationoutline）Long time no upload documents, recently found a few good documents, upload up, and share with youInternational economics examination outlineTextbook, International EconomicsScience PressQiu Jizhou series2005 EditionI, the nature of the course and the purpose and requirements of the testInternational economics is a major course in international economics and tradeInternational economics studies the allocation of resources in an open economy and the resulting economic and economic relations across bordersIts content is to explain the international trade theory, international trade policy, international finance theory and international finance policy under the open economy conditionThe advanced courses in international economics are mainlyinternational trade, international finance, international economic cooperation, and international trade practiceLearn through this courseThe ability to analyze and solve problems can be further improvedLearn through this courseStudents are required to master the basic theories of international economics, the basic methods of international economics and the unity of theoretical analysis and empirical analysis in a comprehensive and systematic wayTake into account both empirical analysis and normative analysisII. Assessment objectivesChapter one is the theory of comparative advantageI. assessment of knowledge points1, the principle of absolute advantage;2, the principle of comparative advantage;3, opportunity cost and comparative advantage;4, international trade under the condition of increasing costTwo, assessment requirements1, remember: the principle of absolute advantage and comparative advantage principle, opportunity cost2, understand: the relationship between the principle of absolute advantage and the principle of comparative advantage, the relationship between opportunity cost and comparative advantage, cost deliveryIncreased trade patternsThe second chapter is trade balance theoryI. assessment of knowledge points1. Equilibrium analysis: the production possibility curve and the social indifference curve;2, equilibrium analysis: supply curve and demand curve3, provide curves and terms of trade4, international trade based on preference differenceTwo, assessment requirementsL, remember: the production possibility curve, social indifference curve, the supply and demand curves, curve, tradeConditions and preference differences2, understand: General Equilibrium Analysis of international trade, partial equilibrium analysis of international trade and the meaning of terms of tradeThe third chapter, factor endowment theoryI. assessment of knowledge points1, H-O model2, the impact of international trade on the short-term income of factor of production3 and Stolpes Samuelson theorem4, the factor price equalization theorem5, leentiefTwo, assessment requirements1, remember: the factor intensity, factor abundance, Stolper Samuelson theorem, and factor price equalization theorem,The leentief, factor intensity transform2. Comprehend the content of H-O model, the relation between international trade and factor income distribution and the theorem of factor price equalizationThe meaning and the leentief explanation,The fourth chapter is modern trade theoryI. assessment of knowledge points1, economies of scale and international trade2, imperfect competition and international trade3, demand structure trade theory4, technology gap, trade theoryTwo, assessment requirementsL, remember: monopolistic competition, economies of scale, product difference2. Understanding: the relationship between economies of scale and international trade, the concept and causes of intra industry trade, and the theory of preference similarityContent, technical gap, content of trade theoryThe fifth chapter is about the basic principle of tariffI. assessment of knowledge points1, the concept and kind of tariff2, tariff effects: small country situation3, tariff effect: big country situation4, the optimal tariff theory5, tariff structure theoryTwo, assessment requirements1, remember: the concept, types, tariff tariff tariff, tariff effect, effect of small power optimal tariff theoryIts meaning, effective protection rate and tariff structure2, understand: the difference and comparison of different customs duties, the methods and characteristics of tariff collection and the partial equilibrium of small tariff effectAnalysis, the partial equilibrium analysis of the big country effect of tariff, the measurement of the optimum tariff theory and the effective rate of protectionCalculation and analysisThe sixth chapter is non tariff trade policy and discriminatory trade policyI. assessment of knowledge points1, import quotas2, export policy3, other non-tariff barriers4, strategic trade policy5. International cartels6, discriminatory trade policy7. Trade policy and the industrialization strategy of developing countries8, trade systemTwo, assessment requirements1, remember: import quota, import license, voluntary export restrictions, export subsidies and countervailing duties, the dumping of goods,Discriminatory government procurement, technical barriers, strategic trade policy content, and regional economic integrationTrade creation, trade diversion, import substitution strategy and export oriented strategy2, understand the economic effects of import quotas, the modeof distribution of import licenses, the economic effects of export subsidies and dumping,The content of the customs union theoryThe seventh chapter is about trade policy and trade systemI. assessment of knowledge points1, the welfare basis of the trade protection policy2. Trade policy and the industrialization strategy of developing countries3, trade systemTwo, assessment requirements1, remember: the second best theory, infant industry protection theory, theory of terms of trade, import substitution strategy, the export oriented strategy,Trade system, GATT., most favored nation treatment, national treatment2. Comprehend the content and significance of the theory of infant industrial protection, the role of GATT, GATT and WTORelationshipThe eighth chapter is the balance of payments accountI. assessment of knowledge points1. Balance of payments and balance of payments account2, the structure of the balance of payments account3, the balance of payments and the balance of payments4. Balance of payments and national income accountsTwo, assessment requirements1, remember: the international balance of payments the concept of international balance of payment, account of the concept, the international balance of payments, current account, capitalThe project, the balance of the project, autonomous transaction, regulatory trade, GDP, 2 of GDP, understand: BOP, BOP content analysis method, the balance of payments and the national incomeAccount relationshipThe ninth chapter: foreign exchange marketI. assessment of knowledge points1, foreign exchange, exchange rates and foreign exchange markets2, foreign exchange transactions3, foreign exchange supply and demand4. Foreign exchange controlTwo, assessment requirements1, memory: the concept of foreign exchange and exchange rate concept, direct quotation, indirect quotation, spot foreign exchange transaction, forwardThe concept of foreign exchange trading, options trading, stability, speculative arbitrage, equilibrium in the foreign exchange market, foreign exchange control2, understand: types of foreign exchange, exchange rate relations, foreign exchange market classification methods, forward foreign exchange rate premiumFlat arbitrage principle and calculation, transaction process, hedging transactions, foreign exchange market equilibrium contentTypes, the economic basis of foreign exchange control and the harm of foreign exchange controlThe tenth chapter is exchange rate theoryI. assessment of knowledge points(I) exchange rate mechanism of the gold standard(two) purchasing power parity theory(three) monetarist exchange rate theory(four) asset balance exchange rate theory(five) economic effects of exchange rate changes;Two, assessment requirementsL, remember: (1) the gold standard (2) mint parity (3) the theory of purchasing power parity (4) substitution effect (5) economyEffect2. Understanding: the reason why the exchange rate fluctuates on the basis of mint parity, the content of purchasing power parity theory, MonetarismThe content of exchange rate theory, the asset balance, the content of exchange rate theory and the economic effects of exchange rate changesThe eleventh chapter, adjustment of balance of paymentsI. assessment of knowledge points(1) reasons for the imbalance of international payments and the adjustment mechanism;(two) price adjustment theory(three) income adjustment theory(four) monetary adjustment theoryTwo, assessment requirementsL, remember: (1) the concept of the Marshall Lerner condition (2) J (3) - curve effect price specie flow mechanism2, understand: (1) the reason of global imbalances (2) adjustment mechanism of international payments imbalances (3) Marshall Lerner.The economic meaning of the article (4) the relation between the devaluation and the terms of trade (5) the multiplier theory of the international balance of payments(6) the adjustment of the balance of payments currency under the fixed exchange rate (7) the balance of payments under the floating exchange rateMonetary adjustmentThe twelfth chapter is the international monetary systemI. assessment of knowledge points(I) comparison of exchange rate regimes(two) Bretton Woods system;(three) the Jamaica monetary agreement and the managed floating exchange rate regime;(four) European Monetary IntegrationTwo, assessment requirements1, remember: (1) the peg (2) the Bretton Woods Monetary Agreement (3) Jamaica (4) management floating exchangeRate mechanism (5) joint floating (6) optimum currency area2, understand: (1) comparison of fixed exchange rate system and floating exchange rate system (2) the main contents of Bretton Woods system (includingIts function and main defects) (3) the main contents of the Jamaica monetary agreement (4) European Monetary IntegrationcourseRequirements for explanation and ImplementationI. directions for examination objectivesIn order to make the examination content concrete and theexamination request targetThis examination syllabusOn the basis of listing the content of the examinationThe examination objectives are set out in each chapterTo enable candidates to further clarify the content and requirements of the examinationMore systematically study the teaching material, and make the test proposition clearerMore accurately arrange the knowledge, ability level and difficult procedure of the test questionsThe examination outline is in the assessment targetAccording to records, understand the provisions of its two levels should reach the ability level requirementsThe two ability levels are progressive hierarchiesWhat are the implications of the levels of competence?:Remember: to know about nouns, concept, the meaning of knowledgeAnd can correctly understand and expressUnderstand: Based on recognitionBe able to grasp the basic concepts, basic norms and basic methodsBe able to grasp the differences and relations between concepts, norms and methodsAnd internalize your actual ability to workTwo, proposition examination requirementsL and international economicsWithout special requirementShould be strictly limited to the scope of the examination and examination objectives outlined in this outlineExamination coverage should include chapters of teaching materialsAnd properly highlight key chapters2, the content of the examination should be reasonable arrangement of difficulty structureGenerally speaking, "Yi" accounts for 20%"Easy" accounted for 30%"Difficult" accounts for 30%"Difficult" accounts for 20%3, this course examination adopts closed winding modeThe exam time is 120 minutesThe size of the examination questions should be adapted to the examination time4, this course examination paper may use the questions include: noun explanation, fill in the blanks, individualmultiple-choice questions, non - judgmental questions, calculation questions, brief questions, discussion questions and so onCheck total scoreReviewerTotal scoreTitle numberOneTwoThreeFourFiveSixSevenQuestion scoreIdentical personScoreScoreThe markingReexamination man1. in the model of comparative advantageThe international parity of two types of traded goodsA. on the domestic price of the two commodities before the trade between the two countriesB. at the domestic parity of the two commodities before the two countries tradeC. the domestic parity between the two commodities before thetrade between the two countriesD. has the same domestic parity as any other country before trade2. which of the following does not belong to speculative foreign exchange trading?A. B. C. bilateral multilateral arbitrage arbitrage arbitrage D. hedging3. from the internal balanceExpansionary monetary policy will make ()A. outflows of funds,B. interest rates fell byC., trade balance improvedD., import demand decreasedFourOf or relating to a tariff barrierA. import surcharge,B. export subsidy,C. public procurement,D. voluntary export restriction5., China's current exchange rate system is ()A. fixed exchange rate system,B., fully free floating exchange rate,C., managed floating exchange rate,D. pegged exchange rate6., multinational companies have and maintain their unique monopoly advantagesIs an important factor in its investment abroadThe theory is ()A. location advantage theoryB. monopoly advantage theoryC. market internalization theoryD. theory of international production integration7., the price under the gold standard - the basic operation way of mint flow mechanism can be summed up as ()A. trade deficit - gold inflows - money supply - domestic commodity prices - export growth, imports decline - trade balance improvedB. balance of trade deficit - Gold outflow - reduced money supply - lower domestic commodity prices - increased exports and reduced imports - improved trade balanceC. trade surplus - gold inflows - an increase in the money supply - lower domestic commodity prices - lower exports, higher imports - improved trade balanceD. trade surplus - Gold outflows - reduced money supply - lower domestic commodity prices - lower exports, increased imports - improved trade balance8., C is the marginal propensity to consumeS is marginal propensity to saveM is marginal import propensityUnder the open economy, the foreign trade multiplier is ()A.1 / sB.1 / (1-C)C.1 / (s+m)D.1 / (1-s-m)9. control foreign exchange expenditures by residentsMaintain the stability of the external value of the currencyThis method is called ()A. foreign exchange control,B. financing fund,C. import quota quota,D. adjustment economy10., the relative superiority of the factor of production was first proposed, which led to economists in international tradeA., Adam Smith,B., David Ricardo,C., David sue, desert,D., Eli Heckscher11. according to the characteristics of the products, the standards of tariff collection are determined respectivelyThen choose one way to impose customs dutiesThis duty is called ()From the amount of ad valorem tax B. A. C. mixed tax D. tax12., international trade has different effects on different interest groupsIt is generally believed that the import of goods is beneficial to a countryA. consumer group,B. producer group,C., foreign consumer group,D., foreign government agencies13., according to the devaluation of the J curve effect" The initial period after the devaluation of the currency Trade balance ()A. improvesB. deterioration,C. does not change, andD. changes are uncertain14. the highest authority of the world trade organization is ()A. Secretariat,B. ministers meeting,C. General Council,D. Committee15. producer surplus means ()A. below supply curvePrice curve above and vertical axis enclosed partB. below supply curveThe price curve follows the vertical axisC.Above supply curvePrice curve above and vertical axis enclosed partAbove the supply curve of D.The price curve follows the vertical axis16. the SDR is essentially a ()A. currency,B. funds,C. claims,D. accounting units17. the following measures for non-tariff barriers are ()A. anti-dumping duties,B. countervailing duties,C. import surcharges,D. domestic minimum price18. the GATT has conducted rounds of multilateral trade negotiationsThe longest negotiating time is ()A. Geneva round,B. Tokyo round,C. Uruguay round,D., round19., the countries that adopt import substitution strategies are not inclined to use policiesA. barriers to import tariffs,B. barriers to non-tariff barriersC. controls foreign exchange, andD. underestimates the external value of its currency20., if the euro against the dollar exchange rate from EURI=USD0.8925 to EURI=USD0.8740Explain ()A. dollar appreciationThe euro depreciated and the value of the B. depreciatedEuro appreciationC. Euro unchangedDollar depreciation, D. Euro unchangedDollar appreciationScoreThe markingReexamination man21., the basic features of protective tariffs are22., the main characteristics of multinational corporations are internationalization, centralized management and23. the policy tools of import substitution strategy are mainly protective tariff and overvalued local currency exchange rate24. is the earliest in the worldIt is also the most basic mode of a special economic zone25. generally believe thatDebt service ratio is lower than that of financial expenditureThe most important principle in the 26. World Trade Organization is that27. means complete economic integrationThat is, member states are in complete agreement with trade, currency, finance, etc.The realm of free flow of goods, capital, and labor28., the Bretton Woods system established a central international monetary system29. export controls include unilateral export controls and twobasic forms30., in order to achieve the purpose of international reserve structure managementIn management, the basic principles of safety, liquidity and profitability should be followedScoreThe markingReexamination man31., consider international investment as an international exchangeIt means using the future goods to exchange the present goods()The establishment of the 32. customs union may contribute to the formation of new monopolies()33. when the direct quotation is used to indicate the foreign exchange rateThe greater the valueMeans the higher the value of the local currency()34. Bretton Woods system confirms the legalization of floating exchange rate()35. immigration will have an impact on the international labour market()ScoreThe markingReexamination man36. international economyScore37. Economic CommunityScore38. foreign exchange controlScore39. carry tradeScore40. reflow effectScoreScoreThe markingReexamination man41. what is the nature of the disequilibrium of balance of payments?Score42., what is the positive impact of FDI on state-owned capital?Score43. e-commerce compared with traditional trade patternsWhat are the advantages?Score44., what are the main functions of foreign exchange?Score45. what are the characteristics of the international investment fund?ScoreScoreThe markingReexamination man46. briefly analyze the characteristics and advantages of managed floating exchange rate systemScorebranch47., try to analyze the positive and negative role of tariffScore。
International Economics chap 02(克鲁格曼国际经济学英文版)
Theory and Policy (Ninth Edition) Paul R. Krugman 黄卫平 彭刚
Chapter 2 Specific Factors and Income Distribution
CONTENTS
01
Understand how a mobile factor will Respond to price changes by mபைடு நூலகம்ving Across sectors?
1 2
LC2
3
AA
Labor Input in cloth, Lc
1 2
Production Possibility Frontier, PPF
BB（slope= -PC/ PF ,the minus relative 3 price of cloth）
QC2
Output of cloth, Qc
Production function for cloth
The same: MPLF×PF=w= MPLC×PC, or -MPLF/MLPC= -PC/ PF
Wage rate, w
10% PC increase
10% w increase
Labor used in cloth, LC
Price, wages and labor allocation-an equal-proportional change in prices
The main reasons that international trade has strong effects on the distribution of income are: 1. A short-run consequence of trade 2. A long-run consequence of trade
国际经济与贸易 International Economy and Trade培养方案
国际经济与贸易专业International Economy and Trade一、培养目标Training Objectives本专业旨在培养能够适应国际经贸发展变化与区域经济转型升级，掌握国际贸易理论知识和实务操作技能，熟悉国际和国内市场，具有较高的英语水平和跨境电子商务运营能力的创新型和应用型国际经贸人才。
This major aims to cultivate innovative and applied talents in international economy and trade who can adapt to the development and change of international economy and the transformation and upgrading of regional economy, can master theoretical knowledge and practice skills of international trade, will be familiar with international and domestic market and will develop a high level of English application and operation ability in cross-border e-commerce.二、基本规格Basic Specifications具备从事商贸活动的素养；具有熟练从事进出口贸易的能力；具有国际企业管理能力；具有运用计算机等现代技术手段进行计算、汇总、文字处理、贸易及辅助管理的初步能力；具有比较熟练的阅读本专业外文资料的能力和较强的听、说、读、写、译的能力。
具有进行学术理论研究的初步能力。
Students are required to possess the quality to be engaged in business activities, the skilled ability to be engaged in import and export trade, the ability in calculation, collection, word processing, trading and management with the use of computers and other modern techniques, the skilled ability in reading professional information in foreign languages and listening, speaking, reading, writing and translating foreign languages and the preliminary ability in carrying out academic research.三、专业特色Major Characteristics旨在培养适合我国经济与社会发展需要，掌握经济学基本原理和国际贸易基本理论、基本知识，通晓最新的国际贸易业务运作方式与基本操作技能，熟悉通行的贸易规则、法律与惯例，具有良好的英语沟通能力的复合型、应用型国际经贸人才。
InternationalEconomicsII国际经济学
International Economics, 8e (Krugman) II Chapter 12 National Income Accounting and the Balance of Payments1) A country's gross national product (GNP) isA) the value of all final goods and services produced by its factors of production and sold on the market in a given time period.B) the value of all intermediate goods and services produced by its factors of production and sold on the market in a given time period.C) the value of all final goods produced by its factors of production and sold on the market in a given time period.D) the value of all final goods and services produced by its factors of production and sold on the market.E) the value of all final goods and services produced by its factors of production, excluding land, and sold on the market in a given time period.Answer: A2）The CA is equal toA) Y - (C - I + G).B) Y + (C + I + G).C) Y - (C + I + G).D) Y - (C + I - G).E) None of the above.Answer: A3）For open economies,A) S = I.B) S = I + CA.C) S = I - CA.D) S > I + CA.E) S < I + CA.Answer: B4）A U.S. citizen buys a newly issued share of stock in England, paying for his order with a check, which the British company deposits in its own U.S. bank account in New York. How is this transaction accounted for in the balance of payments?A) financial account, U.S. asset exportB) current account, U.S. service importC) current account, British good exportD) financial account, British asset importE) financial account, U.S. asset importAnswer: A5) The earnings of a Spanish factory with British ownersareA) counted in Spain's GDP.B) are part of Britain's GNP.C) are counted in Britain's GDP.D) are part of Spain's GNP.E) Only A and B.Answer: E6）"The Balance of payments is always balanced." Discuss.Answer: True. Every international transaction automatically enters the balance of payments twice, once as a credit and once as a debit.Current account + financial account + capital account = 07) "The balance of payments accounts seldom balance in practice." Discuss.Answer: True. The main reasons are due to the fact that data collected or received from different sources may differ in coverage, accuracy, and timing. In addition, data on services are not reliable as well as data from the financial account. Moreover, accurate measurements of international interest and dividend receipts areparticularly difficult.8）Fill in the following table:Answer:Chapter 13 Exchange Rates and the Foreign Exchange Market: An Asset Approach1）How many British pounds would it cost to buy a pair of American designer jeans costing $45 if the exchange rate is 1.80 dollars per British pound?A) 10 British poundsB) 25 British poundsC) 20 British poundsD) 30 British poundsE) 40 British poundsAnswer: B2) An appreciation of a country's currency,A) decreases the relative price of its exports and lowers the relative price of its imports.B) raises the relative price of its exports and raises the relative price of its imports.C) lowers the relative price of its exports and raises the relative price of its imports.D) raises the relative price of its exports and lowers therelative price of its imports.E) None of the above.Answer: D3) Which major actor is at the center of the foreign exchange market?A) corporationsB) central banksC) commercial banksD) non-bank financial institutionsE) None of the above.Answer: C4) What is the expected dollar rate of return on euro deposits with today's exchange rate at $1.10 per euro, next year's expected exchange rate at $1.166 per euro, the dollar interest rate at 10%, and the euro interest rate at 5%?A) 10%B) 11%C) -1%D) 0%E) None of the above.Answer: B5) What is the expected dollar rate of return on dollar deposits with today's exchange rate at $1.10 per euro, next year's expected exchange rate at $1.165 per euro, the dollar interest rate at 10%, and the euro interest rate at 5%?A) 10%B) 11%C) -1%D) 0%E) None of the above.Answer: A6）If the dollar interest rate is 10 percent, the euro interest rate is 6 percent, and the expected return on dollar depreciation against the euro is 4 percent, thenA) an investor should invest only in dollars.B) an investor should invest only in euros.C) an investor should be indifferent between dollars and euros.D) It is impossible to tell given the information.E) All of the above.Answer: C7）Discuss the effects of a rise in the interest rate paid byeuro deposits on the exchange rate.Answer: There are two effects to consider. If we make the unrealistic assumption that the expected exchange rate will not change, then a rise in the interest rate paid by Euro deposits causes the dollar to depreciate. However, if the expected exchange rate were to rise, then the current exchange rate would also rise. (See figure 13-6 from the text.)8) Calculate the interest rate in the euro zone if interest parity condition holds, for the following 15 cases: Answer:Chapter 14 Money, Interest Rates, and Exchange Rates1）Money includesA) currency.B) checking deposits held by households and firms.C) deposits in the foreign exchange markets.D) Both A and B.E) A, B, and C.Answer: D2）The aggregate money demand depends onA) the interest rate.B) the price level.C) real national income.D) All of the above.E) Only A and C.Answer: D3）Using a figure describing both the U.S. money market and the foreign exchange market, analyze the effects of a temporary increase in the European money supply on the dollar/euro exchange rate.Answer: An increase in the European money supply will reduce the interest rate on the euro and thus will cause the schedule of the expected euro return expresses in dollars to shift down, causing a reduction in the dollar/euro exchange rate, i.e., an appreciation of the U.S. Dollar. The euro depreciates against the dollar. The U.S. money demand and money supply are not going to be affected, and thus the interest rate in the U.S. will remain the same.4) A permanent increase in a country's money supplyA) causes a more than proportional increase in its price level.B) causes a less than proportional increase in its pricelevel.C) causes a proportional increase in its price level.D) leaves its price level constant in long-run equilibrium.E) None of the above.Answer: C5）After a permanent increase in the money supply, A) the exchange rate overshoots in the short run.B）the exchange rate overshoots in the long run.C) the exchange rate smoothly depreciates in the short run.D) the exchange rate smoothly appreciates in the short run.E) None of the above.Answer: A6）"Although the price levels appear to display short-run stickiness in many countries, a change in the money supply creates immediate demand and cost pressures that eventually lead to future increase in the price level." Discuss.Answer: The statement is true. The pressures come from three main sources: excess demand for output and labor; inflationary expectations; and, raw material prices.7）The long run effects of money supply change:A) ambiguous effect on the long-run values of the interest rate or real output, a proportional change in the price level's long-run value in the opposite direction.B）proportional effect on the long-run values of the interest rate or real output, a proportional change in the price level's long-run value in the same direction.C) no effect on the long-run values of the interest rate or real output, a proportional change in the price level's long-run value in the same direction.D) no effect on the long-run values of the interest rate or real output, no change in the price level's long-run value.E) ambiguous effect on the long-run values of the interest rate or real output, A disproportional change in the price level's long-run value in the same direction.Answer: CChapter 15 Price Levels and the Exchange Rate in the Long Run1）Under Purchasing Power Parity,A) E$/E = PUS/PE.B) E$/E = PE/PES.C) E$/E = PUS + PE.D) E$/E = PUS - PE.E) None of the above.Answer: A2）Assuming relative PPP, fill in the table below: Answer:3) Under PPP (and by the Fisher Effect), all else equal,A) a rise in a country's expected inflation rate will eventually cause a more-than proportional rise in the interest rate that deposits of its currency offer in order to accommodate for the higher inflation.B) a fall in a country's expected inflation rate will eventually cause an equal rise in the interest rate that deposits of its currency offer.C) a rise in a country's expected inflation rate will eventually cause an equal rise in the interest rate that deposits of its currency offer.D) a rise in a country's expected inflation rate will eventually cause a less than proportional rise in the interest rate that deposits of its currency offer to accommodate the rise in expected inflation.E) None of the above.Answer: C4）Describe the chain of events leading to exchange rate determination for the following cases:(a) An Increase in U.S. money supply(d) Increase in growth rate of U.S. money supply(c) Increase in world relative demand for U.S. products(d) Increase in relative U.S. output supplyAnswer: Chain of events leading to exchange rate determination:E= ∈/$q× (P us/P E)∈/$Increase in U.S. money supply: Pus rises in proportion to the money supply; q remains the same. All dollar prices will rise (including dollar price of euro).Increase in growth rate of U.S. money supply: Inflation rate, dollar interest rate, Pus, E, rises in proportion to Pus.Increase in world relative demand for U.S. products: E falls, and q does as well.Increase in relative U.S. output supply: Dollar depreciates, lowers relative price ofU.S. output, rise in q, effect on E is not clear since q and Pus work in opposite directions.5）Which of the following statements is the mostaccurate?A) Relative PPP is not a reasonable approximation to the data.B) Relative PPP is sometimes a reasonable approximation to the data but often performs poorly.C) Relative PPP is sometimes a reasonable approximation to the data.D) PPP is sometimes a reasonable approximation to the data.E) PPP is sometimes a reasonable approximation to the data but usually performs poorly.Answer: B6) Interest rate differences between countries depend onA) differences in expected inflation, but not on expected changes in the real exchange rate.B) differences in expected changes in the real exchange rate, but not on expected inflation.C) neither differences in expected inflation, nor on expected changes in the real exchange rate.D) differences in expected inflation and nothing else.E) differences in expected inflation, and on expected changes in the real exchange rate.Answer: E8) What is the real exchange rate between the dollar and the euro equal to?Answer:Let,∙Real dollar/euro exchange rate =q∈/$∙Nominal exchange rate =E∈/$∙Price of an unchanging basket in US = Pus∙Price of an unchanging basket in Europe = PEThen,q= (∈/$E× P E)/Pus∈/$A rise in the real dollar/euro exchange rate is called a real depreciation of the dollar against the euro, a fall in purchasing power of the dollar.A fall in the real dollar/euro exchange rate is called a real appreciation of the dollar against the euro, a rise in purchasing power of the dollar.Chapter 16 Output and the Exchange Rate in the Short Run1）A country's domestic currency's real exchange rate, q, is best described byA) the price of similar goods in the same market.B) the price of the domestic basket in terms of the foreignone.C) the price of a domestic basket.D) the price of the foreign basket in terms of the domestic basket.E) the price of different goods baskets in the same market.Answer: D2）Fill in the following table:Answer：3) How does a rise in real income affect aggregate demand?A) Y ↑implies Yd ↑implies Im ↑implies CA ↓implies AD ↓, but Y ↑implies Yd ↑implies C ↑implies AD ↑by moreB) Y ↑implies Yd ↑implies Im ↓implies CA ↓implies AD ↓, but Y ↑implies Yd ↑implies C ↑implies AD ↑by moreC) Y ↑implies Yd ↑implies Im ↑implies CA ↑implies AD ↑, and Y ↑implies Yd ↑implies C ↑implies AD ↑D) Y ↑implies Yd ↑implies Im ↑implies CA ↓implies AD ↓, but Y ↑implies Yd ↑implies C ↑implies AD ↑by lessE) Y ↑implies Yd ↑implies Im ↓implies CA ↓implies AD ↓, but Y ↑implies Yd ↑implies C ↑implies AD ↑by lessAnswer: A4）The aggregate demand for home input can be written as a function of:I. Real exchange rate.II. Government spending.III. D isposable income.A) I onlyB) III onlyC) I and IIID) II and IIIE) I, II, and IIIAnswer: E5) In the short-run, any rise in the real exchange rate, EP /P, will causeA) an upward shift in the aggregate demand function and a reduction in outputB) an upward shift in the aggregate demand function and an expansion of outputC) a downward shift in the aggregate demand function and an expansion of outputD) an downward shift in the aggregate demand function and a reduction in outputE) an upward shift in the aggregate demand function but leaves output intactAnswer: B6) In the short-run, any fall in EP/P, regardless of its causes, will causeA) an upward shift in the aggregate demand function and an expansion of outputB) an upward shift in the aggregate demand function and a reduction in outputC) a downward shift in the aggregate demand function and an expansion of outputD) an downward shift in the aggregate demand function and a reduction in outputE) an upward shift in the aggregate demand function but leaves output intactAnswer: D7) In the short-run, a temporary increase in the money supplyA) shifts the AA curve to the right, increases output and depreciates the currency.B) shifts the AA curve to the left, increases output and depreciates the currency.C) shifts the AA curve to the left, decreases output and depreciates the currency.D) shifts the AA curve to the left, increases output and appreciates the currency.E) shifts the AA curve to the right, increases output and appreciates the currency.Answer: A8）If the economy starts in long-run equilibrium, a permanent fiscal expansion will causeA) an increase in exchange rate, E.B) a decrease in exchange rate, E.C) an increase in output, Y.D) a decrease in output, Y.E) shifting of the AA curve up and to the right. Answer: BChapter 17 Fixed Exchange Rates and Foreign Exchange Intervention1) A central bank's international reserves includeA) any gold that it owns.B) any silver that it owns.C) any gold that it owns and foreign and domestic assets.D) any silver that it owns and foreign and domestic assets.E) only foreign and domestic assets.Answer: C2）A balance sheet for the central bank of Pecunia is shown below:Central Bank Balance SheetAssets LiabilitiesForeign assets $1,000 Deposits held by private banks $500Domestic assets $1,500 Currency in circulation $2,000Please write the new balance sheet if the bank sells $100 worth of foreign bonds for domestic currency. Answer:Central Bank Balance SheetAssets LiabilitiesForeign assets $900 Deposits held by private banks $500Domestic assets $1,500 Currency in circulation $1,9003）If the central bank does not purchase foreign assets when output increases but instead holds the money stock constant, can it still keep the exchange rate fixed at Eo? Please explain with the aid of a figure.Answer:No, the rise in output leads to an excess demand for money. If the central bank does not increase supply to meet this demand, the domestic interest rate would rise above the foreign rate, R*. This higher rate of return (and given expectations in the foreign exchange market) would cause the exchange rate to fall below Eo.4）Under fixed exchange rate, in general,A) the domestic and foreign interest rates are equal, R = R .B) R = R+ (Ee - E)/E.C) There is no relation between the fixed exchange rate and the interest rates both foreign and domestic.D) E is equal to one.E) None of the above.Answer: A5) A balance of payments crisis is best described asA) a sharp change in interest rates sparked by a change in expectations about the level of imports.B) a sharp change in foreign reserves sparked by a change in expectations about the future exchange rate.C) a sharp change in interest rates sparked by a change in expectations about the level of exports.D) a sharp change in foreign reserves sparked by a change in expectations about the level of imports.E) None of the above.Answer: B6) Use a figure to illustrate the ineffectiveness of monetary policy to spur on an economy under a fixed exchange rate.Answer:The initial equilibrium rests at point 1. If the central bank wishes to use monetary policy to increase output from Y1 to Y2, then they might buy domestic assets and shift the AA curve outward. However, the central bank must maintain a fixed exchange rate E0, so would have to sell foreign assets for domestic currency, returning the economy to point 1.7）Use a figure to explain the potential effectiveness of fiscal policy to spur on the economy under a fixed exchange rate.Answer:With an aim toward increasing output, the government could use fiscal policy to shift the DD curve outward. The central bank will have to take steps to maintain a fixed exchange rate E0, among the options is buying foreign assets with money, to shift the AA schedule outward until the equilibrium at point 3 is reached。
《国际经济学》课程教学大纲
CHAPTER 2 LABOR PRODUCTIVITY AND COMPARATIVE ADVANTAGE: THE RICARDIAN MODEL
（1）Examining by labor demand curve （2）Examining by production possibility curve （3）Relative demand and relative supply (ⅳ)Relative Prices and the Distribution of Income Ⅱ.International Trade in the Specific Factors Model (ⅰ)Resources and Relative Supply 1．Assumption 2．Change in resource and relative supply 3．RS for 2 countries (ⅱ)Trade and Relative Prices (ⅲ)The Pattern of Trade 1．Budget constraint 2．The pattern of Trade (ⅳ)Income Distribution and the Gains From Trade 1．The effects of trade on particular groups In general, trade benefits the factor that is specific to the export sector of each country but hurts the factor specific to the import-competing sectors, with ambiguous effects on mobile factors.
Int'l Economics
Slide 1-4
1.2 Int‘l Trade and the Nation‘s Standard of Living
• With the global integration, the economic relationship
among nations is more interdependent.
– Currency fluctuations – National default
Slide 1-13
1.4 Organization of the Text
• int‘l economics deals with int‘l trade theory, int‘l
trade policy (microeconomic aspects of int‘l economics), foreign exchange markets and the balance of payments, and open economy macroeconomics (macroeconomic aspects of int‘l
– Climate and resources determine the trade pattern of several goods. – In manufacturing and services the pattern of trade is more subtle. – There are two types of trade:
Slide 1-14
– Foreign exchange markets are the framework for the exchange of a nation‘s currency for another – The balance of payments measures a nation‘s total receipts from and the total payments to the rest of the world
International Economics II国际经济学
International Economics, 8e (Krugman) IIChapter 12 National Income Accounting and the Balance of Payments1) A country's gross national product (GNP) isA) the value of all final goods and services produced by its factors of production and sold on the market in a given time period.B) the value of all intermediate goods and services produced by its factors of production and sold on the market in a given time period.C) the value of all final goods produced by its factors of production and sold on the market in a given time period.D) the value of all final goods and services produced by its factors of production and sold on the market.E) the value of all final goods and services produced by its factors of production, excluding land, and sold on the market in a given time period.Answer: A2）The CA is equal toA) Y - (C - I + G).B) Y + (C + I + G).C) Y - (C + I + G).D) Y - (C + I - G).E) None of the above.Answer: A3）For open economies,A) S = I.B) S = I + CA.C) S = I - CA.D) S > I + CA.E) S < I + CA.Answer: B4）A U.S. citizen buys a newly issued share of stock in England, paying for his order with a check, which the British company deposits in its own U.S. bank account in New York. How is this transaction accounted for in the balance of payments?A) financial account, U.S. asset exportB) current account, U.S. service importC) current account, British good exportD) financial account, British asset importE) financial account, U.S. asset importAnswer: A5) The earnings of a Spanish factory with British owners areA) counted in Spain's GDP.B) are part of Britain's GNP.C) are counted in Britain's GDP.D) are part of Spain's GNP.E) Only A and B.Answer: E6）"The Balance of payments is always balanced." Discuss.Answer: True. Every international transaction automatically enters the balance of payments twice, once as a credit and once as a debit.Current account + financial account + capital account = 07) "The balance of payments accounts seldom balance in practice." Discuss. Answer: True. The main reasons are due to the fact that data collected or received from different sources may differ in coverage, accuracy, and timing. In addition, data on services are not reliable as well as data from the financial account. Moreover, accurate measurements of international interest and dividend receipts are particularly difficult.8）Fill in the following table:Answer:Chapter 13 Exchange Rates and the Foreign Exchange Market: An Asset Approach1）How many British pounds would it cost to buy a pair of American designer jeans costing $45 if the exchange rate is 1.80 dollars per British pound?A) 10 British poundsB) 25 British poundsC) 20 British poundsD) 30 British poundsE) 40 British poundsAnswer: B2) An appreciation of a country's currency,A) decreases the relative price of its exports and lowers the relative price of its imports.B) raises the relative price of its exports and raises the relative price of its imports.C) lowers the relative price of its exports and raises the relative price of its imports.D) raises the relative price of its exports and lowers the relative price of its imports.E) None of the above.Answer: D3) Which major actor is at the center of the foreign exchange market?A) corporationsB) central banksC) commercial banksD) non-bank financial institutionsE) None of the above.Answer: C4) What is the expected dollar rate of return on euro deposits with today's exchange rate at $1.10 per euro, next year's expected exchange rate at $1.166 per euro, the dollar interest rate at 10%, and the euro interest rate at 5%?A) 10%B) 11%C) -1%D) 0%E) None of the above.Answer: B5) What is the expected dollar rate of return on dollar deposits with today's exchange rate at $1.10 per euro, next year's expected exchange rate at $1.165 per euro, the dollar interest rate at 10%, and the euro interest rate at 5%?A) 10%B) 11%C) -1%D) 0%E) None of the above.Answer: A6）If the dollar interest rate is 10 percent, the euro interest rate is 6 percent, and the expected return on dollar depreciation against the euro is 4 percent, thenA) an investor should invest only in dollars.B) an investor should invest only in euros.C) an investor should be indifferent between dollars and euros.D) It is impossible to tell given the information.E) All of the above.Answer: C7）Discuss the effects of a rise in the interest rate paid by euro deposits on the exchange rate.Answer: There are two effects to consider. If we make the unrealistic assumption that the expected exchange rate will not change, then a rise in the interest rate paid by Euro deposits causes the dollar to depreciate. However, if the expected exchange rate were to rise, then the current exchange rate would also rise. (See figure 13-6 from the text.)8) Calculate the interest rate in the euro zone if interest parity condition holds, for the following 15 cases:Answer:Chapter 14 Money, Interest Rates, and Exchange Rates 1）Money includesA) currency.B) checking deposits held by households and firms.C) deposits in the foreign exchange markets.D) Both A and B.E) A, B, and C.Answer: D2）The aggregate money demand depends onA) the interest rate.B) the price level.C) real national income.D) All of the above.E) Only A and C.Answer: D3）Using a figure describing both the U.S. money market and the foreign exchange market, analyze the effects of a temporary increase in the European money supply on the dollar/euro exchange rate.Answer: An increase in the European money supply will reduce the interest rate on the euro and thus will cause the schedule of the expected euro return expresses in dollars to shift down, causing a reduction in the dollar/euro exchange rate, i.e., an appreciation of the U.S. Dollar. The euro depreciates against the dollar. The U.S. money demand and money supply are not going to be affected, and thus the interest rate in the U.S. will remain the same.4) A permanent increase in a country's money supplyA) causes a more than proportional increase in its price level.B) causes a less than proportional increase in its price level.C) causes a proportional increase in its price level.D) leaves its price level constant in long-run equilibrium.E) None of the above.Answer: C5）After a permanent increase in the money supply,A) the exchange rate overshoots in the short run.B）the exchange rate overshoots in the long run.C) the exchange rate smoothly depreciates in the short run.D) the exchange rate smoothly appreciates in the short run.E) None of the above.Answer: A6）"Although the price levels appear to display short-run stickiness in many countries, a change in the money supply creates immediate demand and cost pressures that eventually lead to future increase in the price level." Discuss.Answer: The statement is true. The pressures come from three main sources: excess demand for output and labor; inflationary expectations; and, raw material prices.7）The long run effects of money supply change:A) ambiguous effect on the long-run values of the interest rate or real output, a proportional change in the price level's long-run value in the opposite direction.B）proportional effect on the long-run values of the interest rate or real output, a proportional change in the price level's long-run value in the same direction.C) no effect on the long-run values of the interest rate or real output, a proportional change in the price level's long-run value in the same direction.D) no effect on the long-run values of the interest rate or real output, no change in the price level's long-run value.E) ambiguous effect on the long-run values of the interest rate or real output, A disproportional change in the price level's long-run value in the same direction. Answer: CChapter 15 Price Levels and the Exchange Rate in the Long Run1）Under Purchasing Power Parity,A) E$/E = PUS/PE.B) E$/E = PE/PES.C) E$/E = PUS + PE.D) E$/E = PUS - PE.E) None of the above.Answer: A2）Assuming relative PPP, fill in the table below:Answer:3) Under PPP (and by the Fisher Effect), all else equal,A) a rise in a country's expected inflation rate will eventually cause a more-than proportional rise in the interest rate that deposits of its currency offer in order to accommodate for the higher inflation.B) a fall in a country's expected inflation rate will eventually cause an equal rise in the interest rate that deposits of its currency offer.C) a rise in a country's expected inflation rate will eventually cause an equal rise in the interest rate that deposits of its currency offer.D) a rise in a country's expected inflation rate will eventually cause a less than proportional rise in the interest rate that deposits of its currency offer to accommodate the rise in expected inflation.E) None of the above.Answer: C4）Describe the chain of events leading to exchange rate determination for the following cases:(a) An Increase in U.S. money supply(d) Increase in growth rate of U.S. money supply(c) Increase in world relative demand for U.S. products(d) Increase in relative U.S. output supplyAnswer: Chain of events leading to exchange rate determination:∈/$E = ∈/$q × (P us /P E )Increase in U.S. money supply: Pus rises in proportion to the money supply; qremains the same. All dollar prices will rise (including dollar price of euro).Increase in growth rate of U.S. money supply: Inflation rate, dollar interest rate, Pus, E, rises in proportion to Pus.Increase in world relative demand for U.S. products: E falls, and q does as well. Increase in relative U.S. output supply: Dollar depreciates, lowers relative price of U.S. output, rise in q, effect on E is not clear since q and Pus work in opposite directions.5）Which of the following statements is the most accurate? A) Relative PPP is not a reasonable approximation to the data.B) Relative PPP is sometimes a reasonable approximation to the data but often performs poorly.C) Relative PPP is sometimes a reasonable approximation to the data. D) PPP is sometimes a reasonable approximation to the data.E) PPP is sometimes a reasonable approximation to the data but usually performs poorly.Answer: B6) Interest rate differences between countries depend onA) differences in expected inflation, but not on expected changes in the real exchange rate.B) differences in expected changes in the real exchange rate, but not on expected inflation.C) neither differences in expected inflation, nor on expected changes in the real exchange rate.D) differences in expected inflation and nothing else.E) differences in expected inflation, and on expected changes in the real exchange rate.Answer: E8) What is the real exchange rate between the dollar and the euro equal to? Answer: Let,∙ Real dollar/euro exchange rate = ∈/$q ∙Nominal exchange rate = ∈/$E∙ Price of an unchanging basket in US = Pus ∙ Price of an unchanging basket in Europe = PEThen,∈/$q= (∈/$E× P E)/PusA rise in the real dollar/euro exchange rate is called a real depreciation of the dollar against the euro, a fall in purchasing power of the dollar.A fall in the real dollar/euro exchange rate is called a real appreciation of the dollar against the euro, a rise in purchasing power of the dollar.Chapter 16 Output and the Exchange Rate in the Short Run1）A country's domestic currency's real exchange rate, q, is best described byA) the price of similar goods in the same market.B) the price of the domestic basket in terms of the foreign one.C) the price of a domestic basket.D) the price of the foreign basket in terms of the domestic basket.E) the price of different goods baskets in the same market.Answer: D2）Fill in the following table:Answer：3) How does a rise in real income affect aggregate demand?A) Y ↑implies Yd ↑implies Im ↑implies CA ↓implies AD ↓, but Y ↑implies Yd ↑implies C ↑implies AD ↑by moreB) Y ↑implies Yd ↑implies Im ↓implies CA ↓implies AD ↓, but Y ↑implies Yd ↑implies C ↑implies AD ↑by moreC) Y ↑implies Yd ↑implies Im ↑implies CA ↑implies AD ↑, and Y ↑implies Yd ↑implies C ↑implies AD ↑D) Y ↑implies Yd ↑implies Im ↑implies CA ↓implies AD ↓, but Y ↑implies Yd ↑implies C ↑implies AD ↑by lessE) Y ↑implies Yd ↑implies Im ↓implies CA ↓implies AD ↓, but Y ↑implies Yd ↑implies C ↑implies AD ↑by lessAnswer: A4）The aggregate demand for home input can be written as a function of:I. Real exchange rate.II. Government spending.III. Disposable income.A) I onlyB) III onlyC) I and IIID) II and IIIE) I, II, and IIIAnswer: E5) In the short-run, any rise in the real exchange rate, EP/P, will causeA) an upward shift in the aggregate demand function and a reduction in outputB) an upward shift in the aggregate demand function and an expansion of outputC) a downward shift in the aggregate demand function and an expansion of outputD) an downward shift in the aggregate demand function and a reduction in outputE) an upward shift in the aggregate demand function but leaves output intact Answer: B6) In the short-run, any fall in EP/P, regardless of its causes, will causeA) an upward shift in the aggregate demand function and an expansion of outputB) an upward shift in the aggregate demand function and a reduction in outputC) a downward shift in the aggregate demand function and an expansion of outputD) an downward shift in the aggregate demand function and a reduction in outputE) an upward shift in the aggregate demand function but leaves output intact Answer: D7) In the short-run, a temporary increase in the money supplyA) shifts the AA curve to the right, increases output and depreciates the currency.B) shifts the AA curve to the left, increases output and depreciates the currency.C) shifts the AA curve to the left, decreases output and depreciates the currency.D) shifts the AA curve to the left, increases output and appreciates the currency.E) shifts the AA curve to the right, increases output and appreciates the currency. Answer: A8）If the economy starts in long-run equilibrium, a permanent fiscal expansion will causeA) an increase in exchange rate, E.B) a decrease in exchange rate, E.C) an increase in output, Y.D) a decrease in output, Y.E) shifting of the AA curve up and to the right.Answer: BChapter 17 Fixed Exchange Rates and Foreign Exchange Intervention1) A central bank's international reserves includeA) any gold that it owns.B) any silver that it owns.C) any gold that it owns and foreign and domestic assets.D) any silver that it owns and foreign and domestic assets.E) only foreign and domestic assets.Answer: C2）A balance sheet for the central bank of Pecunia is shown below:Central Bank Balance SheetAssets LiabilitiesForeign assets $1,000 Deposits held by private banks $500Domestic assets $1,500 Currency in circulation $2,000Please write the new balance sheet if the bank sells $100 worth of foreign bonds for domestic currency.Answer:Central Bank Balance SheetAssets LiabilitiesForeign assets $900 Deposits held by private banks $500Domestic assets $1,500 Currency in circulation $1,9003）If the central bank does not purchase foreign assets when output increases but instead holds the money stock constant, can it still keep the exchange rate fixed at Eo? Please explain with the aid of a figure.Answer:No, the rise in output leads to an excess demand for money. If the central bank does not increase supply to meet this demand, the domestic interest rate would rise above the foreign rate, R*. This higher rate of return (and given expectations in the foreign exchange market) would cause the exchange rate to fall below Eo.4）Under fixed exchange rate, in general,A) the domestic and foreign interest rates are equal, R = R.B) R = R+ (Ee - E)/E.C) There is no relation between the fixed exchange rate and the interest rates both foreign and domestic.D) E is equal to one.E) None of the above.Answer: A5) A balance of payments crisis is best described asA) a sharp change in interest rates sparked by a change in expectations about the level of imports.B) a sharp change in foreign reserves sparked by a change in expectations about the future exchange rate.C) a sharp change in interest rates sparked by a change in expectations about the level of exports.D) a sharp change in foreign reserves sparked by a change in expectations about the level of imports.E) None of the above.Answer: B6) Use a figure to illustrate the ineffectiveness of monetary policy to spur on an economy under a fixed exchange rate.Answer:The initial equilibrium rests at point 1. If the central bank wishes to use monetary policy to increase output from Y1 to Y2, then they might buy domestic assets and shift the AA curve outward. However, the central bank must maintain a fixed exchange rate E0, so would have to sell foreign assets for domestic currency, returning the economy to point 1.7）Use a figure to explain the potential effectiveness of fiscal policy to spur on the economy under a fixed exchange rate.Answer:With an aim toward increasing output, the government could use fiscal policy to shift the DD curve outward. The central bank will have to take steps to maintain a fixed exchange rate E0, among the options is buying foreign assets with money, to shift the AA schedule outward until the equilibrium at point 3 is reached。
国际经济与贸易相关的学术文献
国际经济与贸易相关的学术文献国际经济与贸易是一个广泛的领域，涉及到许多不同的主题和问题。
以下是一些与国际经济与贸易相关的学术文献：1.《国际经济学》（International Economics）：这是一本经典的国际经济学教科书，由保罗·克鲁格曼和莫里斯·奥布里恩合著。
该书涵盖了国际贸易、国际货币和金融、国际投资等主题，是学习国际经济学的重要参考书。
2.《世界贸易组织与国际贸易法》（The World Trade Organization and International Trade Law）：这本书由约翰·亨特和布莱克·琼斯合著，涵盖了世界贸易组织的历史、机构、规则和争端解决机制等方面的内容。
该书对于理解国际贸易法和世界贸易组织的作用有很大的帮助。
3.《国际投资法与仲裁》（International Investment Law and Arbitration）：这本书由安德烈亚斯·洛维尼和克里斯托弗·斯科特合著，讨论了国际投资法和仲裁的重要性和实践。
该书涵盖了国际投资协定、投资仲裁、国际投资争端解决等主题。
4.《国际货币体系：历史、理论和政策》（International Monetary Systems: History, Theory and Policy）：这本书由安德鲁·沃尔特和安德鲁·杨合著，讨论了国际货币体系的历史、理论和政策。
该书涵盖了金本位制、布雷顿森林体系、现代浮动汇率制度等主题。
5.《全球化与发展：理论、政策和实践》（Globalization and Development: Theory, Policy and Practice）：这本书由尤金·卡彭特和拉尔夫·达兹合著，讨论了全球化对发展的影响和挑战。
该书涵盖了全球化的定义、影响、政策和实践等方面。
这些文献提供了关于国际经济与贸易的重要信息和理论，对于学习和研究国际经济与贸易非常有用。
国际经济学
国际贸易理论的发展(3)
• 有三种类型的新贸易理论模型： • 由克鲁格曼和赫尔普曼等人在垄断竞争模型基础上提出的新贸易理论模型。 • 由布兰德（A.Brander）和斯潘瑟（B.J.Spencer）在寡头垄断模型基础上提
出的新贸易理论模型，该模型不仅阐述了规模经济在国际贸易中的决定作用， 而且还指出了在同质产品条件下，因厂商的非合作行为也会产生产业内贸易。 “相互倾销”便是其中的一个特例。在寡头垄断市场上，围绕着垄断利润， 不仅厂商之间，而且政府之间也可能发生争夺垄断利润的博弈行为。因此， 该理论模型具有重要的政策含义。20世纪80年代中期，引发众多争论的战略 性贸易政策便是基于这一思想提出的。 • 由埃塞尔（W.Ethiar）最早提出的外部经济模型。该理论模型不仅指出外部 规模经济在国际贸易中的重要性，更重要的是，该模型还指出了国际分工格 局对贸易利益不平衡性的影响，即不同的国际分工格局对参与贸易的各方的 经济发展有不同的影响。 • 新贸易理论的出现，并不意味着它替代了传统的要素禀赋理论。从解释对象 上看，两种理论分别解释不同的贸易现象。新贸易理论主要解释产生在发达 国家之间的产业内贸易现象；而传统的要素禀赋理论则主要解释发达国家与 发展中国家之间的产业间贸易（Inter-industry Trade）。从理论基础上看， 新贸易理论以规模经济和不完全竞争为前提，强调产业和企业的市场结构和 竞争性差异；传统的要素禀赋理论则以规模收益不变和完全竞争为前提，强 调国家之间在要素禀赋上的差异性。两派的观点不仅不是相互替代的关系， 相反实际上表现出一种互补性，两者共同丰富和完善了贸易理论。
• 2．国际经济关系发生在具有独立主权的不同经济实体之 间，与之相联系，就产生了不同的疆界和不同的货币。
• 不同疆界的存在，产生了对贸易的关税和非关税限制，而 这在一国内是不存在的；不同的货币通过汇率随时间的变 动，产生了相对价格随时间变动的复杂性，而这在一国之 内同样是不存在的。
国际经济学课件
open-economy macroeconomics deals with the
mechanism for adjustment in balance of
payments disequilibria(deficits and surpluses) as
well as the effects of the macroeconomic
The Subject of International Economics
International economics deals with the economic interdependence among nations. It analyzes the flow of goods,services,and payments between a nation and the rest
and the general price index,they represent the
macroeconomics aspects of international economics.These are often referred to as open-economy macroeconomics or international finance.
基本假设：
（1）商品市场和生产要素市场完全竞争； （2）商品的生产技术条件既定且规模收 益不变； （3）生产要素的总供给固定不变； （4）生产要素可在各部门间自由流动； （5）生产要素都充分利用； （6）经济活动中不存在外在性 （externality）。
过程推导：
Y F (K , L ) y y y
参考文献
1、[美 ]保罗 · 克鲁格曼
茅瑞斯· 奥伯斯法尔德 著 《国际经济学》（第四版或第五版） 中国人民大学出版社 2 、 [ 美 ] 托马斯 · A · 普格尔 彼得 · H· 林德特 著 《国际经济学》（第十一版） 北京：经济科学 出版社，2001.7 3 、 Dominick Salvatore. International Economics ( 第 五 版 或 第 八 版 ).Pretice Hall International,Inc. 北京：清华大学出版社， 英文版
国际经济学
1. Classical Trade Theory
1.1
Absolute Advantage Theory
1.2
Comparative Advantage Theory
1.3 1.4
Factor Endowments Theory ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱevelopment of Comparative Advantage Theory
45 China
325 India
293 Brazil
69 United States
68 Japan
FTD
59
54
54
44
31
28
24
21
2002 International Comparison of FTD (Eliminate Influence of Industrial Structure %)
18.1 17.6 17.7
1.2.1 Definition of international economics
International economics concerns the flow of
commodities, services, and productive factors (capital and labor) across national boundaries.
1.2
Object and Method of the Study
1.3
Main Content
Locations and companies that supply specific parts and components for Dell PC’s Monitors PCBs Drives Printers Box builds Chassis Europe and Asia (Phillips, Nokia, Samsung, Sony) Asia, Scotland, and Eastern Europe Asia, mainly Singapore Europe Asia and Eastern Europe Asia and Ireland
经济类专业英文课程介绍
International EconomicsCredit 4The study of international economics has always been a specially lively and controversial part of economics. Many of the key insights of modern economics analysis first emerged in eighteenth and nineteenth century debates over international trade and monetary policies. Yet there was never a time when the study of international economics was as important as it is today. Through international trade in goods and services, and international flows of money, the economics of different countries are more closely linked to one another now than ever before. At the same time, the world economy is more turbulent than it has been in many decades. Keeping up with the shifting international environment has become a central concern of both business strategy and national economic policy. International economics uses the same fundamental methods of analysis as other branches of economics, because the motives and behavior of individuals and firms are the same in international trade as they are in domestic transactions. International Economics can be divided into two broad subfields: the study of international trade and the study of international money. International trade analysis focuses primarily on the real transactions in the international economy, that is, on those transactions that involve a physical movement of goodsor a tangible commitment of economic resources. International monetary analysis focuses on the monetary side of the international economy, that is, on financial transactions such as foreign purchases of U.S. dollarsInternational Economic OrganizationsCredit 2It is one of the basic courses to cultivate student’s knowledge of international economics and trade. By studying the course, students will have a correct thought of their majors, understand the purpose of variant international economic organization’s operation programs and functions on the development of the international economic relationship. It sets up the foundation of studying specialty course. The main contents includes: 1. World wide international economic organizations. GATT/ WTO, IMF, GWB, 2. Regional international economic organizations: EU, NAFTA, APEC, ASEAN3. Manufacture nations and export organizations of material and primary products: 4Other international economic organizationsPrinciples of International TradingCredit 3This course is a professional course of international trade. Bystudying the course, students will know about the basic theories of international trade in an all-round way, and grasp the related concepts of international trade skillfully. On the basis of the theories of the international division, international market and the traditional theories of international trade, students will understand the development trends of the current international trade theories, develop their trade interests, and understand relevant knowledge of the international capital circulation problems and the trans-corporation. They will understand the development trend of global area economic integration, and get familiar with international trade policies and measures, and master the characteristics and trend of the international commercial activities and knowledge of WTO. This course will lay a foundation of import and export business operation and foreign affairs law.Monetary BankingCredit 3Monetary Banking is a very important basic course for students who major in economics. It introduces the basic theories of currencies, credit, financial market, commercial banks, central banks, supply and demands of money as well as policies of authoritative banks.The main task of the course is to enable the students to have a goodcommand of the basic theories, basic knowledge and basic techniques of currency, credit, finance and banking, to understand the general law of money and finance, and to gain the basic ability of operating the finance.The main contents include the characteristics of money and credit and their relations with economics; the function and operating system of western countries’ currency market and capital market; the classification of financial organizations and management of commercial banks; the making up and operating of monetary policies; and the causes, results and managing measures of inflation.MacroeconomicsCredit 4To be simple, macroeconomics researches the problems of utilizing economic resources. It studies how the current situation of economic resources using of one country influences the whole national economy, and how to improve the utilization of economic resources for realizing potential national income and economic steady growth.To be concrete, macroeconomics regards national economic activities as the research targets. It studies society's overall economic problems and the determinants of the total amount of the corresponding economic variables and their relationships. It analysesseveral basic questions in national economy: First, how the utilizing of the total amount of economic resource, which is already disposed to the production division and enterprise, determines the total output (national income) and obtaining employment amount; second, how the supply and demand coming from the commodity market and money market determines the national income level and general price-level of one country; third, the relationship among the changing national income level and general price-level and economic cycle and economic growth. In the course, the determining role and changes of the national income (obtaining employment amount) is a key issue.Economic Mathematics ICredit 4.5The topics covered in this course are: Part 1: Variable and function;Part 2: The application of limit and consecution;Part 3: The application of derivative and differential calculus;Part 4: Indefinite integral;Part 5: Definite integral and its application (the computing of area and volume for example)Through the learning of the course, students can lay a solid foundation for their future professional study. Furthermore, using the methods, students can easily understand andexplain the difficult and important concepts. On the basis of the basic concepts and basic methods we introduce the students to comprehensive examples, which will further improve the students’ ability of computation, logical predication and space imagination.Economic Mathematics IICredit 4.5This course mainly introduces the basic concepts and methods of Linear algebra systematically.Part 1: Determinant;Part 2: Matrix;Part 3: N-dimensional space;Part 4: Solving linear structure of intercedes;Part 5: Secondary field forms;Part 6: Eigenvalue and Eigenvector. It enables the students to have a sound foundation for their future study. In the meantime, teaching with enough exercises can help students understand deeply about the contents of this course. It widens their knowledge scope, explains in detail the basic knowledge, and lays a solid foundation for their future professional study. Furthermore, explaining in detail a few actual examples also makes student combine theories with practice, use the computer to help solve problems, and improve the actual ability of application.Economic Mathematics IIICredit 4.5The course introduces the basic theories of super ovulation, differential equations and difference equations systematically.Part 1: The basic concept of sum of infinite series;Part 2: Discretion of constant item series (positive term series, any terms series conditional convergence, absolutely convergence);Part 3: Convergence of function item series (radius of convergence of Power series, assurance of interval of convergence), solution of function;Part 4: Launch directly and Launch indirectly;Part 5: The concept and solution of the first-order differential equations;Part 6: The second-order differential equations (high-order style, the solution of second-order constant coefficient homogeneous or inhomogeneous differential equations);Part 7: Difference equation (the solution of first-order or second-order difference equation);Part 8: Differential calculus of multivariant function;Part 9: Integral calculus of multivariant function;Part 10: Calculus of multivariant function application in economics.Through learning the course, the students can improve their actual ability of application.Marxist Political EconomicsCredit: 2Introduction to SociologyCredit 3This course introduces the basic theories of sociology from the microcosmic and macrocosmic aspects to give students a general and systemic understanding of sociology. It tries to reflect the latest trends of the Chinese social development and to reveal the latest progresses of the Chinese sociological study. The main contents include: the objectives, research contents, and subject characters of sociology; genre and functions of society; essence, differences, and functions of culture; conditions, processes, and contents of socialization; stratum theory, social mutual activity theory; social group theory; matrimony and ménage; social organization theory; stratum and fluxion; social rules and institutions; community theory; social transformation and modernization; social problems; and social aberrance and control.Assessment of Investment ProjectsCredit 3Investment and Project Appraisal is an important and basic coursededicating to students’ understanding on economics. This course mainly concerns how to apply theories and methods of the investment project evaluation analysis and decision making in the technical economics field, and how to conduct appraisal and reach decisions toward investment projects so as to meet the goals of elevating investment profit, reducing investment risks, and optimizing resource allocation, etc. Its major tasks are to help students to master the method of equivalence calculation of costs in an innovative way to integrate the theories with the practice, to master the investment evaluation index system, to understand the hot topics and new theories concerning investment evaluation at present, and to possess the capability of analyzing relevant financial data accurately and promptly. The course focuses on the reliability appraisal of investment projects in order to conduct the feasibility study in practical aspects.MicroeconomicsCredit 4The content of economics is very broad, but the most important part is the analysis of economic theories. Economics analyzes single economic units from individual consumers and producer’s economic behavior, price decision of single market as well as all the markets’average price. The main contents of microeconomics are: the two basic factors--demand and supply in price theory; consumer behavior theory and producer behavior theory in product market; demand and supply of producing factors in the distribution theory in producing factor market; ordinary aquarium theory and welfare economics, the theory that all the market reach their best condition in the total competitive situation, the ordinary aquarium theory suited to Pallato optional; and the real economy different from the best condition, requiring us to use microeconomic principles to improve.Political EconomicsCredit 3Political Economics takes production relations as the research object, and while revealing socio-economic systems and economic general principles, discusses the nature of capitalist production relations and the nature of economic operations and socialist production relations and China’s restructuring economy and economic operations, as well as the basic problems with Chinese economic development in international economics on the background of economic globalization. Study purposes of the course: to grasp basicviewpoints and theories of Marxist political economics, to know about the nature of capitalist production relations and socialist production relations, master the general principles of economic operations, know all-round the big tendency of capital operations and socialist economic operations and economic globalization, as well as know about the new problems that Chinese economic development and the new changes of world economic development are faced with under this tendency, so that have a scientific understanding of the historical process of socialist and capitalist development.College EnglishCredit 3.5This course aims at fostering students to have a comparatively higher capability of reading English materials, and with the capability of listening, speaking, writing, translating, also the ability to exchange messages in English. The course should help students lay a solid foundation about the language, the learning methods, improve their cultural quality, so as to meet the requirements of the social development and economical construction. Language is the tool of communication. The target of College English is the non-English college students, after graduation, they will face the taskssuch as, reading English materials, spoken or written communication in their working places. College English should focuses on these tasks. Therefore we orient the College English teaching to cultivate language knowledge, the capability of acquiring and exchanging information in English, and also the ability to self-taught and further study, make sure that through four terms of English learning, students are not only able to pass the examinations, and finish college study, but also capable of doing the future work.Fundamentals of Computer Application ICredit 2This course is one of the most fundamental courses for all undergraduate students in this university. It is the first course about computers for freshmen, which is a required one. After having finished the course, students are expected to have developed their skills of using computers, and using computers to make a document, managing information, analyzing or collecting information, and communicating with others. The main contents are: (1) Computer System, to make students understand how to express and deal with information in computers, and how computers work; (2) Operating System, to introduce the concepts, functions and effects of operating systems; Students are expected to be familiar with two kind oftypical operating systems—command line interface and graphic interface operating systems. (3) Computer Languages. Students are expected to understand what are programs and algorithm, to be familiar with the method for simple programming, and to realize the importance of programming for computers. (4) Word Processing. Students are expected to be good at word processing with computers, such as a scientific document with words and graphs in one page. (5) Information Management. The objective is to make students understand how to manage information using data base systems, to understand the methods and advantages of processing and analyzing information by the data base languages. (6) Computer Network Communication. Students are expected to get knowledge about basic construction and communication of computer networks, to be good at Internet operating, to be familiar with using e-mail and ftp to exchange or collect information, to be good at the principles and applications of releasing or getting information with WWW. The basic contents of several courses are combined and included in this course. The course focuses on applications, combines theory with practice, takes understandable examples and typical experiments, and introduces basic concepts, knowledge and principles of different soft wares. While the student’s horizon of knowledge being widened gradually and the student’s ability to use computers being nurtured,students’ consciousness of computer usage will be raised.Special Topics on PhysicsCredit 3In 20th century, the establishment of quantum theory, special relativity and quantum mechanics make modern physics to a peak and to penetrate into other studies and applied fields. Because of the outstanding status of physics as the leading fundamental knowledge in science, our goal is to inspire students from social departments to understand and master some necessary basic physical principles and research methods about physics and to increase their creative abilities by learning physics.The course introduces varying from x-ray in 19th century, radiation and the discovery of vacuum tube to the important discoveries and inventions in science in the recent 100 years. The teaching content involves: basic mechanics and aerospace technology, electromagnetics and the application of electromagnetic wave in radio, TV, broadcasting, microwave and radar, the wave characteristics and quantum characteristics of light and the wave-particle duality of photon and electron, exploration of microscopic world-structure of matters structure, physical foundation of material science, Einstein’s theory of relativity and universe, novel light source, laser, and so on.C Programming LanguageCredit 3C Programming Language is an important basic specialized course. It plays an important part in the undergraduate teaching programs in colleges and universities. This course aims at helping the students master the basic grammar, basic statement, basic control structure, and learn how to write structured programs in C by the top-down programming method. Besides showing how to make effective use of C language，it also tries where possible to let the students know the importance of algorithms, good coding style and programming practice in learning C language. These training will develop the students' ability to analyze and solve problems by using C language. It will lay a solid foundation for the students to do a deep study and application in software development in the future.Lectures on ChemistryCredit 1General Chemistry is a basic science course set for undergraduates in the School of Humanities and School of Management by the Department of Applied Chemistry. The course reflects the chemistry knowledge relating with the living of people and other importantproblems in the world on the basis of the principles of chemistry such as chemistry thermodynamics, chemistry dynamics and substance structure, which play an important role in cultivating first-class students with high capabilities. The aim of this course is to make the students find out the basic principle of the chemical reaction, learn knowledge about environment, energy sources, materials, food and animate being, know about the development characters of chemistry and its connection with other subjects, which help students to have a chemical stand of view and use chemical knowledge to solve problems in future work and life. This course includes: chemistry principles, chemistry and atmosphere, chemistry and water, chemistry and energy sources, chemistry and materials, chemistry and food, chemistry and animate being, and so on..World Politics and International RelationsCredit 1.5World Politics and International Relations is a key and basic course aiming to provide knowledge in economics and politics for the students. It mainly deals with the basic principles and basic operational laws governing the world economics and the study on international relationships. By following the main line about thedevelopment and the changes of world economy and politics since World War II, this course provides a macroscopic summary and comprehensive analysis toward three major global issues including modern world economy, world politics, and modern world subjects & international order. It gives an introduction and classified study in economics and politics to different types of countries and regions i.e. the developed capitalist countries, socialist countries, and developing countries. It produces a key study on foreign strategy of the world’s major strategic powers and on China’s international standing and foreign relationships. The major tasks of this course are to teach students on how to strengthen their understanding on major world affairs and how to be innovative in integrating the theories with the practical things, to master the basic theories and basic concepts concerning world economy and politics, to understand the research frontiers, hot topics and new theories regarding modern world economics and international relationships, and to possess the capabilities of referring to relevant information accurately and promptly.Management of small and medium enterpriseCredit 2In the course of the world’s economic development, the large quantity of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), which distribute widely, great contribution, have already become a kind of important strength that can‘t be ignored in social and economic life of countries all over the world. Meanwhile, SMEs are also playing a very important role in promoting the local economic growth and development etc. This course takes Harbin as an example, to carry on exploratory research on the relationships between the existence and development of SMEs and management of local government at the present, in the hope of finding out the universal experience that promote the development of SMEs. At first, the course summaries the relevant researches both at home and abroad in this field, and then explain relevant basic theories, s Then, through the comparing and analyzing of the foreign countries’ advanced management on SMEs, find out the conditions that the perfect SMEs’ management system possessing. Finally, using foreign advanced experience for reference and basing on local, in view of the problems existing in the course of development of SMEs and defects existing in the management system in Harbin, to give the imagination that constructing the perfect frame of Harbin’s s management on SMEs, in terms of R&D , human resources market, etc.General ChemistryCredit 1General Chemistry is a basic science course set for undergraduates in the School of Humanities and School of Management by the Department of Applied Chemistry. The course reflects the chemistry knowledge relating with the living of people and other important problems in the world on the basis of the principles of chemistry such as chemistry thermodynamics, chemistry dynamics and substance structure, which play an important role in cultivating first-class students with high capabilities. The aim of this course is to make the students find out the basic principle of the chemical reaction, learn knowledge about environment, energy sources, materials, food and animate being, know about the development characters of chemistry and its connection with other subjects, which help students to have a chemical stand of view and use chemical knowledge to solve problems in future work and life. This course includes: chemistry principles, chemistry and atmosphere, chemistry and water, chemistry and energy sources, chemistry and materials, chemistry and food, chemistry and animate being, and so on。
国际经济学英文版(internationaleconomics)PPT课件
▪ Growth of emerging markets ▪ international capital movements regain importance
6
Economic interdependence
Exports of goods and services as percent of Gross Domestic Product, 2001
Ch 16 Exchange-Rate Systems
Ch 17 Macroeconomic Policy in an Open Economy
Ch18 International Banking: Reserves, Debt and Risk
International Economics
By Robert J. Carbaugh 9th Edition
8
Economic interdependence
Interdependence: Impact
Overall standard of living is higher
▪ Access to raw materials & energy not availo goods & components made less expensively elsewhere
International Economics
By Robert J. Carbaugh 9th Edition
Ch 1 The International Economy Ch 2 Foundations of Modern
Trade Theory
Ch 3 International Equilibrium
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International economicsTarget: understand the reasons of the economic phenomenon.Subject 1: 国际贸易理论的微观基础Subject 2: 古典贸易理论重商主义MercantilismThe government controls the trade to ensure the capital of the country will not go to the others countries. They will accumulate the gold and silver, give export subsidies, make a high tariff, maximizing the use of domestic resources.依靠贸易顺差限制了贸易的发展2.亚当·斯密的自由贸易思想Adam SmithThe invisible hand: first coined by Adam Smith. It means that the self-regulating nature of the market. People all want to maximize their own gains, and it will benefits the whole society.❖Smith think:If one country has the absolute advantage of a production, it has less cost than other countries, this country should focus on this production, and gain profit from trade.e.g. the Needleman buy shoes from a shoe-maker, and the shoe-maker engages the Needleman to make cloth for him.（三）大卫李嘉图的比较优势理论Comparative AdvantageThe comparative advantage refers to the ability of a country to produce a particular good or service at a lower opportunity cost. Even if one country is more efficient in the production of all goods (absolute advantage) than the other, both countries will still gain by trading with each other, as long as they have different relative efficiencies.评价：❖Adam Smith explained the base of the trade by the cost of production. And Ricardian demonstrated that the different of labor costs is the determinant of trade, and all countries will gain profit from the trade.❖Using labour as the only input.Subject 3: 要素禀赋理论要素禀赋The factor-proportions theoryThe theory states that a country’s comparative advantage is determined by its initial resource endowments.Capital intensive 资本密集型K/L 高Labor intensive 劳动密集型K/L 低Capital-to-labor ratio(k/l) 资本劳动比Subject 4: 特定要素理论Subject 5: 规模经济、不完全竞争与国际贸易Scale economics: The scale of production increases, the efficiency of the production will increase, and the cost of each product will decrease.Why the scale economics is the cause of trade: 1. each country can produce limited category of products by the scale economics.2. through international trade, increase the types of goods available for consumption. Imperfect competitionForms of imperfect competition include:•Monopoly垄断, in which there is only one seller of a good.•Oligopoly寡头垄断, in which there are few sellers of a good. •Monopolistic competition, in which there are many sellers producing highly differentiated goods.•Monopsony, in which there is only one buyer of a good.•Oligopsony, in which there are few buyers of a good.Information asymmetry when one competitor has the advantage of more or better information.If there are more sellers in the market, the average cost of the product will be higher. If there are more sellers in the market, the price of the product will be lower.And if there are more sellers, more kinds of products, the customers will gain more benefit.Subject 6: 国际要素流动——见投资Subject 7: 国际贸易政策——见关税配额出口补贴Subject 8: 区域经济一体化与关税同盟理论一、区域经济一体化的形式❖包括以下五种形式：自由贸易区free trade areaA trade bloc whose member countries have signed a free-trade agreement (FTA), which eliminates tariffs, import quotas, and preferences on most (if not all) goods and services traded between them.关税同盟customs UnionA customs union is a type of trade bloc which is composed of a free trade area with a common external tariff. The participant countries set up common external trade policy, but in some cases they use different import quotas.共同市场common marketThe freedom of movement of the factors of production and services, the participant countries have the same tariff barrier to other countries.经济联盟economic unionThe have both common policies on product regulation, freedom of movement of goods, services and the factors of production (capital and labour) and a commonexternal trade policy. The countries often share a common currency.完全的经济一体化economic integrationEconomic integration refers to trade unification between different states by the partial or full abolishing of customs tariffs on trade taking place within the borders of each state. This is meant in turn to lead to lower prices for distributors and consumers (as no customs duties are paid within the integrated area) and the goal is to increase trade.Subject 2: 外汇市场The foreign exchange market (forex, FX, or currency market) is a global, worldwide-decentralized financial market for trading currencies. The foreign exchange market assists international trade and investment, by enabling currency conversion. The foreign exchange market is the most liquid financial market in the world. Traders include large banks, central banks, institutional investors, currency speculators, corporations, governments, other financial institutions, and retail investors.外汇市场的功能国际清算(International Clearing)国际信贷(International Credit)套期保值(Hedging)：A hedge is an investment position intended to offset potential losses that may be incurred by a companion investment.外汇投机(Foreign Exchange Speculation)Exchange PriceForeign exchange rate: exchange rate between two currencies is the rate at which one currency will be exchanged for another. It is also regarded as the value of one country’s currency in terms of another currency.Quotation直接标价法(Direct Quotation) : 1 foreign currency unit = x home currency unitse.g. 1 美元=8.27人民币，则汇率上升表示外币升值，本币贬值。