1化学专业英语介绍
化学专业英语
unite 1. Inorganic chemistry1.1 what is chemistry（1）. 重点专业词汇讲解：Chemical: adj . 化学的、化学药品Transformation: 变化，化学转变，转化Dye: n. 染料染色，或者vt. 染Charcoal: ['tʃɑkəʊl] 木炭Cellulose :纤维素细胞的['seljʊləʊz; ]Fat：n. 脂肪肥肉adj . 肥大的alkalis：碱adj . 碱性的glycerin: 甘油丙三醇alkalis: n. 碱金属alloy: 合金使成合金bronze：青铜色的n. 青铜（铜和锡的合金）brass：[brɑs] n. 黄铜(铜和锌)要求学生会区别黄铜及青铜的不同翻译Poison：毒物毒药t. 毒害放毒下毒Proton：n. 质子Nulei: n. 核（nucleus的复数形式）['njuklɪəs]Identical : adj . 同一的Chirality n. 手性手征和Handeness的区别Amino acid ：n. 氨基酸Alanine: n.丙氨酸2. 课文中重点词组（phrase）Chemical change: 化学变化physical change：物理变化Explore: 探险研究research investigate studyIsolate: 分离chemical bonds 化学键chemical reaction：化学反应Natural substance 天然物质Coke :焦炭carbon monoxide 一氧化碳Carbon Dioxide 二氧化碳Chemical bond 化学键fundamental principle 基本原理The periodic table of elements ：元素周期表numbers of protons 质子数atomic number 原子序数covalent bonds 共价键positive 正阳性negative 负阴性3. 课文中重点句子The first and most important principle is that chemical substances are made up of molecules in which atoms of various elements are linked in well-defined ways. 需要着重给学生讲解第一条也是最重要的原理是化学物质是有分子组成的，分子中的不同元素的原子是以一定的方式连接在一起的。
化学专业英语(Specialized English for Chemistry)
b.
烷烃（alkane）命名： 数字头 + -ane.
（以a结尾的数字头直接加-ne .）
例: 甲烷: methane; 庚烷: heptane; 癸烷: decane; 十 三 烷 : tridecane; 十四烷: tetradecane; 十五烷: pentadecane; 二十烷: (e)icosane; 二十一烷: heneicosane; 二十二烷: docosane; 三十烷: triacontane; 四十烷: tetracontane; 五十烷: pentacontane; 六十烷: hexacontane; 七十烷: heptacontane; 八十烷: octacontane; 九十烷: nonacontane; 一百烷: empirecontane.
2） Polyatomic Cations（多原子阳离 子）：原子团名称 + ion
例:：Na+：sodium ion；Ag+：silver ion； Ca2+：calcium ion；Al3+：aluminum ion； Fe+：iron（I）ion；Fe2+：iron（II）ion； Fe3+：iron（III）ion；
* 氰根（CN- ）和氢氧根（OH- ）视同单原 子阴离子。
CN-：cyanide ion；OH-：hydroxide ion
2） Oxyanions （Oxoanions） （ 含氧阴离子，又称酸根离子）： 非氧元素名称的词干 + -ate + ion （ 译为“* 酸根离子” ）
例 ： CO32- ： carbonate ion （ C ： carbon ） ； SO42- ：sulfate ion（S：sulfur）； SO32- ： sulfite ion；NO3- ：nitrate ion（N：nitrogen）； NO2-：nitrite ion ； ClO-：hypochlorite ion； ClO2- ： chlorite ion ； ClO3- ： chlorate ion ； ClO4- ：perchlorate ion；PO3- （偏磷酸根）： metaphosphate ion
化学化工专业英语1
Chapter I Nomenclature of inorganic compounds
c.阴离子： 单原子阴离子，词根 + ide ，同时有“某化物”的意思， 如 chloride 氯化物。 其实很多元素的并不能形成真正游离态的阴离子，不过基 于下文二元化合物命名的需要，所以仍然将“词根+ide” 形式列入，表示“某化物”的含义，如O2-对应的氧化物 MgO（magnesium oxide）。
Chapter I Nomenclature of inorganic compounds
七 hepta-；八 octa-；九 nona- ；十 decab.命名时在相应多原子的元素名称前加上数字前缀即可： CS2 carbon disulfide； SnCl4 tin tetrachloride。 也可以明化合价：tin(IV) chloride； CO carbon oxide(carbon monoxide) ； CO2 carbon dioxide； CrO3 chromium trioxide； As2S2雄黄diarsenic disulfide； As2S3雌黄diarsenic trisulfide； As2O5砒霜diarsenic pentaoxide 。
Chapter I Nomenclature of inorganic compounds
5.不同氧化度的二元化合物 过氧化物 peroxide O22-： H2O2 hydrogen peroxide；CaO2 calcium peroxide；Na2O2 sodium peroxide 超氧化物 superoxide O2-：KO2 potassium superoxide 三、含氧酸和含氧酸盐 1.含氧酸有高酸per+正酸”、正酸“词根+ic”、亚酸“词 根+ous”、次酸“hypo+亚酸”、过酸“peroxo+正酸”、 代酸“thio+对应酸”等形态，最后加“acid”：
化学专业英语
7
科技英语翻译方法概论
科技英语要求其客观性、准确性 及严密性，留意叙事规律上的连贯及表达上 的明晰、畅达，避开行文晦涩。科技英语力 求平易和准确，避开使用旨在加强语言感染 力和宣传效果的各种修饰词，以免使读者产 生行文浮华，内容虚饰之感。
例句：
李商隐：“春蚕到死丝方尽” • 科学翻译：Spring silkworm spins silk till
化学专业英语
Special English for Chemistry
Jin Jun-Ling Ph.D
1
Why do we learn Special English ?
➢ 争论生复试－－专外〔笔试、口试〕 ➢ 毕业论文－－英语文献阅读、翻译
Why do we learn Special English ?
• 文学英语中，常常消失一词多义或一义 多词的现象，科技英语中也不例外，但在 表达同一个科学概念或含义时，一般承受 单一词汇。
• 如： hexachlorocyclohexane 六氯环己烷
• 2. 科技词汇来源于希腊语和拉丁语
• 据统计，1万个一般英语词汇中，约有 46%源于拉丁语，7.2%来源于希腊语，专
Nitrogen[”naɪtrədʒ(ə)n] Si Silicon[”sɪlɪk(ə)n]
Phosphorus[”fɒsf(ə)rəs] Ge Germanium[dʒɜː”meɪnɪəm] Sn Tin[tɪn] Pb Lead[liːd]
VA N
P
As Arsenic[”ɑːs(ə)nɪk] Sb Antimony[”æntɪmounɪ] Bi Bismuth[”bɪzməθ]
[nə(ʊ)”meŋklətʃə; ”nəʊmən,kleɪtʃə]
化学化工专业英语(1)
例如：
The operation of a machine needs some knowledge of its performance. 操作机器需要懂得机器的一些性能。 （n.→v.） The continuous process can ordinarily be handled in the less space. 连续过程通常能节省操作空间。 （adj.→v.）
Syllabus？（课程纲领）
本书共分为三部分： 第一部分为“科技英语翻译方法”； 第二部分为“专业文章阅读与翻译”； 第三部分为“科技论Exam (1): close-book exam, covering all nomenclature, dictionary NOT allowed Exam (2): open-book, comprehensive, dictionary allowed
科技著作、科技论文及报告、实验报告及方 案； 各类科技情报及文字资料； 科技实用手册的结构描述和操作规程； 有关科技问题的会谈、会议； 有关科技的影片、录像及光盘等有声资料的 解说词等。
科技英语要求其客观性、准确性及 严密性，注意叙事逻辑上的连贯及表 达上的明晰、畅达，避免行文晦涩。 科技英语力求平易和精确，避免使用 旨在加强语言感染力和宣传效果的各 种修饰词，以免使读者产生行文浮华， 内容虚饰之感。
2.被动语态多
1.据语言学家统计，物理、化学、工程类的教科书里， 约有1/3的动词用于被动语态句。 2. 这是因为科技人员最最关心的是行为、活动、事实 本身，至于谁做的，无关紧要，而且运用被动语态显 得文章所描述的内容更客观，可减少一些主观印象。 例如： Mathematics is used in many different fields. people use mathematics in many different fields.
化学工程与工艺专业英语unit1
PPT文档演模板
化学工程与工艺专业英语unit1
The latter required a major technological breakthrough that of being able to carry out chemical reactions under conditions of very high pressure for the first time. The experience gained with this was to stand Germany in good stead, particularly with the rapidly increased demand for nitrogen-based compounds (ammonium salts for fertilizers and nitric acid for explosives manufacture ) with the outbreak of World War I in 1914. This initiated profound changes which continued during the inter-war years(1918-1939).
Although the use of chemicals dates back to the ancient civilizations, the evolution of what we know as the modern chemical industry started much more recently. It may be considered to have begun during the Industrial Revolution, about 1800,and developed to provide chemicals for use by other industries. Examples are alkali for soapmaking, bleaching powder for cotton, and silica and sodium carbonate for glassmaking.
化学专业英语
一、写出简称：乙酰基，Ac三甲基硅基，TMS对映体过量，ee氢化锂铝，LAH 四氢呋喃，THF N, N－二甲基甲酰氨，DMF对甲苯磺酰基，Ts 叔丁氧羰基，Boc咪唑（基），Im间氯过氧苯甲酸m-CPBA二、写出全称：BSA，N,O-双(三甲基硅基)乙酰胺DABCO 1，4-二氮杂双环[2.2.2]辛烷，EWG，吸电子基NBS，N-溴化丁酰亚胺DCC，1.3-二环己基碳化二亚胺NMR，核磁共振PPA，多聚磷酸DMAP，4-二甲基氨基吡啶PDC，重铬酸吡啶EDA重氮乙酸乙脂CDI N,N’-酰基二咪唑三、翻译：1、The teacher may be asked questions.可以向老师提一些问题。
2、Salts may also be found by the replacement置换of hydrogenfrom an acid with a metal.3、In the reaction both the acid and the base are neutralized(中和)forming water and salt.4、Organic compounds were once thought to be produced onlyby living organism.有机化合物一度被认为是只能由生物体产生5、It was reported that scientist had worked at the problem ofstoring the sun’s heat for many years.据报道，科学家曾在储存太阳热量的问题上研究了许多年。
6、The principles of absorption(吸收) and desorption解吸arebasically the same.7、Total determination of molecular structure is possible bymeans of X-ray diffraction.分子结构的完全确定有可能用X射线衍射方法。
化学专业英语
化学专业英语1、化学专业英语：一、无机化学术语1、periodic table 元素周期表2、electronic structure电子构型3、wavelength波长4、frequency频率5、wave number波数6、diffraction衍射7、quantum量子8、quantized量子化9、quantum theory量子理论10、photoelectric effect光电效应11、photon光子12、quantum mechanics量子力学13、Heisenberg uncertainty principle海森堡测不准原理14、momentum动量15、angular momentum角动量16、ground state基态17、excited states激发态18、quantum number量子数19、atomic orbital原子轨道20、the four quantum numbers四个量子数21、electron configuration电子构型22、Pauli exclusion principle泡利不相容原理23、Hund’s principle洪特规则24、paramagnetism顺磁性25、diamagnetism反磁性26、period周期27、noble gas惰性气体28、Representative elements代表性元素29、Transition elements过渡元素30、Metals金属31、nonmetals非金属32、semiconducting elements半导体元素33、chemical bond化学键34、valence electrons价电子35、Lewis symbol路易斯符号36、Chemical stability化学稳定性37、octet rule八隅体规则38、chemical reactivity化学反应性39、metallic bonding金属键40、ionic bonding 离子键41、Lewis structures路易斯结构42、nonbonding electron pairs(lone pairs)非成键电子对43、covalent bonding共价键44、single单键45、multiple(double,triple) and coordinate(donor atom and acceptor atom) covalent bond配位键46、resonance共振47、resonance hybrid共振杂化48、nonpolar and polar covalent bond非极性和极性共价键49、dipole偶极50、network covalent substances51、bond dissociation energy键解离能52、lattice energy点阵能，晶格能53、atomic radii原子半径54、effective nuclear charge有效核电荷55、screening effect屏蔽效应56、Scanning 扫描57、Lanthanide contraction镧系收缩58、isoelectronic ions等电子离子59、ionization energy电离能60、noble gas configuration惰性气体构型61、electron affinity电子亲和能62、pseudo-noble gas configuration稀有气体原子实63、polarization of an ion离子极化64、electronegativity电负性65、electronegative atom电正性原子66、electropositive atom电负性原子67、Oxidation numbers氧化值68、Oxidation state氧化态69、molecular geometry分子几何70、bond axis键轴71、valence bond theory价键理论72、hybridization杂化73、isomers异构体74、structural isomers结构异构75、delocalized electrons离域电子76、dipole moment偶极矩77、London bond色散力78、nuclide核素79、nucleons核子80、mass defect质量缺陷81、nuclear binding energy核结合能82、nuclear fusion核聚变83、nuclear fission核裂变84、radioactivity放射性85、radionuclides放射性核素86、magic number幻数87、bombardment reaction轰击反应88、antineutrino反中微子89、neutrino中微子90、positron正电子（阳电子）91、electron capture电子捕获92、chain reaction链式反应93、crtical mass临界质量94、nuclear reaction 核反应95、thermonuclear reactions热核反应96、breeder reactor增殖反应97、hydration水合98、solvation溶剂化99、chemical equilibrium化学平衡100、hydrolysis水解101、hydrates水合物102、efflorescence风化物103、hygroscopic 吸湿104、deliquescence潮解105、electrolytes电解质106、strong（weak）electrolytes强电解质107、nonelectrolytes非电解质108、acidic（alkaline）aqueous solution109、polyprotic acids多元酸110、neutralization中和反应111、complex ion络合离子112、ligands配体113、hard water 硬水114、carbonate hardness碳酸盐硬度115、water softening水软化116、permanent hardness永久硬度117、ion exchange离子交换118、fossil fuels化石燃料119、oxidation氧化120、reduction还原121、oxidation-reduction（redox）reactions氧化还原反应122、oxidizing agent氧化剂123、heavy water重水124、absorption吸附125、acidic anhydride(oxide)酸性酸酐126、basic anhydride(oxide)碱性酸酐127、amphoteric两性128、allotropes同素异形体129、acid salt酸式盐130、oxidizing anion氧化性阴离子131、disproportionation reaction歧化反应132、oxidizing acids氧化性酸。
化学专业英语
1、Beginning in the late seventeenth century with the work of Robert Boyle, who proposed the presently accepted concept of an element, numerous investigations produced a considerable knowledge of the properties of elements and their compounds.早在17义耳就开始了这项工作，他提出了现在公认的元素概念，大量的研究使我们对元素极其化合物的性质有了相当的了解。
In modern form, the law states that the properties of the elements are periodic functions of their atomic numbers. In other words, when the elements are listed in order of increasing atomic number, elements having closely similar properties will fall at definite intervals along the list.用现代的话说，这个规律叙述了元素的性质是它们的原子序数的周期性函数。
换句话说，当元素按照原子序数逐渐递增的顺序列表（排列时），性质非常接近的元素将占据表格中具有一定间隔的位置.Thus it is possible to arrange the list of elements in tabular form with elements having similar properties placed in vertical columns.于是，将具有类似性质的元素排成纵列，从而把元素排成表格形式是可能的。
(完整版)化学专业英语
一、元素和单质的命名“元素”和“单质”的英文意思都是“element”，有时为了区别，在强调“单质”时可用“free element”。
因此，单质的英文名称与元素的英文名称是一样的。
下面给出的既是元素的名称，同时又是单质的名称。
2过渡元素和单质Fe : iron Mn : manganese Cu: copper Zn: zinc Hg: mercury Ag: silver Au: gold二化合物的命名：化合物的命名顺序都是根据化学式从左往右读，这与中文读法顺序是相反的。
表示原子个数时使用前缀：mono-di -tri- tetra -penta- hexa-hepta- octa-，nona-, deca-,但是在不会引起歧义时，这些前缀都尽可能被省去。
1．化合物正电荷部分的读法：直呼其名，即读其元素名称。
如CO: carbon monoxide Al2O3: aluminium oxideN2O4：Di nitrogen tetroxide对于有变价的金属元素，除了可用前缀来表示以外，更多采用罗马数字来表示金属的氧化态，或用后缀-ous表示低价，-ic表示高价。
如FeO: iron(II) oxide 或ferrous oxide Fe2O3: iron (III) oxide或ferric oxide Cu2O: copper(I) oxide 或cuprous oxide CuO: copper(II) oxide或cupric oxide ２．化合物负电荷部分的读法：２．１二元化合物：常见的二元化合物有卤化物，氧化物，硫化物，氮化物，磷化物，碳化物，金属氢化物等，命名时需要使用后缀-ide，如：fluoride，chloride，bromide，iodide，oxide ，sulfide ，nitride, phosphide, carbide，hydride; OH -的名称也是用后缀-ide：hydroxide，非金属氢化物不用此后缀，而是将其看成其它二元化合物（见２。
化学专业英语基础第一章Chapter1 The Chemical Elements and Their relative Atomic Masses
Commission on Atomic Weights and Isotopic Abundances 原子量与同位素丰度委员会 under review 在评议中 Pure and Applied Chemistry 《纯粹与应用化学》期刊
The masses of many elements are not invarient but depend on the origin and treatment of the material .The values given on the table apply to elements as they exist naturally on earth .Values in brackets are used for radioactive elements whose atomic masses cannot be quoted precisely without the origin of the elements; the value given is the relative atomic masses of the isotope of the element having the longest halflife . A number in parentheses indicates the uncertainty in the last digit of the atomic weight .
High reactivity, they form negative ions X-; with O2 they form acid oxides, acids with H2 and salts with alkali metals
Dmitri Mendeleev (1834-1907)
化学专业英语第一章
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decompose vt.& vi. 分解； （使）腐烂
You can apply heat to decompose organic compounds. 你可以依靠加热来分解有机化合物.
apply to 适用于； 运用； 致力于；
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gravitational inertia adj. 万有引力的，重力的； 地心吸力的 n. <物>惯性，惰性； 迟钝； 不活动
复合物；混合物 成分；组成的； 构成的；
化学的； 铁制的，含铁的
种类，类别 [化]氢 原子的； 重力的； 惯 分性解； （使）转变；
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• mixture • nitrogen • oxygen • property • reactant • sodium • substance • be classified as • be subdivided into • boiling point • be referred to as
[atomic energy]: 原子能
The use of atomic energy will revolutionize the lives of coming generations.
原子能的使用将使人类未来的生活有巨大 改变.
revolutionize
vt. 发动革命； 彻底改革； 使革命化 vi. 革命化； 引起革命
centigrade. 水的沸点是摄氏100度。
melting point n. 熔点 Lead has a lower melting-point than iron. 铅的熔点比铁低。
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be subdivided into 被再分成 ；被划分为 Atoms can be subdivided into neutrons,
(完整版)化学专业英语
(完整版)化学专业英语一、基础词汇篇1. 原子与分子Atom（原子）：物质的基本单位，由质子、中子和电子组成。
2. 化学反应Reactant（反应物）：参与化学反应的物质。
Product（物）：化学反应后的物质。
Catalyst（催化剂）：能改变化学反应速率而本身不发生永久变化的物质。
3. 物质状态Solid（固体）：具有一定形状和体积的物质。
Liquid（液体）：具有一定体积，无固定形状的物质。
Gas（气体）：无固定形状和体积的物质。
4. 酸碱盐Acid（酸）：在水溶液中能电离出氢离子的物质。
Base（碱）：在水溶液中能电离出氢氧根离子的物质。
Salt（盐）：由酸的阴离子和碱的阳离子组成的化合物。
5. 溶液与浓度Solution（溶液）：由溶剂和溶质组成的均匀混合物。
Solvent（溶剂）：能溶解其他物质的物质。
Solute（溶质）：被溶解的物质。
Concentration（浓度）：溶液中溶质含量的度量。
二、专业术语篇1. 有机化学Organic Chemistry（有机化学）：研究碳化合物及其衍生物的化学分支。
Functional Group（官能团）：决定有机化合物化学性质的原子或原子团。
Polymer（聚合物）：由许多重复单元组成的大分子化合物。
2. 无机化学Inorganic Chemistry（无机化学）：研究不含碳的化合物及其性质的化学分支。
Crystal（晶体）：具有规则排列的原子、离子或分子的固体。
OxidationReduction Reaction（氧化还原反应）：涉及电子转移的化学反应。
3. 物理化学Physical Chemistry（物理化学）：研究化学现象与物理现象之间关系的化学分支。
Chemical Bond（化学键）：原子间相互作用力，使原子结合成分子。
Thermodynamics（热力学）：研究能量转换和物质性质的科学。
4. 分析化学Analytical Chemistry（分析化学）：研究物质的组成、结构和性质的科学。
第一讲 化学专业英语
ClO2chlorite BrO2bromite IO2iodite PO33phosphite NO2nitrite SO32sulfite
ClO3chlorate BrO3bromate IO3iodate PO43phosphate NO3nitrate SO42sulfate
ClO4perchlorate BrO4perbromate IO4periodate
Al3+ Cr3+ Fe3+ AsO43AsO33PO43PO33-
carbonate chromate dichromate oxalate
CO32CrO42Cr2O72C2O42-
oxide sulfide sulfate sulfite
O2S2SO42SO32-
acetate bromide chlorate chloride chlorite cyanide fluoride hydrogen carbonate (bicarbonate) hydrogen sulfate
A compound is a combination of positive and negative ions in the proper ratio to give a balanced charge and the name of the compound follows from names of the ions, for example, NaCl, is sodium chloride; Al(OH)3 is aluminum hydroxide; FeBr2 is iron(Ⅱ) bromide or ferrous bromide; Ca(C2H3O2)2 is calcium acetate; Cr2(SO4)3 is chromium(Ⅲ) sulfate or chromic sulfate, and so on.
化学专业英语
（1）词根
carbo-
carbon
碳 sulf- sulfur
硫
hydro- hydrogen 氢 chloro- chlorine
氯
oxy-
oxygen
氧 fluoro- fluorine
氟
nitro-
nitrogen 硝基 bromo- bromine
溴
phospho- phosphorus 磷 iodo- iodine
Terms Used in Chemistry
Precipitate （沉淀物）. A precipitate is a solid separated from a solution.
• Radical （根，基，原子团）. A radical is an atom or a group of atoms reacting as a unit.
pyroarsenic acid H4As2O7 焦砷酸 pyroarsenate M4As2O7 焦砷酸盐
pyroarsenous acid H4As2O5 焦亚砷酸 pyroarsenite M2As2O5 焦亚砷酸盐
hypophosphorous acid H3PO2 次磷酸 hypophosphite M3PO2 次磷酸盐
hypoiodous acid HIO 次碘酸 hypoiodite MIO 次碘酸盐
hypochlorous acid HClO 次氯酸 hypochlorite MClO 次氯酸钠
（C）： pyro- 焦
0.5 M (0.5 mol/Liter)
• Equation （ 方 程 式 ， 反 应 式 ） . An equation is a
shorthand （速记） statement of the materials entering into a reaction, the products formed and the ratio in which combination takes place.
化工专业英语
化学生物理工学院
崔洪涛
化工英语阅读
Unit 6 Chlor-Alkali and Related Processes Bulk chemical industry: 大化工
The segment is normally taken to include~~~~. 氯碱工业包括～～～。 Ever since:从那时到现在 自从
化学生物理工学院
崔洪涛
化工英语阅读
In turn: 依次，轮流 Sort out: 挑选出，理清 继续 解决
化学生物理工学院
崔洪涛
化工英语阅读
Unit 9 Polymer refer to sb. [sth.] as:称某人[物]为 Convention:习俗, 惯例 Bulk polymer:本体聚合物 Coil: 线圈 sweep out：扫掉、清除 Make up: 组成 Aliphatic：脂肪族的 Aromatic：芳香族的 Elastomer: 人造橡胶 Liability：责任, 义务 Sparingly:节俭地, 保守地 占据
化学生物理工学院
崔洪涛
化工英语阅读
Readily：容易地 Brine:盐水 Limestone:石灰石 Ready:有准备的 准备完毕的, 甘心的, 情愿的, 现成的 迅速的 有准备的, 现成的, 有准备的 Complex:复杂,合成物,络合物,联合企业 联合企业 Laid down over geological time by various marine organisms. Laid down (Lay down): 放下 Geological time: time:地质时期 Over:在...期间, 在...时间内 在一段地质时期内由海洋生物形成的。 About 40% of the output of the lime industry goes into steel-making, where it is Used to react with the refractory silica present in iron ore to give a fluid slag which Floats to the surface and is easily separated from the liquid metal. 大约40%的石灰工业的产出投入到钢铁的制造中，它被用来和铁矿石中的高熔点的 氧化硅反应形成液渣浮到液体金属的表面并被容易的分离出来。 形成
完整版)化学专业英语
完整版)化学专业英语Teaching Material for Scientific EnglishI。
Naming of XXX1.Naming of XXXThe English word for both "元素" and "单质" is "element"。
To distinguish een the two。
"free element" may be used when emphasizing "单质"。
Therefore。
the English names for XXX are the same。
The following are the names of elements that are also names of free elements:Group IA:XXXXXXSodiumGroup IIA:XXXMagnesiumGroup IIIA: Boron AluminumGroup IVA: Carbon Silicon GermaniumGroup VA: Nitrogen PhosphorusGroup VIA: Oxygen Sulfur XXXXXXPoloniumGroup VIIA: Fluorine Chlorine Bromine IodineXXXGroup 0: XXXNeon ArgonXXX Xenon RadonGroup IA: Potassium CalciumGroup IIA:RubidiumCesiumFranciumGroup IIIA:GalliumIndiumXXXGroup IVA:ArsenicXXXXXXXXXLead2.Naming of CompoundsCompounds are named from left to right according to their chemical formula。
化学专业英语之第一和第二副族元素
化学专业英语之第⼀和第⼆副族元素化学专业英语之副族元素GROUPS IB AND IIB ELEMENTSPhysical properties of Group IB and IIBThese elements have a greater bulk use as metals than in compounds, and their physical properties vary widely.Gold is the most malleable and ductile of the metals. It can be hammered into sheets of 0.00001 inch in thickness; one gram of the metal can be drawn into a wire 1.8 mi in length1. Copper and silver are also metals that are mechanically easy to work. Zinc is a little brittle at ordinary temperatures, but may be rolled into sheets at between 120° to 150℃; it becomes brittle again about 200℃-The low-melting temperatures of zinc contribute to the preparation of zinc-coated iron .galvanized iron; clean iron sheet may be dipped into vats of liquid zinc in its preparation. A different procedure is to sprinkle or air blast zinc dust onto hot iron sheeting for a zinc melt and then coating.Cadmium has specific uses because of its low-melting temperature in a number of alloys. Cadmium rods are used in nuclear reactors because the metal is a good neutron absorber.Mercury vapor and its salts are poisonous, though the free metal may be taken internally under certain conditions. Because of its relatively low boiling point and hence volatile nature, free mercury should never be allowed to stand in an open container in the laboratory. Evidence shows that inhalation of its vapors is injurious.The metal alloys readily with most of the metals (except iron and platinum) to form amalgams, the name given to any alloy of mercury.Copper sulfate, or blue vitriol (CuSO4? 5H2O) is the most important and widely used salt of copper. On heating, the salt slowly loses water to form first the trihydrate (CuSO4? 3H z O), then the monohydrate (CuSO4? H2O), and finally the whiteanhydrous salt. The anhydrous salt is often used to test for the presence of water in organic liquids. For example, some of the anhydrous copper salt added to alcohol (which contains water) will turn blue because of the hydration of the salt.Copper sulfate is used in electroplating. Fishermen dip their nets in copper sulfate solution to inhibit the growth of organisms that would rot the fabric. Paints specifically formulated for use on the bottoms of marine craft contain copper compounds to inhibit the growth of barnacles and other organisms.When dilute ammonium hydroxide is added" to a solution of copper (I) ions, a greenish precipitate of Cu(OH)2 or a basic copper(I) salt is formed. This dissolves as more ammonium hydroxide is added. The excess ammonia forms an ammoniated complex with the copper (I) ion of the composition, Cu(NH3)42+. This ion is only slightly dissociated; hence in an ammoniacal solution very few copper (I) ions are present. Insoluble copper compounds, execpt copper sulfide, are dissolved by ammonium hydroxids. The formation of the copper (I) ammonia ion is often used as a test for Cu2+because of its deep, intense blue color.Copper (I) ferrocyanide [Cu2Fe(CN)6] is obtained as a reddish-brown precipitate on the addition of a soluble ferrocyanide to a solution of copper ( I )ions. The formation of this salt is also used as a test for the presence of copper (I) ions. Compounds of Silver and GoldSilver nitrate, sometimes called lunar caustic, is the most important salt of silver. It melts readily and may be cast into sticks for use in cauterizing wounds. The salt is prepared by dissolving silver in nitric acid and evaporating the solution.3Ag + 4HNO3—3AgNO3 + NO + 2H2OThe salt is the starting material for most of the compounds of silver, including the halides used in photography. It is readily reduced by organic reducing agents, with the formation of a black deposit of finely divided silver; this action is responsible for black spots left on the fingers from the handling of the salt. Indelible marking inks and pencils take advantage of this property of silver nitrate.The halides of silver, except the fluoride, are very insoluble compounds and may be precipitated by the addition of a solution of silver salt to a solution containing chloride, bromide, or iodide ions.The addition of a strong base to a solution of a silver salt precipitates brown silver oxide (Ag2G). One might expect the hydroxide of silver to precipitate, but it seems likely that silver hydroxide is very unstable and breaks down into the oxide andwater — if, indeed, it is ever formed at all3. However, since a solution of silver oxide js definitely basic, there must be hydroxide ions present in solution.Ag2O + H2O = 2Ag+ + 2OH-Because of its inactivity, gold forms relatively few compounds. Two series of compounds are known —monovalent and trivalent. Monovalent (aurous) compounds resemble silver compounds (aurous chloride is water insoluble and light sensitive), while the higher valence (auric) compounds tend to form complexes. Gold is resistant to the action of most chemicals —air, oxygen, and water have no effect. The common acids do not attack the metal, but a mixture of hydrochloric and nitric acids (aqua regia) dissolves it to form gold( I ) chloride or chloroauric acid. The action is probably due to free chlorine present in the aqua regia.3HCl + HNO3----→ NOCl+Cl2 + 2H2O2Au + 3Cl2 ----→ 2AuCl3AuCl3+HCl----→ HAuCl4chloroauric acid (HAuCl4-H2O crystallizes from solution).Compounds of ZincZinc is fairly high in the activity series. It reacts readily with acids to produce hydrogen and displaces less active metalsfrom their salts. 1 he action of acids on impure zinc is much more rapid than on pure zinc, since bubbles of hydrogen gas collect on the surface of pure zinc and slow down the action. If another metal is present as an impurity, the hydrogen is liberated from the surface of the contaminating metal rather than from the zinc. An electric couple to facilitate the action is probably Set up between the two metals.Zn + 2H+----→ Zn2+ + H2Zinc oxide (ZnO), the most widely used zinc compound, is a white powder at ordinary temperatures, but changes to yellow on heating. When cooled, it again becomes white. Zinc oxide is obtained by burning zinc in air, by heating the basic carbonate, or by roasting the sulfide. The principal use of ZnO is as a filler in rubber manufacture, particularly in automobile tires. As a body for paints it has the advantage over white lead of not darkening on exposure to an atmosphere containing hydrogen sulfide. Its covering power, however, is inferior to that of white lead.。
化学化工专业英语
1 CHEMISTRY AND CHEMISTWithout chemistry our lives would beunrecognisable, for chemistry is at work all aroundus. Think what life would be like without chemistry- there would be no plastics, no electricity and noprotective paints for our homes. There would be no synthetic fibres to clothe us and no fertilisers to help us produce enough food. We wouldn‟t be able to travel because there would be no metal, rubber or fuel for cars, ships and aeroplane. Our lives would be changed considerably without telephones, radio, television or computers, all of which depend on chemistry for the manufacture of their parts. Life expectancy would be much lower, too, as there would be no drugs to fight disease.Chemistry is at the forefront of scientific adventure, and you could make your own contribution to the rapidly expanding technology we are enjoying. Take some of the recent academic research: computer graphics allow us to predict whether small molecules will fit into or react with larger ones - this could lead to a whole new generation of drugs to control disease; chemists are also studying the use of chemicals to trap the sun‟s energy and to purify sea water; they are also investigating the possibility of using new ceramic materials to replace metals which can corrode.Biotechnology is helping us to develop new sources of food and new ways of producing fuel, as well as producing new remedies for the sick. As the computer helps us to predict and interpret results from the test tube, the speed, accuracy and quality of results is rapidly increasing - all to the benefit of product development.It is the job of chemists to provide us with new materials to take us into the next century, and by pursuing the subject, you could make your positive contribution to society.Here are some good reasons for choosing chemistry as a career.Firstly, if you have an interest in the chemical sciences, you can probably imagine taking some responsibility for the development of new technology. New ideas and materials are constantly being used in technology to improve the society in which we live. You could work in a field where research and innovation are of primary importance to standards of living, so you could see the practical results of your work in every day use.Secondly, chemistry offers many career opportunities, whether working in a public service such as a water treatment plant, or high level research and development in industry. Your chemistry-based skills and experience can be used, not only in many different areas within the chemical industry, but also as the basis for a more general career in business.1 As a qualification, chemistry is highly regarded as a sound basis for employment.You should remember that, as the society we live in becomes more technically advanced, the need for suitably qualified chemists will also increase. Although chemistry stands as a subject in its own right, it acts as the bond between physics and biology. Thus, by entering the world of chemistry you will be equipping yourself to play a leading role in the complex world of tomorrow.Chemistry gives you an excellent training for many jobs, both scientific and non-scientific. To be successful in the subject you need to be able to think logically, and be creative, numerate, and analytical. These skills are much sought after in many walks of life, and would enable you to pursue a career in, say, computing and finance, as well as careers which use your chemistry directly.Here is a brief outline of some of the fields chemists work in:Many are employed in the wealth-creating manufacturing industries - not just oil, chemical and mining companies, but also in ceramics, electronics and fibres. Many others are in consumer based industries such as food, paper and brewing; or in service industriessuch as transport, health and water treatment.In manufacturing and service industries, chemists work in Research and Development to improve and develop new products, or in Quality Control, where they make sure that the public receives products of a consistently high standard.Chemists in the public sector deal with matters of public concern such as food preservation, pollution control, defence, and nuclear energy. The National Health Service also needs chemists, as do the teaching profess ion and the Government‟s research and advisory establishments.Nowadays, chemists are also found in such diverse areas as finance, law and politics, retailing, computing and purchasing. Chemists make good managers, and they can put their specialist knowledge to work as consultants or technical authors. Agricultural scientist, conservationist, doctor, geologist, meteorologist, pharmacist, vet ... the list of jobs where a qualification in chemistry is considered essential is endless. So even if you are unsure about what career you want to follow eventually, you can still study chemistry and know that you‟re keeping your options open.What Do Chemistry Graduates Do?Demand for chemists is high, and over the last decade opportunities for chemistry graduates have been increasing. This is a trend that is likely to continue. Chemistry graduates are increasingly sought after to work in pharmaceutical, oil, chemical, engineering, textile and metal companies, but the range of opportunities also spans the food industry, nuclear fuels, glass and ceramics, optical and photographic industries, hospitals and the automotive industry. Many graduates begin in scientific research, development and design, but over the years, about half change, into fields such as sales, quality control, management, or consultancy. Within the commercial world it is recognised that, because of the general training implicit in a chemistry course, chemistry graduates are particularly adaptable and analytical - making them attractive to a very broad spectrum of employers. There has been a growth of opportunity for good chemistry graduates to move into the financial world, particularly in accountancy, retail stores, and computer software houses.（Summarized from: A brief of the Royal Society of Chemistry,1992）2 NOMENCLATURE OF INORGANICCOMPOUNDSNaming elementsThe term element refers to a pure substance with atoms all of a single kind. At present 107 chemical elements are known. For most elements the symbol is simply the abbreviated form of the English name consisting of one or two letters, for example:oxygen = O nitrogen = N magnesium = MgSome elements, which have been known for a long time, have symbols based on their Latin names, for example:iron = Fe (ferrum) copper = Cu (cuprum) lead = Pb (Plumbum)A few elements have symbols based on the Latin name of one of their compounds, the elements themselves having been discovered only in relatively recent times1, for example: sodium = Na (natrium = sodium carbonate)potassium = K (kalium = potassium carbonate)A listing of some common elements may be found in Table 1.Naming Metal Oxides, Bases and SaltsA compound is a combination of positive and negative ions in the proper ratio to give a balanced charge and the name of the compound follows from names of the ions, for example, NaCl, is sodium chloride; Al(OH)3is aluminium hydroxide; FeBr2is iron (II) bromide or ferrous bromide; Ca(OAc)2is calcium acetate; Cr2(SO4)3is chromium (III) sulphate or chromic sulphate, and so on. Table 3 gives some examples of the naming of metal compounds. The name of the negative ion will need to be obtained from Table 2.Negative ions, anions, may be monatomic or polyatomic. All monatomic anions have names ending with -ide. Two polyatomic anions which also have names ending with -ide are the hydroxide ion, OH-, and the cyanide ion, CN-.Many polyatomic anions contain oxygen in addition to another element. The number of oxygen atoms in such oxyanions is denoted by the use of the suffixes -ite and -ate, meaning fewer and more oxygen atoms, respectively. In cases where it is necessary to denote more than two oxyanions of the same element, the prefixes hypo- and per-, meaning still fewer and still more oxygen atoms, respectively, may be used, for example,hypochlorite ClO-Chlorite ClO2-chlorate ClO3-perchlorate ClO4-Naming Nonmetal OxidesThe older system of naming and one still widely used employs Greek prefixes for both the number of oxygen atoms and that of the other element in the compound 2. The prefixes used are (1) mono-, sometimes reduced to mon-, (2) di-, (3) tri-, (4) tetra-, (5) penta-, (6) hexa-, (7) hepta-, (8) octa-, (9) nona- and (10) deca-. Generally the letter a is omitted from the prefix (from tetra on ) when naming a nonmetal oxide and often mono- is omitted from the name altogether.The Stock system is also used with nonmetal oxides. Here the Roman numeral refers to the oxidation state of the element other than oxygen.In either system, the element other than oxygen is named first, the full name being used, followed by oxide 3. Table 4 shows some examples.Naming AcidsAcid names may be obtained directly from a knowledge of Table 2 by changing the name of the acid ion (the negative ion ) in the Table 2 as follows:The Ion in Table 2Corresponding Acid-ate-ic-ite-ous-ide-icExamples are:Acid Ion Acidacetate acetic acidperchlorate perchloric acidbromide hydrobromic acidcyanide hydrocyanic acidThere are a few cases where the name of the acid is changed slightly from that of the acid radical; for example, H2SO4 is sulphuric acid rather than sulphic acid. Similarly, H3PO4 is phosphoric acid rather than phosphic acid.Naming Acid and Basic Salt and Mixed SaltsA salt containing acidic hydrogen is termed an acid salt.A way of naming these salts is to call Na 2HPO4disodiumhydrogen phosphate and NaH2PO4sodium dihydrogenphosphate. Historically, the prefix bi- has been used innaming some acid salts; in industry, for example, NaHCO3 iscalled sodium bicarbonate and Ca(HSO3)2 calcium bisulphite.Bi(OH)2NO3, a basic salt, would be called bismuthdihydroxynitrate. NaKSO4, a mixed salt, would be calledsodium potassium sulphate.3 NOMENCLATURE OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDSA complete discussion of definitive rules of organic nomenclature would require more space than can be allotted in this text. We will survey some of the more common nomenclature rules, both IUPAC and trivial.AlkanesThe names for the first twenty continuous-chain alkanes are listed in Table 1.Alkenes and AlkynesUnbranched hydrocarbons having one double bond are named in the IUPAC system by replacing the ending -ane of the alkane name with -ene. If there are two or more double bonds, the ending is -adiene, -atriene, etc.Unbranched hydrocarbons having one triple bond are named by replacing the ending -ane of the alkane name with -yne. If there are two or more triple bonds, the ending is -adiyne, -atriyne etc. Table 2 shows names for some alkyl groups, alkanes, alkenes and alkynes.The PrefixesIn the IUPAC system, alkyl and aryl substituents and many functional groups are named as prefixes on the parent (for example, iodomethane). Some common functional groups named as prefixes are listed in Table 3.In simple compounds, the prefixes di-, tri-, tetra-, penta-, hexa-, etc. are used to indicate the number of times a substituent is found in the structure: e.g., dimethylamine for (CH3)2NH or dichloromethane for CH2Cl2.In complex structures, the prefixes bis-, tris-, and tetrakis- are used: bis- means two of a kind; tris-, three of a kind; and tetrakis-, four of a kind. [(CH3)2N]2is bis(dimethylamino) and not di(dimethylamino).Nomenclature Priority of Functional GroupsIn naming a compound, the longest chain containing principal functional group is considered the parent. The parent is numbered from the principal functional group to the other end, the direction being chosen to give the lowest numbers to the substituents. The entire name of the structure is then composed of (1) the numbers of the positions of the substituts (and of the principal functional group, if necessary); (2) the names of the substituts;(3) the name of the parent.The various functional groups are ranked in priority as to which receives the suffix name and the lowest position number1.A list of these priorities is given in Table 4.*-CKetonesIn the systematic names for ketones, the -e of the parent alkane name is dropped and -one is added. A prefix number is used if necessary.In a complex structure, a ketone group my be named in IUPAC system with the prefix oxo-. (The prefix keto- is also sometimes encountered.)AlcoholsThe names of alcohols may be: (1) IUPAC; (2) trivial; or, occasionally, (3) conjunctive. IUPAC names are taken from the name of the alkane with the final -e changed to -ol. In the case of polyols, the prefix di-, tri- etc. is placed just before -ol, with the position numbers placed at the start of the name, if possible, such as, 1,4-cyclohexandiol. Names for some alkyl halides, ketones and alcohols are listed in Table 5.EthersEthers are usually named by using the names of attached alkyl or aryl groups followed by the word ether. (These are trivial names.) For example, diethyl ether.In more complex ethers, an alkoxy- prefix may be used. This is the IUPAC preference, such as 3-methoxyhexane. Sometimes the prefix- oxa- is used.AminesAmines are named in two principal ways: with -amine as the ending and with amino- as a prefix. Names for some ethers and amines can be found in Table 6.Carboxylic AcidsThere are four principal types of names for carboxylic acids: (1) IUPAC; (2)trivial;(3)carboxylic acid; and (4)conjunctive. Trivial names are commonly used.AldehydesAldehydes may be named by the IUPAC system or by trivial aldehyde names. In the IUPAC system, the -oic acid ending of the corresponding carboxylic acid is changed to -al, such as hexanal. In trivial names, the -ic or -oic ending is changed to -aldehyde, such as benzaldehyde. Table 7 gives a list of commonly encountered names for carboxylic acids and aldehydes.Esters and Salts of Carboxylic AcidsEsters and salts of carboxylic acids are named as two words in both systematic and trivial names. The first word of the name is the name of the substituent on the oxygen. The second word of the name is derived from the name of the parent carboxylic acid with the ending changed from -ic acid to -ate.AmidesIn both the IUPAC and trivial systems, an amide is named by dropping the -ic or -oic ending of the corresponding acid name and adding -amide, such as hexanamide (IUPAC) and acetamide (trivial).Acid AnhydridesAcid anhydrides are named from the names of the component acid or acids with the word acid dropped and the word anhydride added, such as benzoic anhydride.The names for some esters, amides and anhydrides are shown in Table 8.Acid HalidesAcid halides are named by changing the ending of the carboxylic acid name from -ic acid to -yl plus the name of the halide, such as acetyl chloride.Some names of aryl compounds and aryls are as follows:benzenephenylbenzylarylbenzoic acid4. Introduction to Chemistry Department of FloridaUniversityProgram of StudyThe Department of Chemistry offers programs of study leading to the M.S. and Ph.D. degrees. Students may elect studies in analytical, inorganic, organic, and physical chemistry. Specialty disciplines, such as chemical physics and quantum, bioorganic, polymer, radiation, and nuclear chemistry, are available within the four major areas.The M.S. and Ph.D. degree requirements include a course of study, attendance at and presentation of a series of seminars, and completion and defense of a research topic worthy of publication1. Candidates for the Ph.D. degree must also demonstrate a reading ability of at least one foreign language and show satisfactory performance on a qualifying examination. The M.S. degree is not a prerequisite for the Ph.D. degree. A nonthesisdegree program leading to the M.S.T. degree is offered for teachers.Students are encouraged to begin their research shortly afterselecting a research director, who is the chairman of the supervisorycommittee that guides the student through a graduate career.Research FacilitiesThe chemistry department occupies 111,000 square feet of space in four buildings: Leigh Hall, the Chemical Research Building, Bryant Hall, and the Nuclear Science Building. Plans for a 65,000-square-foot addition to Leigh Hall are being prepared. A new central science library is located near the chemistry facilities. The University library system holds more than 2.2 million volumes.The major instrumentation includes ultraviolet-visible, infrared, fluorescence, Roman, nuclear magnetic resonance, electron spin resonance, X-ray, ESCA, and mass spectrometers. Many are equipped with temperature-control and Fourier-transform attachments, and some have laser sources. Data-storage and data-acquiring minicomputers are interfaced to some of the instruments, such as the recently constructed quadrupole resonance mass spectrometer. The chemistry department has V AX-11/780 and V AX-11/750 computers as well as multiple terminals connected to IBM machines in the main computer centre on campus.The departmental technical services include two well-equipped stockrooms and glassblowing, electronics, and machine shops to assist in equipment design, fabrication, and maintenance.Financial AidMost graduate students are given financial support in the form of teachingand research assistantships. Stipends range from $9400 - 11,000 for the1986-87 calendar year. State residents and assistantship holders pay in-statefees of about $1400 per calendar year. A limited number of full orsupplemental fellowships are available for superior candidates.Cost of StudyIn 1985-86, in-state students paid a registration fee of $48.62, per credit hour for each semester, out-of-state students paid an additional $ 94.50 ($ 143.12 per credit hour each semester). A small increase in fees is expected for 1986-87.5 ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTIONWith the coming of the Industrial Revolution the environmentalpollution increased alarmingly. Pollution can be defined as an undesirablechange in the physical, chemical, or biological characteristics of the air, water,or land that can harmfully affect health, survival, or activities of humans orother living organisms. There are four major forms of pollution - waste onland, water pollution (both the sea and inland waters), pollution of the atmosphere and pollution by noise.Land can be polluted by many materials. There are two major types of pollutants: degradable and nondegradable. Examples of degradable pollutantsare DDT and radioactive materials. DDT can decompose slowly buteventually are either broken down completely or reduced to harmless levels. For example, it typically takes about 4 years for DDT in soil to be decomposed to 25 percent of the original level applied. Some radioactive materials that give off harmful radiation, such as iodine-131, decay to harmless pollutants. Others, such as plutonium-239 produced by nuclear power plants, remains at harmful levels for thousands to hundreds of thousands of years.Nondegradable pollutants are not broken down by natural processes. Examples of nondegradable pollutants are mercury, lead and some of their compounds and some plastics. Nondegradable pollutants must be either prevented from entering the air, water, and soil or kept below harmful levels by removal from the environment.Water pollution is found in many forms. It is contamination of water with city sewage and factory wastes; the runoff of fertiliser and manure from farms and feed lots; sudsy streams; sediment washed from the land as a result of storms, farming, construction and mining; radioactive discharge from nuclear power plants; heated water from power and industrial plants; plastic globules floating in the world‟s oceans; and female sex hormones entering water supplies through the urine of women taking birth control pills.Even though scientists have developed highly sensitive measuringinstruments, determining water quality is very difficult. There are a largenumber of interacting chemicals in water, many of them only in trace amounts.About 30,000 chemicals are now in commercial production, and each yearabout 1,000 new chemicals are added. Sooner or later most chemicals end up in rivers, lakes, and oceans. In addition, different organisms have different ranges of tolerance and threshold levels for various pollutants. To complicate matters even further, while some pollutants are either diluted to harmless levels in water or broken down to harmless forms by decomposers and natural processes, others (such as DDT, some radioactive materials, and some mercury compounds) are biologically concentrated in various organisms1.Air pollution is normally defined as air that contains one or more chemicals in high enough concentrations to harm humans, other animals, vegetation, or materials. There are two major types of air pollutants. A primary air pollutant is a chemical added directly to the air that occurs in a harmful concentration. It can be a natural air component, such as carbon dioxide, that rises above its normal concentration, or something not usually found in the air,such as a lead compound. A secondary air pollutant is a harmful chemical formed in the atmosphere through a chemical reaction among air components.We normally associate air pollution with smokestacks and cars, but volcanoes, forest fires, dust storms, marshes, oceans, and plants also add to the air chemicals we consider pollutants. Since these natural inputs are usually widely dispersed throughout the world, they normally don‟t build up to harmful levels. And when they do, as in the case of volcanic eruptions, they are usually taken care of by natural weather and chemical cycles2.As more people live closer together, and as they use machines to produce leisure, they find that their leisure, and even their working hours, become spoilt by a byproduct of their machines – namely, noise,The technical difficulties to control noise often arise from the subjective-objective nature of the problem. You can define the excessive speed of a motor-car in terms of a pointer reading on a speedometer. But can you define excessive noise in the same way? You find that with any existing simple “noise-meter”, vehicles which are judged to be equally noisy may show considerable difference on the meter.Though the ideal cure for noise is to stop it at its source, thismay in many cases be impossible. The next remedy is to absorb iton its way to the ear. It is true that the overwhelming majority ofnoise problems are best resolved by effecting a reduction in thesound pressure level at the receiver. Soft taped music in restaurantstends to mask the clatter of crockery and the conversation at thenext table. Fan noise has been used in telephone booths to maskspeech interference from adjacent booths. Usually, the problem is how to reduce the sound pressure level, either at source or on the transmission path.6 ANALYTICAL INSTRUMENT MARKETThe market for analytical instruments is showing a strength only dreamed about as little as five years ago. Driven by the need for greater chemicalanalysis coming from quality control and government regulation, arobust export market, and new and increasingly sophisticatedtechniques, sales are increasing rapidly1.The analytical instrument business' worldwides sales arenearly double their value of five years ago, reaching $ 4.1 billion in1987. Such growth is in stark contrast to the doldrums of severalyears ago when economic recession held back sales growth to littleor nothing. In recent years, the instrumentation market hasrecovered, growing at nearly 9% per year, and it‟s expected t o continue at this rate at least until the 1990. With sales increases exceeding inflation, the industry has seen the real growth demonstrating the important role of chemical instrumentation in areas such as research and development, manufacturing, defense, and the environment in a technologically advancingworld2.Chromatography is the fastest-growing area, comprising 40%, or $ 1.5billion, in 1987 world sales. Chromatographic methods are used extensively inindustrial labs, which purchase about 70% of the devices made, for separation,purification, and analysis. One of the biggest words in all forms of chromatography is “biocompatibility.” Biocompatible instruments are designed to have chemically inert, corrosion-resistant surfaces in contact with the biological samples.Gas Chromatography sales are growing at about the same rate as the instrument market.Some of the newest innovations in GC technology are the production of more instruments with high-efficiency, high-resolution capillaries and supercritical fluid capability.Despite having only a 3% share of the GC market, supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC) has attracted a great deal of attention since its introduction around 1985 and production of the first commercial instrument around 1986. SFC, which operates using asupercritical fluid as the mobile phase, bridgesthe gap between GC and HPLC. The use ofthese mobile phases allows for higherdiffusion rates and lower viscosities thanliquids, and a greater solvating powerthan gases.Another area showing tremendous growth is ion chromatography (IC). From growth levels of 30% per year in the U.S. and similar levels worldwide, the rate is expected to drop slightly but remain high at 25%. The popularity of IC has been enhanced through extending its applicability from inorganic systems to amino acids and other biological systems by the introduction of biocompatible instruments.Mass spectrometry (MS) sales have been growing about 12% annually. Sales have always been high, especially since MS is the principal detector in a number of hyphenated techniques such as GC-MS, MS-MS, LC-MS, and GC-MS accounts for about 60% of MS sales since it is used widely in drug and environmental testing. Innovations in interface technology such as inductively coupled plasma/MS, SFC/MS, and thermospray or particle beam interfaces for LC-MS have both advanced the technology and expanded the interest in applications. Recent MS instruments with automated sampling and computerized data analysis have added to the attractiveness of the technique for first time users.Spectroscopy accounts for half of all instrument sales and is the largest overall category of instruments, as the Alpert & Suftcliffe study shows. It can be broken down evenly into optical methods and electromagnetic, or nonoptical, spectroscopies. These categories include many individual high-cost items such as MS, nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometers, X-ray equipment, and electron microscopy and spectroscopy setups. Sales of spectroscopic instruments that are growing at or above the market rate include Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), Raman, plasma emission, and energy dispersive X-ray spectrometers. Others have matured and slowed down in growth, but may still hold a large share of the market.The future of analytical instrumentation does not appear to be without its new stars as there continue to be innovations and developments in existing technology. Among these are the introduction of FT Raman, IR dichroism, IR microscopy, and NMR imaging spectrometers. Hyphenated and automated apparatus are also appearing on the market more frequently. New analytical techniques like capillary electrophoresis, gel capillary electrophoresis, scanning tunneling microscopy for the imaging of conducting systems, atomic force microscopy for the imaging of biological systems, and other techniques for surface and materials analysis are already, or may soon be, appearing as commercialized instruments. And, if the chemical industry continues to do well in the next few years, so too will the sales of analytical instrumentation.The effect of alcohol have both medical and medicolegal implications. The estimationof alcohol in the blood or urine is relevant when the physician needs toknow whether it is responsible for the condition of the patient. From themedicolegal standpoint the alcohol level is relevant in cases of suddendeath, accidents while driving, and in cases when drunkenness is thedefense plea. The various factors in determining the time after ingestion showing maximum concentration and the quality of the alcohol are the weight of the subject,。
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专业英语课件
化学系: 王博
音译附加汉语语素 如：打的 (打 taxi)、小巴 (小 bus)、中巴 (中 bus)、酒吧 (酒 bar)等。其中音译语 素有的代表一个英语单词，有的代表部 分语素。汉语语素有的是词根语素，有 的是词缀语素。
专业英语课件
化学系: 王博
借译：按照外来词的形态结构和构词原 理直译过来。例如：超人 (superman)、 超级明星 (superstar)、超市 (supermarket)、 纳米技术 (nano-technology)
语言是人类最重要的交际工具
不同语种的人群要使用 同种语言达到相互交往、 交流思想的目的。
列宁:语言是人类最重 要的交际工具
专业英语课件
化学系: 王博
语言——交往的桥梁
社会发展需要不同民族之间的交流，语
言就是交流的桥梁 世界各国家、民族之间的政治、经济、 文化、科技等都需要语言来交流---语言 的“地球村” 语言被同化 bus show loong
化学 地质学 天文 物理
botany physiology genetics ecology
植物学 生理学 遗传学 生态学
专业英
Chemical change: vinegar+baking soda→ gas ↑+ energy Physical change: Melting of ice Stretching of a rubber Organic Chemistry: carbon combined with hydrogen Inorganic chemistry: don’t contain carbon combined with hydrogen 专业英语课件 化学系: 王博
Some Definitions
Qualitative Analysis Quantitative Analysis Principles of chemistry Physical chemistry Polymeric chemistry
定性分析 定量分析 化学理论 物理化学 高分子化学
专业英语课件
专业英语课件
化学系: 王博
英文字母附加汉字：CT检查、BP机、T 恤衫、IC卡等。
专业英语课件
化学系: 王博
Loong
专业英语课件
化学系: 王博
Please read this website: Please read this e-mail address: hdxy@ dot at
专业英语课件 化学系: 王博
化学专业基础英语
英语的化学——以英语方式表达的化学
知识
化学的英语——不是基础的、生活的英
语，是化学专业的英语知识 化学专业英语——知识的桥梁:连接已 掌握的中文表达的化学知识和英文表达 的化学知识
专业英语课件 化学系: 王博
以化学知识为基础
课程设置以化学知识为基础,英语的学习
只是化学知识的补充 以现有的化学知识了解化学专业词汇的 英文表达 专业词汇的拼写有一定的规律可循
专业英语课件
化学系: 王博
化学的本质
The Nature of Chemistry
Physical Science
Biological Science
chemistry geology Astronomy physics
化学系: 王博
专业英语课件
化学系: 王博
Ballet
专业英语课件
化学系: 王博
Coffee
专业英语课件
化学系: 王博
Champagne
专业英语课件
化学系: 王博
完全的音译。如：酷 (cool)、迪斯科 (disco)、欧 佩克 (OPEC)、托福 (TOEFL)、秀(show)、黑客 (hacker)、克隆 (clone)等。