2012年考研英语第四篇阅读重要词汇整理

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2012年考研英语Text4阅读逐句分析

2013年考研英语Text4阅读逐句分析If the trade unionist Jimmy Hoffa were alive today, he wouldprobably representcivil servants. When Hoffa’s Teamsters were in their prime in 1960, only one in ten American government workers belonged to a union; now 36% do. In 2009 the number of unionists in America’s public sector passed that of their fellow members in the private sector. In Britain, more than half of public-sector workers but only about 15% of private-sector ones are unionized.36. It can be learned from the first paragraph that _________.[A] Teamsters still have a large body of members[B] Jimmy Hoffa used to work as a civil servant[C] unions have enlarged their public-sector membership[D] the government has improved its relationship with unionists单词&词组搭配•represent [ˌreprɪˈzent]（出现6次）v.代表，象征，维护...的利益•prime [praɪm]（出现3次）adj.首先的，基本的；n.盛年，鼎盛时期•civil servant（公务员）•one in ten （十分之一）•belong to（属于）•public sector（公共部门）•private sector（私有部门）本段翻译如果工会主义者吉米还活着的话，他很可能代表着公务员。

2012专四阅读原文答案译文生词

PART V READING COMPREHENSION 【25 MIN】In this section there are four passages followed by questions or unfinished statements，each with four suggested answers marked A,B,C and D．Choose the one that you think is the best answer．Mark your answers on Answer Sheet Two．TEXT ASaying“thank you”is probably the first thing most of us learn to do in a foreign language．After all，we’re brought up to be polite，and it is important to make a good impression upon other people—especially across national divides．译文：对我们大多数人来说，学说“谢谢”可能是在学外语的过程中首先学会的事情。

毕竟，我们从小受到的教育就是要有礼貌，而且给别人留下一个好印象很重要——尤其是在跨国交际中。

1、divide：vt. 划分；除；分开；使产生分歧vi. 分开；意见分歧n. [地理] 分水岭，分水线So, what exactly are you supposed to say when "thank you" is only the 20th most popular way to express gratitude? According to a recent survey,19 other ways of expressing appreciation finished ahead of "thank you" in a poll of 3,000 people．译文：“thank you”在最受欢迎的表达感谢的方式中只排第20位，那么，你该究竟如何表达感谢呢?最近一项有3000人参与的民意调查显示，有19种比“thank you”更受欢迎的表达感谢的方式。

2012年考研英语一第四篇阅读难度

2012年考研英语一第四篇阅读难度一、概述2012年考研英语一的第四篇阅读材料是考研英语阅读中的一大难点。

本文将从难点所在、解题技巧以及备考建议三个方面对该篇阅读进行分析，帮助考生更好地应对考研英语一的阅读难度。

二、难点所在1. 语言难度：该篇文章的语言难度较大，涉及了一些比较深奥的词汇和句式，需要考生具备较强的词汇和语法基础才能较好地理解和把握文章内容。

2. 逻辑推理：文章内容涉及了较为复杂的逻辑推理和思维方式，考生需要具备较强的逻辑推理能力才能准确把握文章的主旨和细节。

三、解题技巧1. 熟悉题型：考生在备考过程中要熟悉考研英语的阅读题型，了解不同题型的解题技巧，比如细节理解题、主旨大意题、推理判断题等。

2. 多练习：通过大量的练习，考生可以逐渐提高自己的语言能力和逻辑推理能力，增强解题的准确性和速度。

3. 多阅读：考生在备考过程中要多读一些英文文章，尤其是一些涉及科技、社会、文化等方面的文章，提高自己的英文阅读能力和综合素质。

四、备考建议1. 提前备考：考生在备考过程中要提前准备，制定科学的学习计划，合理安排时间，充分准备考试。

2. 多方练习：除了做真题和模拟题外，考生还可以多找一些英文文章进行阅读和练习，提高自己的阅读水平。

3. 注重基础：在备考过程中，考生要注重英语基础的打好，包括词汇量的积累、语法知识的掌握、逻辑推理能力的提高等。

4. 多参加训练班：考生可以报名参加一些英语阅读训练班，通过专业的指导和系统的训练来提高自己的阅读能力。

五、结语2012年考研英语一第四篇阅读难度较大，但只要考生在备考过程中有所努力，提前准备，多练习，加强基础，相信考生一定可以顺利应对考研英语一的阅读难度，在考试中取得理想的成绩。

六、解析难点所在《2012年考研英语一第四篇阅读难度》的主要难点在于语言难度和逻辑推理。

该篇文章使用了较为复杂的词汇和句式，涉及到一些学术性较强的专业术语和概念，需要考生具备较强的词汇积累和语法功底方能准确理解。

考研英语2012text4

考研英语2012text4
考研英语2012Text4的文章主要讨论了美国公务员union 的变化。

以下是文章的主要内容和答案：
1. 文章主题：探讨美国公务员union 的演变及其对政治和政策的影响。

2. 文章结构：
a. 首段：引入话题，说明美国公务员union 的历史悠久，但现在面临挑战。

b. 第二段：描述1960 年代，公务员union 力量的壮大，以及Jimmy Hoffa 这位工会领袖的影响。

c. 第三段：讲述Hoffa 去世后，公务员union 的衰落及其原因，如腐败、内部矛盾等。

d. 第四段：分析公务员union 现在的地位和挑战，如组织力量薄弱、成员流失等。

e. 结尾：指出公务员union 仍具有重要地位，呼吁改革和创新以适应现代社会。

3. 答案：
a. 问题37：第二段描述了1960 年代公务员union 的壮大，故答案为True。

b. 问题38：第四段提到公务员union 的收入差距，但未给出具体数据，故无法给出答案。

c. 问题39：根据第四段，公务员union 面临挑战，需要改革和创新，故答案为改革。

4. 建议参考资料：
a. 红宝书考研英语词汇：根据最新考研英语大纲，对词汇进行分类和深入解析，有助于备考。

b. 红宝书考研英语10 年真题：系统精析历年真题，提供解题思路和方法，适合复习。

c. 红宝书考研写作：以图画和话题为特色，符合最新考研英语写作命题要求，推荐参考。

请注意，以上答案仅供参考，具体问题可能因考试题目和语境而有所不同。

2012年考研英语真题词汇

2012年考研英语真题词汇mindless 愚笨的，盲目的，无谓的tear…away from sth 使依依不舍地离开，忍痛离去brutal 残忍的，野蛮的rebel 反叛，反抗bear 承受，忍受（负担）commodity 商品article 物件，物品turn over 移交，交托；仔细考虑pass down 继承，遗传personality 性格，个性portray 描绘，扮演（某角色）colony 殖民地，群体patrol 巡逻，巡查commute 上下班往返，经常往返（于两地）parallel 与…相似，与…并行counteract 抵消，中和from the outset 从开始时scorn 蔑视，鄙视revise 改变，修正ritual 惯例，老规矩，例行公事，仪式impoverish 贫困的chaotic 混乱的implication 含义，暗示on one’s own 独立做某事flat 固定的across-the-board 一刀切的thorny 棘手的put on hold 搁置，暂缓实施pervasive 普遍的，无处不在的intrinsically 从本质上（讲）fuse 使熔合be obsessed with 痴迷于…be pervasive in 充斥于…nursery 育儿室，托儿所pastel （色彩）淡的，柔和的toddler 幼童counsel 建议agitated 紧张不安的，焦虑的preliminary 初步的，预备的overturn 使倾覆，打翻monopoly 垄断者，垄断企业file 提出，提交，发表file a brief 提交案情提要the Supreme Court 最高法院file a patent for 就…提交专利申请convention 会议，惯例，习俗coach sb on sth 对某人就某事进行培训prudent 明智谨慎的，节俭的，精明的reckless 轻率的，鲁莽的，不顾后果的find silver linings 寻找一线希望stagnation 经济停滞、不景气reinforce 加强，强化resentment 怨气，怨恨，不满discern 识别，看清，领域lean 不景气的，贫瘠的，精干的poll 民意调查，民意测验trivial 无关紧要的，平凡的craze 时尚，时髦，热潮exemplary 模范的，可做楷模的cunning 狡猾，狡诈ruthlessness 无情，冷酷commemorate 庆祝，纪念resolute 坚决的，坚定的steadfast 忠诚的，坚贞不渝的epochal 具有时代意义的immense 巨大的wage 发动，进行（战争，战斗）multiplicity 多样性downstairs 底层阶级upstairs 上层阶级brain drain 人才流失deprive 剥夺follow the warranty policy 履行保修协议。

考研英语二2012text4

考研英语二2012text4摘要：I.引言- 介绍考研英语二的背景和重要性- 引出本文讨论的话题：2012 年考研英语二text4II.2012 年考研英语二text4 的概述- 文章的主题和结构- 文章的难度和考察的技能III.文章的详细分析- 第一段：描述一种现象，即人们通过社交媒体了解朋友的动态- 第二段：阐述社交媒体对人际关系的影响，主要是对朋友关系的影响- 第三段：分析社交媒体对朋友关系的影响，主要是对人们心理的影响- 第四段：展望未来，讨论社交媒体对朋友关系的影响将会如何发展IV.结论- 总结文章的主要观点- 提出自己的看法和思考正文：考研英语二2012text4 是一篇关于社交媒体对人际关系影响的文章。

通过详细分析这篇文章，我们可以更好地理解社交媒体对朋友关系的影响，以及这种影响对人们的心理产生的变化。

文章的第一段描述了一种现象，即人们通过社交媒体了解朋友的动态。

作者通过举例说明，人们现在不仅通过社交媒体了解新闻和娱乐信息，还通过社交媒体了解朋友的日常生活、工作和感情状态。

这种现象已经成为了一种普遍的生活方式，反映了社交媒体在现代社会中的重要性。

第二段阐述了社交媒体对人际关系的影响，主要是对朋友关系的影响。

作者指出，社交媒体使人们更容易维持联系，但也使人们更容易失去联系。

在社交媒体上，人们可以轻易地了解到朋友的近况，但这种了解往往是表面的，难以深入了解朋友的内心世界。

此外，社交媒体上的信息往往是片面的，容易导致误解和偏见。

第三段分析了社交媒体对朋友关系的影响，主要是对人们心理的影响。

作者通过引用心理学研究，指出社交媒体的使用会导致人们的焦虑和抑郁情绪增加。

这是因为，社交媒体上的信息往往是人们想要展示的最好一面，容易让人们产生比较心理，从而导致焦虑和抑郁。

第四段展望未来，讨论社交媒体对朋友关系的影响将会如何发展。

作者认为，随着社交媒体的不断发展，人们将会更加意识到社交媒体的弊端，并寻求更加真实和深入的人际关系。

2012年考研英语(一)阅读 text 4 精读精讲知乎

2012年考研英语(一)阅读text 4 精读精讲知乎全文共6篇示例，供读者参考篇1Text 4 From the 2012 English Exam Was Really Hard!Hi everyone! My name is Lily and I'm in 5th grade. I love reading, especially really challenging books and articles. My parents are both professors and they always give me hard stuff to read to get me ready for the super difficult tests in college one day.Recently, my dad had me read this weird passage called "Text 4" that was on some old graduate school entrance exam from 2012 in China. He said it would be great practice for me to analyze a college-level reading passage. I thought it was going to be soooo boring, but it actually turned out to be really interesting!The passage was about the history of public parks in cities. It talked about how parks used to just be private gardens for rich people back in the 1600s and 1700s. Only fancy folks could go in them to stroll around and relax. But then the passage explainedhow public parks for everyone started becoming popular in the 1800s, especially in Britain.One of the main people it talked about was this guy named John Claudius Loudon. He was a Scottish botanist and horticulturist who lived in the early 1800s. The passage said Loudon was one of the first people to really promote the idea of public parks in cities that everyone could use and enjoy, not just aristocrats with private gardens.Loudon came up with this concept he called the "respiratory plants for town trees." Isn't that such a funny name? It basically meant that trees could serve as the "lungs of towns" by providing fresh oxygen. So Loudon thought filling cities with green spaces and parks with lots of trees was really good for people's health. That was a new idea back then that people didn't really think about before.The passage also discussed this other guy named Joseph Paxton who was a big public parks guy too. He helped design one of the most famous parks in London called Birkenhead Park in 1847. A bunch of copycat parks modeled after Birkenhead started popping up all over Britain after that because it was so popular and pretty.But then public parks soon spread way beyond Britain to other countries too. The passage mentioned that Frederick Law Olmsted, known as the "father of American landscape architecture," was really inspired by public parks he saw in Britain. So in 1858, he designed one of the first big public parks in the United States called Central Park in New York City. Just like the British parks were a hit, Central Park also became a huge success that made people in other American cities want amazing public parks too.I thought it was really fascinating how the passage traced the evolution of public parks from their origins as private household gardens, to their spread across Britain, and finally to becoming super popular in other countries like the United States too. The key figures it highlighted like Loudon, Paxton, and Olmsted made a lot of good points about why public parks are so great for cities and people's health. It makes total sense that having green spaces with trees surrounded by tons of tall buildings and crowds is relaxing and good for you.So that's the main idea I got from this Text 4 reading - that public parks used to be a totally radical concept until the 1800s when some innovative thinkers pushed for creating urban parks that everyone could enjoy, not just rich owners of privategardens. And those early public parks were so amazingly designed and refreshing that they sparked a huge worldwide movement to build parks in cities all over. Pretty cool history, right?Analyzing the passage was definitely a challenge with all the names, dates, details and new vocabulary words to remember. But I'm really glad my dad had me read it because I learned so much! For example, I had no clue what "respiratory," "horticulturist" or "aristocrat" meant before. And I didn't really know the origin of Central Park or other major city parks.Some parts were still pretty confusing though. Like why were private gardens so segregated way back then where only wealthy people could access them? That seems so unfair and sad that beautiful green spaces were off-limits to most people. The passage also didn't really explain why trees are so healthy for cities beyond providing fresh oxygen from the "respiratory plants" thing. Don't they also help absorb pollution, lower temperatures with shade, and give homes for animals too? More details on the actual benefits would have been helpful.Overall though, I had fun reading this old exam passage and learning the interesting history behind public parks that I just took for granted before. My friends and I love going to the parkby my house to run around, have picnics, and feed the ducks. But now I have a whole new appreciation for how those parks came to exist in the first place after reading Text 4!Let me know if you've had experience analyzing difficult reading passages like this one too. I'd love to hear your thoughts, especially if you're a college student who has taken hard tests like this. Reading primary sources from history is pretty dry sometimes, but uncovering forgotten stories can be fascinating once you get into it. I'm going to ask my dad for more challenging passages to read - maybe I'll become an expert on random historical topics before I even get to college!篇2Text 4 From the 2012 English Postgrad Exam – A Kid's GuideHey there, friends! Today, we're going to talk about a really interesting reading passage from the 2012 English postgraduate entrance exam. It's called Text 4, and it's all about a super cool topic – animal communication! Isn't that exciting? Let's dive right in!The passage starts by telling us that animals communicate with each other in all sorts of different ways. Some use sounds, like the chirping of birds or the roaring of lions. Others usemovements, like the wagging of a dog's tail or the flapping of a butterfly's wings. Isn't that neat? It's like they have their own secret language!Then, the passage talks about a scientist named Thomas Sebeok. He was really interested in how animals communicate and even started a whole field of study called "zoosemiotics." That's a big word, but it just means the study of how animals send and understand signals. Pretty cool, right?Now, here's where things get really interesting. The passage explains that animals don't just communicate with their own kind but also with different species! Can you believe that? It's like they all speak a universal language or something.For example, did you know that some birds can understand the alarm calls of other animals? That's right! If a bird hears a squirrel's warning cry, it knows danger is nearby and flies away. Isn't that amazing? It's like they're all part of one big animal neighborhood watch!The passage also talks about how animals can sometimes even communicate with plants! Yup, you read that right – plants! Apparently, some plants release chemicals into the air when they're being eaten by insects. These chemicals act as a distress signal, and nearby plants can pick up on them and startproducing their own defensive chemicals. It's like they're sending out an "SOS" message to their plant buddies!But that's not all! The passage mentions something called the "talking tree hypothesis." According to this idea, trees in a forest can communicate with each other through their roots and fungi in the soil. They can share information about things like nutrient levels, pests, and even warn each other about dangers like fires or disease. Can you imagine if trees could really talk? That would be so cool!So, what do you think? Do you believe that animals and plants can really talk to each other? Or is it all just a bunch of silly ideas? Either way, it's definitely an interesting topic to think about!Well, that's all for Text 4, my friends! I hope you found it as fascinating as I did. Who knew the animal kingdom could be so chatty? Maybe next time you see a bird or a squirrel, you can try to listen in on their conversation. Just don't be too disappointed if they don't say hi back!篇3Text 4 Time Travel - A Totally Cosmic Idea!Hey kids! Today we're going to talk about something really cool - time travel! You've probably seen movies about it, like Back to the Future. Well, get ready to have your mind blown because time travel isn't just for the movies. Scientists have actually been thinking about it for a long time!So what is time travel anyway? It's the idea of moving between different points in time - the past, present and future. Sounds crazy, right? But some super smart scientists think it might actually be possible based on some wild physics theories. Let me break it down for you.You know how sometimes when you're really tired, time feels like it's going slower than usual? Or when you're having a ton of fun, it feels like time is flying by? Well, according to a famous scientist named Einstein, that's because time is actually relative. It can change based on how fast you're moving and stuff like gravity. Whoa, mind=blown, right?Einstein came up with these ideas over a hundred years ago with his Theory of Relativity. It's some pretty heavy duty science, but the basic idea is that time isn't just a constant, straight line like we usually think. Instead, time and space are all mixed up together in what Einstein called the "space-time continuum." It'skind of like a big stretchy blanket that can get warped and distorted.And get this - according to Einstein's math, it's possible for something to warp the space-time continuum so much that it creates a "wormhole" - kind of like a shortcut through space and time! These wormholes are what could theoretically allow for time travel to the past or future.But wormholes are just theoretical right now. We've never actually seen one in real life. Scientists think they might exist in certain extreme environments, like around black holes or during the Big Bang when the universe started. But don't try punching a hole in space-time at home, kids!So if wormholes aren't an option yet, what about building an actual time machine? Well, some scientists think that using enormous amounts of energy and exotic matter, we might be able to warp space-time enough to take a little trip through the fourth dimension - time itself!The idea is that you'd use this massive energy to create a "closed timelike curve" in space-time that would loop back on itself, letting you revisit the past or future. Kind of like drawing a circle on that stretchy space-time blanket we talked about earlier.Like, what if you went back in time and accidentally stepped on a butterfly, and that little thing completely changed the future? That's called the "butterfly effect" and it shows how even tiny things can spiral out into massive changes in time. Woah, talk about high stakes!Or how about the "grandfather paradox?" What if you went back in time and accidentally...I don't know, distracted your grandpa or something so that he never met your grandma? Then you'd never have been born to go back in time in the first place! Paradoxes like that seem to violate all kinds of laws of physics and logic.That's why some scientists think true time travel might be impossible, even in theory. Or even if it is possible, maybe there are rules in place that prevent paradoxes like that from happening. Like maybe you can't actually change the past, you'd just be visiting it as an observer or something.But other scientists are like "Hold up, who says paradoxes are impossible? Maybe our limited human brains just can't comprehend them yet!" After all, a lot of the crazy modern physics we take for granted today, like quantum mechanics, seemed paradoxical at first too.So while we're still working on the details, actually being able to hop through time seems at least hypothetically plausible based on our current understanding of physics and the universe. Isn't that insane?!But who knows what the brilliant scientists of the future might achieve? With more studying and experimenting, time travel could eventually go from science fiction to science fact! Maybe one day, kids like you could take a field trip to the age of the dinosaurs. Or zip ahead to see what the 25th century is like. How cool would that be?For now though, we'll have to settle for exploring this wild idea through movies, books and our imaginations. But keep studying and working hard, and maybe YOU could be one of the scientists that finally cracks the code on time travel someday. Imagine getting to travel through all of history and the future! I don't know about you, but I'd go back and pet a woolly mammoth in a heartbeat. Just don't step on any butterflies, ok?篇4Text 4 is Super Hard but I Will Try to 'Splain ItHi friends! Today we are going to look at a very difficult reading passage from a big test in China. The test is called the2012 Engwish Test for Graduate 'Dmissions. That means it's a test that cowwege students have to take if they want to go to graduate school and get a master's degree or a doctowate. The reading passage is cawwed Text 4 and it's about marketing and business stuffs.The passage starts out by saying that marketing is about more than just adverrtising and sewwing things. It says marketing is awso about "developing, dewivering and communicating" vawue to customers. Vawue means making something that peopwe reawwy want and need. The passage tawks about the "marketing concept" which says that companies shouwd focus on meeting customers' needs instead of just trying to seww as much stuff as possibwe.Then it tawks about some changes that happened in marketing in the wast 60 years or so. It says that in the 1950s and 1960s, companies focused more on making wots of products instead of worrying about what custamers actuawwy wanted. This was cawwed the "production concept." Companies thought that if they made a wot of stuff, peopwe wouwd buy it aww.But then in the 1970s, there were too many products and not enough peopwe to buy them aww! So companies started using the "sewwing concept" instead. They tried reawwy reawwy hardto convince peopwe to buy aww their stuff with wots of ads and sawes tactics.After that didn't work very wewe, the passage says companies finawwy started using the "marketing concept" in the 1990s. Instead of just making a bunch of random stuff, they started asking customers what they actuawwy wanted and needed. Then they made products to meet those needs. So smart!The passage awso tawks about how marketers need to wook at the "Four Ps" - product, price, pwace and promotion. They need to make a good product that peopwe wiww buy at the right price. Then they need to put it in pwaces where customers can buy it easy, wike stores or onwine. And they need to teww peopwe about it with good ads and promotions.There's a whowe section about "rewationship marketing" too. This means companies shouwdn't just try to make one quick sawe. Instead, they shouwd buiwd good wong-term rewationships with their customers so they'ww keep buying from them over and over. Companies need to reawwy wisten to customers and give them good vawue.The passage says dat in today's gwobaw marketpwace, companies can't just seww the same owd junk anymore. Theyhave to come up with totawwy new and innovative products and business modews to stay ahead. Peopwe have wots of choices now from aww over the worwd, so companies have to work extra hard to keep deir customers happy and woyaw.There's a bit at the end about sustainabwe marketing too. It says companies need to be friendwy to de environment and society when dey make and seww stuff. They can't just powwute and expwoit peopwe to make money anymore. Sustainabwe companies are ones that are good for peopwe, pwanets and profits aww at de same time.Phew, dat was a reawwy tricky reading to understand! It used a bunch of compwicated marketing words wike "concept" and "sustainabwe" dat were pretty hard. But I worked reawwy hard and did my best to expwain aww the main ideas in pwain words dat are easy for wittwe kids wike me to get.Pwease wet me know if any part was too confusing or if you need me to 'spwain anyding better. I hope this hewped you understand Text 4 a wittwe bit more! Good wuck on your big test.篇5Title: Let Me Tell You All About This Crazy Reading Passage!Hey friends! Today I'm going to tell you all about this really wild reading passage I had to do for a big test. It was so confusing at first, but I think I finally figured it out. Get ready for an awesome story time!The passage is called "Text 4" which is a pretty boring name if you ask me. It's all about these tiny little creatures called "insects." Have you ever seen one of those? They're seriously small! Like smaller than your baby finger small. The passage says there are more species of insects than any other group of creatures on Earth. Whoa, that's a ton of bugs!Anyway, the reading talks about how insects have been around for over 400 million years. That's like...forever ago! It says they were the first creatures to grow wings and fly. Can you imagine a world with no birds or planes, just a bunch of giant bugs buzzing around? Crazy!So insects are super old and there are millions of types. The passage goes on to explain that even though they're small, insects are extremely important. It says they pollinate over 75% of the world's flowering plants! That's how we get fruits, veggies, and all sorts of yummy food. Who knew bugs played such a big role?But get this - the passage says insects are going extinct at a very fast rate. Scientists estimate that over 40% of all insect species could go extinct in the next few decades! That's so sad. The world needs those little guys.Why are all the bugs disappearing? Well, apparently humans are mostly to blame. We're destroying their homes and habitats by cutting down forests, growing cities, and using tons of chemicals and pesticides that poison insects. Oops, our bad!If all the insects die out, it would be an absolute disaster according to the reading. Food supplies would completely collapse since plants can't get pollinated properly. The passage warns it could trigger a "catastrophic collapse of nature's ecosystems." Yikes, that doesn't sound good at all!We definitely need to do something to protect insect species. The reading suggests some ideas like reducing pesticide use, preserving natural habitats, and creating insect-friendly environments. We should all build some cute little bug houses in our backyards!Okay,篇6Text 4 From the 2012 English Exam Was Really Hard!Hi friends! Today I want to tell you all about a really tough reading passage I had to do for a big test called the English entrance exam. It was called Text 4 and it was super long and had all these big words that made my brain hurt. But I tried my best to understand it, just like my teacher says I should always do. Let me break it down for you!The passage was all about these tiny little animals called seed bugs. I had never even heard of seed bugs before! It said they are only a few millimeters long and they live inside seeds from plants like orchids and bushes and trees. Can you imagine being that small and living inside a seed? I can't!Anyways, the passage said that even though seed bugs are really really tiny, they are actually super important. This is because they help spread the seeds from the plants they live in so new plants can grow in different places. Basically, the seed bugs eat the inside of the seed and then poop out the remains. Isn't that crazy? Their poop helps grow new plants!The passage talked a lot about how seed bugs do this spreading seeds thing. Apparently, after they're done eating the insides, they chew a hole and crawl out of the seed. Then they hitchhike on bigger bugs or animals and get carried far awaybefore jumping off somewhere new. That's when their seed poop comes out and can start growing into a plant if it lands somewhere good for that.There was also a lot of scientific words explaining the different types of seed bugs and plants they live in. Like there are "seed predators" that just eat and leave, versus "seed dispersers" that poop out the remains. And plants can be "self-dispersed" if they spread their own seeds through the air, or "dispersed" if animals like seed bugs help spread the seeds. It was a lot to remember!The hardest part was understanding all the different strategies the passage said seed bugs use. Some seed bugs are "gatekeepers" and only let certain seeds get spread based on if they're a good home for baby seed bugs. Others are "squatters" and just live in whatever seed until it falls apart. And some are "baby farmers" that leave part of the seed so their babies have a safe place to hatch! Wasn't that just mind-blowing?There were also sections explaining the life cycle of seed bugs, how they develop from eggs to larvae to adults over months or years depending on the species. And how their colors and patterns help camouflage them from predators trying to eat the seeds they live inside.Phew, I'm getting tired just thinking about all that crazy seed bug info again! The reading took me forever and I'm still not sure if I understood everything right. Like why would a plant even want an animal hanging out eating its seeds? Shouldn't it be trying to protect them instead? I guess that's just how nature works sometimes.Well, that's my extremely simplified summary of Text 4 and all its intense seed bug facts. Looking back, I can see why it was picked to stump us English students - it used lots of obscure scientific vocabulary in a really dense writing style. But now you know what I had to push my little brain through for that big important test. Do you feel smarter about seed bugs yet? I know I do! Thanks for listening to me ramble on and I'll talk to you all next time!。

2012年考研英语阅读热点词汇汇总

2012年考研英语阅读热点词汇汇总教育词汇education学历educational background教育程度educational history学历curriculum课程major主修minor副修educational highlights课程重点部分curriculum included课程包括specialized courses专门课程courses taken所学课程courses completed所学课程special training特别训练social practice社会实践part-time jobs业余工作summer jobs暑期工作vacation jobs假期工作refresher course进修课程extracurricular activities课外活动physical activities体育活动recreational activities娱乐活动academic activities学术活动social activities社会活动rewards奖励scholarship奖学金"Three Goods" student三好学生excellent League member优秀团员excellent leader优秀干部student council学生会off-job training脱产培训in-job training在职培训educational system学制academic year学年semester学期〔美〕term学期〔英〕president校长vice-president副校长dean院长assistant dean副院长academic dean教务长department chairman系主任professor 教授associate professor副教授guest professor客座教授lecturer 讲师teaching assistant助教research fellow研究员research assistant助理研究员supervisor 论文导师principal中学校长〔美〕headmaster中学校长〔英〕master小学校长〔美〕dean of studies教务长dean of students教导主任probation teacher代课教师tutor家庭教师governess女家庭教师intelligence quotient(IQ) 智商pass及格fail不及格marks分数grades分数scores分数examination考试grade年级class班级monitor班长vice-monitor副班长commissary in charge of studies学习委员commissary in charge of entertainment文娱委员commissary in charge of sports体育委员commissary in charge of physical labor劳动委员Party branch secretary党支部书记League branch secretary团支部书记Commissary in charge of organization组织委员Commissary in charge of publicity宣传委员degree学位post doctorate博士后doctor(Ph.D)博士master硕士bachelor学士student学生graduate student研究生abroad student留学生returned student回国留学生foreign student外国学生undergraduate大学肄业生senior大学四年级学生；高中三年级学生Junior 大学三年级学生；高中二年级学生Sophomore 大学二年级学生；高中一年级学生Freshman 大学一年级学生Guest student旁听生〔英〕Auditor 旁听生〔美〕government-supported student公费生commoner自费生extern走读生day-student走读生intern实习生prize fellow奖学金生boarder寄宿生classmate同班同学schoolmate同校同学graduate毕业生scholar 学者Internet词汇internet, internet work, interconnection network 互联网, 又名互连网。

2012考研英语阅读真题 Text 4(英语一)

2012 Text 4（英语⼀）If the trade unionist Jimmy Hoffa were alive today, he would probably represent civil servant.如果⼯会会员Jimmy Hoffa今天还活着，他也许会是公务员的代表。

When Hoffa's Teamsters were in their prime in 1960, only one in ten American government workers belonged to a union; now 36% do.1960年Hoffa的组织Teamsters处于全盛时期，美国政府⼯作⼯员中只有⼯分之⼯的⼯属于某⼯个公会；现在这个⼯率是36%。

In 2009 the number of unionists in America's public sector passed that of their fellow members in the private sector.2009年任职于美国公共部⼯的⼯会会员⼯数超过了任职于私营部⼯的⼯会会员⼯数。

In Britain, more than half of public-sector workers but only about 15% of private-sector ones are unionized.在英国，在公共部⼯的⼯作⼯员中半数以上参加了⼯会，⼯私营部⼯的⼯作⼯员只有⼯约15%的⼯参加了⼯会组织。

There are three reasons for the public-sector unions' thriving.公共部⼯⼯会如此盛⼯的原因有三个。

First, they can shut things down without suffering much in the way of consequences.第⼯，他们能够举⼯罢⼯，⼯⼯需承担太多后果。

2012年考研英语新题型重要词汇总结

2012年考研英语新题型重要词汇总结这是一篇社会科学体裁的文章，以下是本文中出现的20个高频重点单词，让我们一起来学习一下吧！1. 2 fleeting ['fli:tɪŋ] a.飞逝的，短暂的【词根记忆】：fleet飘走+ing形容词后缀→飘走的→飞逝的【例句】：Time is fleeting; Time flies.时光飞逝。

2.22 wonder ['wʌndə] n. 惊奇,惊异;奇迹,奇事v. (at)诧异;想知道【联想记忆】：近义词question,marvel【例句】：I wonder who he is, where he came from and why he came. 我很想知道他是谁，从哪里来，来干什么。

3. 7 genius ['dʒi：nɪjəs] n.1.天才,天赋 2.天才人物【词根记忆】：gen(e)(基因) +iu (汉语拼音里优秀的秀xiu) +(u)s (我们)→我们身上都有优秀的基因，所以我们都是天才→n.1.天才,天赋 2.天才人物【例句】：It is impossible that a genius—at least a literary genius—can ever be discovered by his intimates; they are so close to him that he is out of focus to them. 天才——至少文学方面的天才——是不会被他身边亲近的人赏识的。

那些人离他太过接近而不会去关注他。

4. 7 fabulous ['fæbjuləs] a.寓言中的，寓言般的【词根记忆】：fabul演变自fable-寓言，ous-的【真题例句】：The second half of the 20th century saw a collection of geniuses, warriors, entrepreneurs and visionaries labour to create a fabulous machine...20世纪后半期涌现了一批天才、勇士、企业家和远见卓识者，他们发明了一种难以置信的机器...(2012年阅读新题型)5. 106 press [pres] n. 1. 报刊，报界，新闻界2. 出版社，通讯社3. 印刷机 4. 压，按，挤vt. &vi. 1. 压，按，挤2. 压榨，压迫3. 催促，逼迫【短语搭配】：press down on 按压press for竭力争取the press 报纸6. 58 manage ['mænɪdʒ] vt.1.管理，经营，处理 2.设法，对付 3.控制，操纵，驾驭vi.处理，设法对付【词根记忆】：man手+age动词后缀→用手→控制【短语搭配】：manage with用…设法对付manage to do sth挣扎做某事;设法完成某事manage without没有…而仍设法对付过去【例句】：Can you manage without help?你能无需帮助而自己设法干吗?《21世纪大英汉词典》7. 69 serve [sɜ：v] vt. 1. 为服务(服役)，任(职) 2. 接待，为端上3. 符合，适用于，满足4. 供应5. 度过(某段时间) 6. 发(球) vi. 1. 服务，供职，服役2. 伺候，接待3. 有用，用作，适合4. 发球【词根记忆】：serv(=to keep 表“保持”)+ e (不发音e)→始终保持在顾客身边的人→服务【短语搭配】：serve as担任…，充当…;起…的作用serve for充当;被用作;起…的作用serve with向……提供8. 3 distribute [dɪ'strɪbju:t] vt. 1. 分发，分送，分配 2. 使分布，散布【词根记忆】：dis(away)+tribute(给)→向外给东西→1. 分发，分送，分配【例句】：The electric element heats the air being circulated by the fan and evenly distributes it throughout the oven. 电阻丝将由风扇循环起来的空气加热，并将热空气均匀地散布到整个烤箱中。

考研英语(一)高频重点单词详解—2012年阅读Text 4(下)

考研英语（一）高频重点单词详解—2012年阅读Text 4（下）这是一篇关于某些西方国家中存在的社团和政府组成人员关系的政治性文章，文章总体难度不大，其中的超纲单词也不是很多，这篇文章主要是为大家介绍20个高频重点单词，希望大家在学习中，认真复习和准备相应的词汇。

1. 9repeat [rɪ'pɪːt]vt. &vi. /n. 重复，重说，重做【词根记忆】：re(再一次)+peat(走)→一次又一次走→重复，重说，重做【短语搭配】：repeat itself再次发生; 重演be a repeat of 是…的重现【真题例句】：You have all heard it repeated that men of science work by means of induction and deduction.你们都多次听说过，科学家是用归纳法和演绎法工作的。

(1993年翻译)2. 68increase ['ɪnkris]vt.&vi.增加，增长，增强【词根记忆】：in(强调)+cre(生长，创作)+se(后缀)→使生长→增长，增强【短语搭配】：increase in(使)在…增加;(使)在…增大increase by增加了;按…增长on the increase正在增加，正在增长【真题例句】：All these conditions tend to increase the probability of a child committing a criminal act, although a direct causal relationship has not yet been established. 所有上述情况都会增加青少年犯罪的可能性，虽然其中的直接因果关系还没有得到证实。

(2004年知识运用)3. 7pension ['pɛnʃən]n. 养老金，抚恤金vt. 发给…养老金(或退职金、抚恤金等)【词根记忆】：pens(支付)+ion(名词)→政府支付给老年人的钱→养老金，抚恤金【短语搭配】：grant a pension to 给予…养老金pension scheme 退休金计划【真题例句】：The president of the Federation said later that such behavior could result in the suspension of the team for at least three years. 国际曲棍球协会主席后来说，这种行为能使该队被禁赛三年。

2012考研真题英语阅读text4

Text 4If the trade（1.贸易,交易,商业[U]2.行业[the S]3.手艺;职业[C][U]）unionist（['ju:njənist]工会成员，联合主义者，联邦主义者）Jimmy Hoffa were alive today, he would probably represent civil servant. When Hoffa’s Teamsters were in their prime（n.初期，黎明，春天，壮年，全盛时期，精华，[数]质数adj.最初的，主要的，最好的，青春的）in 1960（？？？）, only one in ten American government workers belonged to a union; now 36% do. In 2009 the number of unionists in America’s public sector passed that of their fellow members in the private sector. In Britain, more than half of public-sector workers but only about 15% of private-sector ones are unionized（['ju:njənaizd]）.There are three reasons for the public-sector unions’ thrivi ng. First, they can shut things down（停工）without suffering much in the way of consequences（而没有遭受太多的后果）. Second, they are mostly bright and well-educated. A quarter of America’s public-sector workers have a university degree. Third, they now dominate left-of-centre（左派）politics. Some of their ties（关系？？）go back a long way. Britain’s Labor Party, as its name implies, has long been associated with trade unionism. Its current leader, Ed Miliband,owes his position to votes from public-sector unions.At the state level their influence can be even more fearsome（可怕的，胆小的，令人生畏的）. Mark Baldassare of the Public Policy Institute of California points out that much of the state’s budget is patrolled（[pə'trəul]巡逻，侦查）by unions. The teachers’ unions keep an eye on schools, the CCPOA on prisons and a variety of labor groups on health care.In many rich countries average wages in the state sector are higher than in the private one. But the real gains come in benefits and work practices. Politicians have repeatedly “backloaded （后加载的）”public-sector pay deals, keeping the pay increases modest but adding to holidays and especially pensions that are already generous（慷慨的，大方的，大量的）.Reform has been vigorously（精力充沛的，强有力的）opposed, perhaps most egregiously （[i'gridʒəsli]异乎寻常地【egregious：非常的，震惊的，极坏的eg：This is settled law that rightedthe most egregious wrong in our constitution.】）in education, where charter （1. 特许状,凭照;许可证2. 授予特种权利的法令;特权,豁免权3. 宪章）schools【charter school：特许学校】, academies and merit pay all faced drawn-out （['drɔ:naut] 1. 持续很久的;拖长的2. 冗长乏味的）battles. Even though there is plenty of evidence that the quality of the teachers is the most important v ariable, teachers’ unions have fought against getting rid of bad ones and promoting good ones.As the cost to everyone else has become clearer, politicians（[,pɔli'tiʃən]政治家）have begun to clamp down（关紧，强行限制，进行取缔）. In Wisconsin the unions have rallied（['ræli] 1. (重新)集合,重整2. 召集;团结[(+round)]3. 重新振作(精神等);恢复(健康等) thousands of supporters against Scott Walker, the hardline（强硬的，不妥协的）Republican governor （州长，总督，总裁，董事）. But many within the public sector suffer under the current system, too.John Donahue at Harvard’s Ke nnedy School points out that the norms of culture in Western civil services suit those who want to stay put（留在原地）but is bad for high achievers. The only American public-sector workers who earn well above $250,000 a year are university sports coaches and the president of the United States. Bankers’ fat pay packets（1.小包(裹);小捆;小袋[C][(+of)]2.邮船;定期船[C]3. (一次发送的)一批信件[C]）have attracted much criticism, but apublic-sector system that does not reward high achievers may be a much bigger problem for America.。

考研英语(一)高频重点单词详解—2012年阅读Text 4(下)

2012 考研英语阅读真题Text 4(英语二)

2012 Text 4（英语⼆）⼤萧条The may be over, but this era of high joblessness is probably just beginning.Before it ends, it will likely change the life course and character of a generation of young adults.And ultimately, it is likely to reshape our politics, our culture, and the character of our society for years.No one tries harder than the jobless to ﬁnd silver linings in this national economic disaster.Many said that unemployment, while extremely painful, had improved them in some ways: they had become less materialistic and more ﬁnancially prudent; they were more aware of the struggles of others.In limited respects, perhaps the recession will leave society better off.At the very least, it has awoken us from our national fever dream of easy riches and bigger houses and put a necessary end to an era of reckless personal spending.But for the most part, these beneﬁts seem thin, uncertain, and far off.In The Moral Consequences of , the Benjamin Friedman argues that both inside and outside the US, lengthy periods of economic great recession ⼤萧条也许结束了，但⾼失业率可能正在抬头。

2012年考研英语一text4解析

2012年考研英语一text4解析一、文章概述2012年考研英语一text4为一篇议论文，作者探讨了高校如何面对学生学术诚信不端的问题，提出了相应的解决方案。

文章通过列举案例、分析原因、提出对策的结构，论证了作者的观点。

二、文章结构分析1.开篇点题：作者提出高校面临学术诚信不端问题，并引用一则案例。

2.分析问题：文章从学术诚信不端的原因角度进行分析，主要是学术压力造成的。

3.解决方案：作者提出了一些解决学术诚信不端问题的建议，包括建立学术诚信意识、营造良好学术环境等。

三、详细内容分析1. 题目分析：文章题目为“How to Deal with Academic Dishonesty”，作者主要讨论了高校如何面对学术诚信不端问题。

2. 案例分析：文章开篇即列举了一则海外高校教授检测出学生剽窃的案例，引出了学术诚信的不端问题。

3. 学术压力分析：文章详细分析了学术压力对学生学术诚信不端的影响，认为学术压力下的学生更容易出现不端行为。

4. 建立学术诚信意识：作者提出了针对学术诚信不端问题的解决方案，包括建立学术诚信意识、加强对学术规范的宣传等。

5. 营造良好学术环境：文章着重强调了营造良好学术环境的重要性，通过举例论证了建立诚信考试、建立学术诚信规范等方式。

四、文章特点1. 逻辑清晰：文章结构清晰，层层递进，结构严谨。

2. 论据充分：作者通过引用案例、分析原因、提出对策，论证了自己的观点。

3. 观点明确：作者明确指出高校面对学术诚信不端问题，并提出了一些解决方案。

五、文章价值1. 对学生：文章能够引导学生正确对待学术压力，增强学术诚信意识。

2. 对教师：文章也提出了对高校教师在教学过程中要培养学生的学术诚信意识的建议。

3. 对学校：文章对高校建立良好的学术环境提出了具体建议，对学校管理部门有一定的指导意义。

六、总结2012年考研英语一text4是一篇议论文，探讨了高校学生学术诚信不端问题，并提出相应的解决方案。

[实用参考]2012年考研英语第四篇阅读重要词汇整理

20PP年考研英语第四篇阅读重要词汇整理这是一篇关于某些西方国家中存在的社团和政府组成人员关系的政治性文章，文章总体难度不大，其中的超纲单词也不是很多，这篇文章主要是为大家介绍20个高频重点单词，希望大家在学习中，认真复习和准备相应的词汇。

1.25unionist['juːnɪənɪst]n.公会成员，联盟成员【词根记忆】：uni(一)+on(名词后缀)+ist(表示人的名词后缀)→同一个机构里的人→公会成员，联盟成员【真题例句】：IfthetradeunionistJimmPHoffawerealivetodaP,hewouldprobablPrepresen tcivilservant.如果贸易公会成员JimmPHoffa今天依然在世的话，他可能能够代表公务员成员。

(20PP年阅读TeGt4)2.14represent[,rɛprɪ'zɛnt]vt.1.作为的代表(或代理)2.表示，象征3.描绘，表现【词根记忆】：re(=again)+present(感觉)→另一种感觉，代表别人感觉→代表，象征【短语搭配】：knowledgerepresentation知识表示;知识表达sPmbolicrepresentation符号表示;符号表征;符号性表象【真题例句】：Now,90PearsafterthefirstconcessionofequalstatusinourdemocracP,wome narestillunderrepresentedand,often,underrepresentedinCanadianpolitics.现在，在我们民主国家的平等地位获得认可的90年之后，女性在加拿大政界还没有足够的代表权或者说完全没有代表权。

(20PP年TeGt4)3.5associate[ə'soʃɪet]vt.联想;交往;联合;n.伙伴;a.联合的【词根记忆】：as(to)+soci(伙伴的)+ate(动词后缀)→使成为伙伴→伙伴，联想【短语搭配】：associateprofessor副教授associatewithv.联合;与…联系在一起;和…来往【真题例句】：Britain’sLaborPartP,asitsnameimplies,haslongbeenassociatedwithtradeunionism.英国劳动党，正如其名字暗示的那样，已经和贸易联盟联合已久。

2012年考研英语(一)阅读 text 4 精读精讲

2012年考研英语(一)阅读text 4 精读精讲全文共3篇示例，供读者参考篇12000以上字数的英文文本输出如下：2012年考研英语(一)阅读Text 4 精读精讲Text 4The notion of developing strong leadership can evoke many different images. Some envision a CEO confidently making decisions, while others may think of a political leader inspiring a nation. However, leadership is not just about power or charisma. In the words of John Quincy Adams, "If your actions inspire others to dream more, learn more, do more and become more, you are a leader."Leadership is about creating a vision and motivating others to work towards achieving that vision. It is about setting a positive example for others to follow and empowering them to reach their full potential. Effective leadership involves clear communication, empathy, and the ability to inspire and motivate others. It is not about giving orders or micromanaging, butabout fostering a collaborative and creative environment where everyone feels valued and respected.One of the key traits of a strong leader is the ability to adapt to changing circumstances and challenges. A good leader is flexible and open-minded, willing to listen to different viewpoints and ideas. They are not afraid to take risks and make tough decisions when necessary. They understand that failure is an inevitable part of growth and are not afraid to learn from their mistakes.Another important aspect of leadership is integrity. A true leader is honest and trustworthy, leading by example and holding themselves to a high standard of ethics. They are able to build trust and credibility with their team by consistently demonstrating integrity and transparency in their actions.Leadership is not a position or title, but a mindset and a set of behaviors. It is about recognizing the strengths and weaknesses of oneself and others, and using that knowledge to help others grow and develop. It is about inspiring others to reach their full potential and creating a positive and inclusive work environment.In conclusion, strong leadership is essential in any organization or team. It is not about commanding others, butabout inspiring and empowering them to achieve their best. By fostering a culture of collaboration, trust, and integrity, leaders can create a workplace where everyone can thrive and succeed.精读精讲1. What is the main idea of the text?The main idea of the text is that effective leadership is not about power or charisma, but about inspiring and empowering others to reach their full potential. It emphasizes the importance of creating a vision, motivating others, and fostering a positive and inclusive work environment.2. What are the key traits of a strong leader according to the text?According to the text, the key traits of a strong leader include adaptability, integrity, clear communication, empathy, and the ability to inspire and motivate others. A strong leader is flexible, open-minded, honest, and trustworthy, leading by example and holding themselves to a high standard of ethics.3. How can leaders motivate and empower their team members?Leaders can motivate and empower their team members by creating a clear vision, setting a positive example, and fostering acollaborative and creative environment. They can inspire their team by communicating effectively, showing empathy, and recognizing the strengths and weaknesses of themselves and others. By building trust and credibility with their team, leaders can empower their team members to reach their full potential.4. Why is integrity important for a leader?Integrity is important for a leader because it helps build trust and credibility with their team members. A leader who demonstrates integrity and transparency in their actions will be respected and trusted by their team. Integrity also helps a leader lead by example and hold themselves to a high standard of ethics, which can inspire and motivate others to do the same.5. What is the difference between leadership and management according to the text?According to the text, leadership is not the same as management. While management involves giving orders, making decisions, and overseeing tasks, leadership is about inspiring and empowering others. Leaders create a vision, motivate their team, and foster a positive and inclusive work environment. Management focuses on tasks and processes, while leadership focuses on people and relationships.In summary, the text highlights the importance of effective leadership in inspiring and empowering others. It emphasizes the key traits of a strong leader, such as adaptability, integrity, clear communication, empathy, and the ability to motivate and inspire others. By creating a vision, fostering collaboration, and building trust with their team, leaders can create a positive and inclusive work environment where everyone can thrive and succeed.篇22012年考研英语(一)阅读text 4 精读精讲Text 4Despite the rapidly growing literature on the influence of elite taxation on political institutions, our understanding of how this relationship evolves over time is limited. The existing literature identifies important mechanisms through which elites seek to distort policy to their advantage. But we know little about how such mechanisms interact across different times and institutional contexts. Nor do we know how these interactions may vary across countries at different levels of development.A recursive process may operate in which wealthy elites use their economic resources to shape political policies andinstitutions to perpetuate their power over time. Such power may be structured either through direct controls over policy or through more indirect mechanisms that shape the distributional consequences of policy outcomes. Moreover, the potentates these elites establish can themselves hinder economic development over time.Several potential dynamics underlie these main effects. At a basic level, elites may use their resources to skew the policy process directly to their advantage. For example, they may support policies that allow them to capture state resources directly, or they may use their economic power to influence election outcomes. Such distortions can produce aself-reinforcing cycle that further entrenches elite power.Elite power may also be structured through a variety of indirect mechanisms that shape the distributional consequences of policy outcomes. For example, elites may prefer state policies that temper the effects of competition or other forms of market pressure that threaten their economic position. By shaping state policies in this manner, elites may insulate themselves from market forces and protect their power over time.The potentates that wealthy elites establish cannot be taken for granted. When they impede economic development, thismay lead to shifts in political power that alter the incentives of elites in ways that curtail their ability to shape policy in the future. Similarly, the mechanisms through which elites wield power may evolve through time, such that the potency of their control erodes over time. Understanding these dynamics requires a more extensive approach to elite-power politics that extends beyond the existing literature on elite influence and democratic backsliding.精读精讲：1. What is the primary focus of the text?The text primarily focuses on the relationship between elite taxation and political institutions, exploring how wealthy elites use their economic resources to shape policies and institutions to maintain power over time. It also discusses the potential impact of such power dynamics on economic development and democratic backsliding.2. What are the key mechanisms through which elites seek to distort policy according to the text?According to the text, elites may distort policy to their advantage through direct controls over policy, such as capturing state resources or influencing election outcomes. They may alsouse indirect mechanisms, such as shaping state policies to protect their economic position from market pressures.3. How can elite power hinder economic development over time?Elite power can hinder economic development over time by perpetuating policies that benefit the wealthy elite at the expense of broader economic growth. By shaping policies to insulate themselves from market forces and protect their power, elites may hinder innovation and competition that are essential for economic development.4. What potential dynamics underlie the main effects of elite power described in the text?The main effects of elite power, such as entrenching elite control over time, can be driven by both direct and indirect mechanisms. Elites may use their economic resources to skew policy processes in their favor, while also shaping policy outcomes to protect their economic position. These dynamics create a self-reinforcing cycle that perpetuates elite power.5. How does the text suggest that shifts in political power may impact elite influence?The text suggests that shifts in political power, potentially triggered by impediments to economic development, may alter the incentives of elites and curtail their ability to shape policy in the future. As political power dynamics evolve over time, the mechanisms through which elites wield power may also change, leading to a weakening of their control over policy outcomes.In conclusion, the text highlights the complex relationship between elite taxation, political institutions, and economic development. By exploring the mechanisms through which wealthy elites seek to distort policy and perpetuate their power over time, the text underscores the importance of understanding the evolving dynamics of elite-power politics in different institutional contexts and levels of development.篇32012年考研英语(一)阅读text 4 精读精讲Text 4"People often blame traffic congestion on the growing number of vehicles without considering the area of roads."1. 第一段：This text argues that blaming traffic congestion solely on the increasing number of vehicles is a simplistic view. The author suggests that the area of roads should also be taken into consideration when analyzing traffic problems. It points out that the width of roads and the number of lanes play a crucial role in determining the overall traffic flow.2. 第二段：The text goes on to explain how the capacity of a road is directly related to its width. A wider road can accommodate more vehicles, reducing the likelihood of congestion. It also mentions the importance of having appropriate lane numbers, as more lanes mean more efficient traffic movement.3. 第三段：Moreover, the text highlights the impact of traffic flow on road congestion. It states that smooth traffic flow can significantly reduce congestion, even with a high number of vehicles. The author emphasizes the need for proper traffic control mechanisms to optimize road usage and prevent bottlenecks.4. 第四段：In addition, the text touches upon the issue of urban planning and infrastructure development. It suggests that adequate road construction and maintenance are essential for addressing traffic congestion. The author stresses the importance of incorporating traffic management strategies into urban development plans to ensure sustainable transportation systems.5. 结尾：Overall, this text serves as a reminder that traffic congestion is a complex issue that requires a multifaceted approach. While the number of vehicles on the road is a factor, the area and design of roads also play a critical role in determining traffic flow. By considering these factors and implementing effective traffic management strategies, cities can alleviate congestion and create more efficient transportation systems.In conclusion, the text provides valuable insights into the causes of traffic congestion and emphasizes the importance of comprehensive urban planning and traffic management. It challenges the common perception that the number of vehicles is the sole culprit of congestion and encourages a more nuanced understanding of the issue. By addressing these factors, citiescan work towards sustainable and efficient transportation systems that benefit both residents and the environment.。

2012英一text4解析

2012英一text4解析摘要：1.了解文本背景和主题2.分析文本结构和组织3.提炼文本核心观点和信息4.给出文本的实用性和可读性建议正文：一、了解文本背景和主题2012年的英语一Text 4是一篇关于美国住房市场危机的文章。

文章通过分析危机的起因、演变过程以及可能的影响，揭示了美国住房市场所面临的困境。

二、分析文本结构和组织本文的结构分为四个部分：1.引言：简要介绍美国住房市场危机的背景，并提出文章的主题。

2.起因：分析危机的根源，包括次贷市场的泡沫、金融机构的贪婪和政策失误等。

3.演变过程：描述危机的发展态势，如房价暴跌、房屋断供、金融机构破产等。

4.可能的影响：讨论危机对美国经济、社会和个人的影响，以及政府采取的措施。

三、提炼文本核心观点和信息本文的核心观点是：美国住房市场危机源于多种因素的综合作用，对美国社会经济产生了深远的影响，政府需要采取有效措施来应对。

重要信息如下：1.危机起因：次贷市场泡沫、金融机构贪婪、政策失误。

2.危机演变过程：房价暴跌、房屋断供、金融机构破产。

3.危机影响：经济衰退、失业率上升、个人财务状况恶化。

4.政府应对措施：救助金融机构、推出刺激经济政策、扶持购房政策等。

四、给出文本的实用性和可读性建议1.实用性：本文为读者提供了关于美国住房市场危机的全面解析，有助于了解危机的起因、演变过程和可能的影响。

对于关心房地产市场和经济的读者来说，具有较高的实用性。

2.可读性：文章结构清晰，语言简练，易于理解。

在阐述危机背景、分析原因和影响时，采用了生动的案例和数据，增加了文章的可读性。

建议：对于关心美国住房市场危机的读者，本文值得一读。

在阅读过程中，可以关注文章中提到的危机起因、演变过程和政府应对措施等方面，以提高对这一问题的认识。

2012年英语一text4解析

2012年英语一text4解析一、引言在英语学习中，阅读理解一直是学生们最为头疼的部分之一。

而在历年英语考研真题中，Text 4以其独特的命题方式和深度的文章内容，一直备受关注。

本文将针对2012年英语一Text 4进行详细解析，帮助学生们更好地理解文章内容，提高阅读理解能力。

二、文章解析1. 文章结构：本文主要分为三个部分，第一部分为引言，介绍了文章的主题；第二部分为文章主体，详细阐述了文章的主要内容；第三部分为结论，对文章进行了总结和评价。

2. 重点词汇：在文章中，出现了许多重要词汇和短语，如“counterbalance”、“deteriorate”、“upfront”等。

这些词汇和短语的出现，不仅丰富了文章内容，也增加了阅读的难度。

3. 长难句解析：本文中出现了许多长难句，如“the more money one earns, the greater the chance one’s income will deteriorate”、“it is unclear whether employers will see the benefit of investing in training”等。

这些句子结构复杂，需要仔细分析才能理解其含义。

三、题目分析1. 题目分布：本文共有10道题目，其中主旨题、细节题、推理题等各类题型都有涉及。

题目分布较为均匀，难度适中。

2. 典型题目解析：例如，第3题是一道细节题，要求考生根据文章内容判断某人的收入是否会恶化。

考生需要仔细阅读相关段落，找出关键信息点才能得出正确答案。

3. 解题技巧：在解题过程中，考生需要仔细阅读文章，找出关键信息点，并根据题目要求进行选择或匹配。

同时，考生还需要注意题目中的陷阱，如反向干扰等，以免误选。

四、总结通过对2012年英语一Text 4的解析，我们可以看到其独特的命题方式和深度文章内容。

考生在备考过程中，需要注重词汇积累和长难句分析，以提高阅读理解能力。

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2012年考研英语第四篇阅读重要词汇整
理
这是一篇关于某些西方国家中存在的社团和政府组成人员关系的政治性文章，文章总体难度不大，其中的超纲单词也不是很多，这篇文章主要是为大家介绍20个高频重点单词，希望大家在学习中，认真复习和准备相应的词汇。

1. 25unionist ['juːnɪənɪst]
n. 公会成员，联盟成员
【词根记忆】：uni(一)+ on(名词后缀)+ ist(表示人的名词后缀)→同一个机构里的人→公会成员，联盟成员
【真题例句】：If the trade unionist Jimmy Hoffa were alive today, he would probably represent civil servant.如果贸易公会成员Jimmy Hoffa今天依然在世的话，他可能能够代表公务员成员。

(2012年阅读Text 4)
2. 14represent [,rɛprɪ'zɛnt]
vt. 1. 作为的代表(或代理) 2. 表示，象征3. 描绘，表现
【词根记忆】：re(= again)+present (感觉)→另一种感觉，代表别人感觉→代表，象征【短语搭配】：knowledge representation知识表示;知识表达
symbolic representation符号表示;符号表征;符号性表象
【真题例句】：Now, 90 years after the first concession of equal status in our democracy, women are still under represented and, often, under represented in Canadian politics. 现在，在我们民主国家的平等地位获得认可的90年之后，女性在加拿大政界还没有足够的代表权或者说完全没有代表权。

(2007年Text 4)
3. 5associate [ə'soʃɪet]
vt. 联想;交往;联合;n. 伙伴;a. 联合的
【词根记忆】：as (to)+ soci (伙伴的)+ ate (动词后缀)→使成为伙伴→伙伴，联想
【短语搭配】：associate professor副教授
associate with v. 联合;与…联系在一起;和…来往
【真题例句】：Britain’s Labor Party, as its name implies, has long been associated with trade unionism. 英国劳动党，正如其名字暗示的那样，已经和贸易联盟联合已久。

(2012年阅读Text 4)
4. 42position [pə'zɪʃən]
n. 1. 位置，方位2. 地位，职位，职务3. 姿势，姿态4. 见解，立场vt. 安放，放置，安置
【词根记忆】：pose(放置)+tion(名词后缀)→放置得找到正确的位置→放置
【短语搭配】：in position of 管理，负责
【真题例句】：Its current leader, Ed Miliband, owes his position to votes from public-sector unions.其现任领导Ed Miliband从公共工会那得到的投票使他赢得了自己的职位。

(2012年
阅读Text 4)
5. 60influence ['ɪnfluəns]
n.1.影响，影响力 2.产生影响的人(或事物) 3.势力，权势
【词根记忆】：in进去+flu流+ence名词后缀→流进去→影响
【短语搭配】：influence on对…的影响;
influence in干涉
【真题例句】：At the state level their influence can be even more fearsome. 在州一级别他们的影响更是触目惊心。

(2012年阅读Text 4)
6. 6budget ['bʌdʒɪt]
n.预算v.做预算
【联想记忆】：bud-花苞，get-得到→在还是花苞的时候就已经孕育着果实，果实可以出售得到钱→做预算
【短语搭配】：project budget 工程预算
【真题例句】：Mark Baldassare of the Public Policy Institute of California points out that much of the state’s 6budget is patrolled by unions. 加利福尼亚公共政策研究所的Mark Baldassare指出，加州的大部分预算都要经过公会的审查。

(2012年阅读Text 4)
7. 5prison ['prɪzn]
n. 监狱
【词根记忆】：pri(抓住)+son(人)→抓到的人都关在这里→监狱
【短语搭配】：in prison坐牢
escape from prison越狱
【真题例句】：The teachers’unions keep an eye on schools, the CCPOA on prisons and a variety of labor groups on health care.教师工会关注学校，CCPOA关注监狱，而大量的工人组织关注健康事业。

(2012年阅读Text 4)
8. 15variety [və'raɪəti]
n. 种种,多种多样;种类,品种
【词根记忆】：vari=(vary-转变)，ety=ity-(名词后缀)
【短语搭配】：a great variety of 各种各样的
【真题例句】：To find their sites, archaeologists today rely heavily on systematic survey methods and a variety of high-technology tools and techniques. 现代的考古学家一般依靠系统的调查方法和各种高科技工具、技术手段来找到他们想找的遗址。

(2014年阅读新题型)
9. 41benefit ['bɛnɪfɪt]
n.利益,好处,恩惠v.有益于;(from,by)受益
【词根记忆】：bene-词根：好+“fit”与“fic”同源，都来自于“fict”的简写→l利益，好处
【短语搭配】：benefit from得益于
【真题例句】：But the real gains come in benefits and work practices. 但是，真正的收获来源于福利和工作实践。

(2012年阅读Text 4)
10. 43achieve [ə'tʃiv]
vt.1.实现，完成2.达到，得到vi.达到预期目的
【词根记忆】：a-前缀：动作化，“chieve”音变自“chief-词根：头”，f浊化为v以做动词→到“头”了→完成
【短语搭配】：achieve perfection 臻于完美
achieve professionalism 达到职业水平
achieve modernization 实现现代化
【真题例句】：John Donahue at Harvard’s Kennedy School points out that the norms of culture in Western civil services suit those who want to stay put but is bad for high achievers.哈佛肯尼迪学校的John Donahue指出：西方公共服务的文化标准适合那些想要稳定的人，但是不利于哪些有更高追求的人。

(2012年阅读Text 4)
总之，同学们在进行复习的时候要多多注意单词的意义，用词根词缀这种科学而又高效的方法来助记单词。