美国建国史话文本(Special English)

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THE MAKING OF A NATION #016 - Transition to Constitution

THE MAKING OF A NATION #16 - Transition to ConstitutionBy Christine JohnsonBroadcast: June 12, 2003(THEME)VOICE ONE:This is Frank Oliver.VOICE TWO:And this is Tony Riggs with the Special English history program THE MAKING OF ANATION.(THEME)VOICE ONE:Change has always been part of the history of the United States. Yet there has beenvery little national conflict. In more than two-hundred years, only one civil war wasfought.In that war, during the Eighteen-Sixties, Northern states and Southern states fought against each other. Their bitter argument involved the right of the South to leave the Union and to deal with issues -- especially the issue of slavery -- in its own way.VOICE TWO:America's civil war lasted four years. Six-hundred-thousand men were killed or wounded. In the end, the slaves were freed, and the Union was saved.Abraham Lincoln was president during the civil war. He said the southern states did not have the right to leave the Union.Lincoln firmly believed that the Union of states was permanent under the Constitution. In fact, he noted, one of the reasons for establishing the Constitution was to form a more perfect Union. His main goal was to save what the Constitution had created.VOICE ONE:One cannot truly understand the United States without understanding its Constitution. That political document describes America's system of government and guarantees the rights of all citizens. Its power is greater than any president,court, or legislature.In the coming weeks, we will tell the story of the United States Constitution. We will describe the drama of its birth in Philadelphia in Seventeen-Eighty-Seven. And we will describe the national debate over its approval. Before we do, however, we want to tell how that document provides for change without changing the basic system of government.VOICE TWO:If you ask Americans about their Constitution, they probably will talk about the Bill of Rights. These are the first ten changes, or amendments, to the Constitution. They contain the rights of all people in the United States. They have the most direct effect on people's lives.Among other things, the Bill of Rights guarantees freedom of speech, religion, and the press. It also establishesrules to guarantee that a person suspected of a crime is treated fairly.VOICE ONE:The Bill of Rights was not part of the document signed at the convention in Philadelphia in Seventeen-Eighty-Seven. The delegates believed that political freedoms were basic human rights. So, some said it was not necessary to express such rights in a Constitution.Most Americans, however, wanted their rights guaranteed in writing. That is why most states approved the new Constitution only on condition that a Bill of Rights would be added. This was done, and the amendments became law in Seventeen-Ninety-One.VOICE TWO:One early amendment involved the method of choosing a president and vice president. In America's first presidential elections, the man who received the most votes became president. The man who received the second highest number of votes became vice president. It became necessary to change the Constitution, however, afters separate political parties developed. Then ballots had to show the names of each candidate for president and vice president.VOICE ONE:There were no other amendments for sixty years. The next one was born in the blood of civil war. During the war, President Abraham Lincoln announced the Emancipation Proclamation. That document freed the slaves in the states that were rebelling against the Union. It was not until after Lincoln was murdered, however, that the states approved the Thirteenth Amendment to ban slavery everywhere in the country.The Fourteenth Amendment, approved in Eighteen-Sixty-Eight, said no state could limit the rights of any citizen. And the Fifteenth, approved two years later, said a person's right to vote could not be denied because of his race, color, or former condition of slavery.VOICE TWO:By the Eighteen-Nineties, the federal government needed more money than it was receiving from taxes on imports. It wanted to establish a tax on earnings. It took twenty years to win approval for the Sixteenth Amendment. The amendment permits the government to collect income taxes.Another amendment proposed in the early Nineteen-Hundreds was designed to change the method of electing United States Senators. or more than one-hundred years, Senators were elected by the legislatures of their states. The Seventeenth Amendment, approved in Nineteen-Thirteen, gave the people the right to elect Senators directly.VOICE ONE:In Nineteen-Nineteen, the states approved an amendment to ban the production, transportation, and sale of alcohol. Alcohol was prohibited. It could not be produced or sold legally anywhere in the United States.The amendment, however, did not stop the flow of alcohol. Criminal organizations found many ways to produce and sell it illegally. Finally, after thirteen years, Americans decided that Prohibition had failed. It had caused more problems than it had solved. So, in Nineteen-Thirty-Three, the states approved another Constitutional amendment to end the ban on alcohol.VOICE TWO:Other amendments in the Twentieth century include one that gives women the right to vote. It became part of the Constitution in Nineteen-Twenty.Another amendment limits a president to two four-year terms in office. And the Twenty-Sixth Amendment gives the right to vote to all persons who are at least eighteen years old.The Twenty-Seventh Amendment has one of the strangest stories of any amendment to the United StatesConstitution. This amendment establishes a rule for increasing the pay of Senators and Representatives. It says there must be an election between the time Congress votes to increase its pay and the time the pay raise goes into effect.The amendment was first proposed in Seventeen-Eighty-Nine. Like all amendments, it needed to be approved by three-fourths of the states. This did not happen until Nineteen-Ninety-Two. So, one of the first amendments to be proposed was the last amendment to become law.VOICE ONE:The twenty-seven amendments added to the Constitution have not changed the basic system of goverment in the United States. The government still has three separate and equal parts: the executive branch, the legislative branch, and the judicial branch. The three parts balance each other. No part is greater than another.The first American states had no strong central government when they fought their war of independence from Britain in Seventeen-Seventy-Six. They cooperated under an agreement called the Articles of Confederation. The agreement provided for a Congress. But the Congress had few powers. Each state governed itself.VOICE TWO:When the war ended, the states owed millions of dollars to their soldiers. They also owed money to European nations that had supported the Americans against Britain.The new United States had no national money to pay the debts. There was an American dollar. But not everyone used it. And it did not have the same value everywhere.The situation led to economic ruin for many people. They could not pay the money they owed. They lost their property. They were put in prison. Militant groups took action to help them. They interfered with tax collectors. They terrorized judges and burned court buildings.VOICE ONE:The situation was especially bad in the northeast part of the country. In Massachusetts, a group led by a former soldier tried to seize guns and ammunition from the state military force.Shays' Rebellion, as it was called, was stopped. But from north to south, Americans were increasingly worried and frightened. Would the violence continue? Would the situation get worse?VOICE TWO:Many Americans distrusted the idea of a strong central government. After all, they had just fought a war to end British rule. Yet Americans of different ages, education, and social groups felt that something had to be done. If not, the new nation would fail before it had a chance to succeed.These were the opinions and feelings that led, in time, to the writing of the United States Constitution. That will be our story in the coming weeks of THE MAKING OF A NATION.(THEME)VOICE ONE:This program was written by Christine Johnson. I'm Frank Oliver.VOICE TWO:And I'm Tony Riggs. Join us again next time for another Special English program about the history of the United States.Email this article to a friendPrinter Friendly Version。

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how much money a person made. The period of change came during the
Nineteen-Seventies. For a while, these years remained tied to
Then they showed signs of what American would be like in the Nineteen-Eighties. There were a number of reasons for the change. One reason was that the United States
politics.
For example, one of the most popular television programs of that time was about
serious social issues. It was called "All in the Family". It was about a factory worker who hates black people and opposes equal rights for
and Nineteen-Eighties.
An economics professor from the United States was teaching in Britain in the early
Nineteen-Eighties. One of his students asked this question: "What is most important to Americans these
common interests. Now, many wanted to spend more time on

VOA建国史话文本(中英对照)031-040

VOA建国史话文本（中英对照）目录31How a Dispute Helped Lead to Modern Party System (1)32John Adams Is Elected Nation’s Second President (7)33Adams Avoids War With France,Signs Alien and Sedition Acts (14)34Jefferson Is Elected President in1800,But Only on the36th Vote (20)35Jefferson,at Inaugural,Urges Unity of Hearts and Minds (27)36Jefferson Begins Presidency With a Loyal Cabinet (30)37Jefferson Moves to Cut Debt,Spending (36)38Jefferson Gets Louisiana Territory From France (42)39A Supreme Court Justice Is Put on Trial in1805 (49)40The Treason Trial of Aaron Burr,Former VP (56)31How a Dispute Helped Lead to Modern Party System第31集汉密尔顿的联邦党和杰斐逊的共和党Welcome to THE MAKING OF A NATION–American history in VOA Special English.Thomas Jefferson and Alexander Hamilton had opposing ideas about how the new nation should be governed.Their dispute helped create the system of political par-ties in the United States.This week in our series,Maurice Joyce and Blake Lanum have more in our story of these two early American leaders.在上次的建国史话中，我们讲到，在美国第一届总统乔治·华盛顿任期里，美国的两大政党逐渐形成，分别由当时的财政部长亚历山大·汉密尔顿和当时的国务卿托马斯·杰斐逊领导。

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5
This is Rich Kleinfeldt. And this is Stan Busby with THE MAKING OF
A NATION, a VOA Special English program about the
history of the United States. Today, we tell about life in the United States
groups. A time of innocence and hope soon began to look like a time of anger
and violence.
More Americans protested to demand an end to the unfair treatment of black citizens.
sixty-eight. Several weeks later, Robert Kennedy -- John Kennedy's brother - was shot in Los Angeles, California. He was campaigning to win his party's nomination for president. Their deaths resulted in riots in cities across
Your Hand. " It went on sale in the United States at the
end of nineteen-sixty-three.
Within five weeks, it was the biggest-selling record in America. Other songs, including some by the Beatles,

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You can think of it not just as a series of programs
about the history of America and its people, but a series of lessons.
The subjects include exploration, revolution,
because the citizens of the new country wanted him as their first leader.
After two terms, he gave up power by his own choice. He once again became a farmer and a
on radio but also on the Internet.
At , you can download MP3 files and transcripts.
That way you can listen anytime or anyplace --
Constitution give women the right to vote. Later,
another change lowered the voting age for Americans from twenty-one to eighteen.
Our programs explain the thinking behind these and other rights.
should have a voice in its decisions. British citizens in the American colonies paid taxes but had no representatives in

VOA Special English 广播节目简介

VOA Special English 广播节目简介美国之音（以下称VOA）的英语节目，按播音速度可分为两种：Standard English （标准英语）和Special English（特别英语）。

Special English 又叫“慢速英语”，是VOA专为全世界非英语国家初学英语的听众安排的一种简易、规范的英语广播节目。

该节目创始于50年代末期，是VOA的专家们研究如何与世界各地的英语学习者进行交际的产物。

它正式开播于1959年10月。

当时只面向欧洲和中东，但由于这个节目适合许多国家英语学习者的需要，所以它的广播对象不久就扩大到世界其他地区，并很快在全世界范围内产生了广泛的影响。

现在这个节目对欧洲、非洲和拉丁美洲每晚广播一次，对加勒比地区每晚广播一次（星期天除外），对东南亚广播次数最多，每天上午两次，晚上三次。

30多年来，VOA为了办好Special English节目，进行了大量的调查研究工作，对播音速度、内容及用词范围都作了具体规定，基本上达到了既能为英语学习者提供信息，又不损害英语本身风格的目的，使之成为VOA独具特色，拥有最大量听众的节目。

美国著名词汇学家S. B. Flexmer 指明了Special English的三条标准，也就是它所“特别”的地方：1、它是一种由美国人最常用的1500个基本单词为主体构成的美国英语；2、它用简短、明晰的句子写作和广播；3、它以每分钟90个单词的速度，即2/3的Standard English（标准英语）速度进行广播。

Special English的节目可分为两大类：一类是新闻节目；一类是专题节目。

1．新闻节目VOA Special English 的新闻广播向听众提供世界范围内的政治、经济、军事、外交、国际关系、宗教、天气以及各种重大事件和珍闻奇事等各个方面的信息，每天向东南亚地区广播五次，早上两次，晚上三次，每逢半点播出。

Special English新闻节目每次长约十分钟，大都播出十条左右新闻，近一千个单词，每条新闻多为一分钟，但偶尔也有长达两分钟的要闻。

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of the administration of President John Kennedy.
January twentieth, nineteen-sixty-one. John Kennedy was to be sworn-in that day
as president of the United States. It had snowed heavily the night before. Few cars were in the streets of Washington.
Yet, somehow, people got to the ceremony at the Capitol building.
The outgoing president, Dwight Eisenhower, was seventy years old.
John Kennedy was just forty-three. He was the first American president born in
Still, the poet could not continue. Those in the crowd felt concerned for the
eighty-six-year-old man. Suddenly, he stopped trying to say his
special poem. Instead, he began to say the words of another one, one he knew from memory.
history. The time of his inauguration was a time of tension and fear about nuclear weapons. The United States had nuclear weapons. Its main political enemy, the Soviet Union,

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sides were afraid of fighting each other directly. In such a "hot war," nuclear weapons might
destroy everything.
So, instead, they fought each other indirectly.
year. The United States received help from Britain
and France. Together, they provided almost two and
one-half million tons of supplies on about two-hundred-eighty thousand
建国史话THE_MAKING_OF_A_NATION_20
7
This is Doug Johnson. And this is Phil Murray with THE MAKING OF
A NATION, a VOA Special English program about the
history of the United States. Today, we tell about the period known as
flights.
in nineteen-forty-nine. NATO was a joint military group. Its purpose was to defend against Soviet
forces in Europe. The first members of NATO were Belgium,
that operated the Suez Canal. A few months later, Israel invaded Egypt.

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Democrats from the southern part of the United States
joined with conservative Republicans in voting.
Together, these lawmakers defeated
some of Truman's most important proposals. This included a bill for health care insurance
majority from Mister Truman's Democratic Party. The president might have expected such a Congress to support his policies.
It did not, however, always support him. Time after time,
power throughout his presidency. On June twenty-fifth, nineteen-fifty, forces
from North Korea invaded South Korea.
Two days later, the united nations security council
and technology. Months later, Congress approved twenty-
five thousand-million dollars
for the first part of this program. In nineteen-fifty-one,
President Truman asked Congress to establish a new foreign aid program. The aid was for some countries in Europe, the Middle East and North Africa, East Asia and South Asia, and Latin America.

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In the early nineteen-hundreds, another teacher -- American Robert
He experimented with small rockets to see how high and how far they could travel. In nineteen-twenty-three, a Romanian student in Germany, Hermann Oberth, showed how a spaceship might be es employed German scientists to help them win the race to
space. The Soviets took the first step by creating
Sputnik. This satellite was about the size of a
basketball. It got its power from a rocket. It orbited Earth for three months.
Within weeks, the Soviets launched another satellite into Earth orbit, Sputnik Two. It was much bigger and heavier than Sputnik one.
They needed to get within six-hundred meters to be considered successful.
After all the problems on the ground, the events in space went smoothly.

美国建国史话（4）

美国建国史话（4）美国建国史话(4)1776 年，北美十三个殖民地宣布脱离英国独立。

在漫长的独立战争期间，他们根据《邦联条例》，形成了松散的同盟。

《邦联条例》没有组建中央政府，没有建立法院，没有制定法律，也没有推选总统。

《邦联条例》唯一的贡献是创立了国会，但国会权力非常有限，只能向13个州提供意见，请求它们采取行动，不能制定联邦立法。

*松散的邦联体制之弊*独立战争结束后，这种体制的缺点暴露无疑。

1781年英国将军康华里在维吉尼亚的约克镇投降，信使将胜利的消息通知国会，但是国会没钱，连信使的费用都付不起，必须向国会成员要钱。

其实，独立战争结束前，乔治.华盛顿、亚历山大.汉密尔顿和詹姆斯.麦迪逊就噎提议对当时松散的邦联体制进行改革，建立一个强有力的中央政府。

乔治.华盛顿是独立战争期间大陆军的统帅，他反对《邦联条例》，是因为协议没有为大陆军提供足够的支持，将士们经常缺吃少穿，没有药品、毛毯，甚至没有武器弹药。

战争期间，乔治.华盛顿曾写过很多封信给国会，愤怒之情溢于言表。

他在其中一封信中说，“我们生病的士兵赤身裸体，健康的士兵赤身裸体，被英国人俘虏的士兵也是赤身裸体。

”乔治.华盛顿的这些书信没有产生任何效果。

他提出，独立战争是十三个州的共同战争，但是没有人愿意听。

他发现，这些州只对自身利益感兴趣，对大陆军士兵的需要漠不关心。

战争结束后，美国出现了社会、政治和经济混乱。

乔治.华盛顿再次看到，《邦联条例》下的美国毫无希望。

他在写给朋友的书信中说，“我认为这样的国家无法存在下去，除非有一个中央政府，统治整个国家，就象一个州的政府统治这个州一样。

”亚历山大.汉密尔顿赞成这种看法。

汉密尔顿是一个年轻律师，在独立战争期间是华盛顿的助手。

战争还没有结束，汉密尔顿就呼吁召集十三个州开会，共建中央政府。

他通过书信、讲话和报纸等多种渠道，推广这种想法。

*各自拥兵*除了华盛顿和汉密尔顿以外，麦迪逊也认为当时的美国前景暗淡。

十三个州各自为政，互相排挤，每个州都有陆军，还有九个州拥有自己的海军，他们利用这些武装力量保护自己，防范其他的州。

建国史话

American History: The Election of 196006 October 2011 STEVE EMBER: Welcome to THE MAKING OF A NATION –American history in VOA Special English. I’m Steve Ember.(MUSIC)DWIGHT EISENHOWER: "Three days from now, after half a century in the service of our country, I shall lay down the responsibilities of office as, in traditional and solemn ceremony, the authority of the presidency is vested in my successor. This evening, I come to you with a message of leave-taking and farewell, and to share a few final thoughts with you, my countrymen."Dwight Eisenhower was elected president in nineteen fifty-two. The following year, the Korean War ended with an armistice, a ceasefire agreement.A draft of President Dwight Eisenhower's farewell address, at the Eisenhower Presidential Library in Abilene, Kansas During his presidency, Eisenhower began a tradition of meetings between the leaders of the United States and the Soviet Union. He met with Soviet leaders Nikolai Bulganin and Nikita Khrushchev. These meetings may have helped reduce the threat of a nuclear war between the two countries during the Cold War.By nineteen sixty, Eisenhower had served two terms. The Constitution was changed to prevent presidents from being elected more than twice, after Franklin Roosevelt won four times.DWIGHT EISENHOWER: "We now stand ten years past the midpoint of a century that has witnessed four major wars among great nations. Three of these involved our own country. Despite these holocausts, America is today the strongest, the most influential, and most productive nation in the world. Understandably proud of this pre-eminence, we yet realize that America's leadership and prestige depend not merely upon our unmatched material progress, riches and military strength, but on how we use our power in the interests of world peace and human betterment. ..."Now this conjunction of an immense military establishment and a large arms industry is new in the American experience. The total influence -- economic, political, even spiritual -- is felt in every city, every statehouse, every office of the Federal government. We recognize the imperative need for this development. Yet, we must not fail to comprehend its grave implications. Our toil, resources, and livelihood are all involved. So is the very structure of our society."In the councils of government, we must guard against the acquisition of unwarranted influence, whether sought or unsought, by the military-industrial complex. The potential for the disastrous rise of misplaced power exists and will persist. We must never let the weight of this combination endanger our liberties or democratic processes. We should take nothing for granted. Only an alert and knowledgeable citizenry can compel the proper meshing of the huge industrial and military machinery of defense with our peaceful methods and goals, so that security and liberty may prosper together."At the end of Eisenhower's first term, he was still very popular. He had suffered a heart attack, but the Republican president felt strong enough to campaign again in nineteen fifty-six.His Democratic Party opponent was Adlai Stevenson. They had been the candidates in the presidential election four years earlier. This time, Eisenhower won almost ten million more votes than Stevenson -- an even bigger victory than in nineteen fifty-two.Eisenhower's second term, however, presented problems. The Soviet Union launched the space age by putting the first satellite into orbit around Earth. Fidel Castro established a communistgovernment in Cuba. Many white Americans were fighting the Supreme Court's decision to end racial separation in schools. And the American economy suffered a recession.Eisenhower's popularity dropped during his second term. This would make it more difficult for the Republican Party's next candidate for president.The delegates who attended the presidential nominating convention in the summer of nineteen-sixty feared that their party would lose the election in November. They had to find the strongest candidate possible. Many believed that Richard Nixon was the strongest.Nixon had been a senator and a member of the House of Representatives. He had been Eisenhower's vice president for eight years. When Eisenhower suffered several serious illnesses, Nixon had a chance to show his abilities to lead the nation. He showed great strength while facing an angry crowd during a trip to South America. He also gained support when he defended the United States to Khrushchev during a trip to the Soviet Union.Nixon's closest opponent for the Republican nomination was Nelson Rockefeller. Rockefeller was the governor of New York state. He came from one of the richest families in America.Richard Nixon easily won the support of the party. Thedelegates nominated him on the first vote. He accepted the nomination. And he called for new efforts for peace and freedom around the world.The race for the Democratic nomination was much more difficult. The Democratic Party thought it would have no problem winning the presidential election. Many candidates entered the race for the nomination. One was Senator Hubert Humphrey of Minnesota. Another was Senator John Kennedy of Massachusetts.Humphrey had been elected to the Senate three times. He was a strong activist for civil rights and peace. Kennedy was a Navy hero in World War Two. He was handsome and only forty-three years old. He was also Roman Catholic. No Catholic had ever been elected president of the United States.Kennedy and Humphrey began to compete in state primary elections, the first step in the nominating process. Kennedy won an important primary in Wisconsin. But voters in Protestant areas of that state did not support him. The question then became: could he win in another state, West Virginia. Most of the voters in that state were Protestant.On the last night of the primary campaign in West Virginia, Kennedy spoke about his religion. He said the president of theUnited States promises to defend the Constitution. And that, he said, includes the separation of the government from any religion or church.Kennedy won a big victory in West Virginia. He then went on to win many votes in other primaries. He received the nomination on the first vote at the Democratic convention.In his acceptance speech, he said he would ask Americans to help their country and sacrifice for their country.After the party conventions, the two candidates -- Kennedy and Nixon -- began to campaign around the country. Nixon charged that Kennedy was too young to be president. He said Kennedy did not know enough about governing. Kennedy attacked the Republican record of the past eight years. He said President Eisenhower and Vice President Nixon had not done enough to bring progress to the nation.Protestant groups expressed concerns about Kennedy's religion. They wondered if he would be influenced by the pope. They wondered if the leader of the Roman Catholic Church would try to make policy for the United States. Kennedy answered by repeating his strong support for the constitutional separation of church and state.Vice President Richard Nixon, left, and Senator John Kennedyduring their fourth presidential debate, on October 21, 1960 Public opinion surveys showed the election campaign to be very close. Then the candidates agreed to hold four debates on television.In the first debate, the candidates showed they did not differ too widely on major issues. Kennedy appeared calm and sure. But Nixon did not feel well. He appeared thin and tired. Many people who had not considered voting for Kennedy now began to change their minds. To them, he looked more presidential.Most people seemed to feel that Kennedy won the first debate. Nixon probably won the second one. And both men did about the same in the last two.In the fourth debate, they expressed widely different opinions about whether the United States was making progress. Kennedy believed there had been little progress under Eisenhower and Nixon.JOHN KENNEDY: "Franklin Roosevelt said in nineteen-thirty-six that that generation of Americans had a rendezvous with destiny. I believe in nineteen-sixty and sixty-one and two and three, we have a rendezvous with destiny. And I believe it incumbent upon us to be defenders of the United States and the defenders of freedom. And to do that, wemust give this country leadership. And we must get America moving again."Nixon disagreed. He believed the United States had not been standing still, but there was more to be done.RICHARD NIXON: "It is essential with the conflict that we have around the world that we not just hold our own, that we not keep just freedom for ourselves. It is essential that we extend freedom, extend it to all the world. And this means more than what we've been doing. It means keeping America even stronger militarily than she is. It means seeing that our economy moves forward even faster than it has. It means making more progress in civil rights than we have, so that we can be a splendid example for all the world to see."Another issue in the nineteen sixty presidential debates was the Chinese attack on the islands of Quemoy and Matsu in the Taiwan Strait. And another was how to deal with Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev.After the debates, the presidential candidates campaigned around the country again. Nixon proposed that if he were elected, he would travel to Eastern Europe and meet with Khrushchev.Kennedy proposed the Peace Corps, a program to sendAmericans to developing countries to provide technical aid and other help.On Election Day in November, the voters chose John Kennedy as their thirty-fifth president. His victory, however, was a close one. Almost sixty-nine million people voted. Kennedy won by fewer than one hundred twenty thousand votes. The beginning of his presidency will be our story next week.You can find our series online with transcripts, MP3s, podcasts, and pictures at . And you can follow us on Facebook and Twitter at VOA Learning English. I’m Steve Ember, inviting you to join us again next week for THE MAKING OF A NATION -- American history in VOA Special English.。

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As support for Jimmy Carter increased, Democrats who did not like him began to
say, "Anybody but Carter." But Carter was not to be stopped. He kept repeating that he did not have ties
for the Republican Party nomination in nineteen-seventy-six.
Ford's chief opponent was Ronald Reagan, governor of California.
Eleven Democrats campaigned for the nomination.
are going to keep it." In his campaign speeches, Ford denounced extremism. It was clear he was
speaking about Reagan.
Yet many convention delegates remained undecided.
The campaign did show, however, that Reagan was more conservative than Ford. For example, Reagan talked strongly about United States control of the Panama Canal. "We built it," he said. "We paid for it. And we

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They took many hostages, including more than sixty Americans.
The extremists refused to negotiate. They refused to release the hostages. In early April Nineteen-Eighty, President
Yet he lost the office to Democrat Jimmy Carter in the election of Nineteen-Seventy-
Six. The nation still has problems. Unemployment is high. So is inflation.
He believed this would give him enough support at the party convention to win the
nomination. Other Democratic candidates tried to stop
him, but his plan worked. By the time of the convention, he had enough support to win the nomination on
of being criticized when he believed he was right.
He won Congressional support for treaties to give control to Panama by the year Two-
Thousand. He believed it was right to give diplomatic

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President Bush wanted to extend Medicare, the nation's health care plan for people sixty-five and older.
In 2003 he signed a law to help forty million older Americans
required by the United States Constitution. But Mister Bush said the agencies would provide shelter and food
and not religious holy books.
President Bush took several actions on the environment during his first term.
America, at its best, matches a commitment to principle with a concern for civility.
A civil society demands from each of us good will and respect, fair dealing and
rgiveness."
During his election campaign, Mister Bush had promised he would help
social aid organizations linked to religious groups. He established the White House Office of Faith-Based and
change.

美国建国史话（205）：二战后和50年代

美国建国史话（205）：二战后和50年代建国史话(205): 二战后和50年代二十世纪五十年代的美国，人口数量飞速增长，电视的出现反映并影响着人们的生活方式。

但是与此同时，美国人也担心，自己正生活在核战争的边缘。

美国人很高兴看到1945年二战的结束，大家满怀希望，以为世界和平已经来临。

然而，1950年，政治局势再次出现紧张。

二战期间，美国和苏联是盟友，但是战后却逐渐成为敌人，出现了后来的冷战。

苏联接二连三地控制了东欧国家，并在斯大林的领导下，加强了自己的武装力量。

然而，美国以为，自己是世界上唯一掌握最强大的武器原子弹的国家。

1949年，美国空军飞机在大气中发现了奇怪的现象，他们很快找到了答案，原来是苏联试验了自己的原子弹。

核竞赛由此展开，双方争着研制大规模杀伤性武器。

艾森豪威尔总统原子科学家公报封面上的“世界末日时钟”，警告人们核毁灭的风险正越来越大。

该团体的成员对科学的产物原子弹感到恐惧，对今后还会研制出什么武器更加担心。

到1949年的时候，世界末日时钟距离午夜只有三分钟了。

*韩战打响*1950年，朝鲜入侵韩国，韩战打响后，美国也加紧研制比原子弹杀伤力更大的武器氢弹。

苏联也在研制氢弹。

一些美国人在后院建起防空洞，为可能发生的核攻击做准备。

另外一些美国人则不愿提心吊胆地生活，经过多年牺牲后，他们想在经济蓬勃增长的时候过几天好日子。

电影明星玛丽莲.梦露和棒球球星狄马吉奥1952年是美国大选年，二战英雄艾森豪威尔将军成为美国下一任总统。

二战过后美国生育率大增，出现了所谓的婴儿潮。

1950年，美国只有2400万个孩子，到1960年时，孩子的人数已经猛增到3500万。

家庭的增加需要更多住房，人口更多的家庭需要住更大的房子，光是1950年一年，美国新建住房就多达近150万栋。

大多数新建住房都在城市边缘的近郊地带，大家觉得那里的学校质量比城里的好，所以都愿意搬到那里去，更何况郊区地方大，能让孩子有更大的活动空间。

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others lost their jobs. Many other businesses suffered as well.
When people started flying again, they found it much more difficult because
of increased security at airports.
George Bush's father, George Herbert Walker Bush,
had served as the forty-first president.
The inauguration marked only the second time in
American history that the son of a former president also became president. More than two hundred years ago,
Today we tell about the first term in office of President George W. Bush.
Mister Bush dealt with the most deadly terrorist attack against
the United States in history.
firefighters and twenty-three city police officers.
They died trying to save others.
Search and rescue operations began immediately.
Hundreds of rescue workers recovered people and bodies from the wreckage. Aid was organized for victims and their

建国史话之尼克松访华(英语精度)

STEVE EMBER: Welcome to THE MAKING OF A NATION -- American history in VOA Special English. I'm Steve Ember.Today, we continue the story of the thirty-seventh president of the United States, Richard Nixon.(MUSIC)The year is nineteen sixty-nine. Richard Nixon, a Republican, is in the first year of his first term in office. His biggest foreign policy problem is the continuing war in Vietnam. During the election campaign, Nixon had promised to do something to end the war.共和党籍美国总统尼克松1969年走马上任。

在外交上，尼克松面临的最棘手的问题是仍在继续的越战。

竞选期间，尼克松曾保证要设法结束越战。

The question was: what?关键是怎样结束。

Some Americans want him to withdraw troops from Vietnam immediately. Bring the soldiers home, they say. Others believe the United States should take whatever measures are necessary to win. Expand the ground war, they say, or even use nuclear weapons.一部分美国人主张立即撤军，让美军将士回家，另外一部分美国人则认为，美国应该不惜一切代价打赢这场战争，扩大地面战争的规模，甚至动用核武器。

美国的历史英语作文

美国的历史英语作文Title: A Journey Through American History。

Throughout its rich and tumultuous past, the United States of America has forged a narrative of resilience, innovation, and progress. From its humble beginnings as a collection of colonies to its current status as a global superpower, American history is a tapestry woven with diverse threads of triumph and tribulation.The roots of American history trace back to the early17th century when European settlers first established colonies along the eastern seaboard. These colonies,founded primarily by English, Dutch, French, and Spanish immigrants, laid the groundwork for the cultural mosaicthat would come to define the nation.One of the pivotal moments in American history occurred in 1776 with the signing of the Declaration of Independence, which proclaimed the thirteen colonies' autonomy fromBritish rule. This declaration of sovereignty laid the foundation for the American Revolutionary War, a conflict that ultimately secured the fledgling nation's independence.Following the Revolutionary War, the Founding Fathers drafted the United States Constitution, a visionary document that established the framework for a democratic republic. The Constitution enshrined principles ofindividual rights, separation of powers, and federalism, setting the stage for the nation's democratic experiment.The 19th century saw America undergo profound transformations, both internally and externally. The nation expanded westward, fueled by the doctrine of Manifest Destiny, which asserted the belief in the divine right to expand across the North American continent. This expansion led to conflicts with indigenous peoples and neighboring nations, resulting in the acquisition of vast territories such as the Louisiana Purchase and the annexation of Texas.However, the expansion of the United States also exacerbated tensions over the issue of slavery, culminatingin the Civil War (1861-1865). The conflict between the Northern Union states and the Southern Confederate states was a defining moment in American history, ultimately resulting in the abolition of slavery and the preservationof the Union.The latter half of the 19th century witnessed unprecedented industrialization and urbanization,propelling the United States into the forefront of theglobal economy. The rise of industrial titans such as Andrew Carnegie and John D. Rockefeller fueled economic growth but also gave rise to social inequalities and labor unrest.The 20th century ushered in an era of American hegemony, characterized by unparalleled economic prosperity andglobal influence. The United States emerged as a superpower following World War II, its military and economic might playing a pivotal role in shaping the post-war world order.The Cold War rivalry between the United States and the Soviet Union dominated much of the 20th century,culminating in proxy conflicts, such as the Korean War and the Vietnam War. The era was also marked by significant social and cultural movements, including the civil rights movement, the feminist movement, and the counterculture revolution.In the latter half of the 20th century, Americagrappled with internal challenges, including the Civil Rights Movement, the Vietnam War, and the Watergate scandal, which shook public trust in the government. However, the nation also achieved remarkable milestones, such as theCivil Rights Act of 1964, the Apollo moon landing, and the end of the Cold War.As the 21st century unfolds, the United Statescontinues to navigate a complex landscape of domestic and international challenges. Issues such as climate change, income inequality, and racial injustice remain pressing concerns, underscoring the ongoing struggle to fulfill the promise of America's founding ideals.In conclusion, American history is a story ofresilience, progress, and perpetual reinvention. From its humble origins as a colonial outpost to its current status as a global superpower, the United States has weathered storms and overcome obstacles to emerge stronger and more united. As the nation charts its course into the future, it must draw upon the lessons of its past to forge a more inclusive and equitable society for generations to come.。