建设一个跨国的安全文化大学毕业论文英文文献翻译
本科毕业论文外文翻译【范本模板】
本科毕业论文外文翻译外文译文题目:不确定条件下生产线平衡：鲁棒优化模型和最优解解法学院：机械自动化专业：工业工程学号: 201003166045学生姓名: 宋倩指导教师：潘莉日期: 二○一四年五月Assembly line balancing under uncertainty: Robust optimization modelsand exact solution methodÖncü Hazır , Alexandre DolguiComputers ＆Industrial Engineering，2013,65：261–267不确定条件下生产线平衡：鲁棒优化模型和最优解解法安库·汉泽，亚历山大·多桂计算机与工业工程，2013，65：261–267摘要这项研究涉及在不确定条件下的生产线平衡，并提出两个鲁棒优化模型。
假设了不确定性区间运行的时间。
该方法提出了生成线设计方法,使其免受混乱的破坏。
基于分解的算法开发出来并与增强策略结合起来解决大规模优化实例.该算法的效率已被测试,实验结果也已经发表。
本文的理论贡献在于文中提出的模型和基于分解的精确算法的开发.另外，基于我们的算法设计出的基于不确定性整合的生产线的产出率会更高，因此也更具有实际意义。
此外,这是一个在装配线平衡问题上的开创性工作,并应该作为一个决策支持系统的基础。
关键字：装配线平衡；不确定性; 鲁棒优化；组合优化；精确算法1.简介装配线就是包括一系列在车间中进行连续操作的生产系统。
零部件依次向下移动直到完工。
它们通常被使用在高效地生产大量地标准件的工业行业之中。
在这方面，建模和解决生产线平衡问题也鉴于工业对于效率的追求变得日益重要。
生产线平衡处理的是分配作业到工作站来优化一些预定义的目标函数。
那些定义操作顺序的优先关系都是要被考虑的,同时也要对能力或基于成本的目标函数进行优化。
就生产（绍尔，1999）产品型号的数量来说，装配线可分为三类：单一模型（SALBP）,混合模型(MALBP）和多模式（MMALBP）。
文化建设英语
文化建设英语Culture construction is an important aspect of asociety's development. It encompasses the values, beliefs, customs, and traditions that shape the identity of a community. In this response, we will explore the significance of culture construction and the various ways in which it can be achieved.First and foremost, culture construction plays a crucial role in preserving and promoting a society's heritage. By celebrating traditional festivals, practicing time-honored rituals, and maintaining historical sites, a community can safeguard its unique identity and pass it on to future generations. This not only fosters a sense of pride and belonging among the people but also contributes to the overall diversity of the global cultural landscape.Furthermore, culture construction is instrumental in fostering social cohesion and harmony. When individuals are encouraged to embrace their cultural roots and respect those of others, it paves the way for mutual understanding and appreciation. This, in turn, can help mitigateconflicts and promote peaceful coexistence within amulticultural society. By promoting intercultural dialogue and exchange, people can learn from one another and cultivate a more inclusive and empathetic mindset.In addition, culture construction can serve as acatalyst for economic development and tourism. Many communities around the world have harnessed their cultural heritage as a means to attract visitors and stimulate economic growth. By showcasing their unique traditions, crafts, and cuisine, they create opportunities for cultural tourism and local entrepreneurship. This not only generates revenue but also creates a platform for cultural exchange and collaboration on a global scale.Moreover, culture construction is an essential component of education and personal development. Through the study of literature, art, music, and history, individuals can gain a deeper understanding of their own culture and that of others. This exposure can broaden their perspectives, cultivate critical thinking skills, and nurture creativity. By integrating cultural education into school curricula and lifelong learning programs, societies can empower theircitizens to become informed and culturally literate global citizens.Finally, culture construction can be a powerful tool for social change and progress. By challenging outdated norms and prejudice, promoting gender equality, and advocatingfor human rights, culture can be a driving force forpositive transformation. Through artistic expression, storytelling, and public discourse, people can raise awareness about important social issues and inspire collective action for a more just and equitable society.文化建设是一个社会发展中重要的方面。
如何建立世界一流大学的英语作文
如何建立世界一流大学的英语作文Building a world-class university requires a strategic blend of innovation, resources, and a commitment to excellence. Here's how it can be achieved:Firstly, fostering a culture of academic freedom is crucial. This encourages scholars to pursue knowledge without the constraints of dogma, leading to groundbreaking research and thought leadership.Secondly, attracting and retaining top-tier faculty is essential. These are the mentors who inspire students anddrive the university's reputation for academic rigor and innovation.Thirdly, investing in state-of-the-art facilities is imperative. Modern labs, libraries, and technology hubs not only enhance the learning experience but also position the university as a leader in its field.Fourthly, establishing partnerships with industry andother institutions globally can open doors for collaborative projects, internships, and exchanges, enriching theeducational experience and broadening perspectives.Fifthly, a focus on interdisciplinary studies can lead to innovative solutions that tackle complex, real-world problems. This approach prepares students for the dynamic challenges ofthe modern workforce.Lastly, a dedication to continuous improvement and a willingness to adapt to the evolving needs of society and technology are key. This ensures the university remains at the forefront of education and research.In conclusion, creating a world-class university is a multifaceted endeavor that demands vision, resources, and a relentless pursuit of excellence. It's about nurturing an environment where knowledge thrives, and innovation is the norm.。
campus safety大学英语作文
campus safety大学英语作文English:Ensuring campus safety is of paramount importance for all universities. This can be achieved through a combination of physical security measures, such as surveillance cameras, security personnel, and well-lit areas, as well as through proactive safety initiatives, such as emergency response drills, self-defense classes, and mental health resources. Collaborating with local law enforcement agencies and conducting thorough background checks on staff and visitors can also contribute to a safer campus environment. In addition, promoting a culture of bystander intervention and educating students on the importance of reporting any suspicious activity can help prevent potential threats. Ultimately, creating a safe campus requires a holistic approach that prioritizes both prevention and response strategies to ensure the well-being of all members of the university community.中文翻译:确保校园安全对所有大学来说至关重要。
布置班级英语文化墙英语作文
布置班级英语文化墙英语作文In today's globalized world, the importance of learning English and understanding different cultures has become increasingly evident. To foster a learning environment that encourages cultural exchange and enhances our English language skills, our class decided to create an English Cultural Wall. This wall would serve as a vibrant displayof diverse cultures, bringing the beauty and richness ofthe world's languages and traditions to our classroom.The planning stage was exciting as we brainstormedideas and discussed what elements should be included. We wanted to ensure that the wall represented a wide range of cultures and that it was visually appealing and informative. We divided the wall into different sections, each dedicated to a specific country or region. Each section would feature the flag of the respective country, along with interesting facts, quotes, and images related to its culture.The process of collecting information and materials was challenging but rewarding. We conducted research online, read books, and interviewed people from different culturesto gather authentic and accurate information. We alsoencouraged our classmates to contribute their own ideas and resources, making the project truly collaborative.The most exciting part was the execution. We used colorful posters, sticky notes, and even hand-drawn illustrations to decorate the wall. We carefully arranged the information and images to create a visually appealing display. The result was a vibrant and informative wall that truly captured the essence of different cultures.The English Cultural Wall has become a focal point in our classroom. It not only enhances our learning environment but also promotes cultural understanding and respect. As we walk past the wall, we are constantly reminded of the beauty and diversity of the world's cultures. It激励着我们努力学习英语，拓宽视野，成为具有全球视野的公民。
我国建设文化强国英文作文
我国建设文化强国英文作文英文：As a Chinese citizen, I believe that building a culturally strong nation is of utmost importance for the development and prosperity of our country. Cultivating a rich and diverse cultural landscape not only enhances our national identity, but also promotes understanding and cooperation among different ethnic groups and nations around the world. 。
In recent years, the Chinese government has been actively promoting the concept of building a "cultural powerhouse" through various initiatives and policies. This includes investing in the preservation and promotion of traditional Chinese culture, as well as supporting the development of contemporary arts and creative industries. For example, the construction of cultural facilities such as museums, theaters, and art galleries has been on the rise in many cities across China. These efforts not onlyprovide opportunities for the public to engage withcultural activities, but also contribute to the overall cultural vitality of the nation.Furthermore, the promotion of cultural exchange and cooperation with other countries has also been a key focus. By participating in international cultural events, hosting foreign cultural exhibitions, and supporting cultural exchange programs, China has been able to showcase its rich heritage and contemporary cultural achievements to the world. This not only enhances China's global influence, but also fosters mutual understanding and friendship between people of different nations.中文：作为中国公民，我相信建设一个文化强国对于我国的发展和繁荣至关重要。
带文献翻译
建筑工地基于行为的安全性：案例研究摘要这项工作提出了一个案例研究的结果，并介绍了施工安全管理，即基于行为的安全（ BBS）领域内的一个重要领域。
本文采用并发展为在施工现场环境中的安全改进管理方法。
一个严格的行为安全系统及其干预方案实施和部署在目标建筑工地。
在实施几周的安全行为的措施后，项目管理团队实现了所设计的干预措施。
目标设定的会议被安排在现场，工人参与设定的表现现实的和可实现的目标。
安全性能测试、持续的性能水平和目标都提出了关于反馈的图表。
当工人们安全地采取行动或改善的关键行为时，监事被要求给他们认同和称赞，。
观察员被要求必须与工人讨论，访问该网站，分发培训材料给工作人员，并提供反馈给一起工作的人和显示图表。
他们被要求谈谈在经理面前的操作工。
这是必要的开发所测得的认识和理解。
在这个过程中，操作工学会如何安全地采取行动，当使用设计检查表进行实地任务时。
目前的每周分数进行了每周一次的安全会议和其他工作场所的会议的重点放在如何实现既定的目标。
安全性能措施的采取由公司的观察员进行，其可靠性是被监测过的。
在安全性能水平明显增加，所有类别达到了：个人防护设备;家务;获得高度;厂房及设备和脚手架。
该研究表明，分数的安全性能在一个项目中的86％（在第3周结束）提高到92.9％在第9个星期。
干预的结果证明大幅度下降的不安全行为和显著增加安全的行为。
在这种情况下，研究结果表明，基于目标设定，反馈和安全行为的有效措施，如果妥善致力于管理应用的方法，可以在施工现场的环境中显著提高安全性能。
实验结果证明，该论坛的管理技术可以被应用到任何国家的文化，这表明它是为提高一线工人的安全，而且它有行业广泛应用为正在进行的建设项目一个不错的办法。
关键词: 施工现场；基于行为的安全；目标设定；反馈；干预；安全性能；1.引言是什么行为？行为是简单的东西，有人做或说。
在心理上，行为是行动或响应外部或内部刺激的人或事物的反应。
在过去的十年中，大量的研究已经在阿杰恩和菲什拜因进行，（1980，菲斯，和阿杰恩的计划行为理论，1975）。
建筑安全专业英文翻译
模板工程安全管理Security Management for formwork engineering前言：企业安全生产事故的发生原因是多方面的，主要有违反操作规程或劳动纪律；教育培训不够，缺乏安全操作知识；生产设备不符合安全要求；安全防护设施缺少或存在缺陷等，但事故的根本原因在于人的不安全行为，因此企业安全生产的关键是改善人的行为方式，最大限度地减少人的不安全行为。
Preface:There are many reasons can cause the enterprise production safety accidents, mainly including violation of rules and labor disciplines,short of education training and the safe operation knowledge, production equipment does not suit the safety requirements, lack of the security facilities and flawed, however, the basic reason of the accident depends on the person’s unsafe behavior, so the key to the enterprise’s safety production is to improve people's behavior in order to reduce the unsafe behavior.目前企业安全文化的培养和建设，从员工的行为入手，提高他们的安全意识，确立企业的安全目标，倡导共同的安全价值观、思维方式和行为规范，由此营造员工心理认同和具有团体凝聚力的良好的安全生产环境和秩序，有效地调节和控制员工的行为，达到自律的最高境界。
毕业论文附录英文翻译
附录SLAC-PUB-3620April 1985(A)APPLICATION OF GPS IN A HIGH PRECISIONENGINEERING SURVEY NET WORKROBERT RULAND, ALFRED LEICKABSTRACT.A GPS satellite survey was carried out with the Macrometer to sup-port construction at the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center(SLAC).The networkconsists of 16 stations of which 9 stations were part of the Macrometer network.The horizontal and vertical accuracy of the GPS survey is estimated to be l-2 m m and2-3 m m respectively.The horizontal accuracy of the terrestrial survey,consisting of angles and distances,equals that of the GPS survey only in the“loop”portion ofthe network.All stations are part of a precise level network.The ellipsoidal heightsobtained from the GPS survey and the orthometric heights of the level network are used to compute geoid undulations.A geoid profile along the linac was computed by the National Geodetic Survey in 1963.This profile agreed with the observed geoid within the standard deviation of the GPS survey.Angles and distances were adjusted together(TERRA),and all terrestrial observations were combined with the GPS vector observations in a combination adjustment(COMB).A comparison of C O M B and TERRA revealed systematic errors in the terrestrial solution.A scale factor of 1.5 ppm f.8 ppm was estimated.This value is of the same magnitude as the over-all horizontal accuracy of both networks.INTRODUCTIONAt the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center a new project is under construction,the Stanford Linear Collider(SLC).The shape of the completed SLC will be like a tennis racket with the handle being the existing linac and the curved parts being the new North and South collider arcs.The diameter formed by the loop will be about 1 km.Toposition the approximately 1000 magnets in the arc tunnels,a network of nearby reference marks is necessary(Pietryka 1985).An error analysis has shown that a tunnel traverse cannot supply reference points with the required accuracy.Therefore,a work with vertical-penetrations will support the tunnel traverses.-The required absolute positional accuracy of a control point is f 2 m m(Friedsam -1984).This two-dimensional surface net must be oriented to the same datum as defined by the design coordinate system.This design coordinate system is used to express the theoretical positions of all beam guiding elements.Since this coordinate system defines the direction of the existing two mile long linear accelerator(linac)as its Z-axis,the SLC coordinate system must integrate points along the linac in order to pick up its direction.Therefore,three linac stations have been added to the SLC net.Figure 1 shows the resulting network configuration.The disadvantageous configuration is obvious,especially since there is no intervisibility between linac stations 1,10 and 19 to stations other than to 42 and 20.To improve this configuration,one would have to add stations northerly and southerly of the linac.However,due to local topography,doing that would have tripled the survey costs.This was the situation when it was decided to try GPS technology,although it was at that time not yet proven that the required 2 m m standard deviation positional accuracy could be obtained.SURVEY DESIGNThe horizontal control network consists of 16 stations,12 in the…loop‟,and 4 along the linac.Because of financial considerations,not all 16 stations have been included in the GPS survey.Only the 4 linac and 5…loop‟stations were occupied by the GPS survey.The intent was to determine the coordinates of the loop stations,includingstation 42,by conventional means,i.e.triangulation and trilateration,followed by an inner constraint adjustment.Then the GPS information would be used to orient the net to the direction of the linac(Ruland 1985).Conventional Horizontal NetAll monuments are equipped with forced centering systems and built either as massive concretears or steel frame towers,both with independant observation platforms.The observation schedule consists of directions and distances with standard deviations of 0.3 mgon and 2 mm,respectively.Conventional V ertical NetAll 16 stations are part of a high precision level network.To minimize errors and simplify repeated leveling,both benchmarks and turning points are permanently monumented.Doublerunning the entire net requires about 700 setups.The standard deviation for a 1 km double-runline is 0.3 mm.GPS SurveyThe GPS survey,which utilized the five available satellites,was carried out in August 1984 by Geo-Hydro Inc.The whole observation window was used for each station.In general three Macrometers were put to use.Linac Laser Alignment SystemFor the frequent realignment of the linear accelerator,the linac laser alignment system was designed and installed.This system is capable of determining positions perpendicular to the axis of the linac(X and Y)to better than f.l m m over the total length of 3050 m.To do so,a straight line is defined between a point source of light and a detector.At each of the 274 support points,a target is supported on a remotely actuated hinge.To check the alignment at a desired point,the target at that point is inserted into the lightbeam by actuating the hinge mechanism.The target is actually a rectangular Fresnel lens with the correct focal length so that an image of the light source is formed on the plane of the detector.This image is then scanned by thedetector in both the vertical and the horizontal directions to determine the displacement of the target from the predetermined line.The targets are mounted in a 60 cm diameter aluminum pipe which is the basic support girder for the accelerator.The support girder is evacuated to about 10/.Lof Hg to prevent air refraction effects from distorting or deflecting the alignment image(Hermannsfeldt 1965).Using this system it was possible to determine the X-coordinates of the four linac stations,independant of terrestrial or GPS survey techniques,to better than ±0.l mm.ANALYSIS OF LEVELING DATATo check for blunders,the L-l norm adjustment technique was applied(FUCHS 1983).Several blunders have been identified and cleared.A L-2 norm adjustment was then carried out with CATGPS(Collins 1985)in a minimally constrained fashion by fixing the height of station 41 to its published value of 64.259m.The choice of this particular station as well as the specific numerical value is,of course arbitrary for the purpose of the adjustment.CATGPS is suitable for adjusting leveling data if the latitudes and longitudes of the stations are fixed.The results of the level adjustment are summarized in Table 1(Column Level).ANALYSIS OF GPS DA TAAll GPS vectors and their respective(3x3)covariance matrices as received from Geo-Hydro were subjected to an inner constraint least squares solution for the purpose of blunder detection and to get an unconstraint estimate of the obtained accuracy.Table 1 Summary of Adjustment ResultsInner Constraint GPS SolutionApplying data snooping(Baarda 1976)on the residuals the vector observation(39-42)was suspected-of containing a blunder of about 1.3 cm.A recomputation was carried out at GeoHydro and,indeed,the time bias was not fixed in the original computation.Fixing the time biasin the case of short vectors is the standard procedure in Macrometer vector computation.The components of the recomputed vector agreed within 2 m m with the adjusted values of the original network solution.Upon implementing the corrected observations the residuals did not suggest the existence of other blunders.The inner constraint solution was carried out with MAC(Leick 1984);the results are documented in Table 1,Table 2,and Fig.2.The quality and homogeneity of the GPS network is well documented by the tables and the figure.The standard deviations for the horizontal positions are between 1 and 2 m m and for the vertical positions between 2 and 3 mm respectively.If one computes the standard deviations and the adjusted length for all observedvectors and their ratios,then the average ratio is 1:690000.This value yields anothercharacterization of the horizontal accuracy achieved in this GPS survey.Minimum Constraint GPS SolutionThis solution defines the reference datum.The most simple set of minimal constraints are i imposed by fixing one station to account for the translatory component of the GPS polyhedron. The rotation and the scale are inherent in the Macrometer vector measurement and processing technique.The published geodetic latitude and longitude(NAD 1927)are adopted for station 41.The ellipsodial height for this station is equated to its orthometric height given above.Thus_the defined ellipsoid differs only slightly from the classical definition of a local reference ellipsoid(At the initial point the geodetic latitude and longitude equal astronomical latitude and longitude respectively;one geodetic and one astronomical azimuth are equated,and the ellipsodial height is taken as zero.)This classical definition makes the ellipsoid tangent to the equipotential surface at the initial point.Since the choice of the numerical values for station 41 are totally immaterial as far as the adjustment of GPS vectors is concerned,the classical definition of the local reference ellipsoid could have been used as well.The deflections of the vertical happen to be known in his adequate for this project as long as the correction of the measured horizontal angles due to deflections of the vertical are negligible since no attempt is made to apply these corrections.Table 2 Standard Deviations of GPS SolutionFigure 2 Error Ellipses from GPS Inner Constraint SolutionSHAPE OF THE GEOIDThe shape of the geoid in the area of the survey follows readily from a comparison of the ellipsoidal and orthometric heights according toH=h-NFigure3 shows the geoidal profile along the linear accelerator.The figure shows an unexpected dip of the-observed geoid at station 20.It so happens that this station required an observation tower of 20 m for the terrestrial measurements and that the height above the ground monument was measured trigonometrically.Assuming that the geoid follows the dashed line one can deduce an error in the height of the tower platform of about 8mm.In the context of an earlier survey for the construction of the linear accelerator the Coast and Geodetic Survey computed a geoid profile between stations 1 and 42.The report(Rice 1966)lists the components of the deflection of the vertical for stations 1 and 42,and for a non-existing station halfway between stations 10 and 19.From these values the Coast and Ge9detic Survey computed a function for the undulation.All linear values are in feet.The variable z is measured from station 1. It is stated in the report that this function gives undulations with an accuracy estimate of better than 0.001 ft.No procedure is given as to how this accuracy estimate was obtained.The undulation curve,derived from the following function,is shown in Fig.3.:N =11.102*3142106)(10*0629.6)(10*4331.11)(10x x x ---+-The.deviation between this curve and the observed geoid just barely exceeds,at station10,the standard deviation for the Macrometer determined height difference from 1 to 10,and is within the standard deviation at stations 19 and 42.Figure 3 Geoid ProfileIncidentally,the over-all slope of the observed geoid is a consequence of adopting geodetic rather than astronomic positions as minimal constraints at station 41.The east-west component of the deflection of the vertical at station 42 is 1.84 arcsec which accounts for 27 m m of the 22 mm geoidal slope between stations 1 and 42.Figure 4 Geoid Undulation ContoursFigure 4 shows an attempt to draw contours of equal geoid heights.The small number of G P S stat&rs and their area1 distribution effects the accuracy of the contours.ANALYSIS OF THE TERRES TRIAL OBSERV ATIONSThe triangulation and trilateration data were also checked for blunders applying the L-l norm technique(Fuchs 1980).The terrestial observations are then adjusted using the S-dimensional model of CATGPS.The reference ellipsoid is the one definedabove for the minimal constraint G P S vector solution,i.e.the same numerical values for station 41 are held fixed.The orientation in azimuth is achieved by holding the latitude of station 35 fixed to the numerical value computed for the minimal constraint GPS solution.The height of station 41 is constrained to the GPS solution as well.A consequence of this definition is that the terrestrial system(U)and the satellite system(S)coincide.Since the triangulation and trilateration observations do not contain much information in the third dimension,the ellipsoidal heights of the remaining stations are introduced as observed parameters.The heights are shown in Table 3.Table 3 Orthometric Height H and Ellipsidal Height HThe elliposidal heights for the GPS stations follow immediately from the&iinrmal c&straint GPS vector adjustment,whereas the ellipsoidal heights of the remaining points are computed from the orthometric heights and the interpolated geoid undulations.The standard deviations for the latter set of heights are derived from a guess for the accuracy of the geoid interpolations.In order to investigate the relative weighting of theles and the distances,two separate adjustments are ried out with CATGPS,each having only one type observation.The result is shown in Table 1.The le for the angle adjustment is provided by fixing the gitude of station 35.The stations 1,10,and 19 are luded from these adjustments because of the weak of that part of the network.In the next step anglesand distances are combined in a common ustment which excludes(TERRA A)and includes(TE RRA B)th e 1m‟at stations 1,10,and 19 respectivelyCOMBINED ADJUSTMENTCA TGPS is finally used to adjust the terrestrial observations and the GPS vectors together.The minimal constraints are implemented by assigning to the latitude and longitude of station 41,to the latitude of station 35,and to the ellipsoidal heights of stations 1,33,and 39 the minimum constraint GPS results as constants.In this way the GPS vector observations will determine the heights of all stations,i.e.the leveled orthometric heights do not enter this adjustment at all.Table 1 shows that the estimated rotation parameters differ only insignificantly from zero.Their theoretical value is zero because of the specific choice of the numerical values of the coordinates held fixed.A different selection for the fixed coordinate values at station 41,e.g.astronomical positions,would have resulted in estimated rotation parameters significantly different from zero.The estimated scale factor is 1.5 ppm which is about twice its estimated standard deviation.INTERPRETA TIONTable 1 shows the a-posteriori variances of unit weight for all adjustments.It is seen that these values for the adjustments GPS,ANGLES,and DIST are all slightly above one,but are acceptable at a significance level of.05.Since the three variances of unit weight(1.13,1.11.1.17) are of nearly the same size,one could scale the variance of the GPS vectors,the angles,and the distances by a common scale.This would formally reduce the a-posteriori variances for TERRA(A),TERRA(B),and COMB,but would not change the outcome..of the adjustments.There appears to be no need to scale the variance for the GPS vector observation,the terrestrial angles and distances by separate(different)factors.Table 4 Compilation of Adjustment ResultsTable 4 shows the adjusted coordinates for the GPS vector adjustment,the combined angle and distance adjustment TERRA(B),and the combination solution COMB.The column“COMB-TERRA”shows for each coordinate the discrepancies in milhmeters between the cornbinedmsolution and the terrestrial solution.The comparison is permissable since solutions in the same terrestrial system(U)are compared.There is a large discrepancy in latitude at station1.However,this discrepancy can be readily explained by a weakness of the terrestrial solution TERRA.The lateral position(with respect to the linac)is only determined by the angles(33-20-1)and(20-N-l).Note that the separation of stations 20-l and 10-l is 3500m and 2500m respectively.The discrepancies COMB-TERRA(B)are shown in Fig.5.There appears to be a systematic effect along the linac in the ter-I I Irestrial observations.The deviation definitely exceeds what can be expected from the formal standard deviations of the terrestrial solution TERRA(B).Several partial solutions were carried out and the residuals were inspected in all cases.No evidence could befound for the existance of blunders in the data.If one excludes the stations 1,10,and19,then the combination solution and terrestrial solution agree within 1 mm.A verification of whether either the GPS or the terrestrial observations along the linac are systematically debased could finally be obtained through utilizing the linac laser alignment system.A comparison of the X-coordinates of the linac stations from the TERRA and COMB solution with those determined using the linac alignment system was done by means of a seven parameter transformation after the ellipsoidal coordinates had been converted into Cartesian coordinates.The results are shown in table 5.Looking at the(LINAC-COMB)CO~UIIUI,the values of the differences are insignificant with respect to the standard deviations of the COMB-solution.In other words,the COMB-solution reflects the correct geometry of the linac;whereas the significant differences in the(LINAC-TERRA)column indicate that the geometry of the stations in the systems is not congruent.The column GPS-COMB shows only small discrepancies.The latitudinal differences are all smaller than 2 mm.The discrepancies in the east-west direction are somewhat larger.A proper interpretation of these discrepancies requires that one distinguish between the two coordinate systems involved.The combination solution C O M B(as well as TERRA)refers to the terrestrial coordinate system(U).B ecause of the specific choice of the coordinates of the fixed station 41 and the futed latitude of station 10,the terrestial coordinate system(U)and the satellite system(S)areparallel.This is confirmed by the estimates of the rotation angles listed in Table1.However,the same table lists a scale of±l.5 ppm.Going back to the definition of these transformation parameters it is seen that a positive scale estimate implies that the polyhedron determined by GPS observations(satellite system)is bigger than the one determined from the terrestrial observations.This is readily confirmed by comparing the longitudes of stations 1,41,and 35 for the GPS and the C O M B solutions in Table 4.The scale factor is,of course,also present in the latitudinal discrepancies,but to a lesser extent,because of the predominently east-west extension of the whole network.The longitudinal effect of the scale factor onaation 1 relative to station 41 is 1.5 ppm*3200 m=5.4 mm.This is the value by which the longitudinal separation of stations 1 and 41 should be increased in COMB.In fact,the effect of thescale on the longitudes of all stations is computed as(-5,-3,-2,0, -1,0,1,2)inmillimeters.Differencing these values with those listed in Table 4 under column“GPS-COMB”yields the discrepancies in which the effect of the scale is eliminated.The values are(O,O,-l,O,-,-l,-l,O,-3) in millimeters.These values and those listed for the latitude are of the same size.They reflect the“non-scale”discrepancies between the GPS solution and the combination solution.Their smallness reflects the dominance of the GPS vector observations in the combination solution.Table 5 Linac ComparisonCONCLUSIONSThe leveling data were used only to compute(interpolate)the geoidundulations.The accuracy of these undulations depends directly on the accuracy of the leveling and the vertical components of the GPS survey.Processing the phase observations“line by line”yielded a co mpletely acceptable accuracy for this parison with the terrestrial observations demonstratesthat the_GPS accuracy statements(standard deviations)are,indeed,meaningful and not toooptimistic. Compared against the standard of the precise network and especially the linac laser alignment system measurements,it could be proven that the GPS technique in a close range application is capable of producing results with standard deviations in the range of l-3 m m and,therefore,can be applied for engineering networks.The GPS survey has made it possible for the weak network of the linac(stations 1,10,19,42)to be tied accurately to the loop network.The terrestrial observations did not control the latitudinal position of station 1 accurately.To determine station 1 accurately with terrestrial observations would have required the design of a“classical”network which would have been difficult and expensive because of the visibility constraints due to topography and buildings(which did not exist during the first survey for the linac).The GPS survey served as a standard of comparison for the terrestrial solution and revealed the existence of systematic errors in the latter solution even though a thorough analysis of the terrestrial observations did not reveal such errors.Since the estimated scale factor of 1.5 ppm f.8 ppm is of the same magnitude as the over-all horizontal accuracy of both networks,no conclusion can be drawn as to internal scale problems of either the electronic distance measurement devices or the Macrometer.REFERENCESBaarda,W.(1976):Reliability and Precision of Networks,Presented Paper to the VIIth International Course for Engineering Survey of High Precision,Darmstadt.Collins,J.,Leick A.(1985):Analysis of Macrometer Network with Emphesis on the Montgomery(PA)County Survey,Presented Paper to the First InternationalSymposium on Precise Positioning with the Global Positioning System,Rockville.Fuchs,H(31980):Untersuchungen zur Ausgleichung durch Minimierender Absolutsummeder V erbesserungen,Dissertation,Technische Universitlt Graz.Fuchs,H.,Hofmann-Wellenhof,B.,Schuh W.-D.(1983):Adjustment and Gross Error Detection of Leveling Networks,in:H.Pelzer and W.Niemeier(Editors):Precise Levelling,Diimmler V erlag,Bonn,pp.391-409.Friedsam,H.,OrenW.,PietrykaM.,PitthanR.,Ruland R.(1984):SLC-Alignment Handbook,in:Stanford Linear Collider Design Handbook,Stanford,pp.8-3-8-85.Hermannsfeldt,W.(1965):L‟mat Alignment Techniques,Paper presented to the IEEE Particle Accelerator Conference,Washington D.C.Leick A.(1984):M August 1984.acrometer Surveying,Journal of Surveying Engineering,V ol.110,No.2Pietryka,M,Friedsam H.,Oren W.,Pitthan R.,Ruland R.(1985):The Alignment of Stanford‟s new Electron-Positron Collider,Presented Paper to the 45th ASP-ASCM Convention,Washington D.C.Rice,D.(1966):V ertical Alignment-Stanford Linear Accelerator-,in:Earth Movement Investigations and Geodetic Control for Stanford Linear Accelerator Center,Aetron-Blume-Atkinson,Report No.ABA 106.Ruland,R.,Leick,A.(1985):Usability of GPS in Engineering Surveys,Presented Paper to the 45th ASP-ASCM Convention,Washington D.C.附录斯坦福直线加速器中心-36201985年4月(A)GPS在精密工程测量网中的应用RobertRuland，AlfredLeiek摘要：测距仪被用来进行GPS卫星测量，以支援斯坦福直线加速器中心(SLAC)的建设。
campus safety大学英语作文
campus safety大学英语作文（中英文实用版）Campus safety is an issue that cannot be overlooked in the contemporary educational environment.It encompasses a wide range of aspects, from physical security to the psychological well-being of students.To ensure a safe and conducive learning atmosphere, it is imperative that both the institution and its members take proactive measures.校园安全是当今教育环境中不可忽视的问题。
它包括从物理安全到学生心理健康的方方面面。
为确保一个安全且有利于学习的环境，学校及其成员采取积极的措施至关重要。
Universities should install surveillance cameras, enhance lighting in dark areas, and implement strict access control systems to deter potential criminals.Additionally, emergency response protocols and regular safety drills are essential to prepare students for unforeseen circumstances.大学应安装监控摄像头，加强阴暗区域的照明，并实施严格的门禁系统以阻止潜在的犯罪行为。
此外，应急响应协议和定期的安全演习对于让学生应对突发事件至关重要。
Educating students about personal safety is another vital aspect.They should be aware of the importance of not walking alone at night, locking their doors, and being cautious with personal information online.Moreover, anti-bullying campaigns and mental health supportservices should be readily available to address the psychological aspect of campus safety.教育学生关于个人安全同样是至关重要的方面。
6、毕业设计(论文)外文翻译(原文)模板
编号：桂林电子科技大学信息科技学院毕业设计(论文)外文翻译（原文）系（部）：专业：学生姓名：学号：指导教师单位：姓名：职称：年月日1、所填写内容“居中”对齐，注意每项下划线长度一致，所填字体为三号字、宋体字。
2、A4纸打印；页边距要求如下：页边距上下各为2.5 厘米，左右边距各为2.5厘米。
正文：要求为小四号Times New Roman字体，行间距取固定值（设置值为20磅）；字符间距为默认值（缩放100%，间距：标准）。
页眉处“共X页”，X需要手动修改。
大功率LED散热的研究摘要：如何提高大功率LED的散热能力，是LED器件封装和器件应用设计要解决的核心问题。
介绍并分析了国内外大功率LED散热封装技术的研究现状，总结了其发展趋势与前景用途。
关键词：大功率LED；散热；封装1. 引言发光二极管（LED ）诞生至今，已经实现了全彩化和高亮度化，并在蓝光LED 和紫光LED 的基础上开发了白光LED ，它为人类照明史又带来了一次飞跃。
发光二极管（LED）具有低耗能、省电、寿命长、耐用等优点，因而被各方看好将取代传统照明成为未来照明光源。
而大功率LED 作为第四代电光源，赋有“绿色照明光源”之称，具有体积小、安全低电压、寿命长、电光转换效率高、响应速度快、节能、环保等优良特性，必将取代传统的白炽灯、卤钨灯和荧光灯而成为21世纪的新一代光源。
普通LED 功率一般为0.05W ，工作电流为20mA ，大功率LED可以达到1W，2W，甚至数十瓦！工作电流可以是几十毫安到几百毫安不等。
其特点具有体积小、耗电小、发热小、寿命长、响应速度快、安全低电压、耐候性好、方向性好等优点。
外罩可用PC管制作，耐高温达135 度，低温-45 度。
广泛应用在油田、石化、铁路、矿山、部队等特殊行业、舞台装饰、城市景观照明、显示屏以及体育场馆等，特种工作灯具中的具有广泛的应用前景。
但由于目前大功率白光LED 的转换效率还较低，光通量较小，成本较高等方面因素的制约，因此大功率白光LED 短期内的应用主要是一些特殊领域的特种工作灯具，中长期目标才能是通用照明领域。
共建和谐校园英文作文
共建和谐校园英文作文英文：As a student, I believe that building a harmonious campus is essential for our education and growth. To achieve this goal, we need to work together and create a positive atmosphere on campus.Firstly, we should respect each other's differences and embrace diversity. It is important to understand that everyone is unique and has their own strengths and weaknesses. By accepting and appreciating our differences, we can learn from each other and grow together.Secondly, we should cultivate a sense of community and belonging. This can be achieved through various activities such as sports events, cultural festivals, and volunteer work. By participating in these activities, we can develop friendships and a sense of responsibility towards our community.Lastly, we should maintain a safe and clean environment on campus. This means taking care of our surroundings and being mindful of our actions. For example, we can pick up litter, conserve energy, and follow the rules and regulations set by the school.中文：作为一名学生，我相信建设和谐校园对于我们的教育和成长至关重要。
校园网英文文献翻译（大全）
校园网英文文献翻译（大全）第一篇：校园网英文文献翻译（大全）原文题目：Campus Network planning and ConstructionAt present, China's rapid development of the cause of the campus network, to early 2003, almost all colleges have set up their own campus network, and carry out a variety of its services and applications.Campus Network build a rich learning resources to enhance the efficiency of education.But as the number of users increased dramatically increased and the pattern of opera-tions, campus network security is increasingly conspicuous, and the ever threat to the healthy development of the campus network, as an education development of the information industry should not be neglected problem.This paper focuses on the campus network design and the process of building the campus network established the goal of building, campus network technology programme design, information resources construction, application software development, network management and security, the five key issues.“ The safe management of the campus net and the maintenance summary:The campus network is the infrastructure of importance of school, taking the school teaching, research, managing and outward communicate many roles of etc..The safe condition of the campus net affects the teaching activity of the school directly.Set up in the network of initial stage, the safe problem may still be not outstanding, but along with applied thorough, various data of the cam-pus net would nasty play increment, the safe problem beginning of various each kind perplexs us.The Internet flies to develop soon,to the campus net-work the teachers and the students' life and studies have already produced the profound influence, the network have already not have no place in our life at.But at enjoy the convenience that high technology bring at the same time, we need to be awake of know, the safe problem of network also become the network application more and more increasingly and seriously huge bar, the situation that the campus network safety hazes already arrived and must unify the management and resolve thoroughly, only good resolve the safe problem of network, the application of the campus network then can be healthy, high speed of development.We should consider the comprehensive usage fire wall and encrypt several measures, such as technique and the anti-virus pletely, work in coordination, strengthening the management, looking for the balance point of insure the network safety and the network effi-ciency from it, the safety of the comprehensive exaltation campus network, thus build up rise a set of real in keeping with safe system of the calculator network of the school.Keyword:The fire wall, IDS, loophole scan, VLAN(VPN), interview row form, area etc..”The time today's knowledge-based economy and information technology have the development and popularization of Internet in the world have decided the time the network will become the main tool for information.With the de-velopment of computer network technology, network has become an important platform for the exchange of information.21st century the size of the campus network and application level are re-flected in schools and science teaching and learning environment an important component of the force, so we should make use of existing campus conditions, design asecure, unified campus network.Internet-based e-learning with time-sensitive, shared, interactive and many of the characteristics of the individual, so it has a traditional teaching model of unmatched advantages.It created a new teaching model, breaking the tradi-tional teaching model at the time and space limitations, the use of advanced teaching methods and teaching methods, greatly improve the teaching effi-ciency and teaching effectiveness, teaching and learning activities to enable a new level.Do a good job in the design of the campus network, are among the schools, both internal and external communication between the key and con-venient.This thesis focuses on the campus network design and construction process to establish the goal of building the campus network, campus network, network design principles and requirements of network technology selection, selection of network equipment, as well as the formation of the campus net-work for the most important integrated wiring and other key issues, to network security issues are discussed, and give a specific network topology rge Campus Network Design Businesses operating large campus networks are increasingly looking for in-frastructure upgrades to:(1)Handle high bandwidth applications such as voice, video, and IP multicast Improve backbone capacity for shared Ethernet or FDDI campus backbones(2)Support applications based on Novell IPX, DECnet, AppleT alk, and SNA(3)Offer high availability, performance, & manageability for your company's intranetDesign suggestionsUse Layer 2, Layer 3, or ATM backbone solutions to expand your large cam-pus network.In typical designs, the buildings or different parts of the campus connect together across a highperformance, switched work redundancy and high availability is provided at each layer.A high capacity, centralized server farm provides resources to the campus, and when com- bined with Cisco IOS, network management strategies support QoS, security, troubleshooting, and other common management features from end to end.Medium Campus Network Design A medium campus consists of one large building or several -working for a medium campus is designed for high availability, performance, and manageability.This is also called a 'collapsed backbone' design for me-dium campus networks.Additional requirements of these designs typically in-clude:(1)High performance and availability for bandwidth applications such as voice, video, and IP multicast(2)Shared Ethernet or FDDI building backbone which is running out of capac-ity(3)Support for applications based on Novell IPX, DECnet, AppleTalk, and SNA Based on the Cisco AVVID architecture, these intelligent network plat-forms and products provide the basis for a complete network solution.Small campus networks Design In most cases, network redundancy is not the top priority, but cost effective-ness is.Additional requirements of these designs typically include:(1)High performance and availability for bandwidth applications such as voice, video, and IP multicast(2)Shared Ethernet or FDDI building backbone which is running out of capac-ity(3)Support for applications based on Novell IPX, DECnet, AppleTalk, and SNAA campus network is a building or group of buildings allconnected into one enterprise network that consists of many local-area networks(LANs).A cam-pus is generally a portion of a company(or the whole company)that is con-strained to a fixed geographic area.The distinct characteristic of a campus environment is that the company that owns the campus network usually owns the physical wires deployed in the campus.The campus network topology is primarily LAN technology connect-ing all the end systems within the building.Campus networks generally use LAN technologies, such as Ethernet, Token Ring, Fiber Distributed Data In-terface(FDDI), Fast Ethernet, Gigabit Ethernet, and Asynchronous Transfer Mode(ATM).The Enterprise Composite Network Model.As shown in the fol-low figure.译文题目：校园网的规划与构建目前，我国校园网事业飞速发展，至2003年初，几乎所有的大中专院校都建立了自己的校园网，并在其上开展了多种服务和应用。
建筑施工质量控制外文翻译参考文献
建筑施⼯质量控制外⽂翻译参考⽂献建筑施⼯质量控制外⽂翻译参考⽂献(⽂档含中英⽂对照即英⽂原⽂和中⽂翻译)译⽂：建筑施⼯过程中质量管理的动机分析和控制⽅法的研究摘要在建筑施⼯过程中实施质量管理可以有效地防⽌在后续建筑产品使⽤过程中安全事故的发⽣。
与此同时可以减少建设供应链的总成本，这也有利于增强建筑施⼯企业的品牌知名度和声誉。
在建筑施⼯过程中结合质量管理过程和当前建筑施⼯阶段的主要质量问题，分析了建设过程中的管理动机，将供应链管理与⽬标管理理念和⽅法应⽤到质量管理中，最后提出了具体的质量控制措施。
这些都是为了在建筑施⼯过程中提⾼建筑产品的总体质量。
关键字——建筑施⼯、质量管理、质量动机、控制1.引⾔调查显⽰建筑施⼯企业主要采⽤现场控制的质量管理模式是预先控制。
⼤多企业常常使得建筑施⼯过程中与建设管理中的质量管理相同，他们通常忽略了施⼯准备阶段质量问题的预防，如供应商的选择、道路的规划和临时设施，这些因素在建筑施⼯过程中的质量管理上起着⾄关重要的作⽤。
建设质量事故频繁发⽣，引起了许多领域的⾼度关注，如各级政府部门、施⼯企业和业主，特别是重庆綦江虹桥的坍塌、五龙的滑坡和洪湖湿地路基施⼯中的⼀系列质量安全事故，⼈们开始对施⼯质量问题做全⽅位的思考。
通过研究李秀峰总结归纳了造成⼯程的质量问题并引⼊项⽬质量控制分析⽅法，Low Sui Pheng 和Jasmine Ann Teo[2] 建⽴了施⼯中的质量管理框架来通过经验分析实现项⽬的质量控制，SangHyun Lee and others[3] 利⽤系统质量动态结构和变更管理模型的编程⽅法和控制⽅法，最终实现了⼤规模的并⾏设计和施⼯项⽬的管理和控制。
⽅唐分析了建设项⽬质量管理的整个过程和控制⽅法，她认为应该实现对影响建设单位质量的⼈、材料、机械、⽅法和环境的完全控制；吴天翔研究出管理因素是影响建设项⽬质量控制的重要因素，强调了施⼯过程中需要严格控制的各个⽅⾯和整体实现加强管理的需要。
毕业论文外文翻译报告范文
毕业论文外文翻译报告范文AbstractThis report presents a translation of an academic article titled "The Impact of Technology on Education." The article discusses the various ways in which technology has transformed the field of education, particularly in terms of teaching methods, student engagement, and access to educational resources. The translation aims to accurately convey the content and meaning of the original article, while ensuring clarity and coherence for the readers.IntroductionTechnology has revolutionized nearly every aspect of our lives, including the field of education. In recent years, there has been a significant increase in the use of technology in classrooms and educational institutions worldwide. This article explores the impact of technology on education, highlighting its benefits and potential challenges.Teaching MethodsOne of the key effects of technology on education is the transformation of traditional teaching methods. With the introduction of interactive whiteboards, online learning platforms, and educational apps, teachers now have access to a wide range of tools and resources to enhance their teaching. These technologies enable teachers to create dynamic and engaging lessons, integrating multimedia content and interactive activities, which enhance student understanding and participation.Student EngagementTechnology has also had a profound impact on student engagement in the learning process. With the use of digital tools, students can now actively participate in their education and take ownership of their learning. Interactive quizzes, online discussions, and collaborative projects allow students to actively engage with the subject matter, promoting critical thinking and problem-solving skills. Moreover, technology enables personalized learning experiences, catering to individual student needs and preferences.Access to Educational ResourcesAnother significant benefit of technology in education is the increased access to educational resources. Online libraries, open educational resources, and digital textbooks provide students with a vast amount of information at their fingertips. This access to a wide range of resources goes beyond what traditional textbooks and classrooms can offer, empowering students to explore and learn at their own pace.Challenges and ConsiderationsWhile the impact of technology on education is largely positive, there are also some challenges and considerations that need to be addressed. One concern is the potential for technology to create a divide between students who have access to technology and those who do not. It is essential to ensure equitable access to technology and training for all students to prevent further disparities in education.Additionally, the integration of technology in the classroom requires teachers to adapt and acquire new technological skills. Adequate training and support must be provided to empower teachers to effectively incorporate technology into their teaching practices.ConclusionIn conclusion, technology has had a transformative impact on education. It has revolutionized teaching methods, enhanced student engagement, and provided increased access to educational resources. However, it is important to address the challenges and considerations that arise with the integration of technology in education. By doing so, we can ensure that technology continues to benefit and enhance the learning experience for all students.References:[Original Article Reference]。
建设美丽中国英文作文大学
英文篇：Building a Beautiful ChinaAs a university student, I deeply believe that it is our responsibility to contribute towards building a beautiful China. This vision encompasses a harmonious coexistence between humans and nature, a sustainable development path, and the preservation of our rich cultural heritage.Firstly, protecting the environment is crucial for the realization of a beautiful China. We must adopt eco-friendly practices in our daily lives, such as reducing waste, conserving water, and using renewable energy. Additionally, we should encourage policies that promote green technology and discourage activities that harm the environment.Secondly, sustainable development is essential for the long-term prosperity of our country. This means balancing economic growth with social and environmental concerns. We should invest in renewable energy sources, promote sustainable agricultural practices, and ensure that future generations inherit a healthy and prosperous nation.Moreover, preserving our cultural heritage is vital to maintaining the uniqueness and diversity of China. We must respect and celebrate our rich traditions, languages, and customs. By doing so, we not only honor our ancestors but also foster a sense of national pride and unity among the people.Lastly, education is the key to achieving a beautiful China. We should invest in education that emphasizes environmental awareness, sustainability, and cultural appreciation. By educating our youth, we are equipping them with the knowledge and skills necessary to contribute to the building of a beautiful China.In conclusion, building a beautiful China is a shared responsibility that requires the collective effort of all citizens. By protecting the environment, promoting sustainable development, preserving cultural heritage, and investing in education, we can create a future that is both prosperous and harmonious.中文翻译篇：建设美丽中国作为一名大学生，我深信建设美丽中国是我们的责任。
管理专业毕业论文外文翻译--浅析HSE管理体系与企业安全文化
附录ANALYSIS ON RELATION BETWEEN HSE ADMISTRIATION SYSTEM AND SAFTY OF A COMPANYThe foundation of HSE administration system is a combination of factors which influence whether an institution will function safely and healthily. These factors are organized together in an advanced and scientific way in order to form an administration system. HSE administration system requires an institution to do the risk assessment systematically and periodically in order to identify any risk and be prepared. It emphasizes on a continual improvement, and possesses a high level of degree of self-restriction and self-improvement; therefore, it is an advanced administration system.HSE administration system is originally used by mining companies and it is developed based on HSE administration system through humongous practice. It has several foundational requirements such as participation of all employees and management, continual improvement, cooperation with suppliers, sustainable environmental and economic development, and relationship with customers. QHSE has helped Chinese mining companies to be ranked in the first-class of international mining companies.HSE administration system is one of the most developed administration systems in the world. It has been widely adopted in mining industry. In order to make HSE system more applicable, we must integrate it with the traditional administration systems. In fact, there are some common factors existing in the HSE system and traditional systems. However, the HSE system is much more advanced, scientific, and harmonious, and it possesses some unique characteristics. In order to gain full advantages on HSE system, the company has to develop a culture that is suitable for the application of the system.1、The central factor is the participation of management.The participation from all level of management will release the pressure on employees, lead employees to the right direction, and make employees fullyunderstand the core of the system. The management has to make the promise to allow all employees to participate; setup the clear direction and target; provide all resources required; and clearly setup responsibilities for each participant. Similar with the traditional system, those requirements above are all following government law and based on resources available. Compared with traditional system, the HSE system is more applicable, scientific, and detailed.2、anagement of responsibilities of participants.In order make the system run smoothly, the company has to setup clear responsibilities for all level of management and employees and reword and compensation system.2.1 esponsibilities for the high level management:1)enforce and implement the government laws;2)set up a HSE committee to constitute the company policies regarding thesafety and environmental issues;3)set up policies regarding the utilization of resources;4) evaluation system regarding the implementation process of the HSE system.2.2 Management is responsible for the delivery target and policy to all employees and implementation of the HSE system; evaluation on process of implementing the HSE system; report to the CEO, the board and the committee about how the system is implementing; report any problem in the procedure; correct any problem that is opposite and deleterious to the HSE system.2.3 Head of each department should setup policies and targets according to the corporation policies and targets based on each department’ funct ions and characteristics.2.4 Human resource department should setup evaluation and compensation system accordingly and implement them throughout the whole corporation.3、In order to create a healthy, safe and sustainable environment, the organization should make the implementation procedure of the HSE system simple, efficient, effective and applicable. It should be a process that started from simplicity to complexity, then from complexity to another stage of development. Practicality of theHSE system is based on simplicity. Once the organization carries out the system in day-to-day operation, the system can function more and more efficiently and effectively.3.1 Culture creation is the premise of HSE system.Corporation culture is one part of a modern corporation. It is created throughout daily operation, and long-term education.3.2 Corporation culture is one part of the HSE system. It is created through daily operation and long-term education; it is created subconsciously and it is unique for each corp oration. It should cover every aspect of the corporation and workers’ corporation life. The corporation should have a culture which is dealing with concrete matters relating to work, considering workers’ health and safety, continual improvement, being conscious on potential risks, self-evaluation, and ext.The creation of culture should be one part of the HSE system, and the corporation should encourage full participation of all management and employees.浅析HSE管理体系与企业安全文化HSE管理体系是将实施健康、安全与环境管理的组织机构、职责、做法、程序、过程和资源等要素有机构成的整体，这些要素通过先进、科学、系统的运行模式有机的融合在一起，相互关联、相互作用，形成动态管理体系。
布置班级英语文化墙英语作文
Creating an English Cultural Wall in OurClassroomIn today's interconnected world, the importance of global education cannot be overstated. To foster an environment that encourages linguistic and cultural diversity, our classroom has decided to embark on a unique project: the creation of an English Cultural Wall. This wall will serve as a vibrant showcase of English culture, enhancing our understanding and appreciation of this global language.The initial stages of planning involved brainstorming ideas and dividing tasks among classmates. Some were assigned to research different aspects of English culture, such as its history, literature, and traditions, while others were tasked with finding engaging and educational visual aids. The goal was to create a wall that was both informative and engaging, reflecting the rich tapestry of English culture.The execution phase was a hive of activity. Classmates collaborated to design posters, which were then painstakingly crafted with colorful markers andillustrative details. Quotes from famous English writers, maps of significant landmarks, and images of cultural icons were carefully placed on the wall, creating a visual narrative of English history and heritage.The finished wall is a vibrant testament to our class's dedication and creativity. It tells the story of England from its ancient roots to its modern-day achievements, showcasing everything from Shakespearean plays to contemporary music and film. The wall even features interactive elements, such as a word wall where students can add new English vocabulary words they learn.The impact of this project has been profound. Not only has it enhanced our understanding of English culture, butit has also fostered a sense of community and pride within our classroom. As we walk past the wall every day, we are reminded of the beauty and power of the English language and the vast cultural landscape it represents.Moreover, the wall has sparked a renewed interest in learning about other cultures. Classmates have begun to ask questions about other countries' histories, traditions, andlanguages, leading to rich discussions and a deeper understanding of the interconnectedness of all cultures. In conclusion, the creation of our English Cultural Wall has been an enriching and transformative experience. It has not only transformed our classroom into a vibrant hub of cultural learning but has also fostered a sense of global awareness and respect among our classmates. As we continue to explore and learn from this wall, we are reminded of the power of education to open our minds and connect us to the world.**打造班级英语文化墙**在当今这个相互联系的世界中，全球教育的重要性不言而喻。
毕业设计外文翻译英文翻译英文原稿
Harmonic source identification and current separationin distribution systemsYong Zhao a，b，Jianhua Li a，Daozhi Xia a,*a Department of Electrical Engineering Xi’an Jiaotong University, 28 West Xianning Road, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710049, Chinab Fujian Electric Power Dispatch and Telecommunication Center, 264 Wusi Road, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350003, China AbstractTo effectively diminish harmonic distortions, the locations of harmonic sources have to be identified and their currents have to be separated from that absorbed by conventional linear loads connected to the same CCP. In this paper, based on the intrinsic difference between linear and nonlinear loads in their V –I characteristics and by utilizing a new simplified harmonic source model, a new principle for harmonic source identification and harmonic current separation is proposed. By using this method, not only the existence of harmonic source can be determined, but also the contributions of the harmonic source and the linear loads to harmonic voltage distortion can be distinguished. The detailed procedure based on least squares approximation is given. The effectiveness of the approach is illustrated by test results on a composite load.2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.Keywords: Distribution system; Harmonic source identification; Harmonic current separation; Least squares approximation1. IntroductionHarmonic distortion has experienced a continuous increase in distribution systems owing to the growing use of nonlinear loads. Many studies have shown that harmonics may cause serious effects on power systems, communication systems, and various apparatus [1–3]. Harmonic voltages at each point on a distribution network are not only determined by the harmonic currents produced by harmonic sources (nonlinear loads), but also related to all linear loads (harmonic current sinks) as well as the structure and parameters of the network. To effectively evaluate and diminish the harmonic distortion in power systems, the locations of harmonic sources have to be identified and the responsibility of the distortion caused by related individual customers has to be separated.As to harmonic source identification, most commonly the negative harmonic power is considered as an essential evidence of existing harmonic source [4–7]. Several approaches aiming at evaluating the contribution of an individual customer can also be found in the literatures. Schemes based on power factor measurement to penalize the customer’s harmonic currents are discussed in Ref. [8]. However, it would be unfair to use economical penalization if we could not distinguish whether the measured harmonic current is from nonlinear load or from linear load.In fact, the intrinsic difference between linear and nonlinear loads lies in their V –I characteristics. Harmonic currents of a linear load are i n linear proportion to its supplyharmonic voltages of the same order 次, whereas the harmonic currents of a nonlinear load are complex nonlinear functions of its supply fundamental 基波and harmonic voltage components of all orders. To successfully identify and isolate harmonic source in an individual customer or several customers connected at same point in the network, the V –I characteristics should be involved and measurement of voltages and currents under several different supply conditions should be carried out.As the existing approaches based on measurements of voltage and current spectrum or harmonic power at a certain instant cannot reflect the V –I characteristics, they may not provide reliable information about the existence and contribution of harmonic sources, which has been substantiated by theoretical analysis or experimental researches [9,10].In this paper, to approximate the nonlinear characteristics and to facilitate the work in harmonic source identification and harmonic current separation, a new simplified harmonic source model is proposed. Then based on the difference between linear and nonlinear loads in their V –I characteristics, and by utilizing the harmonic source model, a new principle for harmonic source identification and harmonic current separation is presented. By using the method, not only the existence of harmonic source can be determined, but also the contributions of the harmonic sources and the linear loads can be separated. Detailed procedure of harmonic source identification and harmonic current separation based on least squares approximation is presented. Finally, test results on a composite load containing linear and nonlinear loads are given to illustrate the effectiveness of the approach.2. New principle for harmonic source identification and current separationConsider a composite load to be studied in a distribution system, which may represent an individual consumer or a group of customers supplied by a common feeder 支路in the system. To identify whether it contains any harmonic source and to separate the harmonic currents generated by the harmonic sources from that absorbed by conventional linear loads in the measured total harmonic currents of the composite load, the following assumptions are made.(a) The supply voltage and the load currents are both periodical waveforms withperiod T; so that they can be expressed by Fourier series as1()s i n (2)h h h v t ht T πθ∞==+ (1)1()sin(2)h h h i t ht πφ∞==+The fundamental frequency and harmonic components can further be presented bycorresponding phasorshr hi h h hr hi h hV jV V I jI I θφ+=∠+=∠ , 1,2,3,...,h n = (2)(b) During the period of identification, the composite load is stationary, i.e. both its composition and circuit parameters of all individual loads keep unchanged.Under the above assumptions, the relationship between the total harmonic currents of the harmonic sources(denoted by subscript N) in the composite load and the supply voltage, i.e. the V –I characteristics, can be described by the following nonlinear equation ()()()N i t f v t = (3)and can also be represented in terms of phasors as()()122122,,,...,,,,,,...,,Nhr r i nr ni Nh Nhi r inr ni I V V V V V I I V V V V V ⎡⎤=⎢⎥⎣⎦ 2,3,...,h n = (4)Note that in Eq. (4), the initial time (reference time) of the voltage waveform has been properly selected such that the phase angle u1 becomes 0 and 10i V =, 11r V V =in Eq. (2)for simplicity.The V –I characteristics of the linear part (denote by subscript L) of the composite load can be represented by its equivalent harmonic admittance Lh Lh Lh Y G jB =+, and the total harmonic currents absorbed by the linear part can be described as,Lhr LhLh hr Lh Lhi LhLh hi I G B V I I B G V -⎡⎤⎡⎤⎡⎤==⎢⎥⎢⎥⎢⎥⎣⎦⎣⎦⎣⎦2,3,...,h n = (5)From Eqs. (4) and (5), the whole harmonic currents absorbed by the composite load can be expressed as()()122122,,,...,,,,,,...,,hr Lhr Nhr r i nr ni h hi Lhi Nhi r inr ni I I I V V V V V I I I I V V V V V ⎡⎤⎡⎤⎡⎤==-⎢⎥⎢⎥⎢⎥⎣⎦⎣⎦⎣⎦ 2,3,...,h n = (6)As the V –I characteristics of harmonic source are nonlinear, Eq. (6) can neither be directly used for harmonic source identification nor for harmonic current separation. To facilitate the work in practice, simplified methods should be involved. The common practice in harmonic studies is to represent nonlinear loads by means of current harmonic sources or equivalent Norton models [11,12]. However, these models are not of enough precision and new simplified model is needed.From the engineering point of view, the variations of hr V and hi V ; ordinarily fall into^3% bound of the rated bus voltage, while the change of V1 is usually less than ^5%. Within such a range of supply voltages, the following simplified linear relation is used in this paper to approximate the harmonic source characteristics, Eq. (4)112222112322,ho h h r r h i i hnr nr hni ni Nh ho h h r r h i i hnr nr hni ni a a V a V a V a V a V I b b V b V b V b V b V ++++++⎡⎤=⎢⎥++++++⎣⎦2,3,...,h n = (7)这个地方不知道是不是原文写错？23h r r b V 其他的都是2The precision and superiority of this simplified model will be illustrated in Section 4 by test results on several kinds of typical harmonic sources.The total harmonic current (Eq. (6)) then becomes112222112222,2,3,...,Lh Lh hr ho h h r r h i i hnr nr hni ni h Lh Lh hi ho h h r r h i i hnr nr hni ni G B V a a V a V a V a V a V I B G V b b V b V b V b V b V h n-++++++⎡⎤⎡⎤⎡⎤=-⎢⎥⎢⎥⎢⎥++++++⎣⎦⎣⎦⎣⎦= (8)It can be seen from the above equations that the harmonic currents of the harmonic sources (nonlinear loads) and the linear loads differ from each other intrinsically in their V –I characteristics. The harmonic current component drawn by the linear loads is uniquely determined by the harmonic voltage component with same order in the supply voltage. On the other hand, the harmonic current component of the nonlinear loads contains not only a term caused by the same order harmonic voltage but also a constant term and the terms caused by fundamental and harmonic voltages of all other orders. This property will be used for identifying the existence of harmonic source sin composite load.As the test results shown in Section 4 demonstrate that the summation of the constant term and the component related to fundamental frequency voltage in the harmonic current of nonlinear loads is dominant whereas other components are negligible, further approximation for Eq. (7) can be made as follows.Let112'012()()nh h hkr kr hki ki k k h Nhnh h hkr kr hki kik k h a a V a V a V I b b V b V b V =≠=≠⎡⎤+++⎢⎥⎢⎥=⎢⎥⎢⎥+++⎢⎥⎢⎥⎣⎦∑∑ hhr hhi hr Nhhhr hhi hi a a V I b b V ⎡⎤⎡⎤''=⎢⎥⎢⎥⎣⎦⎣⎦hhrhhihr Lh Lh Nh hhrhhi hi a a V I I I b b V ''⎡⎤⎡⎤'''=-=⎢⎥⎢⎥''⎣⎦⎣⎦,2,3,...,hhr hhiLh Lh hhrhhi hhr hhi Lh Lh hhr hhi a a G B a a h n b b B G b b ''-⎡⎤⎡⎤⎡⎤=-=⎢⎥⎢⎥⎢⎥''⎣⎦⎣⎦⎣⎦The total harmonic current of the composite load becomes112012(),()2,3,...,nh h hkr kr hki ki k k hhhrhhi hr h Lh NhLhNh n hhrhhi hi h h hkr kr hki kik k h a a V a V a V a a V I I I I I b b V b b V b V b V h n=≠=≠⎡⎤+++⎢⎥⎢⎥''⎡⎤⎡⎤''=-=-=-⎢⎥⎢⎥⎢⎥''⎣⎦⎣⎦⎢⎥+++⎢⎥⎢⎥⎣⎦=∑∑ (9)By neglecting ''Nh I in the harmonic current of nonlinear load and adding it to the harmonic current of linear load, 'Nh I can then be deemed as harmonic current of thenonlinear load while ''Lh I can be taken as harmonic current of the linear load. ''Nh I =0 means the composite load contains no harmonic sources, while ''0NhI ≠signify that harmonic sources may exist in this composite load. As the neglected term ''Nh I is not dominant, it is obviousthat this simplification does not make significant error on the total harmonic current of nonlinear load. However, it makes the possibility or the harmonic source identification and current separation.3. Identification procedureIn order to identify the existence of harmonic sources in a composite load, the parameters in Eq. (9) should be determined primarily, i.e.[]0122hr h h h rh i hhr hhihnr hni C a a a a a a a a ''= []0122hi h h h rh i hhrhhihnr hni C b b b b b b b b ''=For this purpose, measurement of different supply voltages and corresponding harmoniccurrents of the composite load should be repeatedly performed several times in some short period while keeping the composite load stationary. The change of supply voltage can for example be obtained by switching in or out some shunt capacitors, disconnecting a parallel transformer or changing the tap position of transformers with OLTC. Then, the least squares approach can be used to estimate the parameters by the measured voltages and currents. The identification procedure will be explained as follows.(1) Perform the test for m （2m n ≥）times to get measured fundamental frequency andharmonic voltage and current phasors ()()k k h h V θ∠,()()k k hh I φ∠,()1,2,,,1,2,,k m h n == .(2) For 1,2,,k n = ，transfer the phasors corresponding to zero fundamental voltage phase angle ()1(0)k θ=and change them into orthogonal components, i.e.()()11kkr V V = ()10ki V =()()()()()()()()()()11cos sin kkkkk kkkhr h h hihhV V h V V h θθθθ=-=-()()()()()()()()()()11cos sin k kkkk kkkhrhhhihhI I h I I h φθφθ=-=-,2,3,...,h n =(3)Let()()()()()()()()1221Tk k k k k k k k r i hr hi nr ni VV V V V V V V ⎡⎤=⎣⎦ ,()1,2,,k m = ()()()12Tm X V V V ⎡⎤=⎣⎦ ()()()12T m hr hr hr hrW I I I ⎡⎤=⎣⎦()()()12Tm hi hi hihi W I I I ⎡⎤=⎣⎦ Minimize ()()()211hr mk hr k I C V=-∑ and ()()()211him k hi k IC V=-∑, and determine the parametershr C and hi C by least squares approach as [13]:()()11T T hr hr T T hi hiC X X X W C X X X W --== (10)(4) By using Eq. (9), calculate I0Lh; I0Nh with the obtained Chr and Chi; then the existence of harmonic source is identified and the harmonic current is separated.It can be seen that in the course of model construction, harmonic source identification and harmonic current separation, m times changing of supply system operating condition and measuring of harmonic voltage and currents are needed. More accurate the model, more manipulations are necessary.To compromise the needed times of the switching operations and the accuracy of the results, the proposed model for the nonlinear load (Eq. (7)) and the composite load (Eq. (9)) can be further simplified by only considering the dominant terms in Eq. (7), i.e.01111,Nhr h h hhr hhi hr Nh Nhi ho h hhrhhi hi I a a V a a V I I b b V b b V +⎡⎤⎡⎤⎡⎤⎡⎤==+⎢⎥⎢⎥⎢⎥⎢⎥+⎣⎦⎣⎦⎣⎦⎣⎦2,3,,h n = (11) 01111h h Nh ho h a a V I b b V +⎡⎤'=⎢⎥+⎣⎦01111,hr hhrhhi hr h h h LhNh hi hhr hhihi ho h I a a V a a V I I I I b b V b b V ''+⎡⎤⎡⎤⎡⎤⎡⎤''==-=-⎢⎥⎢⎥⎢⎥⎢⎥''+⎣⎦⎣⎦⎣⎦⎣⎦2,3,,h n = (12) In this case, part equations in the previous procedure should be changed as follows[]01hr h h hhrhhi C a a a a ''= []01hi h h hhrhhiC b b b b ''= ()()()1Tk k k hr hi V V V ⎡⎤=⎣⎦ Similarly, 'Nh I and 'Lh I can still be taken as the harmonic current caused by thenonlinear load and the linear load, respectively.4. Experimental validation4.1. Model accuracyTo demonstrate the validity of the proposed harmonic source models, simulations are performed on the following three kind of typical nonlinear loads: a three-phase six-pulse rectifier, a single-phase capacitor-filtered rectifier and an acarc furnace under stationary operating condition.Diagrams of the three-phase six-pulse rectifier and the single-phase capacitor-filtered rectifier are shown in Figs. 1 and 2 [14,15], respectively, the V –I characteristic of the arc furnace is simplified as shown in Fig. 3 [16].The harmonic currents used in the simulation test are precisely calculated from their mathematical model. As to the supply voltage, VekT1 is assumed to be uniformly distributed between 0.95 and 1.05, VekThr and VekThi ek 1; 2;…;m T are uniformly distributed between20.03 and 0.03 with base voltage 10 kV and base power 1 MVFig. 1. Diagram of three-phase six-pulse rectifier.Fig. 2. Diagram of single-phase capacitor-filtered rectifierFig. 3. Approximate V –I characteristics of arc furnace.Three different models including the harmonic current source (constant current) model, the Norton model and the proposed simplified model are simulated and estimated by the least squares approach for comparison.For the three-phase six-pulse rectifier with fundamental currentI=1.7621; the1 parameters in the simplified model for fifth and seventh harmonic currents are listed in Table 1.To compare the accuracy of the three different models, the mean and standard deviations of the errors on Ihr; Ihi and Ih between estimated value and the simulated actual value are calculated for each model. The error comparison of the three models on the three-phase six-pulse rectifier is shown in Table 2, where mhr; mhi and mha denote the mean, and shr; shi and sha represent the standard deviations. Note that I1 and _Ih in Table 2are the current values caused by rated pure sinusoidal supply voltage.Error comparisons on the single-phase capacitor-filtered rectifier and the arc furnace load are listed in Table 3 and 4, respectively.It can be seen from the above test results that the accuracy of the proposed model is different for different nonlinear loads, while for a certain load, the accuracy will decrease as the harmonic order increase. However, the proposed model is always more accurate than other two models.It can also be seen from Table 1 that the componenta50 t a51V1 and b50 t b51V1 are around 20:0074 t0:3939 0:3865 and 0:0263 t 0:0623 0:0886 while the componenta55V5r and b55V5i will not exceed 0:2676 ￡0:03 0:008 and 0:9675 ￡0:003 0:029; respectively. The result shows that the fifth harmonic current caused by the summation of constant term and the fundamental voltage is about 10 times of that caused by harmonic voltage with same order, so that the formal is dominant in the harmonic current for the three-phase six-pulse rectifier. The same situation exists for other harmonic orders and other nonlinear loads.4.2. Effectiveness of harmonic source identification and current separationTo show the effectiveness of the proposed harmonic source identification method, simulations are performed on a composite load containing linear load (30%) and nonlinear loads with three-phase six-pulse rectifier (30%),single-phase capacitor-filtered rectifier (20%) and ac arc furnace load (20%).For simplicity, only the errors of third order harmonic current of the linear and nonlinear loads are listed in Table 5, where IN3 denotes the third order harmonic current corresponding to rated pure sinusoidal supply voltage; mN3r ;mN3i;mN3a and mL3r ;mL3i;mL3a are error means of IN3r ; IN3i; IN3 and IL3r ; IL3i; IL3 between the simulated actual value and the estimated value;sN3r ;sN3i;sN3a and sL3r ;sL3i;sL3a are standard deviations.Table 2Table 3It can be seen from Table 5 that the current errors of linear load are less than that of nonlinear loads. This is because the errors of nonlinear load currents are due to both the model error and neglecting the components related to harmonic voltages of the same order, whereas only the later components introduce errors to the linear load currents. Moreover, it can be found that more precise the composite load model is, less error is introduced. However, even by using the very simple model (12), the existence of harmonic sources can be correctly identified and the harmonic current of linear and nonlinear loads can be effectively separated. Table 4Error comparison on the arc furnaceTable 55. ConclusionsIn this paper, from an engineering point of view, firstly anew linear model is presented for representing harmonic sources. On the basis of the intrinsic difference between linear and nonlinear loads in their V –I characteristics, and by using the proposed harmonic source model, a new concise principle for identifying harmonic sources and separating harmonic source currents from that of linear loads is proposed. The detailed modeling and identification procedure is also developed based on the least squares approximation approach. Test results on several kinds of typical harmonic sources reveal that the simplified model is of sufficient precision, and is superior to other existing models. The effectiveness of the harmonic source identification approach is illustrated using a composite nonlinear load.AcknowledgementsThe authors wish to acknowledge the financial support by the National Natural Science Foundation of China for this project, under the Research Program Grant No.59737140. References[1] IEEE Working Group on Power System Harmonics, The effects of power system harmonics on power system equipment and loads. IEEE Trans Power Apparatus Syst 1985;9:2555–63.[2] IEEE Working Group on Power System Harmonics, Power line harmonic effects on communication line interference. IEEE Trans Power Apparatus Syst 1985;104(9):2578–87.[3] IEEE Task Force on the Effects of Harmonics, Effects of harmonic on equipment. IEEE Trans Power Deliv 1993;8(2):681–8.[4] Heydt GT. Identification of harmonic sources by a State Estimation Technique. IEEE Trans Power Deliv 1989;4(1):569–75.[5] Ferach JE, Grady WM, Arapostathis A. An optimal procedure for placing sensors and estimating the locations of harmonic sources in power systems. IEEE Trans Power Deliv 1993;8(3):1303–10.[6] Ma H, Girgis AA. Identification and tracking of harmonic sources in a power system using Kalman filter. IEEE Trans Power Deliv 1996;11(3):1659–65.[7] Hong YY, Chen YC. Application of algorithms and artificial intelligence approach for locating multiple harmonics in distribution systems. IEE Proc.—Gener. Transm. Distrib 1999;146(3):325–9.[8] Mceachern A, Grady WM, Moncerief WA, Heydt GT, McgranaghanM. Revenue and harmonics: an evaluation of someproposed rate structures. IEEE Trans Power Deliv 1995;10(1):474–82.[9] Xu W. Power direction method cannot be used for harmonic sourcedetection. Power Engineering Society Summer Meeting, IEEE; 2000.p. 873–6.[10] Sasdelli R, Peretto L. A VI-based measurement system for sharing the customer and supply responsibility for harmonic distortion. IEEETrans Instrum Meas 1998;47(5):1335–40.[11] Arrillaga J, Bradley DA, Bodger PS. Power system harmonics. NewYork: Wiley; 1985.[12] Thunberg E, Soder L. A Norton approach to distribution networkmodeling for harmonic studies. IEEE Trans Power Deliv 1999;14(1):272–7.[13] Giordano AA, Hsu FM. Least squares estimation with applications todigital signal processing. New York: Wiley; 1985.[14] Xia D, Heydt GT. Harmonic power flow studies. Part I. Formulationand solution. IEEE Trans Power Apparatus Syst 1982;101(6):1257–65.[15] Mansoor A, Grady WM, Thallam RS, Doyle MT, Krein SD, SamotyjMJ. Effect of supply voltage harmonics on the input current of single phase diode bridge rectifier loads. IEEE Trans Power Deliv 1995;10(3):1416–22.[16] Varadan S, Makram EB, Girgis AA. A new time domain voltage source model for an arc furnace using EMTP. IEEE Trans Power Deliv 1996;11(3):1416–22.。
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建设一个跨国的安全文化Implementing a safety culture in a major multi-nationalPatrick Hudson *Department of Psychology, Leiden University, The Netherlands 起止页码：697–722出版日期（期刊号）：Safety Science 45 (2007)摘要本文报告的是一个石油和天然气跨国企业如何实现先进的安全文化。
提议最初就是来自该公司，它已经很清楚的表明成功实施安全文化后提高了健康、安全与环境(HSE)管理系统以及对于后续阿尔法灾难的预控。
在回顾检阅文献后发展一个先进的安全文化HSE，目的是发展工人劳动的本质安全。
该模型采用梯型结构，HSE文化已经成为行业OGP(国际石油和天然气生产商协会)接受的标准。
该模型旨在表明,即使HSE-MS已经实现,仍有相当大的改善机会，人们觉得这种更先进的文化是可取的和可以实现的。
一旦高层管理人员提供有力的的支持，更先进的安全文化就会发展,也会开发一系列的支持工具,,和发展的实施策略,更多的依赖于自下而上的“拉动”,而不是由上而下的“推”——所以人们会积极提倡这种标准模式。
设计这些工具是为了提供一个清晰的方向,先进文化的路线图，明确定义行业内的人,支持持久的态度或信念的变化,加强解决HSE问题时的可控制的感觉——先进文化的组成。
运用这种策略,使用拉而不是推,必须是允许局部变化的，设定一般范围的策略,最终成为一个混合的自顶向下和自底向上的方法。
接下来讨论的是目前的现状和可提供值得借鉴的经验教训:大型组织脱离指挥和控制是很困难的,这样的项目必须有不同的性能指标,管理者必须学会分散控制;它对于联系成功与失败是至关重要的。
最后讨论各自在学术界的角色和在业界的努力,需要专注于超过一个单一的文化特征，比如报告和评估不断变化的全球环境中这些项目的困难。
导言安全文化的问题是什么?又怎么成为一体？可能是（Turner和Pidgeon，1997）现代思维的有关安全的主要问题。
自从国际原子能机构在切尔诺贝利灾难的报告（IAEA，1991）中引入了安全文化的理念，就应以更广阔的视野，一个组织的文化的的失败已经被看作为重大事故发生的原因，如损失航天飞机哥伦比亚特区（美国航空航天局，2003年）和最近的许多铁路等灾害的Clapham Junction（Hidden，1989）的Ladbroke Grove（Cullen，2001年）和瀑布灾难（麦金纳尼，2005）。
安全文化已经最受关注（Zohar，1980），一个概念很容易提出（例如福林娜弗等人，2000），但潜在的期望是最好的和最安全的组织拥有安全文化，并且将安全文化如何紧密的与该组织相匹配。
本文主要报道的是一个跨国石油天然气公司将计划实施安全文化。
这和一个单一的，物理上是不同的，或者为多个原因实施安全文化的组织是不同的问题。
虽然在一个小的，有界的组织可以通过建立一个简单明了的愿景实施安全文化，并从顶部的愿景一心一意致力于做，在小型组织中会有更受限制的范围的操作，导致严格的组织结构，大多数人可以知道，或相互知道。
但是大机构却更难驾驭，即使有充分的承诺。
即使一个大型的国际公司有突出的重点，如石化公司，如杜邦或陶氏化学，或飞机制造商波音公司和空中客车，或者是不具备所有这些与之抗衡的问题。
一个现代化的纵向整合石油和天然气的企业，像壳牌，BP或埃克森，涵盖范围广泛的活动，包括勘探，石油和天然气生产，运输，炼油，化工生产，运输和销售。
这些不同的操作都有危险，而且长期的实践可能会导致一组历史，因为他们是并购的结果。
跨国机构需要有广泛的的管理，人们实际分散在一定范围的时区，在不同的国家进行管理，同时要会说各种语言。
大型组织中将会有大量的子组织，每个都会有自己的历史，也有一个潜在的独特的文化，并用自己的愿景经营管理该朝哪里发展，以及如何去做。
规模庞大的问题和这些组织的本质意味着一个近距离范围内的亲历亲为是不可行的。
这必须考虑的另一个因素是国家与组织文化的互动。
主要依据于该类型的组织和研究已经通常在西方环境中（Guldenmund，2000）数量有限的学术文献集中。
我们没有什么可以用来参考的，当我们加强了舒适区，就已经处在了研究过一些细节的西方文化环境之外。
本文载述的问题，最初是由公司提出，因为原先没有明确要求改变的文化，但很快就被重新定义，然后被制定如下战略纲要，接着落实，这是正在开展，随后在特定位置被用到战术的描述发展文化。
然后，我将尝试评估遇到的困难，评价是什么仍然是一个早期的阶段，在程序中的当前状态，一个10年的计划还没有多久，它可能需要获得一个高度发达的文化的合理估计。
了解事故的原因这里要说明的程序形成是早期研究计划的延续，为同一家公司，了解事故因果关系可追溯到1985年。
最初打算更换一次事故分类（瓦赫纳尔和Hudson，1986），这一计划最终发展成事故是如何发生的（Wagenaar, 1986;Wagenaar和Groeneweg，1987等，1988;瓦赫纳尔等，1994;Reason1990年，1997），现已成为广为人知的瑞士奶酪模型。
公司内部的这个程序，事故因果关系的关联模式被称为三脚架和服务，由两个工具来支持;三脚架贝塔成为事故调查和分析工具，而三脚架则是对主动识别事故是如何发生的可能的工具（Hudson等人，1994）。
安全管理体系石油及天然气业务一直有着技术完整性的悠久传统，并在1988年派珀阿尔法灾难以后，又提出了要求，通常必须是（Cullen，1990），通过使用安全管理，提高安全管理体系（SMS）。
因为很明显，在行业内，安全管理可以扩展到职业健康及环境管理，这便导致了综合的健康，安全和环境管理体系（HSE-MS）的实施。
在这一点上很明显的是，虽然经典指标的安全性能，如死亡事故率（FAR），损失工时工伤事故频率（LTIF）和总可记录情况下的频率（TRIF），已全部显著较往年减少，却没有已减小到零。
事实上，他们通常会达到一个平台期。
体系之后做什么事故工具的开发后，同时在公司内部主要注意了让全世界通信到位，对一些特定的人为因素课题进行了研究，包括对程序和规则破坏（Hudson等人，1997，2000C 工作，2002），HSE（Hudson和斯蒂芬斯，2000）的成本效益分析和研究，探讨为什么有些HSE的工具会出现，而有些则没有（Hudson等人，2000年）。
后一个项目第一次被突出关注，即安全文化和民族文化有关的问题。
已经很清楚，尤其是，某些工具在特定的安全文化是唯一有效的且或多或少先进。
同时民族文化问题的产生，也是需要面临的一个问题，因为这么多的工具和概念似乎是文化束缚，工具和方法发展在一个民族文化往往未能兑现承诺于其他国家的时候的好处。
1998年在公司内汇集了一群人，他们考虑怎样做一次到位的HSE管理体系问题，其目的是发现被遗漏的部分是什么，而不是技术建议或系统。
在这个时候证据是明确的，虽然管理制度的实施作出了显著的贡献，但是零事故的目标并没有达到，也不可能达到，即使是通过管理制度方法更加严格的或刚性的应用。
在组织方面，组织事故的工作已成为公司内部的共识，但是已经成功地将注意力集中到远离了一线的人，而不是对个人，但是无论是高或低的组织，已经加强了管理制度的实施。
咨询小组认为现在有时间来恢复平衡，个人应不再被指责，因为在之前他们可能被要求对于那些他们有控制措施的行为负责。
该小组原来提出的是创立本质安全性方面的劳动力的建议。
这项建议被递交给了研究人员，所有的心理养成（有人认为心理学家研究动机将是有趣的）。
事态很快变得明了，就在项目开始时这是困难的，至少如果一个人只是想沿着提高人们的积极性的途径。
就像一个简单的想法一样，让人们的行为以同样的方式，如让他们在汽车里穿上他们的安全带，将会基本没有威胁或治安，也是很难推广的，如果这是一个人开始的想法，人就会通过自我利益和动机激励来提供广阔的收益。
吸引心理学家概括类似的方法却被工程师诬陷了，工程师与他们曾有过在健康，安全和环境方面的长期的合作关系。
不幸的是这样做没有意识到，解决激励的问题可能比创造一种文化，甚至更难。
文化模型安全文化的概念经常被视为一个二分法的一部分，一个组织无论是有或没有这样一种文化;集中讨论一轮的问题，如一个组织是否具有或者是这样一种文化，什么特点才是该做的文化（Hale2000; Guldenmund，2000;Reason1997，1998）。
如果一个人仅仅是希望描述这样一种文化，以一种自然的方式来进行，但是人应该希望真正让一个组织成为这样的文化，特别是大型组织，这代表着巨大的飞跃。
比较有前途的理论上的替代将是一个渐进的模式，其中更多的是来自那些被组织之间同意垫付的连续体，如高可靠性组织（Rochlin等，1987，1987）。
让中间阶段进行可以的管理的步骤，而不是要求一个重大飞跃到的可能是未知的。
安全文化的模式选择了将组织传播的模型进行扩展最初是由Westrum提出的（19881991）。
区分了三种类型的组织，病态官僚主义以及其衍生。
早在导致组织事故模型发展为三脚架模式是（Reason等，1988）壳牌Westrum的原始模型，实际上已经延伸到有些八个阶段，其中包括初期反应和早期积极的项目阶段在公司内部做了发言，在20世纪80年代后期（Reason个人交流）。
但是，尽管安全文化的概念已经知道，有些人在公司却没有使用过这些想法。
到1991年，这三个层次的组织文化带标签的官僚主义（那会很难被工程师接受），已经被引入到更广泛的石油化工行业（Hudson，1991）。
该模型是由三至五个阶段中的序列所延伸，计算的更换和标签官僚主义的引入只是两个额外的步骤。