Part One Chapter One The making of England英格兰的形成
全新版大学英语综合教程第一册单元4课文介绍
全新版大学英语综合教程第一册单元4课文介绍全新版大学英语综合教程第一册单元4课文介绍导语：美国梦意味着与不同的人不同的东西。
但对许多人来说，特别是移民，这意味着有机会为自己谋生。
对他们来说，梦想是，人才和辛勤工作可以把你从木屋带到白宫。
下面是一篇讲述主人公的美国梦并没有如此高涨，而是设法让自己的梦想成真。
American DreamPart I Pre-reading TaskListen to the recording two or three times and then think over the following questions:1. According to Dr. Hertz, what did the American Dream mean to his grandparents?2. In Dr. Hertz's opinion, who wants people to believe in the American Dream? Why?3. Why does Dr. Hertz say the American Dream is in one's head and in one's pocket?4. What do you understand by the American Dream?The following words in the recording may be new to you:povertyn. 贫穷advertisingn. 广告宣传Part IITextThe American Dream means different things to different people. But for many, particularly immigrants, it means the opportunity to make a better life for themselves. For them the dream is that talent and hard work can take you from log cabin to White House. T ony Trivisonno did not rise quite so high, yet hemanaged to make his own dream come true.TONY TRIVISONNO'S AMERICAN DREAMFrederick C. CrawfordHe came from a rocky farm in Italy, somewhere south of Rome. How or when he got to America, I don't know. But one evening I found him standing in the driveway, behind my garage. He was about five-foot-seven or eight, and thin."I mow your lawn," he said. It was hard to comprehend his broken English.I asked him his name. "Tony Trivisonno," he replied. "I mow your lawn." I told Tony that I couldn't afford a gardener."I mow your lawn," he said again, then walked away. I went into my house unhappy. Yes, these Depression days were difficult, but how could I to turn away a person who had come to me for help?When I got home from work the next evening, the lawn had been mowed, the garden weeded, and the walks swept. I asked my wife what had happened."A man got the lawn mower out of the garage and worked on the yard," she answered. "I assumed you had hired him."I told her of my experience the night before. We thought it strange that he had not asked for pay.The next two days were busy, and I forgot about Tony. We were trying to rebuild our business and bring some of our workers back to the plants. But on Friday, returning home a little early, I saw Tony again, behind the garage. I complimented him on the work he had done."I mow your lawn," he said.I managed to work out some kind of small weekly pay, and each day Tony cleaned up the yard and took care of any littletasks. My wife said he was very helpful whenever there were any heavy objects to lift or things to fix.Summer passed into fall, and winds blew cold. "Mr. Craw, snow pretty soon," Tony told me one evening. "When winter come, you give me job clearing snow at the factory."Well, what do you do with such determination and hope? Of course, Tony got his job at the factory.The months passed. I asked the personnel department for a report. They said T ony was a very good worker.One day I found Tony at our meeting place behind the garage. "I want to be 'prentice," he said.We had a pretty good apprentice school that trained laborers. But I doubted whether Tony had the capacity to read blueprints and micrometers or do precision work. Still, how could I turn him down?Tony took a cut in pay to become an apprentice. Months later, I got a report that he had graduated as a skilled grinder. He had learned to read the millionths of an inch on the micrometer and to shape the grinding wheel with an instrument set with a diamond. My wife and I were delighted with what we felt was a satisfying end of the story.A year or two passed, and again I found T ony in his usual waiting place. We talked about his work, and I asked him what he wanted."Mr. Craw," he said, "I like a buy a house." On the edge of town, he had found a house for sale, a complete wreck.I called on a banker friend. "Do you ever loan money on character?" I asked. "No," he said. "We can't afford to. No sale.""Now, wait a minute," I replied. "Here is a hard-working man, a man of character, I can promise you that. He's got a good job.You're not getting a damn thing from your lot. It will stay there for years. At least he will pay your interest."Reluctantly, the banker wrote a mortgage for $2,000 and gave Tony the house with no down payment. Tony was delighted. From then on, it was interesting to see that any discarded odds and ends around our place — a broken screen, a bit of hardware, boards from packing — Tony would gather and take home.After about two years, I found Tony in our familiar meeting spot. He seemed to stand a little straighter. He was heavier. He had a look of confidence."Mr. Craw, I sell my house!" he said with pride. "I got $8,000."I was amazed. "But, Tony, where are you going to live withouta house?""Mr. Craw, I buy a farm."We sat down and talked. T ony told me that to own a farm was his dream. He loved the tomatoes and peppers and all the other vegetables important to his Italian diet. He had sent for his wife and son and daughter back in Italy. He had hunted around the edge of town until he found a small, abandoned piece of property with a house and shed. Now he was moving his family to his farm.Sometime later. T ony arrived on a Sunday afternoon, neatly dressed. He had another Italian man with him. He told me that he had persuaded his childhood friend to move to America. Tony was sponsoring him. With an amused look in his eye, he told me that when they approached the little farm he now operated, his friend stood in amazement and said, "Tony, you are a millionaire!"Then, during the war, a message came from my company. Tony had passed away.I asked our people to check on his family and see thateverything was properly handled. They found the farm green with vegetables, the little house livable and homey. There was a tractor and a good car in the yard. The children were educated and working, and T ony didn't owe a cent.After he passed away, I thought more and more about Tony's career. He grew in stature in my mind. In the end, I think he stood as tall, and as proud, as the greatest American industrialists.They had all reached their success by the same route and by the same values and principles: vision, determination, self-control, optimism, self-respect and, above all, integrity.Tony did not begin on the bottom rung of the ladder. He began in the basement. Tony's affairs were tiny; the greatest industrialists' affairs were giant. But, after all, the balance sheets were exactly the same. The only difference was where you put the decimal point.Tony Trivisonno came to America seeking the American Dream. But he didn't find it — he created it for himself. All he had were 24 precious hours a day, and he wasted none of them. New Words and Expressionsdrivewayn. 宅旁私家车道mowv. 修剪(草坪)，刈(草)comprehendvt. understand fullylawnn. 草地，草坪turn awayrefuse to help (sb.) or to allow (sb.) to enter a place 拒绝帮助;不让…进入weedv. 除去…的杂草;除草n. 杂草，野草assumevt. suppose 假设;以为compliment▲vt. praise 赞扬n. 赞美的言辞或行为work outplan; solve; calculate 制定出;解决;算出weeklya. happening once a week or every week 每周的;一周一次的clean upmake clean and tidy 打扫，清除helpfula. giving help; useful 有帮助的;有用的do with(used in questions with what) 对待，处理determinationn. 决心，决定personneln. 人事部门;全体人员，全体职员apprenticen. 学徒capacityn. the ability to understand or do sth. 能力，才能micrometern. 测微计，千分尺precisionn. the quality of being exact 精密;精确(性)turn downrefuse 拒绝graduatev. (使)毕业n. (尤指大学)毕业生skilleda. having skill; needing skill 熟练的'，有技巧的;技术性的grindern. 磨工grind (ground)vt. 磨，磨碎，碾碎instrumentn. 工具，器械，仪器for saleintended to be sold 待售wreckn. 残破物;(尤指失事船只、飞机等的)残骸call onvisit (sb.) for a short time 拜访bankern. 银行家;银行高级职员loanvt. lend (sth.) 借，贷n. 贷款;借，贷charactern. (人的)品德;品质;性格damna.，n. (infml) (usu. used in negatives) of even the smallest amount 丝毫reluctantlyad. 勉强地reluctant a.mortgage▲n. 抵押借款，按揭discardvt. (fml)throw away 抛弃odds and ends零星杂物，琐碎物品screenn. 纱门，纱窗;屏;荧屏hardwaren. 五金器具;(计算机的)硬件spotn. a particular place;a small dirty mark 地点;斑点confidencen. 信心amazevt. surprise (sb.) very much 使惊愕，使诧异amazementn. 惊愕，诧异peppern. 辣椒;胡椒粉Italiana. 意大利的dietn. food and drink usually taken by a person or group 日常饮食send forask for the arrival of 派人去叫，召唤;派人去取huntv. 寻找;打猎abandonvt. give up completely or forever 抛弃，放弃propertyn. land, buildings or both together; sth. which is owned (房)地产;财产shedn. 小屋，棚vt. 使脱落;使流出，散发出sometimead. 某个时候sponsorvt. 为…做保证人;主办，发起n. 保证人;主办者，发起人amusevt. cause to laugh or smile; cause to spend time in a pleasant manner 逗乐;给…提供娱乐approachv. come near(er) to 接近millionaire▲n. 百万富翁pass away(euph) (esp. of a person) die 去世handlevt. manage; control 管理，处理;操纵livablea. fit or pleasant to live in 适于居住的homeya. (infml) pleasant; like home 舒适的;像家一样的tractorn. 拖拉机staturen. 身材，身高;境界industrialistn. 工业家，实业家routen. 路线，路程principlen. guiding rule for behavior; basic truth 信条;原则;原理visionn. the ability to make great plans for the future; sight; the ability to see 远见;视觉，视力optimism▲n. 乐观主义self-respectn. proper respect for oneself 自尊;自重above allmost important of all 最重要的是integrity▲n. quality of being honest and responsible; state of being complete 正直;完整rungn. (梯子的)横档，梯级basement▲n. 地下室gianta. of great size or force 巨大的n. 巨人balancen. 平衡;余额balance sheet资产负债表decimal▲小数createvt. produce or make (esp. sth. new) 创造，创作Proper NamesTony Trivisonno托尼·特里韦索诺Frederick C. Crawford弗雷德里克·C·克罗弗德Italy意大利Rome罗马(意大利首都)下载全文下载文档。
大学艺术英语第一册Unit 1_Section B
• Part Ⅱ(para.2-3) Who is Mona Lisa? • The writer describes the different theories about the true identity of Mona Lisa.
• Part Ⅲ (para.4-9) The mysterious smile of Mona Lisa • The last part is about people’s various explanations about Mona Lisa’s mysterious smile.
date
1) 写日期write or print the date on something • Make sure you sign and date it at the bottom. • I can’t date that house exactly, but it can t must be very old. 2) 约会have a romantic relationship with someone [=go out with] • Is he still dating Sarah?
Other phrases with “draw”:
draw one’s attention to sth. 有意使某人注意 draw a conclusion from 从……得出结论 draw a comparison/parallel/distinction， etc. between 区分，划分
• 3. The portrait immediately brought him fame within Italy. （Para. 1） • 这幅肖像画立刻使他在意大利名声 大噪。
牛津英语高一上chapterone
牛津英语高一上chapterone牛津英语高一（上） chapter oneChapter OneThe Phantom of the OperaPeriod 1Background NoteThe Paris Opera House was built between 1861 and 1875., and it does have a lake of water underneath it.The French writer Gaston Leroux wrote his novel The Phantom of the Opera in 1911. This story of a mad musical genius and an innocent girl became very popular, and has inspired at least four film versions. The excellent stage musical (music by Andrew Lloyd Webber, Lyrics by Charles Hart) was first performed in London in 1986 and has now appeared in many other big cities.Skimming and ScanningPeriod 2~3ReadingWords and Expressions1. phantom n.---a mysterious figure; a spirit 幽灵，鬼魂a phantom ship2. opera house n.--- a big theatre especially for opera, which is a form of art in whichthere is a play but all the words are sun，not spoken 歌剧院3. ugly adj.--- unpleasant to look at; extremely unattractive 丑陋 (anti. Beautiful)(plain: female’s not good-looking face)ugly smell/ sky/ duckling (丑小鸭)/ customer4. mask n.---something which covers most of your face 面具The robbers all wore masks so that no one could recognize them.5. force v. ---make (someone do something, against their will) 迫使，强迫force sb. to do sth. = force sb. into doingforce/ get/ expect/ want sb. to do sth.make/ let/ have sb. do sth.forced landing紧急迫降n．[U] by force凭暴力[C] forces军队武装the forces of a country； the air forcesthe Royal Air Forces of Great Britain6. Strong enough to kill with his hands, and yet he loved music and sang with a wonderful voice.强壮得足以徒手杀戮, 然而他还酷爱音乐,并能用美秒的嗓音歌唱.But/ and yet表示转折 He is old, and yet he he jogs every day.Though he was strong enough to kill with his hands, he loves music and sang with a wonderful voice.Unable to work out the problem, John turned to his teacher for help. (形容词短语作状语)7. power: n. ability to control to control sb. or sth.能力: the power of hearing/ to imitate human wordsout of/beyond one’s power 力所不及权利, 支配力: come into power执政; political power政权;fight for powder争权; power politics强国: Japan is among the great economic powers in the world.有影响的人: He is a power in this town.动力: electric power, water powergain/ get/ lose power overgain one’s respect/ wealth/ experience/8. role n. a part in a play or filmCharles Liang played the role of Harmlet in our school play.a leading role; the main rolen. play an important role in 起重要作用The USA plays an important role in international relations.9. Some place + be crowded with 挤满了……crowd v. 涌入When the opera ended, all the audience crowded into the street immediately.crowd n. 人群 the crowda crowd waiting for the show10. obey v.---do what someone ordered; follow instructions 服从，遵守obey/ observe the traffic rules/ regulations11. angel n. --- a messenger sent from God 天使12. chandelier n.---a very big lamp, made of many pieces of glass to reflect the light 枝形吊灯13. kidnap v. --- take someone as a prisoner by unlawful force and against one’s will(usually to make other people pay money to have them released) 绑架，劫持Three men kidnapped a millionaire’s son, and forced his father to pay them a lot of money.kidnapping, kidnapper14. capture v. ---catch; make (someone) a prisoner 捕获；浮虏15. shock v.--- to cause usu. unpleasant or angry surprise to 使震惊be shocked at: I was shocked at her death.n. 电震,电击If you touch that live wire, you will get a shock.n. [C] 休克, 震惊Th e news of her mother’s death is a horrible shock to her.16. lonely adj.---feeling sad because you are alone or have no close friendscf. alone 寂寞的，孤独的`e.g. Though he lives alone, he doesn’t feel lonely.17. release v.--- set free; allow sb. to go 释放release sb. from …release a man from prisonrelease a bombv. allow (news) to be known 发布新闻allow (a film) to be exhibited or (goods) to be placed on sale recently released films/ discs18. magically adv.---in a strange way which we cannot explain 神奇地magic n.& a. 魔法; 有魔力的(作定语)magical a. 有魔力的(作定语或表语)magician n. 魔术师The magician pulled a white rabbit out of his hat magically.19. burst v. ---break violently; move suddenly 冲，胀裂Some of the crowd burst through the force and ran onto the football pitch.burst into + n./burst out + gerundburst into tears/ laughter (burst out crying/ laughing) (突然)哭了/笑了burst into/ out of the roomburst in 插嘴Don’t bet him burst in.突然出现 He will be bursting in on us at any moment.Language Points in Reading1. Underneath the building there was a strange, dark lake. 倒装2. In the middle of this lake was an island, and on that island, one hundred years ago, lived the phantom. 倒装3. Strong enough to kill with his hands, and yet he loved music and sang with a wonderful voice.4. By now, a group of other people had reached thePhantom’s house, and burst in, ready ot kill him.Difficult Sentences in Reading1. The Paris Opera House was a huge building, with seventeen floors, of which seven were below the ground.of which seven were below the ground 非限制性定语从句which指代seventeen floors在此注意below的用法2. sing with a wonderful voice 用完美的嗓音唱3. Christine’s kiss made him cry with joy. Christine的吻令他喜极而泣Period 4Language倒装Inversion一、倒装的种类1. 完全倒装（complete inversion）整个谓语动词全部移到前面 (主谓一致)e.g. Here comes the bus.“ …” said John. = he said.On the stair lay a bottle of aspirins.2. 部分倒装 (partial inversion)只把助动词、情态动词、系动词或表语放在主语之前。
2024届高考英语阅读理解专练(含答案)
第一部分阅读理解四选一阅读理解的高考分值是37.5分，占比较大；考试分配时间为：28分钟左右；文章体裁分为：应用文，记叙文，说明文，议论文和新闻报道等。
阅读理解题目在文章中分布均匀，且多在段首和段尾。
题型为：细节理解题，推理判断题，词义猜测题，主旨大意题等，大多数题型为细节理解题和推理判断题。
卷别年份篇目语篇类型主题考查题型主题语境主题内容细节理解推理判断主旨大意词义猜测新课标Ⅰ卷2023A应用文人与社会自行车租赁服务3B记叙文人与自然污水净化生态箱13C说明文人与自我数字极简主义生活方式31 D说明文人与社会“群体智慧”效应121新高考Ⅰ卷2022A应用文人与自我课程评分细则21B说明文人与社会减少食物浪费31C说明文人与社会养老院养鸡项目121 D说明文人与社会饮食结构影响语音211新课标Ⅱ卷2023A应用文人与自然黄石国家公园护林员项目3B记叙文人与自我Urban Sprouts菜园子项目211 C说明文人与社会书籍介绍121D说明文人与自然接触自然有益健康22新高考Ⅱ卷2022A应用文人与社会博物馆参观信息3B记叙文人与社会新媒体的影响121 C说明文人与社会司机无视手机禁令1111 D说明文人与自我运动可以促进心脏健康22(细节理解题＋推理判断题＋词义猜测题＋段落大意题)【典例印证】【破题关键点】(2023·新课标Ⅰ卷)The goal of this book is to make the case for digital minimalism,including a detailed exploration of what it asks and why itworks, and then to teach you how to adopt this philosophy if you decide it’s right for you.To do so, I divided the book into two parts. In part one, I describe the philosophical foundations of digital minimalism, starting with an examination of the forces that are making so many people’s digital lives increasingly intolerable, before moving on to a detailed discussion of the digital minimalism philosophy.Part one concludes by introducing my suggested method for adopting this philosophy: the digital declutter. This process requires you to step away from optional online activities for thirty days. At the end of the thirty days, you will then add back a small number of carefully chosen online activities that you believe will provide massive benefits to the things you value. In the final chapter of part one, I’ll guide you through carrying out your own digital declutter. In doing so, I’ll draw on an experiment I ran in 2018 in which over 1，600 people agreed to perform a digital declutter. You’ll hear these participants’ stories and learn what strategies worked well for them, and what traps they encountered that you should avoid.The second part of this book takes a closer look at some ideas that will help you cultivate (培养) a sustainable digital minimalism lifestyle. In these chapters, I examine issues such as the importance of solitude (独处) and the necessity of cultivating high－quality leisure to replace the time most now spend on mindless device use. Each chapter concludes with a collection of practices, which are designed to help you act on the big ideas of the chapter. You can view these practices as a toolbox meant to aid your efforts to build a minimalist lifestyle that words for your particular circumstances.1. What is the book aimed at?A. Teaching critical thinking skills.B. Advocating a simple digital lifestyle.C. Solving philosophical problems.D. Promoting the use of a digital device.2. What does the underlined word “declutter”in paragraph3 mean?A. Clear－up.B. Add－on.1. 先读第1题的题干，标出关键词________→根据关键词，从第一段开始浏览，寻找和题干关键词意思相近的________，确定此处内容是本题根据→根据本句中的“to make the case for digital minimalism(为数字极简主义辩护)”，确定第1题的答案________2. 再读第2题的题干，关键词是画线词________→根据关键词，从第1段后浏览，在第三段找到画线词→找到关键词后把此处内容和四个选项进行比对，确定第2题的答案________3. 然后读第3题的题干，标出关键词________→根据关键词，从第2题关键词后面浏览，寻找题干中的关键词→找到关键词后把此处内容和四个选项进行比对，确定第3题的答案________4. 最后读第4题的题干，标出关键词________→根据关键词，从第3题关键词后面浏览，寻找题干中的关键词→找到关键词后把此处内容和四个选项进行比对，确定第4题的答案________答案 1. aimed; goal; B2. declutter; A3. the final chapter of part one; C4. practices; AC. Check－in.D. Take－over.3. What is presented in the final chapter of part one?A. Theoretical models.B. Statistical methods.C. Practical examples.D. Historical analyses.4. What does the author suggest readers do with the practicesoffered in part two?A. Use them as needed.B. Recommend them to friends.C. Evaluate their effects.D. Identify the ideas behind them.题型微解题型微解1：细节理解题细节理解题是高考题型中考查较多的题型，也是容易得分的题型，该题型分为：直接细节题，间接细节题，数字计算题和归纳概括题。
unit 6_the_making_of_a_surgeon
Key words and expressions
critical : a. a) important at a time of danger and difficulty E.g. Heroes emerge at critical moment in history. b) fault-finding E.g. He has written several critical articles on the film.
Key words and expressions
Considered adj. a considered opinion, reply, judgment etc. is one that you have thought about carefully e.g. He hadn’t had time to form a considered opinion. Dwell vi. to live in a particular place e.g. They dwelt in the middle of the forest. dweller n. e.g. City dwellers suffer higher pollution levels.
Key words and expressions
in the making = in the process of being made; ready to be produced e.g. Our plans are still in the making. makings= the qualities needed e.g. He has the makings of a good doctor.
(完整版)ThemakingofEngland
Lecture 11.What is literature?(1) extensive thinking● a pice of news? a letter? diary? the teaching mateial? the books in the reading list?(the reason of your choice)(2)definition①Literaturature, in its broadest sense, is any kind of writing.②More restrictively, it is writing as an art form, or any writing deemed to haveartistic or intellectual value, often due to deploying language in ways that differ from ordinary usage. (give example)③Etymologically, literature has to do with letters.●Its Latin root literatura (derived itself from littera: letter or handwrting) was usedto refect to all written accounts, though contemporary definitions extend the term to include texts that are spoken or sung (oral literature).(3)the change of the definition of “literature”①In Western Europe prior to the eighteenth century, literature as a termindicated all books and writing.② A more restricted sense of the term emerged during the Romantic period,in which it began to demarcate “imaginative” literature.③“the best expression of the best thought reduced to wrting”——Encyclopedia Britain Eleventh Edition (1910—11)④The formalist definition is that the history of “literature” foregroundspoetic effects; it is the “literariness” or “poeticity” of literature that disdinguishes it from ordinary speech or other kinds of writing.(4)major forms①fictionFiction is the classification for any story created in the imagination, rather than based strictly on history or fact.②dramaIn the most general sense, Western drama refers to any work designed to be represented on a stage by actors.③essayAn essay is, generally, a piece of writing that gives the author’s own argument.④poetryPoetry is a form of literature that uses aesthetic and rhythmic qualities of language to evooke meaning.2.The reasons why we learn literatureIt is useful to look at some of the things that literature does.●Literature is something that reflects society, makes us think about ourselves andsociety, allows us to enjoy language and beauty, it can be didactic, and it reflects on “the human condition”.●It both reflects ideology and changes ideology, just like it follows genericconventions as well as changing them.●It has social and political effects. Literature is the creation of another world, aworld that we can only see through reading literature.3. What books have Ss read? (ask Ss)The Making of England1.The BritonsThe English people are of a mixed blood. The early inhabitants in the island now we call England were Britons, a tribe of Celts. From the Britons the island got its name of Britain, the land of Britons.2. The Roman Conquest(1) In 55 B.C., Briain was invaded by Julius Caesar, the Roman conqueror, who had then just occupied Gaul.(2) Britain was not completely subjugated to the Roman Empire until 78 A.D. Withthe Roman Conquest the Roman mode of life came across to Britain also.●Roman roads●Christianity(3)At the beginning of the fifth century, the Roman Empire was in the process of declining. And in 410 A.D., all the Roman troops went back to the continent and never returned.3.The Anglo-Saxon/English Conquest(1) At the same time Britain was invaded by swarms of pirate. They were three tribes from Northern Europe: the Angles, Saxons and Jutes.●The Jutes occupied Kent, in the southeastern corner of the island.●The Saxons took southern part and established some small kingdoms. (Wessex,Essex and Sussex)●The Angles spread over the east midland. (East Anglia)(2)By the 7th century these seven small kingdoms were combined into a united kingdom called England, or, the land of Angles.The three tribes had mixed into a whole people called English.●The Angles are the most numerous of the three.●The three dialects spoken by them naturally grew into a single language calledAnglo-Saxon, or Old English.4.The Social Condition of the Anglo-Saxons(1)Before the Anglo-Saxons settled down in Britain, they still lived in the tribal society. Each group of families united by kinship fixed its home in a separate village.●There was then what Engles calls “the military democracy grown out of thegens”.(2)After the conquest of Britain, the social constitution of the Anglo-Saxonswent through some rapid changes. The Anglo-Saxon period witnessed a transition from tribal society to feudalism.5.Anglo-Saxon Religious Belief and Its Influence(1)The Anglo-Saxon were heathen people. Theybelieved in old mythology of Northern Europe. Northern mythology has left its mark upon the English language.●The days f the week in English are named after the Northern gods.●Odin: Wednesday●Thor: Thursday●Frigga: Friday●Tiu: Tuesday(2)The Anglo-Saxons were Christianized in the seventh century.●Monasteries were built all over the country.●The earliest English books were written down by monks who could read andwrite.6.The Norman Conquest(1)The Danish InvasionAbout 787, the English began to be troubled by bands of Danish vikings.King Alfred the Great succeeded in driving the Danes off with force. Laying down his sword, King Alfred set himself to the task of encouraging education and literature. He translated some works from Latin himself.After his death, the Danes occupied the country in 1013, and held it for 30 years. The England was once more governed by another foreign ruler.(2)The Norman ConquestThe French-speaking Normans under Duke William came in 1066. William was crowned as King of England. It was called the Norman Conquest.King—Baron—KnightThe Norman Conquest marks the establishment of feudalism in England.(3)The Influence of the Norman Conquest on the English Language①After the Norman Conquest●the Norman lords spoke French, whle their English subjects retained their oldtougue.●The scholar wrote in Latin and the courtier in French. The was almost no writtenliterature in English for a time.●Chronicles and religious poems were in Latin.●Romances, the prominent kind of literature in the Anglo-Norman period, were atfirst all in French.②By the end of e fourteenth century, when Normans and Englishintermingled,●English was once more the dominent speech in the country.●The English became something different from the old Anglo-Saxon. Thestructure of the language remained English, and the common words were almost all retained, though often somewhat modified in form. But many terms employed by the Normans were adopted into the English language. eg. “calf”-“veal”,“swine”- “pork”, “sheep”- “mutton”7. Feudal England(1) Social Feature of the Feudal England●distict division into classes: landlords and peasants● a whole network of church government as well as that of the king’s officers(2)the miseries of the peasants●Black Death disease● a Statute of Labourers●the war between England and France which was prolonged for 40 years8.The Rising of 1381(1) leader: Wat Tyler and John BallA Brief Introduction of English Literature1.Early and Medieval English Literature(1)Beowulf: It is a long poem of over 3000 lines and is the national epic of English people.(2)Langland: Piers the Plowman(3)Chaucer:the founder of English poetry, The Canterbury Tales2.The English Renaissance●Thomas More: Utopia●Edmund Spenser : Sonnet 75●Christopher Marlowe and his dramas●William Shakespeare: The greatest dramatist and poets in the EnglishRenaissance period. He had left 37 plays, 154 sonnets and several long poems to the world.Four Comedies① A Midsummer Night’s Dream《仲夏夜之梦》②The Merchant of Venice《威尼斯商人》③As You Like It《皆大欢喜》④Twelfth Night《第十二夜》Four Tragedies①Hamlet《哈姆雷特》②Othello《奥赛罗》③King Lear 《李尔王》④Macbeth《麦克白》Others: Romeo and Juliet 《罗密欧与朱丽叶》●Francis Bacon: The founder of English materialist philosophy and modernscience. Bacon is especially famous for his essays.works: Of Studies; Of Beauty3.The Period of the English Bourgeois Revolution●John Milton: Paradise Lost●John Bunyan: The Pilgrim’s Progress●Metaphysical poets: John Donne’s poetry4.The Eighteenth Century Literature●Alexander Pope: The Rape of the Lock 《卷发遇劫记》●Jonathan Swift: Gulliver’s Travles●Daniel Defoe: Robinson Crusoe 《鲁滨逊漂流记》●Henry Fielding: the founder of English Realistic Novel●Oliver Goldsmith●William Blake, Robert Burns5.Romanticism●William Wordsworth: the representative poet of the early romanticism; LyricalBallads●S.T. Coleridge: The Rime of Ancient Mariner●George Gordon Byron: Don Juan●Percy Besshe Shelley: Prometheus Unbound; Ode to the West Wind●John Keats: Ode to a Nightingale●Walter Scott: historical novels6.Critical Realism●Charles Dickens: Oliver Twist, A Tale of Two Cities, David Copperfield●William Makepeace Thackeray: Vanity Fair●George Eliot: The Mill on the Floss●Brontë Sisters: Charlotte Brontë (Jane Eyre), Emily Brontë (Wuthering Heights),Anne Brontë●Jane Austen: Pride and Prejudice7.Mid and Late 19th Century●Alfred Tennyson: Break, Break, Break●The Brownings: Robert Browning (husband), Elizabeth Browning (wife)8.Twentith Century English Literature●Thomas Hardy: Tess of the D’Urbervilles●John Galsworthy●Oscar Wilde: poet, dramatist, novelist and essayist, The Happy Prince and OtherTales●George Bernard Shaw: the most important English dramatist● D.H. Lawrence: Sons and Lovers●James Joyce: Ulysses●Virginia Woolf: feminism, Mrs. Dalloway9.Post Second World War Literature● E.M. Forster●William Golding: Lord of the Flies。
高中英语：Chapter one
Thanks!
Suppose you were told to move your home to a foreign place, how would you feel if you were told to leave your home all of a sudden?
If you were happy living here,... If you were living a bad life here,...
1. What did Bruno discover?
They had to leave Berlin. 2. What did he do with the situation?
He had a talk with his mother. 3. What was the result of his effort?
after he’d been causing chaos and got into trouble and
ended up crying.
(边缘)
e.g. “Say goodbye to them?” he repeated, spluttering
out the words as if his mouth was full of biscuits that he’d munched into tiny pieces but not actually swallowed yet.
one
Father
Gretel
Bruno
Daniel Karl Martin
Mother
Maria Lars Cook
1. How many parts can the chapter be divided into?
Chapter One
Chapter OneVocabularyWords1. hockey n. game played with two opposing teams that each usescurved sticks to try to drive a puck into the opponent’sgoal 曲棍球2. rugby n. 橄榄球3. title n. 标题4. signature n. person's name written by himself 署名5. corner n. 角落6. pen-friend n. some one you write letters to, as a hobby 笔友7. hobby n. an interest or activity such as collecting stamps ormaking models 爱好8. chess n. a common board game 国际象棋9. architect n. a person who plans and designs a building 设计师10. ambition n. wish or goal 志向，雄心，抱负11. enclose v. put something inside the letter 附上12. trainers n. (通常用复数)(also training shoe) 软运动鞋13. idle adj. (of people) avoiding work, lazy 懒惰的14. inaudible adj. not loud enough to be heard 听不见的15. height n. 身高16. weight n. 体重17. blond n. 浅黄色，金黄色头发18. European adj. 欧洲人的 n. 欧洲人19. recently adv. 最近20. describe v. 描述21. reference n. 出处，参照22. arrange v. 整理，排列，安排23. alphabetical 字母(表)的，依字母顺序的24. envelope n. 信封25. capital n. 首都，大写字母26. length n. 长度27. childhood n. 童年时期28. underlined adj. 下划线的29. couple n. 一对（夫妇）30. adopt v. 收养31. destine n. 命中注定32. fortune n. 命运33. arrival n. 到达34. embassy n. 大使馆35. housekeeper n. 管家(尤指女性)36. chief n. 首领，头目 adj. 主要的37. earn v. 挣，赚38. drama n. 戏剧，戏，剧39. academy n. 专科学院40. idol n. 偶像PhrasesReading1.read the letter 看信；读信2.on the next page 在下一页上3.take a look at sth. 看某物4.a title 标题，题目5.a signature at the end 在信尾签名6.an address at the top-right corner 地址在右上角7.a greeting 信件开头词（亲爱的……）8.a date under the address 日期在地址下方9.live in a country called England 住在一个名叫英国的国家10.write to sb. 给某人写信11.want to be the girl’s pen-friend 想成为这个女孩的笔友12.want sb. to do sth. 想要某人做某事13. a postal code 邮政编码14. a group of letters and numbers 一组字母和数字15.the post office 邮局16.deliver letters 投递信件17. a letter from a pen-friend 一封笔友的来信18.in ‘Pen-friends’ magazine 在《笔友》杂志里19.would like to do sth. 想干某事20.tell sb. sth. about oneself 向某人自我介绍21.be about five feet tall 大约五英尺高22.have short black and brown eyes 有黑短发和棕色的眼睛23.favourite hobby 兴趣爱好24.play computer game 打电脑游戏25.enjoy doing sth. 喜欢干某事26.play chess / rugby / badminton 下棋/打橄榄球/羽毛球27.live with sb. 与某人住在一起e to sp. 来某地e from 来自于30.own a Chinese restaurant 拥有一家中国餐厅31.be born in sp. 出生于某地32.have a brother called xx 有个名叫xx的兄弟33.work as an architect 做为/当一名建筑设计师工作34.be in Form One 在一年级35.walk to school 走到学校36.be friendly to sb. 对某人友好37.sports field 运动场地38.be keen on sth. 爱好/对……感兴趣39.in the winter / summer 在冬季/夏季40.to be an engineer 成为一名工程师41.enclose a photo of oneself 附上一张某人的照片42.be in the middle 位于中间43.best wishes 谨祝多福（书信结束语）44.look up the word in a dictionary 在字典中查找单词45.for example 比如，例如46.as well 也47.give sb. some more punch 再给某人一些饮料48.be all in 感到疲劳49.hurt one’s feet 伤了脚50.be terribly idle 非常懒惰51.tidy one’s room 整理房间52.at the back of the hall 在大厅的后部53.be inaudible 听不见54.an ambition 一个愿望（目标）55.shut the door 关门56.put something inside the letter 把某物放入信内57.one’s full name 某人的全名58.one’s age / height / weight 某人的年龄/身高/体重59.the name of one’s school 学校的名字60.one’s worst school subject 某人最差的学科61.be less than five feet two inches 不到五英尺二英寸高tall62.at all 根本63.become an engineer 成为一名工程师64.play sports 参加体育运动65.eat good meals 吃可口的饭菜66.speak English well 英语说得好67.go to university 上大学68.leave school 中学毕业；离校Listening1.hair colour 头发的颜色2.hair length 头发的长度3.eye colour 眼睛的颜色4.place of birth 出生地5.have blond hair 有金黄色的头发（男性）6.have blonds hair 有金黄色的头发（女性）Language1.begin with 以……开始2.consonant sounds 辅音3.vowel sounds 元音4.start with 以……开始5.vowel letters 元音字母6.a European 一个欧洲人7.wear a uniform 穿制服8.go to a university 去一所大学9.consonant letters 辅音字母10.an honest man 一个诚实的人11.an hour 一小时12.an actress / actor 一个女演员/男演员13.go to a high school 去一所中学14.at the other side of town 在城镇的另一边15.one-way street 单行道16.an accident 一次事故Speaking1.ask questions 提出问题2.answer these questions 回答这些问题3.let one’s voices fall at the end 在句末降调sentences4.make one’s voices fall at the arrow 在箭头标志处降调5.make one’s voices rise at the end of 在句末升调sentences6.express surprise 表示惊讶7.such as 比如8.make one’s voices go down or up 降调或升调9.make a similar conversation 编写一段同样的对话10.introduce sb. to the class 将某人介绍给全班Using English1.reference books 参考书2.an encyclopaedia 一本百科全书3.a telephone directory 一本电话号码本4.arrange these letter in alphabetical 按字母顺序排列这些字母order5.in the same order 按同样的顺序6.put these letters in alphabetical 按字母顺序排列这些字母order7.decide the alphabetical order 决定字母的顺序Writing1.receive the letter 收到信件2.want to reply to one’s letter 想回复某人的信件3.choose the best way 选择最好的方法4.start one’s letter 信的开头5.end one’s letter 信的结尾6.hear from sb. 收到某人的来信7.start / end sentences 开始/结束句rmation about oneself 关于自己的信息9.write one’s address on the envelope 在信封上写上某人的地址e capital letters 用大写字母More practicee into this world 来到这个世界上2.a poor couple 一对穷夫妇3.pay the hospital 支付医疗费用4.have enough money to pay the hospital 有足够的钱支付医疗费用5.ask sb. to do 要求某人做某事6.adopt sb. 收养某人7.the good omen of one’s birth 某人出生的好兆头8.in the Year of the Horse 在马年9.be destined to change one’s fortune 注定会改变某人的命运10.raise money for sth. / doing sth. 为某事筹集钱款11.take sb. home 带某人回家 sb. 给某人取名为13.celebrate one’s safe arrival in sp. 庆祝安全到达某地14.work as 从事15.dislike school 不喜欢学习16.chief cook 主厨师17.earn more money 赚更多的钱18.change greatly 变化很大19.from the moment 从……时起20.learn some skills 学习一些技能（本领）21.send sb. to sp. 送某人去某地22.the China Drama Academy 中国戏剧学院。
Figures-of-speech
Simile
• a figure of speech makes a comparison between two unlike elements having at least one quality or characteristic in common. To make the comparison, words like as, as...as, as if and like are used to transfer the quality we associate with one to the other.
1. O, my love’s like a red, red rose, That’s newly sprung in June: O, my love’s like the melody That’s sweetly played in tune.
－Robert Burns
2. Kindness is the golden chain by which the world is bound.
recalled.
Metaphor
• A figure of speech containing an implied comparison, in which a word or phrase ordinarily and primarily used of one thing is applied to another. (Webster’s New World Dictionary)
• Type Four: than. • E.g., A home without love is no more than
a body without a soul.
第一篇 The Making of a Success Story(2015年职称英语概况大意与完成句子译文)
The Making of a Success Story1 IKEA is the world's largest furniture retailer, and man behind it is Ingvar Kamprad, one of the world's most successful entrepreneurs . Born in Sweden in 1926 , Kamprad was a natural businessman. As a child , he enjoyed selling things and made small profits from selling matches ,seeds ,and pencils in his community .When Kamprad was 17, his father gave him some money as a reward for his good grades .Naturally he used it to start up a business-IKEA.2 IKEA's name comes from Kamprad's initials (I.K.)and the place where he grew up (`E` and `A`). Today IKEA is known for its modern , minimalist furniture , but it was not a furniture company in the beginning .Rather, IKEA sold all kind of miscellaneous goods ,Kamprad's ware included anything that he could sell for profits at discounted prices ,including watches ,pens and stockings .3 IKEA first began to sell furniture through a mail-order catalogue in 1947. The furniture was all designed and made by manufacturers near Kamprad's home. Initial sales were very encouraging , so Kamprad expanded the product line . Furniture was such a successful aspect of the business that IKEA became solely a furniture company in 1951.4 In 1953 IKEA opend its first showroom in Almhult ,Sweden. IKEA is known today for its spacious stores with furniture in attractive settings ,but in the early 1950s ,people ordered from catalogues ,Thus response to the first showroom was overwhelming:people loved being able to see and try the furniture before buying it . This led to increased sales and the company continued to thrive .By 1955, IKEA was designing all its own furniture .5 In 1956 Kamprad saw a man disassembling a table to make it easier to transport . Kamprad was inspired .The man had given him a great idea :flat packaging . Flat packaging would mean lower shipping costs for IKEA and lower prices for customers .IKEA tried it and sales soared . The problem was that people had to assemble furniture themselves ,but over time ,evem this grew into an advantage for IKEA . Nowadays ,IKEA is often seen as having connotations of self-sufficiency .This image has done wonders for the company ,leading to better sales and continued expansion.6 Today there are over 200 stores in 32 countries .Amazingly ,Ingvar Kamprad has managed to keep IKEA a privately-help company .In 2004 he was named the world's richest man , He currently lives in Switzerland and is retied from the day-to-day operations of IKEA. IKEA itself , though ,just keeps on growing.1. Paragraph 2 ____.2. Paragraph 3 ____.3. Paragraph 4 ____.4. Paragraph 5 ____.A. Ingvar Kamprad – a born businessmanB. Success brought by the introduction of showroomsC. The origin of IKEAD. Specialization in selling furnitureE. Flat packaging – a feature of IKEAF. World-wide expansion of IKEA5. Even when he was only a child, ____.6. ____, and years later became a big company specialized in manufacturing and selling of furniture.7. Customers liked the idea of IKEA’s showrooms because ____.8. As flat packaging saves money for both IKEA and the customers, ____.A. IKEA began as a small store selling all kinds of cheap things.B. it is highly welcomed by bothC. Ingvar Kamprad showed interest in and talent for doing business.D. he lives happily in retirementE. here they can see and try the furniture they are going to buy.F. Ingvar successfully manages the company all by himself答案与题解：C第二段介绍了IKEA这个店名的来源以及它刚开始的时候是一家什么样的小杂货店。
英国文学史期末复习重点
英国文学史Part one: Early and Medieval English LiteratureChapter 1 The Making of England1. The early inhabitants in the island now we call England were Britons, a tribe of Gelts.2. In 55 ., Britain was invaded by Julius Caesar.The Roman occupation lasted for about 400 years.It was also during the Roman role that Christianity was introduced to Britain.And in 410 ., all the Roman troops went back to the continent and never returned.3. The English ConquestAt the same time Britain was invaded by swarms of pirates海盗. They were three tribes from Northern Europe: the Angles, Saxons and Jutes.And by the 7th century these small kingdoms were combined into a United Kingdom called England, or, the land of Angles.And the three dialects spoken by them naturally grew into a single language called Anglo-Saxon, or Old English.4. The Social Condition of the Anglo-SaxonTherefore, the Anglo-Saxon period witnessed a transition from tribal society to feudalism.5. Anglo-Saxon Religious Belief and Its InfluenceThe Anglo-Saxons were Christianized in the seventh century.Chapter 2 Beowulf1. Anglo-Saxon PoetryBut there is one long poem of over 3,000 lines. It is Beowulf, the national epic of the English people. Grendel is a monster described in Beowulf.3. Analysis of Its ContentBeowulf is a folk lengend brought to England by Anglo-Saxons from their continental homes. It had been passed from mouth to mouth for hundreds of years before it was written down in the tenth century.4. Features of BeowulfThe most striking feature in its poetical form is the use of alliteration, metaphors and understatements.Chapter 3 Feudal England1 The Norman Conquest2. The Norman ConquestThe French-speaking Normans under Duke William came in 1066. After defeating the English at Hastings, William was crowned as King of England.The Norman Conquest marks the establishment of feudalism in England.3. The Influence of the Norman Conquest on the English LanguageBy the end of the fourteenth century, when Normans and English intermingled, English was once more the dominant speech in the country.3 The Romance1. The Content of the RomanceThe most prevailing kind of literature in feudal England was the romance.4. Malory’s Le Morte D’ArthurThe adventures of the Knights of the Round Table at Arthur’s court Chapter 5 The English Ballads2. The BalladsThe most important department of English folk literature is the ballad.A ballad is a story told in song, usually in 4-line stanzas, with the second and fourth lines rhymed.Of paramount importance are the ballads of Robin Hood.3. The Robin Hood BalladsChapter 6 Chaucer1. LifeGeoffrey Chaucer, the founder/father of English poetry.3. Troilus and CriseydeTroilus and Criseyde is Chaucer’s longest complete poem and his greatest artistic achievement.But the poet shows some sympathy for her, hitting that her fault springs from weakness rather than baseness of character.4. The Canterbury TalesThe Canterbury Tales is Chaucer’s masterpiece and one of the monumental works in English literature.6. His LanguageChaucer’s language, now called Middle English, is vivid and exact. Chaucer’s contribution to English poetry lies chiefly in the fact that he introduced from France the rhymed stanza of various types, especially the rhymed couplet of 5 accents in iambic meter the “the heroic couplet” to English poetry, instead of the old Anglo-Saxon alliterative verse.The spoken English of the time consisted of several dialects, and Chaucer did much in making dialect of London the standard for the modern English speech.Part Two: The English RenaissanceChapter 1 Old England in Transition1. The New MonarchyThe century and a half following the death of Chaucer was full of great changes.And Henry 7, taking advantage of this situation, founded the Tudor dynasty, a centralized monarchy of a totally new type, which met the needs of the rising bourgeoisie and so won its support.2. The ReformationProtestantismThe bloody religious persecution came to a stop after the church settlement of Queen Elizabeth.3. The English BibleWilliam TyndallThen appeared the Authorized Version, which was made in 1611 under the auspices of James I and so was sometimes called the King James Bible.The result is a monument of English language and English literature.The standard modern English has been fixed and confirmed.4. The Enclosure Movement5. The Commercial ExpansionChapter 2 More1. LifeThomas More2. UtopiaUtopia is More’s masterpiece, written in the form of a conversation between More and Hythlody, a returned voyager.The name “Utopia” comes from two Greek words meaning “no place”.3. Utopia, Book OneBook One of Utopia is a picture of contemporary England with forcible exposure of the poverty among the laboring classes.4. Utopia, Book TwoIn Book Two we have a sketch of an ideal commonwealth in some unknown ocean, where property is held in common and there is no poverty.Chapter 3 The Flowering of English Literature3. Edmund Spenser1 LifeThe Poet’s Poet of the period was Edmund Spenser.In 1579 he wrote The Shepher’s Calendar, a pastoral poem in twelve books, one for each month of the year.2 The Faerie Queene masterpieceSpenser’s greatest work, The Faerie Queene published in 1589-1596, is a long poem planned in 12 books, of which he finished only 6.iambic feet Spenserian Stanza4. Francis Bacon father/founder of English essaythe founder of English English materialist philosophyBacon is also famous for his Essays. When it included 58 essays.Bacon is the first English essayist.Chapter 4 Drama7. The PlaywrightsThere was a group of so-called “university wits” Lyly, Peele, Marlowe, Greene, Lodge and Nash.Chapter 5 Marlowe1. LifeThe most gifted of the “university wits” was Christopher Marlowe.2. WorkMarlowe’s best includes three of his plays, Tamburlaine,The Jew of Malta and Doctor Faustus.3. Doctor FaustusMarl owe’s masterpiece is The Tragical History of Doctor Faustus.5. Marlowe’s Literary AchievementMarlowe was the greatest of the pioneers of English drama.It is Marlowe who first made blank verse rhymeless iambic pentameter the principal instrument of English drama.Chapter 6 Shakespeare1. LifeWilliam Shakespeare was born on April 23, 1564, in Stratford-on-Avon.After his death, two of his above-mentioned fellow-actors, Herminge and Condell, collected and published Shakespeare’s plays in 1623. To this edition, which has been known as the First Folio.4. The Great ComediesA Midsummer Night’s Dream, The Merchant of Venice, As You Like It and Twelfth Night have been called Shakespeare’s “great comedies”.6. The Great TragediesShakespeare created his great tragedies, Hamlet, Othello, King Lear and Macbeth.7. Hamletthe son of the Renaissance9. The Poems1 Venus and Adonis2 The Rape of Lucrece3 Shakespeare’s Sonnets10. Features of Shakespeare’s DramaShakespeare and the Authorized Version of the English Bible are the two greatest treasuries of the English language.Shakespeare has been universally acknowledged to be the summit of the English Renaissance.Part Three: The Period of the English Bourgeois RevolutionChapter 1 The English Revolution and the Restoration5. The Bourgeois Dictatorship and the Restorationin 1688 Glorious Revolution6. The Religious Cloak of the English RevolutionPuritanism was the religious doctrine of the revolutionary bourgeoisie during the English Revolution. It preached thrift, sobriety, hard work and unceasing labour in whatever calling one happened to be, but with no extravagant enjoyment of the fruits of labour.Chapter 2 Milton1. Life and WorkParadise Lost, Paradise Regained and Samson Agonistes.2. Paradise Lost1 Paradise LostParadise Lost is Milton’s masterpiece.blank verse.Chapter 3 Bunyan1. LifeThe Pilgrim’s Progress was published in 1678.2. The Pilgrim’s Progress1The Pilgrim’s Progress is a religious allegory.Chapter 4 Metaphysical Poets and Cavalier Poetsa school of poets called “Metaphysical” by Samuel Johnson.by mysticism in content and fantasticality in formJohn Donne, the founder of the Metaphysical school of poetry.Chapter 6 Restoration Literature2. John DrydenThe most distinguished literary figure of the Restoration Period was John Dryden.Dryden was the forerunner of the English classical school of literature in the next century.Part Four: The Eighteenth CenturyChapter 1 The Enlightenment and Classicism in English Literature1. The Enlightenment and 18th Century England2 The Enlightenment in EuropeThe 18th century marked the beginning of an intellectual movement in Europe, known as the Enlightenment, which was, on the whole, an expression of struggle of the bourgeoisie against feudalism. The enlighteners fought against class inequality, stagnation, prejudices and other survivals of feudalism.3 The English EnlighternersThe representatives of the Enlightenment in English literature were Joseph Addison and Richard Steele, the essayists, and Alexander Pope, the poet. Chapter 2 Addison and Steele1. Steele and The TatlerRichard SreeleIn 1709, he started a paper, The Tatler, to enlighten, as well as to entertain, his fellow coffeehouse-goers.His appeal was made to “coffeehouses,” that is to say, to the middle classes, for whose enlightenment he stood up.“Issac Bickerstaff”2. Addison and The SpectatorThe general purpose is “to enliven morality with wit, and to temper wit with morality.”They ushered in the dawn of modern English novel.Chapter 3 Pope1. LifeAlexander Pope, the most important English poet in the first half of the 18th century.3. Workmanship and LimitationPope was an outstanding enlightener and the greatest English poet of the classical school in the first half of the 18th century.Pope is the most important representative of the English classical poery. But he lacker the lyrical gift.Chapter 4 Swift3. Bickersta f f Almanac 1708Swift wrote his greatest work Gulliver’s Travels in Ireland.Chapter 5 Defoe and the Rise of the English Novel1. The Rise of the English Novelthe realistic novel: Defoe, Swift, Richardson and FieldingSwift’s world-famous novel Gulliver’s Travel sDefoe’s Robinson Crusoe the forerunner of the English realistic novel Richardson: Pamela, Clarissa and Sir Charles GrandisonFielding was the real founder of the realistic novel in England.The novel of this period …spoke the truth about life with an uncompromising courage.” The novelists of this period understood that “the job of a novelist was to tell the truth about life as he saw it.”Ibid. This explains the achievement of the English novel in the 18th century.4. Robinson Crusoe1 Today Defoe is chiefly remembered as the author of Robinson Crusoe, his masterpiece.Chapter 6 RichardsonSamuel RichardsonPamela was, in fact, the first English psycho-analytical novel.After Pamela, Richardson wrote two other novels: Clarissa Harlowe and Sir Charles Grandison.Clarissa is the best of Richardson’s novel.Chapter 7 Fielding the father of English novel1. LifeHis first novel Joseph Andrews was published in 1742.His Jonathan Wild appeared in 1743. It is a powerful political satire. In 1749, he finished his great novel Tom Jones.Amelia was his last novel. It is inferior to Tom Jones, but has merits of its own.3. Joseph Andrews4. Tom Jones1 The StoryFielding’s greatest work is The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling.6. Summary2 Fielding as the Founder of the English Realistic NovelAs a novelist, Fielding is very great. He is the founder of the English realistic novel and sets up the theory of realism in literary creation. He has been rightly called the “father of t he English novel.”Chapter 10 Johnson1. LifeSamuel Johnson, lexicographer, critic and poet.2. Johnson’s DictionaryIn 1755 his Dictionary was published.His Dictionary also marked the end of English writers’ reliance on the patronage of noblemen for support.Chapter 13 Sentimentalism and Pre-Romanticism in Poetry1. LifeThomas Gray2. Pre-RomanticismIn the latter half of the 18th century, a new literary movement arose in Europe, called the Romantic Revival.Pre-Romanticism was ushered in by Percy, Macpherson and Chatterton, and represented by Blake and Burns.Chapter 14 Blake1. LifeWilliam Blake2. Songs of Innocence and Songs of Experience4. Blake’s Position in English LiteratureFor these reasons, Blake is called a Pre-Romantic or a forerunner of the Romantic poetry of the 19th century.Chapter 15 Burns1. LifeHis Poems Chiefly in the Scottish Dialect were printed. masterpieceThe Scots Musical Museum and Select Collection of Original Scottish Airs 2. The Poetry of Burns1 Burns is remembered mainly for his songs written in the Scottish dialect on a variety of subjects.3. Features of Burns’ PoetryBurns is the national poet of Scotland.Part Five: Romanticism in EnglandChapter 1 The Romantic Periodthe Industrial Revolution the French RevolutionAmid these social conflicts romanticism arose as a new literary trend. It prevailed in England during the period 1798-1832.These were the elder generation of romanticists, sometimes called escapist romanticists, including Wordsworth, Coleridge and Southey, who have also been called the Lake Poets.Active romanticists represented by Byron, Shelley and Keats.The general feature of the works of the romanticists is a dissatisfaction with the bourgeois society, which finds expression in a revolt against or an escape from the prosaic, sordid daily life, the “prison of the actual”under capitalism.Poetry, of course, is the best medium to express all these sentiments. The only great novelist in this period was Walter Scott.Scott marked the transition from romanticism to the period of realism which followed it.Chapter 2 WordsworthColeridgeIn 1798 they jointly published the Lyrical Ballads.The publication of the Lyrical Ballads marked the break with the conventional poetical tradition of the 18th century, ., with classicism, and the beginning of Romantic revival in England.The Preface of the Lyrical Ballads served as the manifesto of the English Romantic Movement in poetry.Wordsworth, Coleridge and Southey have often been mentioned as the “Lake Poets” because they lived in the Lake District in the no rthwestern part of England.His deep love for nature runs through such short lyrics as Lines Written in Early Spring, To the Cuckoo, I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud, My Heart Leaps Up, Intimations of Immortality and Lines Composed a Few Miles Above Tintern Abbey. The last is called his “lyrical hymn of thanks to nature”.Wordsworth’s poetry is distinguished by the simplicity and purity of his language.Chapter 3 Coleridge and Southey1. ColeridgeColeridge’s best poems, The Rime of the Ancient Mariner.Chapter 4 Byron1. LifeChilde Harold’s PilgrimageHe finished Childe Harold, wrote his masterpiece Don Juan.2. Childe Harold’s PilgrimageThis long poem contains four cantos. It is written in the Soenserian stanza.3. Don JuanByron remains one of the most popular English poets both at home and abroad. Chapter 5 Shelley4. Promethus UnboundShelley’s masterpiece is Promethus Unbound, a lyrical drama in 4 acts.6. Lyrics on Nature and LoveOde to the West WindChapter 6 Keats2. Long PoemsKeats wrote five long poems: Endymion, Isabella, The Eve of St. Agnes, Lamia and Hyperion.5 The unfinished long epic Hyperion has been regarded as Keat’s greatest achievement in poetry.3. Short Poems1 His leading principle is: “Beauty in truth, truth in beauty.”3 Ode to Autumn, Ode on Melancholy, Ode on a Grecian Urn and Ode to a NightingaleChapter 10 Scott2. His Historical NovelsScott has been universally regarded as the founder and great master of the historical novel.According to the subjet-matter, the group on the history of Scotland, the group on English history and the group on the history of European countries. In fact, Scott’s literary career marks the transition from romanticism to realism in English literature of the 19th century.Part Six: English Critical RealismChapter 2 DickensCharles Dickens critical realismDickens: Pickwick Papers, American Notes, Martin Chuzzlewit and Oliver Twist4 Dickens has often been compared Shakespeare for creative force and range of invention. “He and Shakespeare are the two unique popular classics that England has given to the world, and they are alike in being remembered not for one masterpiece but for creative world.”David CopperfieldChapter 3 Thackeray2. Vanity Fair: A Novel Without a HeroVanity Fair is Thackeray’s masterpiece. characters: Amelia Sedley and Rebecca Becky SharpThackeray can be placed on the same level as Dickens, as one of the greatest critical realists of 19th-century Europe.Chapter 4 Some Women Novelists1. Jane Austen 1775-1817She herself compared her work to a fine engraving made upon a little piece of ivory only two inches square.Jane Austen wrote 6 novels: Northanger Abbey, Sense and Sensibility, Pride and Prejudice, Mansfield Park, Emma and Persuasion.2. The Bronte SistersCharlotte’s maiden attempt at prose writing, the novel Professor, was rejected by the publisher, but her next novel Jane Eyre, appearing in 1847, brought her fame and placed her in the ranks of the foremost English realistic writers. Emily’s novel Wuthering Heights appeared in 1847.Anne: Agnes Grey4. George EliotMary Ann Evansthree remarkable novels: Adam Bede, The Mill on the Floss and Silas Marner 3 Silas Marner:Critical realism was the main current of English literature in the middle of the 19th century.Part Seven: Prose-Writers and Poets of the Mid and Late 19th Century Chapter 1 Carlylethe Victorian AgeChapter 3 Tennysonthe Victorian Age prose especially the novel1. Tennyson’s Life and CareerAlfred Tennyson, the most important poet of the Victorian Age.In the same year 1850 he was appointed poet laureate in succession to Wordsworth.Chapter 7 Literary Trends at the End of the Century1. NaturalismNaturalism is a literary trend prevailing in Europe, especially in France and Germany, in the second half of the 19th century.2. Neo-RomanticismStevenson was a representative of neo-romanticism in English literature. Treasure Island masterpiece3. AestheticismAestheticism began to prevail in Europe at the middle of the 19th century. The theory of “art for art’s sake” was first put forward by the French poet Theophile Gautier.The two most important representatives of aestheticists in English literature are Walter Pater and Oscar Wilde.2 Oscar Wilde dramatistLady Windermere’s Fan, 1893; A Woman of No Importance, 1894; An Ideal Husband and The Importance of Being Earnest, 1895The Importance of Being Earnest is his masterpiece in drama.Part Eight: Twentieth Century English LiteratureModernismChapter 2 English Novel of Early 20th Century3. Henry JamesHe is regarded as the forerunner of the “stream of consciousness” literature in the 20th century.Chapter 3 Hardy1. Life and WorkAmong his famous novels, Tess of the D’Urbervillies and Jude the Obscure.2. Tess of the D’Urbervilliescharacters: Tess, Alec D’Urbervillies and Angel ClareChapter 6 Bernard ShawChapter 8 Modernism in Poetry1. ImagismEzra PoundThe two most important English poets of the first half of 20th century are W. B. Yeats and T. S. Eliot.2. W. B. YeatsThe Wild Swans at Coole, Michael Robartes and the Dancer, The Tower and The Winding StairT. S. E liot has referred to Yeats as “the greatest poet of our age-certainly the greatest in this . English language.”3. T. S. EliotThe Waste Land 1922 is dignifying the emergence of Modernism.T. S. Eliot was a leader of the modernist movement in English poetry and a great innovator of verse technique. He profoundly influenced 20th-century English poetry between World Wars 1 and 2.Chapter 9 The Psychological Fiction1. D. H. LawrenceSons and Lovers1913, the first of Lawrence’s important novel s, is largely autobiographical.This shows the influence of Freud’s theory of psychoanalysis,especially that of the “Oedipus complex.”The Rainbow, Women in Love and Lady Chatterley’s Lover3. James JoyceUlysses 1922June 16, 1904character: Leopold BloomJames Joyce was one of the most original novelists of the 20th century. His masterpiece Ulysses has been called “a modern prose epic”.His admirers have praised him as “second only to Shakespeare in his mastery of the English language.”4. Virginia Woolf“high-brows” the Bloomsbury GroupVirginia Wolf’s first two novels, The Voyage Out and Night and Day. Jacob’s Room, Mrs. Dalloway, To the Lighthouse and OrlandoPart Nine: Poets and Novelists Who Wrote both before and after the SecondWorld WarChapter 5 E. M. ForsterEdward Morgan Forster the Bloomsbury Groupfour novels: Where Angels Fear to Tread, The Longest Journey, A Room with a View and Howards EndA Passage to India, published in 1924, is Forster’s masterpiece.In 1927, Forster published a book on the theory of fiction, Aspects of the Novel.Chapter 10 William GoldingWilliam Gerald GoldingHis first novel Lord of the FliesChapter 11 Doris LessingGolden Notebook。
The Fun They Had 大学英语精读 教学课件(共13张PPT)
5. He failed in the college entrance examination last year, but he did not feel disappointed. Instead, he continued to study hard, passed the examination successfully and became a student in a famous university this year.
• 8) With his shirt tucked into the top of his trousers and a leather bag tucked under his arm, the boy looked just like a boss.
• 9) Although she is only eight years old, the little girl is already very good at calculating fractions. No wonder her parents feel very proud of her.
2. It is awfully funny and splits your ideas with laughter to observe these caricatures which satirize social ills.
3. Computers are one of the most useful teaching aids, for all your lessons as well as all the questions asked and all the answers provided can be shown on a screen.
Summary of Chapter One 1
Chapter One: The Beginning Period of English LiteratureⅠThe Old English Period1. Historical BackgroundEngland has a long history of civilization. But historians are still uncertain about who first came to the island. The ancient Greeks first mentioned Britain and described it as a remote and legendary place. From the recorded history we know that the land was occupied by the Celts before the Romans invaded it.The native Celtic Britons suffered repetitive invasions by foreign forces. From 55 B.C. to 407 A.D., the British Isles was under the rule of the Roman Empire and the Celts were subjugated to the rule of Rome for nearly 400 years. It was during the Roman occupation that London was founded. The Romans, however, did not gain full control of Britain, and they made little influence on the cultural life of the Celts. By the 4th century, the Roman Empire was weakening. In 410, the Romans abandoned the island.England was soon invaded by three Germanic tribes: the Angles, Saxons, and Jutes. We often refer to them as the Anglo-Saxons for convenience. This is the beginning of the Anglo-Saxon period in British history (449-1100). By 550, the Anglo-Saxons were firmly established. The English language became the dominant language in England. No matter how uncomfortable the native Celts felt about the invasions, these foreign elements played vital roles in the creation of English history and literature.They became the new masters of the British Isles and were the ancestors of the present English people.It was around 500 A.D. the founder of the kingdom of Wessex, that the Celtic King Arthur, a legendary figure, is said to have acquired his fame.The Anglo-Saxons admired greatly the wisdom and courage of their war leaders. In Anglo-Saxon society, the king was essentially a warrior, whose duty was mainly to lead his tribe to fight against any possible foreign or hostile tribes. The Anglo-Saxons, who were largely pagans or heathens when they came to the island, gradually accepted Christianity. The conversion of the Anglo-Saxons to Christianity changed their intellectual outlook. Christianity offered them some values that were more consistent and solid than their pagan beliefs. It also enabled them to learn book knowledge in monasteries or schools from the Scriptures and the classical writings of Virgil and the ancient Greeks. They traveled long distances to Rome on pilgrimages, and these experiences enriched their understanding of the world, broadened and deepened their mental and spiritual powers.2. Beowulf: an English EpicOf the earliest heroic poetry, the most important poem now preserved is Beowulf. It probably existed in oral from as early as the 6th century as historical events related in the poem indicated. It was probably written down in the 8th century though the manuscript of the poem preserved today dates back to the 10th century and was written in the Wessex dialect. The poem contained altogether 3,193 lines and the story in it is based on partly historical and partly legendary materials, brought over by theAnglo-Saxons from their original homes.Though traces of Christian values can be clearly seen in Beowulf, it is pervaded with paganism. In the noble figure of Beowulf, pagan heroism and fatalism are mingled with Christian qualities.Like Homer’s poetry, Beowulf sings of the exciting adventures of a great legendary hero whose physical strength demonstrates his high spiritual qualities, i.e., his resolution to serve his country and kinsfolk, his true courage, courteous conduct, and his love of honor. In the poem Beowulf is strong, courageous, and selfless, ready to risk his life in order to rid his people of evil monsters.Beowulf is more than a fairy story of heroes fighting against monsters. The poem unfolds a picture of an early Danish society, of its public life, its customs, rituals and cultural activities. It recaptures the values, beliefs and longings of the Anglo-Saxon people before they came to England. Beowulf is not simply a courageous warrior. He is a wise ruler, and a brave fighter.Beowulf is a pagan poem concerned with the heroic ideal of kings and kingship in North Europe. Battle is a way of life at that time. Strength and courage are basic virtues for both kings and his warriors. The king should protect his people and show gentleness and generosity to his warriors. And in return, his warriors should show absolute obedience and loyalty to the king. By praising Beowulf’s wisdom, strength and courage, and by glorifying his death for his people, the poem presents the heroic ideal of a king and his good relations to his warriors and people. Present-day readers are often charmed by its depiction of a remote world, a world of legend, fantasies and primitive beauty.Like many other Anglo-Saxon poems, Beowulf was written in long lines. The lines do not rhyme but alliteration was extensively used. The most striking feature is its use of “word pictures”.。
《堂吉诃德》英语版 英国文学
人物评价
性格特征
堂吉诃德 可笑的理想主义者
疯狂可笑 忠贞无畏
桑丘·潘沙 可笑的实用主义者
贪图享受 公正严明
influence
1 嘲讽了流行一时的骑士小说 （knight novel）
2 深刻地揭示了理想与现实的矛盾
3 隐含着对西班牙现实深刻的理解
4 表现了对文学创作的思考
influence
♣ Don Quixote is considered the most influential work of literature
♣ It had a major influence on the literary community, as evidenced by
direct references in Alexandre Dumas’ The Three Musketeers（三个火枪 手）, Mark Twain’s Adventures of Huckleberry Finn（哈克贝利费恩历险记） and Edmond Rostand‘s Cyrano de Bergerac（大鼻子情圣） , as well as the word “quixotic”（唐吉坷德式的，不切实际的）.
歌德
雨果
海涅
奥克斯
“我感到 塞万提斯 的小说， 真是一个 令人愉快 又使人深 受教益的 宝库。”
“塞万提斯的 创作是如此地 巧妙，可谓天 衣无缝；主角 与桑丘，骑着 各自的牲口， 浑然一体，可 笑又可悲，感
人至极……”
“塞万提斯、 莎士比亚、歌 德成了三头统 治，在叙事、 戏剧、抒情这 三类创作里分 别达到登峰造
你睁开眼 ——眼中只有 怜悯弱者的哭泣。 你闭上眼 ——耳中只有 巨兽咆哮的风暴。 这世界需要拯救，需要伟大的堂吉诃德骑士。 堂吉诃德带着桑丘开始了他们伟大的出征， 他们是那么可笑，内心却又那么认真。 可怜的桑丘 他什么也不知道 噢！这没关系 因为他相信 他相信主人许诺给他岛屿 就像相信死后能得到天堂。
查理和巧克力工厂章节英语概要
查理和巧克力工厂章节英语概要Chapter 1: The Golden TicketThe story begins with the introduction of the main character, Charlie Bucket, who is living in poverty along with his parents and four grandparents. They live in a small house and struggle to afford food. The news spreads that the famous Willy Wonka is hiding five golden tickets in his chocolate bars, and the lucky finders of these tickets will get a once-in-a-lifetime opportunity to visit his chocolate factory. Four tickets are found by four spoiled children, leaving one remaining.Chapter 2: Mr. Willy WonkaCharlie's luck changes when he finds a dollar bill on the street and buys a Wonka chocolate bar. Miraculously, he discovers the fifth golden ticket inside. The news spreads, and the world is excited to meet the mysterious Willy Wonka. Readers learn about Wonka's eccentric character, his chocolate-making genius, and the closure of his factory after his secret recipes were leaked.Chapter 3: Mr. Wonka and the Indian PrinceCharlie and the other four ticket holders gather at the factory entrance on the scheduled day for the tour. They are greeted by Mr. Wonka, who introduces the visitors to his amazing Chocolate Room. The children, their parents, and Mr. Wonka board a gigantic boat that travels through a chocolate river. During the journey, Mr. Wonka shares a story about an Indian prince and the creation of the chocolate palace.Chapter 4: The Secret workersAs the tour continues, Mr. Wonka reveals a room where smallworkers known as Oompa-Loompas are making candies. He explains how he found them living in Loompaland and made a deal for them to work in his factory. The visitors are intrigued by the Oompa-Loompas' unique lifestyle and their vital role in the chocolate-making process.Chapter 5: The Chocolate RoomMr. Wonka leads the group into the Chocolate Room, a place filled with delights like mountains of candies, fountains of chocolate, and edible plants. The children can't resist tasting the creations, and some of them fall into dangerous situations due to their lack of self-control. Mr. Wonka reveals a chocolate waterfall and allows the children to drink directly from it.Chapter 6: The Wondrous Boat RideThe visitors get onto a boat that takes them on a dizzying and frightening trip through a tunnel. The boat ride surprises them with dark and disturbing imagery, causing some of the children and even the parents to become terrified. They emerge from the tunnel into a brightly lit room.Chapter 7: The Nut RoomMr. Wonka takes the group to the Nut Room, which is filled with all kinds of nuts. He introduces them to a new invention he calls "The Nutcracker Sweet," a machine that does the job of cracking nuts. The room is filled with interesting contraptions and inventions, leaving the visitors in awe.Chapter 8: The Great Glass ElevatorAfter the tour, Mr. Wonka takes Charlie and his Grandpa Joe asideand offers them the opportunity to own the factory. He reveals his invention, the Great Glass Elevator, which can travel in any direction. He invites them to take a ride, and they soar above the factory, saying goodbye to the other visitors.。
Unit2MoralsandVirtuesReadingforWriting课件高中英语人教版
Writing:
假定你是李华，最近班级正在进行英语作文比赛，请你写一篇短文参赛，介绍你 亲身经历的一件令人感动的事,内容包括: 1.故事经过 2.个人观点 注意:1.词数80左右;
2.可适当增加细节，使行文连贯。
the
Careful reading
Part 1:Cause
When Early one morning
Where Who What
Awards
Why
A local viliage Problems in public
The king
Placed a large _s_to_n_e_ in the middle ofthe main street and hid g_o_ld__c_o_in_sunder the stone
people.
T
Enlightenment(启示):Those benefit others will finally benefit themselves
• When we meet the problems in public
We should rather than
• face the problem • ignore the problem
有责任感的
• True or False
1.The girl move the stone easily and quickly.
F
2.The girl moved the stone,but got nothing.
F
3.The king found the person who has learnt the lesson he wanted to teach his
毕业论文英语文学content部分
毕业论文英语文学content部分毕业论文英语文学content部分汤姆叔叔的小屋ContentsIntroduction (9)Chapter One Uncle Tom’s Obedience (11)1.1 Uncle Tom’s Honesty (11)1.2 Uncle Tom’s Loyalty (12)1.2.1 His loyalty to Mr. Shelby (12)1.2.2 His loyalty to Augustine St. Clare (13)Chapter Two Uncle Tom’s Christian Love forHumanity (15)2.1 U ncle Tom’s Love for the Blacks and the Low (15)2.2 Uncle Tom’s Love for the Whites (16)2.2.1 His love for George Shelby (16)2.2.2 His love for Evangeline (17)2.3 Uncle Tom’s Love for His Enemies (19)Chapter Three Uncle Tom’s Disobedience of Gentle Impulse (19)Chapter Four Uncle Tom’s Tragic Ending (23)4.1 Comparison Between George Harris and Uncle Tom (23)4.1.1 George Harris’s struggle for freedom (23)4.1.2 Uncle Tom’s sacrifice for freedom (24)4.2 Introspection of Uncle Tom’s Death (26)Conclusion (28)Acknowledgements (29)Bibliography (30)雾都孤儿南希人物性格分析英语论文ContentsAcknowledgem ents.......................................................................................I Abstract (Chinese) (II)Abstract (III)Table ofConten ts..........................................................................................IV Part One Introduction....................................................................................1 Part Two An Introduction to the Author (1)2.1 The Author: Charles Dickens (1)2.1.1 The Definition of Critical Realism (2)2.1.2 Dickens‘ Life (2)2.1.3 Dickens‘ WritingStyle (3)2.2 The main story of OliverTwist (4)Part Three An Analysis of Nancy‘s Double Character (5)3.1 Nancy Hold a Candle to the Devil (5)3.1.1 Nancy is to Bug and Intercept Oliver (5)3. 1.2 The Protection of Theft Gang (6)3.2 Nancy‘s Good Nature (6)3.2.1 Nancy Saves Oliver inDistress (6)3.2.2 Nancy Reveals inside Story of Oliver‘s Birth (7)3.2.3 Faithful to the Love (8)Part Four The Reasons for Nancy‘s Complicated Characte r (9)4.1 Tragic Life of Nancy (9)4.1.1 Comparison between Nancy and Rose‘s Birth (9)4.1.2 Significant Contrast between Nancy and Oliver‘s Birth (10)4.2 Influence of Feudal Society on Nancy‘s Character (10)4.2.1 Interpersonal Apathy Effects on Nancy‘sCharacter (10)4.2.2 The Heavily Fortified Hierarchy (10)Part F ive Associated with Modern Society (11)5.1 The Call ofGoodness ...........................................................................11 V 5.2 Education System Needs to be Improved...................................................11 Part Six Conclusion (12)Notes (13)Bibliography (14)《飘》中斯佳丽的人物性格分析ContentsIntroduction ............................ .............. ...... .... .... ........ .... (1)Chapter One The Period before the War (2)2.1 About the Title......................................................................... (2)2.2 The Plot Summary (2)2.3 Scarlett in the Period beforeWar.................... ............ (4)2.3.1 Education of the Women in the South before War (4)2.3.2 Scarlett the Rebellious Girl (6)2.4 The Summary................... ............. .... .... .. (8)Chapter Two The Period in the War............. ........... .... .... ....... . (9)3.1The Plot Summary....................................................................... .. (9)3.2 Scarlett’s Capability of Changing with Times............... .. (11)3.3 Scarlett’s Persistent Pursuit of Better Life (13)3.4 The Summary (14)Chapter Three The Period after theWar........... (15)4.1 The Plot Summary (15)4.2 Scarlett’s Persistent Pursuit of True Love (16)4.3 The Contrast of Scarlett and Melanie (18)Conclusion ................................................................... (19)Notes ................................................................ ........ .. (21)Bibliography ............................. .................................. . (22)Contents1.SocialBackground ................................................................... ....................... 错误！未定义书签。
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2013年1月29日星期二曲阜冯卓整理
Chapter One: The making of England英格兰的形成
I．The Britons
The early inhabitants in the island now we call England were Britons, a tribe of Celts.
最早生活在现在被我们称为英格兰的岛上的居民是不列颠人，他们是一个凯尔特人部落。
II．The Roman Conquest
In 55B.C.，Britain was invade by Julius Caesar, the Roman conqueror.公元前55年，罗马征服者裘里斯凯撒入侵英国。
It was also during the Roman Rule that Christianity was introduced to Britain.罗马统治时期，基督教传入不列颠。
At the beginning of 5th century, the Roman Empire was in the process of declining. In 410A.D.，all the Roman troops went back to the continent and never returned.
5世纪出，罗马帝国开始走向衰败。
公元410年，所有的罗马军队都撤回到欧洲大陆，再也没有回来。
III．The English Conquest
At the same time Britain was invade by swarms of pirates. They were three tribes from Northern Europe: the Angles, Saxons and Jutes.
在罗马部队撤回欧洲大陆的同时，不列颠遭受到成群海盗的入侵。
他们是来自北欧的三个部族：盎格鲁人、撒克逊人和朱特人。
IV．The Social Condition of the Anglo-Saxons
The Anglo-Saxon period witnessed a transition from tribal society to feudalism.
V．Anglo-Saxon Religious Belief and Its Influence
The Anglo-Saxons were heathen people. They believed in old mythology of Northern Europe.盎格罗撒克逊人是异教徒。
他们信仰北欧神话。
【个人总结：盎格罗撒克逊人来自北欧，所以信仰北欧神话。
他们不信上帝，是异教徒。
所以第二章的贝尔武甫是民族史诗，与上帝无关。
】。