ASingleSitePositioningMethodBasedonTOAandDOAEstima
航线运输驾驶员执照ATPL理论考试题库-680道题+中文翻译
A.680道英文题(后面附加有中文说明)1..Which flight conditions of a large jet airplane create the most severe flight hazard by generating wingtip vortices of the greatest strength?A.Heavy,slow,gear and flaps up.B.Heavy,slow,gear and flaps down.C.Heavy,fast,gear and flaps down.A X2..In a decision-making process,a participatory leaderA.allows each team member to have a say and to participate in team processes.B.tends to make all team decisions and controls all resources.C.may ultimately decide the team's actions,but seldom takes into consideration the team members'experience,knowledge,and preferences.A X3..The perception of color is a function of theA.cones on the retina and is diminished in dim ambient lighting.B.rods on the retina and is diminished in dim ambient lighting.C.cones on the retina and is diminished in bright lighting conditions.A X4..Hypoxia may be caused byA.fly with a head cold.B.breathing too quickly and/or too deeply for therequirements of the body.C.flying at an altitude where the partial pressure of oxygen is too low.C X5..(According to Figure 4) At Shanghai,which description is correctA.The visibility is 800 meters,the sea level pressure is 996 hPa,B.The visibility is 8 kilometers,the QNH is 999.6 hPa,C.The visibility is 8 kilometers,the sea level pressure is 999.6 hPa,C X6.At which speed will increasing the pitch attitude cause an airplane to climb?A.Low speed.B.High speed.C.Any speed.B X7..A plane,MH 160°,receive this ATC clearance: "... HOLD EAST OF THE ABC VORTAC ON THE ZERO NINER ZERO RADIAL...",What is therecommended procedure to enter the holding pattern?A.Teardrop onlyB.Direct onlyC.Parallel onlyC X8..The maximum duty time in 24 consecutive hours that a carrier may schedule a pilot in a three pilot crew (including a second-in-commander pilot) without a rest period isA.16hoursB.17 hoursC.18 hoursA X9..A person whose duties include the handing or carriage of dangerous articles and/or magnetized materials must have satisfactorily completed an established and approvedtraining program within the precedingA.6 calendar months.B.12 calendar months.C.24 calendar months.B X10..Which dispatch requirement applies to an international air carrier that isscheduled for a 10 hours IFR flight?A.No alternate airport is required if the visibility at thedestination airport is desired to be at least 4,800m.B.An alternate airport is required.C.An alternate airport is not required if the ceiling at the destination airport is at least 600m AGL.B X11..If a flight engineer becomes incapacitated duringflight,who may perform the flight engineer's duties?A.The second in command only.B.Any flight crewmember, if qualified.C.Either pilot, if they have a flight engineer certificate.B X12..(Refer to Figure 1) According to the aeronautical weather report on figure 1,the QNH for ZUUU isA.998 hPaB.1099.8 hPaC.999.8 hPaA X13..Which condition will for the formation of radiation fog?A. Moist, stable air being moved over gradually rising ground by a wind.B. A clear sky, little or no wind,and high relative humidity.C. Moist air moves over colder ground or water.B X14..If a pilot suspects that he/she is suffering the effects of hypoxia,the most appropriate remedy would bee supplement oxygen or descend immediately to a low levelB.voluntarily increase the depth of breathing to induce more oxygen into the lungsC.voluntarily increase the breathing rate to increase the oxygen uptakeA X15..For the purpose of testing the flight recorder system.A.A minimum of 1 hour of the oldest recorded data must be erased to get a valid testB.A total of 1 hour of the oldest recorded data accumulated at the time of testing may be erasedC.A total of no more than 1 hour of recorded data may be erasedB X16.What effect does the leading edge slot in the wing have on performance?A. Decrease profile drag.B. Changes the stalling angle of attack to a higher angle.C. Decelerates the upper surface boundary layer air.B X17.. Under what condition should a pilot on IFR advise ATC of minimum fuel status?A. When the fuel supply becomes less than that required for IFR.B. If the remaining fuel suggests a need for traffic or landing priority.C. If the remaining fuel precludes any undue delay.C X18.. In the Northern hemisphere, if a pilot makes along-distance flight from east to west, under which of the following conditions,A.(接正文encounter against the wind forming by air pressure system?) when the airplane is in the south of high pressure system and in the north of low pressure system.B. When the airplane is in the north of high pressure system and in the south of low pressure system.C. When the airplane is in the north of high pressure and low pressure systems .B X19.. An alternate airport for departure is requiredA.if weather conditions are below authorized landing minimums at the departure airport.B.when the weather forecast at the estimated time ofdeparture is for landing minimums only.C.when destination weather is marginal IFR.A X20.. [Refer to Figures 4-50,4-51,4-52,4-53, and 4-54.] What is the total fuel required at .80 Mach?A.22,836 pounds.B.22,420 pounds.C.22,556 pounds.B X21.. Which is a definition of V2 speed?A.Takeoff decision speed.B.Takeoff safety speed.C.Minimum takeoff speed.B X22.. What is the approximate rate unsaturated air will cool flowing upslope?A. 3℃per 1,000 feet.B. 2℃per 1,000 feet.C. 4℃per 1,000 feet.A X23. An airport approved by the Administrator for use by an air carrier certificate holder for the purpose of providing service to a community when the regular airport is notavailable is a/an:A.destination airport.B.provisional airport.C.alternate airport.B X24.. (Refer to Figure 6-7) If the en route altitude of an aircraft is FL118, what is the altitude when the aircraft operates to DAWANGZHUANG along 007oA.FL118.B.FL128.C.FL138.A X25.. Who is responsible for the issue of Series D NOTAMs?AFC.B.Area flight information center.C.Airport flight information office.C X26..What temperature condition is indicated if precipitation in the form of wet snow occurs during flight?A. the temperature is above freezing at flight altitude.B. The temperature is above freezing at higher altitudes.C. There is an inversion with colder air below.A X27.Which ground components are required to be operative fora Category II approach in addition to LOC glide slope, marker beacons, and approach lights?A.Radar and RVR.B.RCLS and REILC.HIRL, TDZL, RCLS, and RVR.C X28.If an aircraft level turns at an angle of bank of 30 degree , the load factor isA.1Gs.B.2Gs.C.1.4GsC X29.. The ATS unit must ensure that pilots are kept informed of any change in the status of airport facilities_______________.A. at their destinationsB. at their alternate aerodromesC. A and BC X30.. (Refer to Figure 6-5) If an aircraft is estimated to arrive WEIXIAN at 1300z, pilot should contact ZHENGZHOU CONTROL on the frequency ofA.122.20MHz.B.8897KHz.C.3016KHz.C X31..(according to figure 2), the forcasting visibility at ZSSS is____A. 5000 m between 00Z-05Z, and 3000 m at other timeB. 5000 m between 00Z-09ZC. 5000 m between 00Z-05Z, 5000 m above at other timeA X32. By regulation, who shall provide the pilot in command of a domestic or flag air carrier airplane information concerning weather, and irregularities of facilities and services?A.The aircraft dispatcher.B.Air route traffic control center.C.Director of operations.A X33.. If the wind direction measured by the weather station is 270°,the optimum takeoff and landing direction is .A.from east to westB.from west to eastC.from north to southA X34.What characteristic should exist if an airplane is loaded tothe rear of its CG range?A.Sluggish in aileron control.B.Sluggish in rudder controlC.Unstable about the lateral axisC X35. Which is a definition of the term "crewmember"?A.Only a pilot, flight engineer, or flight navigator assigned to duty in an aircraft during flight time.B.A person assigned to perform duty in an aircraft during flight time.C.Any person assigned to duty in an aircraft during flight except a pilot or flight engineer.B X36.. The most important restriction to the operation of turbojet or turboprop engines isA.Limiting compressor speed.B.Limiting Turbine Inlet Temperature (TIT).C.Limiting torque.B X37. If it becomes necessary to shut down one engine on a domestic air carrier three-engine turbojet airplane, thepilot in commandA. must land at the nearest suitable airport, in point of time,at which a safe landing can be made.B. may continue to the planned destination if approved by the company aircraft dispatcher.C. may continue to the planned destination if this is considered as safe as landing at the nearest suitable airport.C X38. In a 24-hour consecutive period, what is the maximum time, excluding briefing and debriefing, that an airline transport pilot may instruct other pilots in air transportationservice?A.6 hours.B.8 hours. 2C.10 hours.B X39.. [Refer to Figures 4-46, 4-47 and 4-48.] What is the ETE from Chicago Midway Airport to Greater Buffalo Intl?A.2 hours 12 minutes.B.2 hours 15 minutes.C.2 hours 18 minutes.A X40.. You should advise ATC of minimum fuel status when your fuel supply has reached a state where, upon reaching your destination, you cannot accept any undue delay.A. This will ensure your priority handling by ATC.B. ATC will consider this action as if you had declared an emergency.C. If your remaining usable fuel supply suggests the need for traffic priority to ensure a safe landing, declare an emergency due to low fuel and report fuel remaining in minutes.C X41.. (Refer to Figure 7) In this chart, ISOL EMBD CB 340/XXX meansA. Some places have CBs, CBs with little or no separationB. Isolated cumulonimbus embedded in layers of other clouds, the top of the cumulonimbus is 34000 feet, the base is unknownC. The airplane is embedded in layers of clouds, the top of the cumulonimbus is 34000 feet, the base is unknownB X42.Within what frequency range dies the localizer transmitter of the ILS operate?A.108.10 to 118.10 MHZB.108.10 to 111.95 MHZC.108.10 to 117.95 MHZ.B X43..Which of the following characteristics heatthunderstorm?A.It moves with the weather system.B.It covers small area and is isolated with openingsC. It strengthens at night and weakens in the day on landB X44.. What is the time limitation for filing flight application?A.At least before 1500 Beijing Time prior to the departure date.B.At least before 1700 Beijing Time prior to the departure date.C.At least before 1200 Beijing Time prior to the departure date.A X45.What is the purpose of an elevator trim tab?A.Provide horizontal balance as airspeed is increased toallow hands-off flight.B.Adjust the speed tail load for different airspeeds in flight allowing neutral control forces.C.Modify the downward tail load for various airspeeds inflight eliminating flight-control pressures.C X47.．Hypoxia is always accompanied byA. dizzinessB.a degradation in the performance of a pilotC.vomitingB X48.The "runway hold position" sign denotesA.An area protected for an aircraft approaching a runwayB.An entrance to runway from a taxiwayC.Intersecting runwaysC X49.. An alternate airport must be listed in the dispatch and flight release for all international operation air carrier flights longer thanA.7 hours.B.8 hours.C.6 hours.C X50.．Carbon monoxide is dangerous becauseA.it displace oxygen from the blood's red cellsB.it is highly acidic and attacks the lining of the lungsC.it displaces oxygen from the lungs causing suffocationA X51.. In flight, pilots find forane clouds consisting of cloud bar and cloud band with flat floor and piled clouds on the top of some clouds. The descriptive cloud should be.A. cumulus congestusB. cumulostratusC. towering cloudsC X52.. What condition produces the most frequent type ofground-or surface-based temperature inversion?A. The movement of colder air under warm air or the movement of warm air over cold air.B. Widespread sinking of air within a thick layer aloft resulting in heating by compression.C. Terrestrial radiation on a clear, relatively calm night.C X53.．What is a symptom of carbon monoxide poisoning?A.Rapid, shallow breathing.B.Pain and cramping of the hands and feet.C.Dizziness.C X54.．Hypoxia is the result of which of these conditions?A.Insufficient oxygen reaching the brain.B.Excessive carbon dioxide in the bloodstream.C.Limited oxygen reaching the heart muscles.A X55.Which "rule-of-thumb" may be used to approximate therate of descent required for a 3 glide path?A.5times groundspeed in knots.B. 8times groundspeed in knots.C.10 times groundspeed in knots.A X56.A pilot of a high-performance airplane should be aware that flying a steeper-than-normal VASI glide slope angle may result inA. A hard landing.B. Increased landing rollout.C. Landing short of the runway threshold.B X57. A domestic air carrier airplane lands at an intermediate airport at 1815Z. The latest time it may depart without a specific authorization from an aircraft dispatcher isA.1945Z.B.1915Z.C.1845Z.B X58.. An aircraft that encounters a headwind of 45knots, withina microburst, may expect a total shear across the microburst ofA. 40 knotsB. 80 knotsC. 90 knotsC X59.．Which of the following is not the tip for good SA management during the flight?A.Resolve discrepancies- contradictory data or personal conflicts.B.Fixation-focusing on any one thing to the exclusion of everything else.C.Monitor and evaluate current status relative to our plan.B X60.. If the landing minimums for a NDB approach shown on the IAP chart are visibility 2,000m and MDA 120m, which minimums apply when you actually divert to this airport?A.Visibility 2,800m and MDA 180m.B.Visibility 3,600m and MDA 240m.C.Visibility 2,000m and MDA 120m.C X61. A pilot flight crewmember, other than pilot in command, must have received a proficiency check or line-oriented simulator training within the precedingA.6 calendar months.B.12 calendar months.C.24 calendar months.C X62.. (Refer to Figure 6-1) Which approach lighting is available for VOR/DME Rwy 36R?A.HIALS.B.HIALS with PAPI.C.PAPI.B X63.Holding position signs haveA.White inscriptions on a red backgroundB.Red inscriptions on a white backgroundC.Yellow inscriptions on a red backgroundA X64.．A common source of human error is the false hypothesis. Under certain conditions this is more or less likely than at other times. From the following list, select the situation least likely toA.(续正文，result in a person arriving at a falsehypothesis)when expectancy of an event is highB.after a period of intense concentrationC.during normal operationC X65..Which airplane performance characteristics should berecognized during takeoff when encountering a tailwind shear that increases in intensity?A. loss of, or diminished, airspeed performanceB. decreased takeoff distanceC. increased climb performance immediately after takeoffA X66.Which airplanes are required to be equipped with a ground proximity warning glide slope deviation alerting system?A.All turbine powered airplanesB.Passenger -carrying turbine-powered airplanes onlyrge turbine-powered airplanes onlyA X67..During the life cycle of a thunderstorm, which stage is characterized predominately by downdrafts?A. cumulusB. dissipatingC. matureB X68.When are outboard ailerons normally used?A.Low-speed flight only.B.High-speed flight only.C.Low-speed and high-speed flight.A X69.. What does the throttle opening of aturbo-charged-reciprocating engine control?A.Supercharger gear ratio.B.Exhaust gas discharge.C.The desired manifold pressure.C X70.During an en route descent in a fixed-thrust andfixed-pitch attitude configuration, both the ram air input and drain hole of the pilot system become completely blocked by ice. What airspeed indication can be expected?A.Increase in indicated airspeed.B.Decrease in indicated airspeed.C.Indicated airspeed remains at the value prior to icingB X71. An applicant who is taking a practical test for a type rating to be added to a commercial pilot certificate, in an approved simulator, isA.required to have a first-class medical certificate.B.required to have a second-class medical certificate.C.not required to have a medical certificate.C X72..If the aircraft enters the strong downdraft burst, where is the aircraft expected to meet the strongest downdraft?A. in the center of strong downdraft burstB. when it enters the strong downdraft burstC. when leaves the strong downdraft burstA X73.. It should be reported without ATC request thatA. When unable to climb at a rate of at least 500 feet per minute.B. When unable to descend at a rate of at least 1000 feet per minute.C. When unable to climb or descend at a rate of at least 600 feet per minute.A X74.. [Refer to Figure 4-28.] How much will landing distance be reduced by using 15o of flaps rather than 0o flaps at a landing weight of 115,000 pounds?A.500 feet.B.800 feet.C.2,700 feet.B X75.．The time of useful consciousness(TUC) is affected by many factors, such as flight altitude, climbing rate, pilot'sactivity level, pilot'sA.(续正文，health, and whether the pilot smoking or not. Thestatement is )rightB.wrongA X76. (Refer to Figure 2-12) what is the runway distance remaining at "A" for a nighttime takeoff on runway 9?A.1,000 feetB.2,000 feetC.2,500 feetB X77.. Maximum range performance of a turbojet aircraft is obtained by which procedure as aircraft weight reduces?A.Increasing speed or altitude.B.Increasing altitude or decreasing speed.C.Increasing speed or decreasing altitude.B X78..Which type of weather conditions are covered in the Convective SIGMETA. Embedded thunderstorms, severe turbulenceB. Cumulonimbus clouds, light turbulenceC. severe icing, surface visibility lower than 5000 metersA X79. When a pilot plans a flight using NDB NAVAIDS. Which rule applies?A.The airplane must have sufficient fuel to proceed. by means of VOR NAVIDS, to a suitable airport and land.B.The pilot must be able to return to the departure airport using other navigation radios.C.The airplane must have sufficient fuel to proceed, by means of VOR NAVAIDS, to a suitable airport and complete an instrument approach by use of the remaining airplane radio system.C X80.. What is an area identified by the term "clearway"?A.centrally located about the extended centerline and under airport authorities, which does not contain obstructions and can be considered when calculating takeoff performance.B.An area, at least the same width as the runway, capable of supporting an airplane during a normal takeoff.C.An area beyond the takeoff runway, which is able to support the airplane, for use in decelerating the airplane during an aborted takeoff.A X81. A crewmember who has served as second-in-command on a particular type airplane (e.g., B737-300), may serve aspilot-in-command upon completing which training program?A.Upgrade training.B.Recurrent training.C.Initial training.A X82.. Which points should be report to ATC without request?A. when leaving the final approach fix outbound.B. when leaving an assigned holding fix.C. when leaving the final approach fix outbound, or when leaving an assigned holding fix.C X83.. What is the correct symbol for minimum unstick speed?A.VMU.B.VMD.C.VFC.A X84.．The two different types of light sensitive elements on the retina are classified asA.rods which are sensitive to color and cones which work best in dim light.B.cones which are sensitive to color and rods which work best in dim light.C.rods and cones both of which are responsible for color vision.B X85.(Refer to Figures 2-4 and 2-5)To which aircraft position does HSI presentation "A" correspond?A.9and6B.9 onlyC.6 onlyA X86.．Which of the following is the clue of SA weaken or loss during the flight?A.Fixation-focusing on any one thing to the exclusion of everything else.B.Adhere to standard operating procedures.C.Meet expected checkpoint on flight plan or profile-ETA, fuel burn, etC．as far as possible.A X87..Which type clouds are indicative of very strong turbulence?A. nimbostratus.B. Standing lenticular.C. Cirrocumulus.B X88.. What effect will an increase in altitude have upon the available equivalent shaft horsepower (ESHP) of a turboprop engine?A.Lower air density and engine mass flow will cause a decrease in power.B.Higher propeller efficiency will cause an increase in usable power (ESHP) and thrust.C.Power will remain the same but propeller efficiency will decrease.A X89.. You can't enter tower controlled airspace under IFR weather conditions unless you have filed an IFR flight plan andA.slowed down to the final approach IAS.B.received an ATC clearance.C.climbed to the appropriate altitude.B X90.. Series C NOTAMs of Class 2 must be disseminated to domestic area flight information center NOTAMs officeA.25 days ago.B.15 days ago.C.7 days ago.B X91..(according to figure 2), at ZBAA, the max predicting wind speed is___.A. 17 m/sB. 8 m/sC. 6 m/sA X92.. [Refer to Figure 4-28.] What is the ground roll when landing with 5o of flaps at a landing weight of 142,500 pounds?A.1,750 feet.B.2,100 feet.C.2,500 feet.C X93.．Which of the following is not normally a symptom of hypoxia?A.increased visual fieldB.An increase in breathing rateC.Sleepiness or frequent yawningA X94.. (Refer to Figure 6-3) The true direction of Rwy 35 at PUDONG isA.342o.B.347o.C.352o.A X95.. What effect would a change in air density have ongas-turbine-engine performance?A.As air density decreases, thrust increases.B.As air density increases, thrust increases.C.As air density increases, thrust decreases.B X96. When is DME required for an instrument flight?A.At or above 24000 feet MSL if VOR navigational equipment is requiredB.In terminal radar service areasC.Above 12,500 feet MSLA X97. . (Refer to Figure 6-2) Which approach lighting isavailable for ILS/DME Rwy 36L?A.HIALS with PAPI.B.HIALS.C.PAPI.A X98.. (According to Figure 1) which station reports the max wind speedA.ZSSSB.ZUUUC.ZWWWC X99.What is a characteristic of longitudinal instability?A.Pitch oscillations becoming progressively greater.B.Bank oscillations becoming progressively greater.C.Aircraft constantly tries pitch down.A X100.. (Refer to Figure 6-3, 6-4) What distance is available for takeoff on Rwy 17 at PUDONG?A.12,093 feet.B.12,097 feet.C.13,123 feet.C X101..Crew resource management is a process using allavailable information and resources, i.e. equipment, procedures and people, to achieve a safe andA.(续正文，efficient flight operation. The statement is)rightB.wrongA X102.. [Refer to Figure 4-41.] What is the approximate landing weight for Operating Conditions below? WEIGHT (START TO ALT): 87,000,DISTANCE (NM): 370,WIND COMPONENT: 60HW,HOLDINGTIME AT ALT (MIN): 15A.80,850 pounds.B.85,700 pounds.C.77,600 pounds.A X103.．(Refer to Figure 1) What weather condition is reported at Urumchi (ZWWW)A. Strong wind with showerB. Snow and rainC. Strong west wind and blowing snowC X104.. [Refer to Figure 4-28 and 4-29.] What approach speed and landing distance will be needed when landing at a weight of 140,000 pounds with 15o of flaps?A.123 knots and 3,050 feet.B.138 knots and 3,050 feet.C.153 knots and 2,050 feet.B X105.If a required instrument on a multiengine airplane becomes inoperative, which document dictates whether the flight may continue en route?A. An approved Minimum Equipment list for the airplane.B. Original dispatch release.C. Certificate holder's manual.C X106.. [Refer to Figure 4-34.] What are the recommended IAS and EPR settings for holding under Operating Conditionsbelow? ,ALTITUDE: 30,000,WEIGHT (*1000): 92.5,ENGINES OPERATING: 2,HOLDING TIME (MIN): 10A.221 knots and 1.83 EPR.B.210 knots and 1.69 EPR.C.217 knots and 1.81 EPR.B X107.. How often is SNOWTAM broadcast to distant centers?A.Hourly.B.One hour and a half a time.C.30 minutes a time.A X108..When light passes through the lens it is brought to focus at the back of the eyeball on theA.retinaB.corneaC.irisA X109..When is the course deviation indicator (CDI) considered to have a full-scale deflection?A.When the CDI deflects from full-scale left to full-scale tight, or vice versa.B.When the CDI deflects from the center of the scale tofull-scale left or right.C.When the CDI deflects from half-scale left to half-scale right, or vice versa.B X110.．Effective CRM has some characteristics, which of the following is right description about it?A.CRM is a process using all available information and resources, i.e. equipment, procedures and people, to achieve a safe and efficient flight operation.B.CRM can be blended into all forms of aircrew trainingC.A and BC X111.. [Refer to Figure 4-25.] What is the maximum landing weight which will permit stopping 1,500 feet short of the end of a 4,950-foot dry runway with reversers and spoilers inoperative?A.119,000 pounds.B.136,000 pounds.C.139,000 pounds.C X112. Who is required to submit a written report on a deviation that occurs during an emergency?A. Person who found the emergency.B. Person who heard the emergency.C. Pilot in command.C X113..Northwest wing can be presented as .A. 200°or NWB. 315°or NWC. 135°or SEB X114..What characterizes a transient compressor stall?A.Loud, steady roar accompanied by heavy shuddering.B.Sudden loss of thrust accompanied by a loud whine.C.Intermittent "bang," as backfires and flow reversals take place.C X115..Which of the following is not the way of increasing MCRIT in jet transport designsA. give the wing a lower camberB. increase wing sweep.C.add slatsC X116Under what condition is VMC the highest?A.Gross weight is at the maximum allowable value.B.CG is at the most rearward allowable position.C.CG is at the most forward allowable position.。
晶体结构缺陷的类型
二 按缺陷产生旳原因分类
晶体缺陷
辐照缺陷 杂质缺陷
电荷缺陷 热缺陷 非化学计量缺陷
1. 热缺陷
定义:热缺陷亦称为本征缺陷，是指由热起伏旳原因所产生 旳空位或间隙质点（原子或离子）。
类型:弗仑克尔缺陷（Frenkel defect）和肖特基缺陷 （Schottky defect）
T E 热起伏(涨落) 原子脱离其平衡位置
面缺陷旳取向及分布与材料旳断裂韧性有关。
面缺陷－晶界
晶界示意图
亚晶界示意图
晶界: 晶界是两相邻晶粒间旳过渡界面。因为相邻晶粒 间彼此位向各不相同，故晶界处旳原子排列与晶内不同， 它们因同步受到相邻两侧晶粒不同位向旳综合影响，而做 无规则排列或近似于两者取向旳折衷位置旳排列，这就形 成了晶体中旳主要旳面缺陷。
-"extra" atoms positioned between atomic sites.
distortion of planes
selfinterstitiallids
Two outcomes if impurity (B) added to host (A):
• Solid solution of B in A (i.e., random dist. of point defects)
OR
Substitutional alloy (e.g., Cu in Ni)
Interstitial alloy (e.g., C in Fe)
Impurities in Ceramics
本章主要内容：
§2.1 晶体构造缺陷旳类型 §2. 2 点缺陷 §2.3 线缺陷 §2.4 面缺陷 §2.5 固溶体 §2.6 非化学计量化合物
星站差分gps在远海打桩定位中的应用
文章编号：1009-4539(2019) 12-0147-06.其他•星站差分GPS在远海打桩定位中的应用陈士清(中国铁建港航局集团有限公司广东珠海519000)摘要：目前海上风电已由近岸向远海方向发展。
常规的GPS-RTK技术虽然定位精度能够达到厘米级，但却无法满足超过其信号覆盖范围以外区域。
星站差分G P S既具有接近传统R T K测量定位精度高的优点，又具有全球性、全天候、连续性和实用性的特点，不需要架设基准站，单机即可作业，工作范围广，效率高。
本文介绍了星站差分的基本原理和OmniSTAR技术的四种服务达到的精度，简述采用OmniSTAR技术对现有打桩船测量定位系统进行技术改进，最后通过海上测风塔桩基工程实例，介绍了星站差分G P S在远海施工测量中的应用。
关键词：星站差分G P S-R T K远海定位O m n iS T A R测风塔中图分类号：U445.551 文献标识码：A DOI：10.3969/j. issn. 1009-4539.2019. 12.034Application of Satellite-station Differential GPS in Far-sea Piling PositionChen Shiqing(CRCC Harbour & Channel Engineering Bureau Group Co. Ltd., Zhuhai Guangdong 519000, China)Abstract：At present, the wind farm has developed from the near shore to the distant sea. Conventional GPS-RTK technologycan achieve centimeter-level positioning accuracy, but it can not satisfy the area beyond its signal coverage. The differentialGPS of satellite-station has the advantages of high positioning accuracy close to traditional RTK measurement, and has thecharacteristics of global, all-weather, continuity and practicability. It does not need to set up a base station, it can be operatedon a single machine with a wide working range and high efficiency. The article introduced the basic principle of the satellite-station difference and the accuracy of the four services of the OmniSTAR technology, and briefly described the technicalimprovement of the existing positioning system of piling boat by using OmniSTAR technology. Finally, the application ofsatellite-station differential GPS in offshore engineering survey was introduced through an example of offshore anemometertower pile foundation engineering.K ey words：satellite-station difference；GPS-RTK；far se a；1引言风能作为一种可再生的无污染的优质能源，越 来越受到世界许多国家的重视。
翻译
Unit 12. 出席晚宴的客人对那个美国人威严的语气感到有点意外。
The guests at the dinner party were slightly surprised at the commanding tone of the American.4. 当全部乘客都向出口处(exit) 走去时，他却独自留在座位上，好像不愿意离开这架飞机似的。
While all the other passengers made for the exit, he alone remained in his seat as if unwilling to leave the plane.6. 南希虽然很想参加辩论，但腼腆得不敢开口。
While she felt like joining in the argument, Nancy was too shy to open her mouth.8. 猎人一看见有只狐狸从树丛中出现并向他设下(lay) 的陷阱(trap) 方向跑去，脸上顿时闪出了兴奋的表情。
The hunter’s face lit up with excitement as soon as he saw a fox emerge from among the bushes and run in the direction of / make for the trap he had laid.Unit 22) 这些青年科学家通过现场观察，获得了研究工作所需的第一手资料。
By making on-the-spot observations, the young scientists obtained first-hand information they needed in their research work.4) 委员会成员在新机场最佳选址(location) 这一问题上持有不同意见。
The committee members have conflicting opinions as to the best location of the new airport.6) 我们产品质量的稳步提高在很大程度上是由于设备有所改进。
Strong-Coupling Theory of High Temperature Superconductivity
INTRODUCTION
The seminal work by Bardeen, Cooper and Schrieffer (BCS)[1] extended further by Eliashberg [2] to the intermediate coupling regime solved one of the major scientific problems of Condensed Matter Physics in the last century. While the BCS theory provides a qualitatively correct description of some novel superconductors like magnesium diboride and doped fullerenes, if the phonon dressing of carriers (i.e. polaron formation) is properly taken into account, high-temperature superconductivity (HTS) of cuprates represents a challenge to the conventional theory. Here I discuss a multi-polaron approach to the problem based on our extension of the BCS theory to the strong-coupling regime [3]. Attractive electron correlations, prerequisite to any HTS, are caused by an almost unretarded electron-phonon (e-ph) interaction sufficient to overcome the direct Coulomb repulsion in this regime. Low energy physics is that of small polarons and bipolarons (real-space electron (hole) pairs dressed by phonons). They are itinerant quasiparticles existing in the Bloch states at temperatures below the characteristic phonon frequency. Since there is almost no retardation (i.e. no Tolmachev-Morel-Anderson logarithm) reducing the Coulomb repulsion, e-ph interactions should be relatively strong to overcome the direct Coulomb repulsion, so carriers must be polaronic to form pairs in novel superconductors. I identify the Fr¨ ohlich electron-phonon interaction as the most essential for pairing in superconducting cuprates. Many experimental observations have been satisfactorily understood in the framework of the bipolaron theory [3] providing evidence for a novel state of electronic matter in layered cuprates, which is a charged Bose-liquid of small mobile bipolarons. Here the band structure and essential interactions in oxide superconductors are discussed
Positioning Crenarchaeal tRNA-Introns
P ositioning Crenarchaeal tRNA ositioning Crenarchaeal tRNA--Introns IntronsSmarajit Das (a), Zhumur Ghosh (a), Jayprokas Chakrabarti (a, b, *),Bibekanand Mallick (a) and Satyabrata Sahoo (a)(a) Computational Biology Group (CBG) (a) Computational Biology Group (CBG)Theory DepartmentIndian Association for the Cultivation of ScienceCalcutta 700032 India(b)(b) Biogyan Biogyan BiogyanBF 286, Salt LakeCalcutta 700064 India* * Author for correspondence Author for correspondence Author for correspondenceTelephone: +91-33-24734971, ext. 281(Off.)Fax: +91-33-24732805E-mail : tpjc@iacs.res.in ; biogyan@AbstractAbstractBackground: Introns play a key role in deciphering tRNA genes .Their positions Backgroundhave to be fixed consistent with the conserved sequence motifs in tRNA . The bulge-helix-bulge secondary structures at the exon-intron boundaries need careful attention .Results: We precisely position a noncanonical intron in the odd second copy of ResultstRNA Asp(GTC) gene in the newly sequenced crenarchaea Sulfolobus acidocaldarius. The uniform assortment of some features from normal aspartate tDNA and some from those corresponding to unnatural amino acids conduce us to conjecture it to be a novel tRNA gene – probably coding for a modified aspartate residue. Further we reposition intron in tRNA His(GUG) gene in Pyrobaculum aerophilum. We argue this intron repositioning enhances the structural stability of the tRNA, retaining all its archaeal-tRNA-signatures. The bulge-helix-bulge motifs at the exon-intron boundaries are re-analyzed and found to support our conjectures.Conclusions: We conclude Sulfolobus acidocaldarius contains a new tRNA form for Conclusionssome nonstandard amino acid derived from aspartate . The histidine tRNA in Pyrobaculum aerophilum has its intron located at an altogether different position .Keywords: Crenarchaea; tRNA; nonstandard amino acid; intron; pyrrolysine tRNA; Keywords:bulge-helix-bulge motifBackgroundBackgroundArchaeal tRNA genes (tDNAs) have been a subject of our recent work [1]. While working on crenarchaeal cytoplasmic tDNAs we find the need to define new introns and reposition some existing (NCBI annotated) ones to improve the secondary structure [2. In the newly sequenced crenarchaea Sulfolobus acidocaldarius we identify a second copy of aspartate tRNA gene with curiously odd attributes. We define a noncanonical intron (NCI) in its acceptor (A-arm). The interpretation of this tRNA is delicately balanced. It could be the aspartate tRNA gene or it could correspond to some unnatural amino acid. Sifting through the evidences and comparing with the pyrrolysine tRNA we opt for the nonstandard amino acid choice. In addition to this, the present study establishes an in-silico approach to reposition intron in the histidine tDNA in P. aerophilum and argues in favor of this new intron position over the old one.Archaeal tDNA introns are located mostly in anticodon (AC) loop between tRNA positions 37/38. These are the canonical introns (CI). Archaeal tDNAs also have introns at positions other than canonical. These noncanonical introns in archaeal tDNAs were observed in 1987 [3]. Presence of introns in tDNAs at canonical position is detected by the algorithm tRNAscan-SE [4]. But detecting the noncanonical introns could be difficult. This is due to the lack of prior knowledge regarding their lengths and exact locations. A structural deviation in the secondary structure of the tRNA from the standard one hints towards improper positioning of the intron. For instance, in the NCBI-annotated crenarchaeal genome of P. aerophilum, tRNA Gly(CCC) gene ranges between 663679 and 663772 , with a 19 base long CI. ButMarck and Grosjean records the above-mentioned sequence range to be tRNA Met(CAU) gene with a 20 base long NCI between 29/30 [5]. Although the sequence range carries signatures of both these possibilities, the BHB structural motif appears to favour the second possibility over the first. Again, the conflict between tRNA Ser(GCT) and tRNA Met(CAU) has been addressed by Marck and Grosjean for this species. These amusing anomalies led us to re-investigate crenarchaeal genomes for precise positioning of the introns.Archaeal splicing endonucleases recognize and cleave a conserved secondary structure motif called the bulge-helix-bulge (BHB) that appears at the intron-exon boundaries. Archaeal splicing machinery cleaves introns at variable positions in pre-tRNAs within the BHB motif [6]. Splicing of introns hence is a RNA-protein interaction which requires mutual recognition of complementary tertiary structures. The conformation of the BHB motif is more important for archaeal endonuclease recognition than its sequence [7].From the time when the triplet nature of the genetic code was revealed there have been speculations that some of the sixty-four codons encode a few of the rare amino acids found in proteins [8]. The great majority of the nonstandard amino acids are created by chemical modifications of standard amino acids. Some of these may be a post translational modification, but a few are directly specified by the genetic code as in the case of selenocysteine (TGA) [9, 10] or pyrrolysine (TAG). Methanosarcina barkeri genome revealed the presence of pyrrolysine tRNA gene. Both the selenocysteine and pyrrolysine systems use tRNAs that are first charged by standard amino acids (serine and lysine respectively) and are then modified into non-standard derivatives (selenocysteine and pyrrolysine). Selenocystiene pathwayis widespread in all kingdoms of life. But pyrrolysine is restricted to certain archaea and eubacteria [11]. The NCI defined odd-second-copy of tRNA Asp has interesting structural similarities with pyrrolysine tRNA.For the present work all tDNAs of crenarchaeal genomes were investigated. Our conclusions agreed with what is known in all but two cases. In the odd-second-copy of pre-tRNA Asp of Sulfolobus acidocaldarius DSM 639 (NC_007181), we define a new NCI in A-arm. This unnatural tRNA is speculated to perform the function of coding modified form of Aspartate residue. In pre-tRNA His gene of Pyrobaculum aerophilum (NC_003364) we propose new splicing position for the intron.Results Results and and and D D Discussions:iscussions:iscussions: Positioning Introns Positioning IntronsSulfolobus acidocaldariusSulfolobus acidocaldarius Structural peculiarities of odd the odd tRNA Asp (GTC) gene: This gene lies between (427581..427656) . We define an NCI of length 6 lying between 3/4. Amongst the identity elements of archaeal aspartate tRNA gene [1], G34, U35, C36 and G6:C67 are present in this tRNA. But curiously A73 instead of G73. Amongst the conserved base pairs G26:U44 and U54:A58 are present. But again curiously G8:U14 rather than U8:A14 of normal Asp tRNA. Deviations also include the absence of the 16th and the 17th nucleotides and remarkably also of the normally conserved G19. Additionally in D-loop 15C and 18C instead of 15G and 18G. The BHB of the newly-defined NCI in A-arm has h // bh / L motif (h // is the helix formed by base pairing between the sequence atctt upstream of the tRNA gene and the exonic sequence tgggg between 12-16 of the unspliced tRNA). The splice sites are marked by arrows in fig 1a.Note that NCBI annotated gene between (427588-427653) has an anomalous tRNA-secondary structure with just 3 base-pairs in A-arm. There is further an extra base again in A-arm.Similarities Similarities with tRNA pyrrolysine with tRNA pyrrolysinewith tRNA pyrrolysine: The M. barkeri genome has a tRNA Pyl gene [10] coding for the 22nd amino acid Pyrrolysine. Some of the secondary structural features of it match with this odd aspartate tRNA gene of S. acidocaldarius . In both the tRNAs the 16th , the 17th and the19th bases are absent. U35 and N36 (here N does not include U) are important identifying features of pyrrolysine tRNAs. Remarkably these are there in this odd aspartate tRNA. The characteristic peculiarities of this odd tRNA Asp and its resemblance with tRNA Pyl of M. barkeri are marked in fig 2.New Intron New Intron Splice Splice Splice--Site in P.aerophilum :tRNA His gene :gene : Using our tRNA-gene identification routine we identified it between c(21869..21775). We define an NCI of 16 bases lying at 43/44. The conserved C50:G64, G29:C41 of archaeal tRNA His are consistently there in this tRNA. The key element for proper aminoacylation C73, unique to tRNA His , is also present here. G26:A44 and G31:C39 too match well with all other crenarchaeal histidinyl tRNAs[1]. In addition for the newly defined NCI we have checked the hallmark of a proper intron - the BHB. At the exon-intron boundary we find h e bh /L motif with splicing positions marked by arrows in fig 1b. The 4bp long exonic helix (h e ) is followed by a bulge (b). In this bulge lies the 3/ as well as the 5/ splice sites. It is followed by another helix (h /), followed by a loop (L) [h / is sometimes purely intronic. Again, intron-exon portions sometimes shuffled together within the same helix].Note the same region of the genome is annotated in NCBI to be histidine tRNA gene with a canonical intron of 13 bases. Now, with this definition of canonical intron,31:39 base pair is absent. This is very unusual. Again the short V-arm is composed of four to five bases in all tDNAs. The exceptions are tDNA Ser and tDNA Leu(these have long V-arms) [12, 5]. Importantly, G26:G44 and the three extra bases between 43 and 49 distorts the tRNA secondary structure from that of other crenarchaeal tRNA His(GUG).Precise positioning of the NCI, as done here, removes the extra bases between 43 and 49, generates proper base pairing at 31-39 and at 26-44. These improve the structure of the resulting tRNA..Conclusions::ConclusionsThe great majority of the nonstandard amino acids are created by chemical modifications of standard amino acids. These may be post translational modifications, or else directly specified by the genetic code as is the case with selenocysteine (TGA) or pyrrolysine (TAG). Selenocysteine and pyrrolysine tRNAs are first charged with serine and lysine, chemically modified thereafter [8, 10]. This implies that these tRNAs contain certain features of normal tRNAs as well as some special features for the modification of the attached amino acid. The secondary features of the odd aspartate tRNA gene of S. acidocaldarius have certain features of archaeal tRNA Asp gene. G34, U35 and C36 along with G73 are the major identity elements of aspartate tRNA [1, 13]. All the identity elements except the base at 73rd are present in this tRNA Asp. The normal purine base G73 is replaced by another purine A73 for this odd one. In addition to these deviations from the normal aspartate tRNA, certain key similarities with pyrrolysine (corresponding to modified lysine residue) lead us to the ansatz that it is a tRNA for an unnatural amino acid , perhaps , of a modified aspartate residue.Further we re-positioned intron in tRNA His from P. aerophilum. Precise fixing of intron splice site restructure the anticodon base pairing including the 3D- one between 26:44. The hallmark of intron-exon boundaries is the presence of a sequence capable of folding into the characteristic bulge-helix-bulge (BHB). A consistent BHB in this establishes our intron positioning.Methodology : Methodology : Bioinformatic Bioinformatic Bioinformatic Input InputInputThe tRNA search programs tRNAscan-SE [4] and ARAGORN key on primary sequence patterns and/or secondary structures specific to tRNAs. But a few loop- holes exist .This has to do with the inability of these existing algorithms to identify tRNA genes if it harbours noncanonical introns, specially if these are in A-stem, T-loop and AC-stem. Although unusually located introns in tDNA were observed in 1987 [3], insilico identification of tDNAs harbouring these continues to be a challenge. Some tRNAs are misidentified or missed altogether. We studied [1] about one thousand archaeal tRNAs. From the data we developed and fine-tuned our procedure to annotate CI as well as NCI containing tRNA genes from genomes. The salient features of our procedure to locate introns are the followings: (i) Introns are considered anywhere in tRNA gene, but required to harbour the BHB motif for splicing out during tRNA maturation. (ii) After the introns are spliced out the resulting tRNA has to generate the regular cloverleaf structure. (iii) There are some exclusive crenarchaeal tRNA specific identity features. The features considered in the search are G7:C66, U55, U54:A58, G52:C62 and G53:C61. These are considered as conserved for all crenarchaea.(iv) The constraints of lengths of stems of A-arm, D arm, AC arm and T arm are 7,3, 5 and 5 base pair respectively.(v) Base positions optionally occupied in D-loop are 16,17, 17a, 19, 20a and 20b, (vi) an extra arm or V arm is considered for type II tRNAs; its length constrained to maximum of 21 bases.Once we find a candidate tRNA we sift through our data [1] to position the introns with proper BHB at the intron-exon boundaries. This has to be done consistent with all conserved sequence features. Identification of tRNA depends on these conserved bases and base-pairs.Authors Authors’’ contribut contributions ions ionsSD and ZG analyzed the BHB motifs at the exon-intron boundaries ; SD,ZG,JC and BM conceived and implemented the main ideas presented here . SS developed the necessary softwares . The work was drafted by ZG and JC .Acknowledgements Acknowledgements : : :We acknowledge useful discussions and critical comments from Dhananjay Bhattacharyya.References:References:[1] Mallick B, Chakrabarti J, Sahoo S, Ghosh Z, Das S: Identity Elements of Archaeal tRNA Archaeal tRNA. DNA Research 2005 (article in press).[2] Cannone J J , Subramanian S, Schnare MN, Collett JR, D'Souza LM, Du Y , Feng B, Lin N , Madabusi LV, M üller K, Pande N , Shang Z , Yu N and Gutell RR: The Comparative RNA Web (CRW) Site: an online database of comparative The Comparative RNA Web (CRW) Site: an online database of comparative sequence and structure information for ribosomal, int sequence and structure information for ribosomal, intron, and other RNAs ron, and other RNAs ron, and other RNAs. BMC Bioinformatics 2002, 3:2.[3] Wich G, Leinfelder W, Böck A: Genes for stable RNA in the thermophile signal.Thermoproteus tenax: introns and transcription signal. EMBO J. 1987, 6:6: 523-528.[4] Lowe TM , Eddy SR: tRNAscan tRNAscan--SE:SE: f A program for or improved detection of transfer RNA genes in genomic sequence transfer RNA genes in genomic sequence. Nucleic Acids Res. 1997, 252525: 955-964. [5] Marck C , Grosjean H: intron Identification of BHB splicing motifs in intron--containing tRNAs from 18 archaea: evolutionary implicationsimplications. RNA 2003, 9:9: 1516-1531.[6] Li H, Trotta CR , Abelson J: Crystal structure and evolution of a transfer RNA splicing enzyme RNA splicing enzyme. Science 1998, 280280280: 279-284. [7] Lykke-Andersen J , Garrett RA: Structural characteristics of the stable RNA Structural characteristics of the stable RNA introns of archaeal hyperthermophiles and introns of archaeal hyperthermophiles and their splicing junctions. their splicing junctions. their splicing junctions. J. Mol. Biol. 1994, 243243243: 846-855. [8] Atkins JF , Gesteland R: The 22The 22nd Amino acid Amino acid. Science 2002, 296296296: :: 1409-1410.[9] Lescure A, Gautheret D, Carbon P , Krol A: Novel selenoproteins identified in Novel selenoproteins identified in silico and in vivo by using a co silico and in vivo by using a conserved RNA structural motif nserved RNA structural motif nserved RNA structural motif. J Biol Chem. 1999, 274:274: 38147- 38154. [10] Rajbhandary UL: Once there were twenty Once there were twenty Once there were twenty. Pro. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1997, 94:94: 11761-11763. [11]Théobald-Dietrich A, Frugier M, Giege R, Rudinger-Thirion J: Atypical pyrro archaeal tRNA pyrrolysine EF lysine transcript behaves towards EF--Tu as a typical elongator tRNA.elongator tRNA. Nucleic Acids Res. 2004, 323232: 1091-1096. [12] Marck C, Grosjean H: tRNomics: Analysis of tRNA genes from 50 genomes tRNomics: Analysis of tRNA genes from 50 genomes anticodon of Eukarya, Archaea, and Bacteria reveals anticodon--strategies sparing strategies anddomain domain--specific features specific features. RNA 2002, 88: 1189-1232. [13]Becker HD, Giegé R, Kern D: Identity of prokaryotic and eukaryotic aspartyl tRNA(Asp) for aminoacylation by aspartyl--tRNA synthetase from Thermus thermophilus thermophilus. Biochemistry 1996, 35:35:35: 7447-7458.Intron 3/4 Intron 3/4 Figure 1a a Figure 1Intron 43/44Intron 43/44Intron 43/44Figure Figure Figure 1b 1b 1bFigure 2 Figure 2Figure 2Figure LegendsFigure LegendsFigure 1:Figure 1NCIs denotes start position of noncanonical intron.NCIe denotes end position of noncanonical intron.h/ is sometimes purely intronic and sometimes intron-exon portion shuffled together within the same helix.Figure 1a: Unusual tRNA Asp with the BHB structure of the intron in the A-arm.h// is the helix formed by base pairing between the sequence atctt upstream of the tRNA gene and the exonic sequence tgggg between 12-16 of the unspliced tRNA.b denotes bulge. h/ here is purely intronic.Bases 2-15 of the unspliced tRNA are replaced within conventional cloverleaf scheme by asterisks and are drawn in an alternative 2D structure that fits the splicing motif (h//bh/L) requirement.Figure 1b: tRNA His with the BHB structure of the intron between 43/44.h e denotes exonic helix. b denotes bulge. h/ here is purely intronic.Bases 40-52 are replaced within conventional cloverleaf scheme by asterisks and are drawn in an alternative 2D structure that fits the splicing motif (h e bh/L) requirement.Figure 2: Cloverleaf structure of the odd tRNA Asp showing similarity with tRNA Pyl and deviation from normal archaeal tRNA structure.The conserved bases of aspartate tRNA are boxed. The empty circles and circled bases are non-canonical (those which deviates from universal features) archaeal tRNA features. The asterisk marked bases match with pyrrolysine tRNA of M. barkeri.。
Segmentation, Target Marketing, and Positioning
Market Targeting
– The act of evaluating and selecting one or more segments to serve
Market Positioning
– Occupying a specific place in the minds of customers within target markets – Differentiating your product/service from those of competitors
COMPETITOR POSITIONING AGAINST ANOTHER PRODUCT CLASS OR VIS-A-VIS THE COMPETITION
Undifferentiated (TotalMarket) – One marketing mix for all segments
Differentiated (Multisegment) – Different marketing mixes for different segments – Full Market Coverage Concentrated (Niche) – One marketing mix for one segment
travelers. Greater variety of ethnic food offerings.
Trends in Segmentation and Target Marketing (Continued)
Increased supply of cruises and special-
Positioning
The objective of positioning is to create a
【市场营销英文版】12.Positioning_and_Competition
Positionห้องสมุดไป่ตู้ng
To be branded, a product must be differentiated.
Five dimensions of product differentiation: 1.Product 2.Services 3.Personnel 4.Channel 5.Image
Positioning
Product, areas which can be differentiated: •Form •Features •Conformance •Durability •Reliability •Reparability •Style •Design •Quality
Positioning
Category Membership类目成员: a product’s inclusion in a category. Who defines categories and determines a product’s membership? Answer: the customers.
Positioning
Positioning
Positioning, a definition:
The act of designing a product and its image to occupy a distinct place in the mind of the target customer(s). A good brand positioning clarifies the essence of the brand, what goals that it will help the consumer achieve, and how it helps achieve them in its own unique way. The result of a good positioning is the creation of a “customer focused value proposition”.
10篇英语阅读-带翻译题目答案版
OneYou must have been troubled by when to say "I love you" because it is one of the greatest puzzles in our life.What if you say it first and your partner doesn‟ t love you back? or if they do say. it but you don‟t feel they mean it? Being the first to declare your love can be nerver racking(紧张）and risky and can leave you feeling as vulnerable as a turtle with no shell. But is the person who says it first really in a position of weakness? Doesn‟ t it pay to hold back, play it cool and wait until the oth er half has shown their hand fast?A really good relationship should be about being fair and being equal," says psychologist Sidney Crown. "But love is seldom equal. " All. relationships go through power struggles but, he says, if a love imbalance contin ues for years, the rot will set in. "That feeling of ‟ I‟ ve always loved you more‟ may be subverted(颠覆，破坏) for a time, but it never goes away completely and it often emerges in squabbling(大声争吵). " In love, at least, the silent, withholding type is not always the most powerful. "The strongest one in a relationship is often the person who feels confident enough to talk about their feelings," says educational psychologist Ingrid Collins. Psychosexual therapist Paula Hall agrees. "The one with the upper hand i s often the person who takes the initiative. In fact, the person who says ‟ I love you‟ first may also be the one who says ‟ I‟ m bored with you‟ first. " Hall believes that much depends on how "I love you" is said and the motivation of the person saying i t. "Is it said when they‟ re drunk? Is it said. before their partner files off on holiday, and what it really means is ‟ Please don‟ t be unfaithful to me‟ ? By saying ‟ I love you‟, they really saying‟ Do you love me?‟ If so, wouldn‟t it just be more hone st to say mat.Collins agrees that intention is everything. "It‟s not what is said, but how it‟ s said. What it comes down to is the sincerity of the speaker.”51. What is the main idea of this passage?[ A ] The importance of "I love you"[ B ] The meaning of "I love you"[ C ] The time of saying "I love you".[ D ] The place of saying. "I love you"52. In the first sentence the author means that[ A ] it is easy to say "I love you"[ B ] it is hard to say "I love you"[ C ] we have many troubles in our life[ D ] people usually do not know when to say "I love you"53. According to the expert, a good relationship should be[ A ] fair and equal[ B ] fair and kind[ C ] powerful and equal[ D] confident and fair54. In the third paragraph, the phrase "with the upper hand" means[ A ] being low in spirit[ B ] having only one hand[ C ] being active[ D ] being passive55. What is the most important for you to consider when somebody say "I love you"to you?[ A ] The intention.[ B ] The place.[ C ] The time.[ D ] The determination.Text 2 参考译文你一定曾经为何时说“我爱你”而烦恼过，因为这是我们生活中的一大难题。
Endoscopic Ultrasound-Guided Fine Needle Aspiration
Endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine needle aspiration biopsy (EUS-FNA) is currently performed on a routine basis at many endoscopic centers and it is evident that this procedure has a major impact on the therapeutic management of patients by obtaining a definite tissue diagnosis from lesions outlined by endosonography. The reported yield of EUS-FNA is about 90-95%, with an overall sensitivity and specificity of 90% and 100%,respectively. Moreover, even minute lesions down to a size of 5 mm may be imaged and consequently biopsied. This Review describes the technique of EUS-FNA in detail, based on a literature review and the authors' extensive experience with this method. The endoscopes and needle systems available on the market are presented in detail. The biopsy procedure is carefully explained, as well as the preparation of the cytologysmears. Finally, the limitations and complications of the procedure are reviewed in brief, stressing the low rate of complications (below 1-2%), most of them being minor and self-limiting. Currently endosonography hasstrengthened its position as a diagnostic and staging method, especially after establishing the method of FNA biopsy. Thus, EUS-FNA is very useful to establish an initial tissue diagnosis of malignancy, but also toaccurately stage the patients preoperatively, influencing the decision-making process and reducing the morbidity and mortality that accompanies inappropriate surgical interventions in patients with advanced cancer.The development of endoscopic ultrasound scanning (EUS) began in the early 1980s with mechanical radial scanning transducers.[1] In spite of an excellent imaging resolution the method did not gain widespread popularity until the development of EUS-guided fine needle aspiration biopsy (EUS-FNA).[2] EUS-FNA is at present performed on a routine basis at many endoscopic centers and it is evident that this procedure has a major impact on the therapeutic management of patients by obtaining a definite tissue diagnosis from lesions outlined by endosonography.[3,4]It is obvious that EUS-FNA is not at all limited to gastroenterology, as the gastrointestinal tract traverses through anatomical regions related to other medical specialties such as pulmonology, thoracic surgery, internalmedicine, oncology, urology, gynecology and endocrinology.[5] There is also considerable evidence that EUS-FNA in experienced hands can replace many other far more invasive and risky diagnostic procedures, such as mediastinoscopy, diagnostic laparoscopy and even laparotomy or thoracotomy.[6,7] However, the technique is not easy to master and considerable energy and effort has to be invested before the practitioner reaches an acceptable success rate. This is reported in the literature to be about 90-95%, with an overall sensitivity and specificity of 90% and 100%, respectively.[8-14] Even minute lesions down to a size of 5 mm may be imaged and consequently biopsied (Fig. 1). Moreover, contrary to what should be expected, the size of the lesions (small ≤25 mm or large >25 mm) does not necessarily influence the overall diagnostic yield, sensitivity, specificity or accuracy of the method.[15] Consequently, the accuracy of the method is variable in the literature between 85 and 95%, even in the cases where other alternative biopsy techniques have failed.[8-15]Endoscopic Ultrasound-Guided Fine Needle Aspiration Biopsy: Equipment and TechniquePeter Vilmann, Adrian S ăftoiu J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2006;21(11):1646-1655.Multiple-use needle system type 'Hancke–Vilmann' by Medi-Globe.The aim of the present review is to describe the technique of EUS-FNA in detail, based on a literature review and our extensive experience with this method.Different electronic linear scanning endoscopes are commercially available for EUS-FNA ( ). Some of these devices have an elevator that should facilitate the positioning of the needle. When deciding which endoscope to choose, several factors need consideration, including use of elevator, stiffness/flexibility and lengths of the distal part of the endoscope, diameter of the distal end of the endoscope, diameter of the working channel and last, but not least, the quality of the ultrasonic image. The final decision relies on a compromise between these options.In the early 1990s, special biopsy equipment was developed by one of the authors (P.V.) and Søren Hancke, and this gave the final breakthrough for the EUS-guided biopsy method.[2,8] All other biopsy equipment for EUS-FNA that is available on the market at present has the same construction principles, so that the procedure of EUS-FNA can be explained based on the original construction of the Hancke-Vilmann needle system (GIP-Medizin Technik, now Medi-Globe).[2]A stiff steel needle for fine needle aspiration biopsy is the 'core' of this biopsy instrument. The needle is manipulated by a handle piston in the biopsy handle (Fig. 1). The handle piston can be locked and unlocked by means of a button (or screw) to avoid advancement of the needle during introduction and withdrawal of the biopsy assembly (Fig. 2).When the needle is completely retracted inside the sheath, it can be fixed to avoid accidental forward movement of the needle tip. The image shows the stylet with the unprotected needle, when the needle piston is unlocked. This may of course damage the working channel during introduction of the needle assembly.The needle is supported by a stable metal spiral sheath that is firmly connected to the handle. The handle can be firmly connected to the endoscope using a Luer-lock. When the handle is screwed on the Luer-lock connection of the endoscope, the metal spiral extends 4-5 mm out of the distal outlet of the working channel, so that the needle cannot damage the instrument channel of the endoscope.Inside the needle, there is a stylet that has, in its original version, a rounded tip to avoid perforation of the spiral and damage of the working channel leading to very expensive repairs of the equipment. Nowadays the needle is also available with an optional beveled stylet.Different multiple-use or disposable EUS-FNA needles are also available ( ). However, many examiners still use the conventional biopsy equipment that provides—due to the pure metal component structure—a high stability and guide precision, as this may have advantages with regards to the biopsy of hard tumors (Fig. 3). The needles have different sheath designs (either made of metal rings with and without Teflon coating, or sheaths made entirely of Teflon or other plastic types), as well as different sizes. Some needles have in addition the possibility for adjustment of the length of the needle sheath according to the variable length of the endoscope working channel (Fig. 4). Different laser treated needle tips are also available for an enhanced ultrasonic needle visualization (Fig. 5). However, according to the authors' experience, no major difference in needle monitoring and visualization exists between the different designs but rather a variance in how they look on the ultrasonic image. Only a small study with insufficient number of patients assessed comparatively two commercially available needles, with no statistically significant differences detected in the handling or characteristics of needles.[16]Conventional multiple-use needle system by Olympus with a reusable hard metal sheet that can be reloaded with sterile fine aspiration needles.New Sono-tip II single-use needle system by Medi-Globe with adjustable length of the needle sheath according to the variable length of the endoscope working channel.'Echo-Tip' single use system by Wilson Cook, with laser treated needle tip for enhanced ultrasonic needle visualization.Recently, nitinol instead of stainless steel needles have been made available in order to avoid bending of the needle. However, experience with this needle system is at present limited, as this development has only recently been released. An automatic spring-loaded biopsy system (Power Shot, Olympus) is also on the market; it has a metal spring that can forcefully 'shoot' the needle out up to 3 cm (depth adjustable) (Fig. 6). Only a single histological Trucut needle (Quick-Core, Wilson Cook) with a spring loaded shot mechanism is at present available (Fig. 7). Two preliminary studies assessed comparatively the Trucut biopsy with EUS-FNA biopsy concerning both the specimen adequacy and diagnostic accuracy.[17,18] The results showed that the diagnosis accuracy was not significantly different; however, the safety profile of the Trucut needle seems modest and further prospective studies are necessary.'Echo-Tip' single use system by Wilson Cook, with laser treated needle tip for enhanced ultrasonic needle visualization.'Quick-Core' spring-loaded histological Trucut needle by Wilson Cook.The endoscope must also be carefully selected to fit closely with the type of needle. EUS-FNA biopsies with large channel endoscopes can be done safely. However, the ultrasonic control of the needle during biopsy is more difficult with standard needle systems due to a size difference between the needle sheath and the working channel. There is a tendency to lose the ultrasonic sight of the needle due to a 'floppy' needle sheath, unsupported by the endoscope working channel. This tendency may be reduced by using the elevator, which holds the sheath in a firm position. However, needles with an extended sheath size that fit better into the working channel of the endoscope should be preferred.In most cases, EUS-FNA can safely be performed as an outpatient procedure. Laboratory tests are only necessary in selected patients, such as those on anticoagulants or with known or potential bleeding disorders. As with all endoscopic procedures the patient should be fasted for at least 4-6 h. It is recommended that the examination is performed with a typical sedation used for endoscopy. Drugs generally used include midazolam and phentanyl in carefully titrated dosages. Propofol administered by an anesthesiologist is also a valid option.Before EUS-FNA biopsy is begun, it is advisable to consider several issues. First, the right indications should be fulfilled and the patient's safety should be considered. It is advisable for the inexperienced not to begin with the most difficult biopsies. Contrary to what might be expected, the stomach wall is the most difficult tobiopsy as the wall tends to move considerably together with the needle. Also, several of the indications in this location are submucosal tumors that are difficult to diagnose by fine needle aspiration (i.e. gastrointestinal stromal tumors and leiomyomas).[19] Based on our experience, a difficulty level in increasing order is shown in . Therefore, it is our advice to begin with a biopsy of a large mediastinal tumor suspect for lung cancer, which in most cases is very easy to target and where the diagnosis is easy to obtain (Fig. 8).[20](a) Endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine needle aspiration biopsy (EUS-FNA) of a large mediastinal tumor. The needle (arrowheads) should be clearly visible during the entire biopsy procedure. (b) Cytology demonstrated atypical cells with hypertrophic, pleomorphic nuclei, in a background of erythrocytes (modified Giemsa, original magnification ×20).A cooperative patient is an important condition for a complication-free performance of the biopsy. Sudden movements have to be avoided to prevent injuries. Of course, the biopsy must no be performed if a vessel is interposed between the transducer and the target lesion. To exclude this, color or power Doppler techniques are very useful.At first, the transducer has to be brought into a stable position in front of the targeted lesion. As the angle between the needle and the transducer is quite small, it is advantageous to position the lesion cranial in the image, adjacent to the transducer, by using the up-down wheel of the scope before introducing the needle. The metal spiral is then introduced into the biopsy channel observing carefully that the needle piston is securely locked and the needle is completely retracted. The spiral is inserted entirely and the handle with the Luer-lock is firmly screwed onto the biopsy channel.To ensure that the sheath is protecting the entire length of the working channel of the endoscope two methods can be used: (i) by using the optic of the endoscope, it can be observed that the sheath is extending from the distal end in a secure distance of 3-5 mm; or (ii) by controlling the position of the sheath guided by ultrasound. The needle should only be moved forward when the handle is firmly screwed onto the biopsy channel and the sheath is visible at the distal end. This is to avoid damage to the working channel by unintended disconnection of the Luer-lock connection during biopsy.While monitoring the needle ultrasonically (Fig. 9), the examiner must try to keep a very firm and stable contact between the transducer and the inner surface of the gastrointestinal tract. Straightening of the endoscope should be done especially when puncturing the pancreatic head (as in the endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography [ERCP] position), because these tumors are often very hard to biopsy.Endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine needle aspiration biopsy (EUS-FNA) of a 10 mm lymph node (arrows) situated between the aorta and the emergence of the left subclavian artery. Complete monitoring of the needle tip (arrowheads) is important to avoid puncturing of the vascular structures.Once the position is carefully adjusted, the needle with the attached stylet should be advanced until the biopsy direction can be estimated and the target can be reached easily. There is no doubt that an elevator is an advantage when very deep lesions have to be reached. However, it has to be taken into account that the needle with stylet is stiff and the activation of the elevator causes considerably strain to the sheath, the biopsy needle and the stylet. Additionally, the flexion makes it more difficult to move the needle forward and backward during the biopsy procedure. In most cases, it is possible to adjust the direction of the biopsy needle insertion very precisely with the conventional endoscopic handle control buttons.The next step is determined by the nature of the stylet, either round or sharp (beveled). The round type leads to significantly less damages of the instrument channel and should be preferred by the inexperienced practitioner. When performing a biopsy using a beveled stylet advancement of the needle into a lesion can be performed directly after advancing the needle. When choosing a round type of stylet, it has to be retracted a fewmillimeters (as it normally extends beyond the needle tip by 1-2 mm) before performing the actual penetration through the gut wall. Upon retracting the stylet, the needle tip is exposed and can freely penetrate the tissue. It is often unavoidable that a few cells from the gut wall (esophageal, gastric or duodenal mucosa) appear in the cytological material. Consequently, it is very important to inform the cytologist precisely about the method and the route of the biopsy.With the stylet retracted but still inside the needle, the biopsy needle is now moved forward into the lesion under full real-time ultrasound control. Complete monitoring of the needle tip is important whenever possible (Fig. 9). There are a few cases where a 'punch' technique is the only way to penetrate a hard lesion. When puncturing hard tumors, a bending of the needle is sometimes observed; this may create problems with the monitoring of the needle tip and may potentially cause injury to surrounding structures and especially vessels. If severe bending of the needle is experienced, a new needle should be chosen for a repeat biopsy. There is also a tendency created by the needle advancement to push the transducer apart from the mucosa thereby losing the ultrasonic image. The loss of ultrasonic needle monitoring may be avoided by inflating the balloon immediately after initial mucosal contact with the needle.After penetration into the middle of a lesion, the stylet is completely removed. Upon reaching the optimal needle position in the middle of the lesion, a 10 mL syringe with a locking device is firmly screwed on the needle, pulling the syringe piston to create a low pressure (Fig. 10). The syringe piston is locked in this position for permanent suction. The needle is now moved to and fro 5-10 times inside the lesion under complete ultrasonic control. If considerable resistance is experienced when using the elevator during the biopsy, try to neutralize the elevator as soon as the needle tip is in the middle of the lesion. With the needle tip still in the lesion, suction is slowly released and the needle safely retracted inside the needle sheath and locked in a secure position. The complete needle assembly is now removed by disconnection from the inlet of the endoscope.A needle system firmly attached to the biopsy inlet of the endoscope. A syringe with suction is mounted during the aspiration biopsy.If several lesions are present during EUS examination, a decision should be made on how many of these lesions, which lesion and in which order these lesions should be biopsied. A careful consideration incorporating knowledge of the TNM stage grouping of each disease is mandatory. It is obvious that a lesion suspected to be a distant metastasis should be biopsied before local lymph nodes and last the primary lesion, in successive order, if the same needle is to be used. If this is not done a potential false positive upstaging of the disease may occur. If another distant lesion is detected after an initial biopsy, a completely new needle should be used.In the absence of an on-site cytopathologist, a decision should be made on the number of passes used for the diagnosis. It is currently agreed that the aspiration site (primary tumor, lymph node, metastasis, ascites) can be used to direct the number of passes.[21-23] Consequently, 3-6 passes should be made for pancreatic masses, 2-3 for lymph nodes or liver metastases and one for ascites or pleural fluid.Under normal conditions after FNA biopsy, it is recommended to expel the biopsy material by air with the syringe immediately onto the prepared specimen slides. Another method that can be recommended at EUS-FNA is to re-introduce the stylet into the needle and move it slowly forward. This creates a high pressure in the needle and the material can be expelled carefully and controlled droplet by droplet onto the specimen slides. The decisive advantage of this method is that numerous same quality specimens can be prepared, whereas, when using the expelling by air method, a risk of uncontrollable expelling of the material may occur. This controlled technique represents an important advantage, especially regarding the fact that immunohistochemical stains are often necessary and are becoming more and more important. Using this method, it is easy to identify cylinders that can be processed with histological examinations. The technique of smearing should be discussed with the cytopathologist. Personally we smear the material with a second specimen slide that is placed smoothly on top of the first one and retracted, whereby a second specimen is obtained.The further procedure—especially the fixation—should also be discussed with the cytopathologist. Generally, the specimen can be air-dried and fixed later; however, some cytopathologists recommend immediate fixation and coloring of the smear. There is some evidence in the literature that it is preferable to have an attending cytopathologist in the examination room for an immediate evaluation of the specimen.[21-23] Upon applying a ready-to-use staining liquid it is possible to assess and evaluate the sufficiency of the specimen after only a few minutes. However, according to the experience of the authors this is not absolutely necessary if it has been observed that the ultrasonic monitoring of the needle during the biopsy is optimal and that the macroscopic appearance of the material seems to contain minute tissue fragments.Different stains are used for air-dried and alcohol-fixed smears, the most common being modified Giemsa, Diff-Quik and Papanicolau stains, respectively. In addition liquid preservation of the aspirated material (PreservCyt) followed by ThinPrep slides can be used, although the accuracy of this split sample technique may be inferior to that of conventional smears.[24] When additional material is available, a microhistological cylinder (cell block) can be prepared, formalin-fixed and used for immunohistochemical studies, with a possible increase in diagnostic accuracy.[25-27] However, despite of the excellent immunohistochemical possibilities, the diagnostic benefit of a histological specimen should not be overrated.Flow cytometry and immunocytochemistry may increase the diagnostic yield of EUS-FNA used for the diagnosis of lymphoma.[28] Molecular and/or genetic techniques are increasingly used for the analysis of the material aspirated during EUS-FNA. Although not ready for daily clinical practice, they may provide supplemental information in addition to conventional cytology.[29] Quantitative analysis of mutant K-ras gene may also enhance the diagnostic accuracy of conventional cytology, for the differential diagnosis of pancreatic cancer and focal chronic pancreatitis.[30,31] Comprehensive genetic analysis through PCR was reported to be possible for EUS-FNA biopsy specimens, enabling an assessment of the biological characteristics of pancreatic cancer before treatment.[32]The increased use of EUS-FNA biopsy is certainly due to the fact that it is considered a low-complication method. A multicenter study by Wiersema and Vilmann[33] showed that the complication rate was about 2%, with the majority being minor complications. Thus, non-fatal complications occurred at a rate of 0.5% (95% confidence interval, 0.1%−0.8%) in solid lesions as compared with 14% (95% confidence interval, 6-21%) in cystic lesions. Other studies, as well as a recent American Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (ASGE) guideline, reported the same complication rate of 1-2% for EUS-FNA, mostly with no severe or fatal incidents.[34,35]Minor biopsy point bleedings are clinically insignificant, although they occur in as many as 4% of cases.[36] Heavier bleedings are rare, but they may occur due to shearing of the mucosa by the needle and due to injury of adjacent vessels when examining restless patients. Two episodes of clinically significant bleedings were described after EUS-FNA of pancreatic lesions, with one resulting in death.[37] Acute extraluminal hemorrhage at the site of the EUS-FNA is also rare, with a reported frequency of 1.3%, but no clinically recognizable consequences.[38] Acute intracystic hemorrhage can also rarely occur during EUS-FNA of cystic pancreatic lesions, without serious consequences, except a possible transient increase in abdominal pain.[39]The infection rate is also remarkably low and antibiotic prophylaxis is usually not necessary after biopsy of solid lesions. EUS-FNA is usually not associated with the occurrence of bacteremia and infectious complications, as recent studies could not find any statistically significant increase in the rate of bacteremia after the biopsy.[40-42] Moreover, none of the patients that developed bacteremia manifested clinical signs of symptoms of infection.EUS-FNA of mediastinal cysts is, however, associated with an increased risk of bacterial or fungal infection, which can lead to life-threatening mediastinitis.[43-45] Biopsy of pancreatic pseudocysts or cystic tumors (Fig. 11) is also an exception and antibiotic prophylaxis is preferable to use due to a relatively high infection risk.[13,33,35] However, data concerning EUS-guided pancreatic cyst aspiration are conflicting, as two recent studies, including a large number of patients, found a low complication rate (1.2% and 2.2%, respectively) similar to that reported for solid pancreatic lesions.[34,46](a) Endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine needle aspiration biopsy (EUS-FNA) of a cystic pancreatic tumor (blue arrows), with good visualization of the needle (red arrowheads) during EUS-FNA of the solid part. Power Doppler is used to avoid significant vessels. (b) Cytology demonstrated a clump of atypical cells with hypertrophic, pleomorphic nuclei (modified Giemsa, original magnification ×20).Mild or moderate acute pancreatitis has been described, especially when EUS-FNA biopsy of the pancreas is performed in patients with benign pancreatic diseases.[13,34,37,47-49] The rate of self-limiting acute pancreatitis was 1% after EUS-FNA biopsy performed in patients with suspected pancreatic cancer.[48] A large retrospective multicenter study also established that EUS-FNA is infrequently associated with acute pancreatitis after biopsyTumor cell seeding has always been a matter of discussion and concern; however, 'hard facts' supporting this potential risk are not available yet. To the best of our knowledge, only two case presentations suspected seeding or dissemination after EUS-FNA biopsy.[50,51] Moreover, EUS-FNA has a decreased risk of peritoneal contamination with malignancy as compared with computed tomography-guided FNA (2.2% vs 16.3%).[52] In any case, it is not recommended that the needle penetrate through malignant tissue to reach a suspicious lesion. An example of this may be a patient with gastric or esophageal cancer and a suspicious lymph node adjacent to the primary tumor (Fig. 12).Round-oval, hypoechoic, peritumoral lymph node (arrowheads), situated near a T3 gastric tumor (arrows). Endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine needle aspiration biopsy (EUS-FNA) of the lymph node for confirmation of malignancy should not be done, as the needle would pass through the tumor tissue in the stomach.Further refinements of the EUS-FNA procedure were described in recent articles, strengthening the position of EUS-FNA as a state-of-the-art technique with an important clinical impact. Thus, the accuracy of the cytological assessment was enhanced by different approaches that included the presence of a cytopathologist in the examination room[22,53-55] or the possibility of mailing the results to an expert cytopathologist.[56] Furthermore, the on-site evaluation of slides obtained by EUS-FNA helps in obtaining samples for advanced studies such as immunohistochemical analysis, flow cytometry or genetic analysis, which may enhance the diagnostic accuracy of the procedure.[57] Improvement of the EUS-FNA technique included the use of different types of suction,[58,59] as well as a recently proposed system of high negative pressure suction.[60]Despite the rapid technological development of other imaging methods, endosonography has strengthened its position as a diagnostic and staging method especially after establishing the method of FNA biopsy. EUS-FNA is very useful to establish tissue diagnosis of malignancy in patients without previous diagnosis, but also to accurately stage the disease preoperatively, influencing the decision-making process and reducing the morbidity and mortality that accompanies inappropriate surgical interventions in patients with advanced cancer. Therefore, it is even more important to utilize its superior diagnostic advantage and the low-complication rate by standardization and training programs in order to further implement the method in gastroenterology practice.The biopsy procedure: tips and tricksPreparationBefore introducing the needle, check biopsy equipment with check list:。
伪距单点定位英语
伪距单点定位英语English:Pseudorange single-point positioning is a technique used in global navigation satellite systems (GNSS) to determine the position of a receiver using only the time-delay measurement between the receiver and multiple satellites. It involves calculating the distance between the receiver and each satellite by measuring the time it takes for the satellite's signal to travel to the receiver. Pseudorange measurements are obtained by comparing the time of transmission of a satellite signal with the time of reception at the receiver, adjusted for factors such as atmospheric delays and clock errors. By combining pseudorange measurements from at least four satellites with known positions, along with satellite clock corrections and atmospheric corrections, the receiver's position can be determined using trilateration or multilateration techniques. This method provides a relatively simple and cost-effective means of determining position for various applications, including navigation, surveying, and timing synchronization.中文翻译:伪距单点定位是全球导航卫星系统（GNSS）中使用的一种技术，它通过仅使用接收器与多颗卫星之间的时延测量来确定接收器的位置。
oogps
oogpsOOGPS: A Comprehensive Guide to GPS TechnologyIntroductionGPS, short for Global Positioning System, has become an integral part of our lives. It is a network of satellites that provides accurate and precise location information. OOGPS, which stands for Object-Oriented GPS, is a powerful and versatile GPS technology that offers advanced features for a variety of applications. In this document, we will explore the ins and outs of OOGPS, its capabilities, and its potential applications.1. What is OOGPS?OOGPS is an innovative approach to GPS technology that utilizes object-oriented programming principles to enhance its functionality. Unlike traditional GPS systems that rely on procedural programming, OOGPS leverages the benefits of object-oriented design to provide a more flexible and extensible solution.2. Key Features of OOGPS2.1 Object-Oriented Design: OOGPS organizes GPS-related functionalities into objects, making it easier to understand and manipulate data. This approach allows for modular development and easier maintenance.2.2 Customization: OOGPS offers a high degree of customization. Users can create their own GPS objects and add specific functionalities based on their unique requirements.2.3 Event-Driven Programming: OOGPS incorporates event-driven programming, allowing users to define specific actions or operations triggered by events such as changes in location, speed, or altitude.2.4 Data Visualization: OOGPS provides tools for data visualization, enabling users to display GPS information in various formats, such as maps, charts, or graphs.3. OOGPS Applications3.1 Personal Navigation: OOGPS can be used in portable navigation devices, such as smartphones or handheld GPS units. It enables users to find the most efficient routes, locate points of interest, and receive real-time traffic updates.3.2 Fleet Management: OOGPS can improve fleet management by enabling real-time tracking of vehicles, monitoring driver behavior, optimizing routes, and enhancing operational efficiency.3.3 Sports and Fitness: OOGPS can be integrated into fitness devices and applications to track performance, measure distances, and provide location-based guidance for outdoor activities such as running, cycling, hiking, and golfing.3.4 Geographic Information System (GIS): OOGPS can be integrated into GIS software to gather and analyze spatial data, enabling improved decision-making in various fields such as urban planning, logistics, environmental management, and agriculture.3.5 Safety and Security: OOGPS plays a crucial role in enhancing safety and security. It can be used for emergency services to locate and track vehicles or individuals in distress.Additionally, it aids in asset tracking and anti-theft measures by tracking the movement of valuable goods or equipment.4. OOGPS Development Frameworks and APIsTo facilitate the development of OOGPS applications, various frameworks and APIs (Application Programming Interfaces) are available. These tools provide developers with the necessary resources and functionality to create OOGPS-enabled applications quickly and efficiently. Some popular frameworks include Google Maps API, Mapbox SDK, and HERE Maps API.5. Future Trends and Advancements in OOGPSThe continuous advancement in technology is driving the evolution of OOGPS. Some future trends and advancements include:5.1 Real-time Data Streaming: OOGPS applications will increasingly rely on real-time data streaming, enabling more accurate and up-to-date information.5.2 Integration with Internet of Things (IoT): OOGPS is expected to integrate with IoT devices, allowing for enhanced connectivity and data sharing between various devices and systems.5.3 Augmented Reality (AR): OOGPS can be integrated with AR technologies to provide users with immersive and interactive experiences, such as 3D map overlays and location-based AR games.ConclusionOOGPS is a powerful and versatile GPS technology that combines object-oriented design principles with the functionality of GPS systems. It offers a wide range of applications, from personal navigation to fleet management and sports tracking. With its customizable features and event-driven programming, OOGPS provides developers with a flexible and extensible platform to create innovative GPS-enabled applications. As technology continues to advance, OOGPS is poised to play an even more significant role in various industries, contributing to enhanced safety, efficiency, and user experiences.。
OpenText ALM Octane商业发布说明说明书
ALM/Quality Center to ALM Octane Migration Safely and quickly migrate from ALM/Quality Center to ALM OctaneExecutive SummaryIT has a unique opportunity to become theengine that drives innovation, differentiationand business success. As organizations drivetowards the digitization of everything, balanc-ing speed, quality and scale is a key successfactor, but also a challenge for those teamsresponsible for building, testing, and deliveringthe increasingly complex software necessaryto compete in today’s digital marketplace. Manysuch teams are adopting DevOps, Agile devel-opment, Continuous Integration, T esting andDelivery and require a platform to help themestablish and evolve these capabilities.OpenT ext™ Application Lifecycle Management (ALM) Oc t ane is a rich, unified, open platform for your application teams to plan, define, build, test, track, and accelerate the delivery of high-quality applications. It helps teams drive innovation and enhance customer satisfaction with real-time visibility across enterprise proj-ects, Agile release trains, and management of the complete end-to-end pipeline of applica-tion delivery.OpenT ext™ ALM/Quality Center to ALM Octane Migration service from OpenT ext Professional Servi c es helps you transition from traditional delivery to a new way of working. This service not only helps you migrate safely and reliably from ALM/Quality Center with our automated tool, we assist you to decide what you will mi-grate, how to adapt to a new way of working and modernize your application delivery capability. About ALM OctaneALM Octane is a unified platform for defining, managing, and automating activities, gaining in-sight, and sharing assets to deliver applications Figure 1. Capabilities of ALM Octanefrom ideation to production. It manages theprocess and assets from requirements defi-nition through software development, manualand automated testing, defect tracking all theway to the application readiness assessmentfor delivery.ALM Octane integrates with upstream projectportfolio management software and downstreamapplication release automation, continuous de-ployment, monitoring, and incident managementsoftware to drive complete visibility and man-agement of applications from inception to retire-ment. By its nature ALM Octane is your applicationlifecycle platform for the digital revolution.ALM Octane fits within your environment notas a standalone solution but as a convergencepoint for all your application lifecycle solutions.It seamlessly over-arches your ContinuousIntegration and T esting tools, and drives truecollaboration, shift-left quality, innovation andagile delivery.Service OverviewThe ALM/Quality Center to ALM Octane Mi-gration Service is designed to accelerate yourtime to value and get you up and running withALM Octane quickly.Figure 2. ALM/Quality Center to ALM Octane Migration processServices FlyerIt includes the following activities:■Analyze yourALM/Quality Center site and project setup■Planning the migration, understanding what should be migrated and how it canbe migrated■A workshop with your team to understand the differences in working with ALM/Quality Center and ALM Octane and plan for the new way of working■Agile coaching■Prepare environments for testing & production■Preparation of the ALM Octane instances ■Installation of the ALM/Quality Center to A LM Octane migration tool■T est & validate the ALM/Quality Center to ALM Octane migration process■Walkthrough tested migration resultswith stakeholders■Confirm migrated data with stakeholders: Requirements, Manual T ests, T est Runs, Defects, Relationships, User-Defined Fields ■Confirm manually configured items: Workflows, Rules, Forms, Reports and Dashboards■Run the production migration process■Once all projects in scope have been migrated, finalize migration results and confirm that migration is completed BenefitsOur service provides real and tangible benefits:■Expertise, knowledge & insight neededto plan a successful ALM Octane rollout■A reliable, fast and smooth migration using our automated migration tool■Coaching and recommended practices for ALM Octane for a seamless transition, evolving your practices and adopting new capabilitiesThe Professional Services Difference OpenT ext™ provides unmatched capabilities with a comprehensive set of consulting and im-plementation services and unique intellectual property that help you drive innovation through streamlined and efficient software delivery:■Proven OpenT ext software solution implementation expertise■More than 20 years of experience helping large, complex, global organizations realize value from their OpenT ext software investments■Rich intellectual property and unparalleled reach into product engineering■T echnology-agnostic implementation approach with no vendor lock-in, no rip- and-replace■Education and support services to ensure adoptionLearn more atOpenT ext Professional ServicesOpenT ext Application Lifecycle Management Services/opentext261-000176-001 | O | 04/23 | © 2023 Open T ext。
【精品】民航航线题库
【关键字】精品Identify the type stability if the aircraft attitude tends to move farther from its original position after the controls have been neutralizedA.-Negative static stabilityB.-Positive static stabilityC.-Negative dynamic stabilityA XIdentify the type stability if the aircraft attitude tends to return to its original after the controls have been neutralized.A.Positive dynamic stability.B.Positive static stability.C.Neutral dynamic stability.B XIf an aircraft level turns at an angle of bank of 30 degree , the load factor isA.1Gs.B.2Gs.C XIf an aircraft with a gross weight of 2000 pounds were subjected to a total load of 6000 pounds in flight the load factor would beA.2Gs.B.3Gs.C.9GsB XIf no corrective action is taken by the pilot as angle of bank is increased, how is the vertical component of lift and sink rate affected?A.Lift increases and the sink rate increasesB.Lift decreases and the sink rate decreasesC.Lift decreases and the sink rate increasesC XIf severe turbulence is encountered, which procedure is recommended?A.Maintain a constant altitude.B.Maintain a constant attitude.C.Maintain constant airspeed and altitude.B XIf the airplane attitude remains in a new position after the elevator control is pressed forward and released, the airplane displaysA.-neutral longitudinal static stability.B.-positive longitudinal static stability.C.-neutral longitudinal dynamic stability.A XIf you take off behind a heavy jet that has just landed, you should plan to lift offA. Prior to the point where the jet touched down.B. Beyond the point where the jet touched down.C. At the point where the jet touched down and on the upwind edge of the runway.B X4.性能1..Maximum range performance of a turbojet aircraft is obtained by which procedure as aircraft weight reduces?A.Increasing speed or altitude.B.Increasing altitude or decreasing speed.C.Increasing speed or decreasing altitude.B X2..Which of the following phraseology is suitable for a pilot reporting a braking action on well condition to ATC?A. braking action is "fair"B. braking action is "good"C. braking action is "100%"B X3..Which of the following phraseology is suitable for a pilot reporting a braking action to ATC, when there is almost no the braking action?A. braking action is "fair"B. braking action is "zero"C. braking action is "nil"C X4..Which of the following phraseology is suitable for a pilot reporting a braking action to ATC?A. braking action is "fair"B. braking action is "zero"C. braking action is "100%"A X5..The critical altitude of a supercharged reciprocating engine isA.The highest altitude where the mixture can be leaned to best power ratio.B.The highest altitude at which a desired manifold pressure can be obtained.C.The altitude at which maximum allowable BMEP can be obtained.B X6..The maximum speed during takeoff that the pilot may abort the takeoff and stop the airplane within the accelerate-stop distance isA.V2.B.VEF.C.V1.C X7..The minimum speed during takeoff, following a failure of the critical engine at VEF, at which the pilot may continue the takeoff and achieve the required height above the takeoff surface within the takeoff distance, is indicated by symbolA.V2min .B.V1.C.VLOF.B X8..The most important restriction to the operation of turbojet or turboprop engines isA.Limiting compressor speed.B.Limiting exhaust gas temperature.C.Limiting torque.B X9..The symbol for the speed at which the critical engine is assumed to fail during takeoff isA.V2.B.V1.C.VEF.C X10..The symptoms of hyperventilation（换气过度）areA.quite different to those of hypoxiaB.quite similar to those of hypoxiaC.profuse sweatingB X11．。
产业园定位 英语
产业园定位英语With the rapid development of industries, industrial parks have become an essential component of economic growth. Accurate positioning plays a pivotal role in the success of industrial parks. In this document, we will explore the key factors and strategies for the positioning of an industrial park.1. Location AssessmentThe first step in positioning an industrial park is conducting a comprehensive location assessment. Factors such as transportation accessibility, proximity to supply chains, and availability of skilled labor should be carefully considered. A favorable location can attract businesses from various industries and promote economic growth.2. Specialization and Market DemandTo achieve success, an industrial park needs tospecialize in a specific industry or sector that aligns with the market demand. This specialization allows for the concentration of resources and expertise, fostering innovation and competitiveness. In-depth market research is crucial to identify potential opportunities and determine the most suitable specialization for the park.3. Infrastructure and Support ServicesA well-developed infrastructure and a range of support services are vital for attracting and retaining businesses in an industrial park. This includes well-designed factory buildings, reliable utilities, advanced technology infrastructure, and efficient logistics networks. Additionally, providing business support services such asfinancing, consulting, and training can create a conducive environment for enterprises to thrive.4. Collaboration and NetworkingIndustrial parks should actively encourage collaboration and networking among their tenants. By promoting partnerships and knowledge sharing, they can stimulate innovation and resource sharing within the park. Organizing industry events, workshops, and seminars can facilitate networking opportunities and foster a vibrant business ecosystem.5. Sustainability and Environmental ConsiderationsIn today's context, sustainability and environmental considerations have become crucial aspects of industrial park positioning. Emphasizing green and clean technologies, promoting energy efficiency, and implementing environmentally friendly practices can attract environmentally conscious businesses. This not only contributes to the park's reputation but also helps create a sustainable and eco-friendly industrial ecosystem.In conclusion, the successful positioning of anindustrial park requires careful location assessment, specialization based on market demand, well-developed infrastructure and support services, collaboration and networking opportunities, as well as a focus on sustainability. By taking these factors into account, an industrial park can effectively attract businesses, stimulate economic growth, and contribute to regional development.。
RADIUS 多用户多传感器雷达定位系统说明书
RADIUSInnovative technologyThe implementation is fully solid state and based on measurements of reflected radar signals from a numberof passive transponders in the nearby area. Each reflected signal is mixed with a unique ID to separate different targets from each other. Advanced signal processing allows for simultaneous and continuous measurements to any practical number of transponders. RADius is designed for multiple users leveraging the same transponders simultaneously.Multiple sensor headsRADius can be deployed as an omni directional system utilising four sensor heads. These can be placed on suitable locations on the vessel, depending on the construction and operation. This provides full 360˚ signal acquisition as well as avoidance of blind angles, as there will be a sensor head at a receiving angle to transponders at all times, regardless of the vessel’s relative position to the RADius transponder.Signal processing will effectively remove possible interference with other transmitting devices in the same frequency band. Accurate Doppler measurements allow for rapid and reliable determination of relative velocities between the maneuvering vessel and transponders. Operational featuresRADius is capable of detecting and measuring accurate range and bearing to any transponder within the range of up to 550 metres, depending on the targets transponders. The direction from the interrogator to each transponder is accurately determined by the use of interferometric methods.Ease-of-use HMIRADius features a highly intuitive touch-ready HMI developed in close co-operation with experienced DP operators. This HMI enables the operators to assess the quality of their positioning quickly and effectively during operation. For better visibility under different light conditions, the operator can easily select between a set of colour palettes, including a well proven night display. Autodetecting transpondersSearch and identification of transponders is easilydone with the autosearch utility. Transponders are automatically detected and shown in the operator view. Wide opening anglesRADius has a vertical and horizontal opening angleof 100°. This secures stabile manoeuvring in close-by operations where the difference in height for the mounted transponder and interrogator can be considerable. Hence, it is not necessary to tilt the sensor head in any direction to obtain a signal.A variety of transpondersRetroreflective transponders are mounted on the target which is to be approached. A variety of transpondersare available, suitable for any operation that demands a robust and reliable relative positioning solution.HIGH PRECISION POSITION REFERENCE AND TRACKING SYSTEM RADius is based on radar principles and the system is developed for DP applications in need of robust and reliable relative positioning. It is a fully solid state system with low maintenance costs.PERFORMANCEDP range (depending on transponder type) Up to 550 m Range accuracy 1 0.25 m (1 σ)Angle accuracy 10.25° (1 σ)Update frequency rate 5 Hz Latency < 0.5 sec.Vertical opening angle ± 45°Horizontal opening angle ± 50°Operating frequency band 5.51 to 5.61 GHzINTERFACESRADius Processing UnitSerial ports 6 x RS-422/RS-232(isolated)Ethernet/LAN 4, 1 in front, 3 in rear USB 3, 1 in front, 2 in rear DATA OUTPUTS RADius Processing UnitMessage types PSXRAD, ABBDP,Artemis, Fanbeam BCD/M DL, N M EA VER, DDCWEIGHTS AND DIMENSIONSRADius 1002 Interrogator Unit 412 x 562 x 214 mm 8.5 kg RADius Processing Unit 88 x 485 x 357 mm 5.4 kg RADius power supply 88 x 485 x 335 mm 6.4 kg POWER SPECIFICATIONSRADius 1002 Interrogator Unit 48 V DC ±10 %, max. 70 W RADius Processing Unit 100 to 240 V AC, 50/60 Hz max. 60 W RADius power supply 110 to 240 V AC, supplies up to 4Interrogator Units1All accuracy spesifications are based on re-al-life tests conducted in the North Sea under various conditions. Operation on other locations under different conditions may produce different results.ENVIRONMENTAL SPECIFICATIONSRADius 1002 Interrogator Unit Operating temperatur range -40 °C to +55 °CStorage temperature range -25 °C to +70 °C Operating humidity 100 %Storage humidity Max. 60 %Enclosure protectionIP 66RADius Processing UnitOperating temperatur range -15 °C to +55 °CStorage temperature range 2-20 °C to +70 °C Operating humidity Max. 95 % non- condensing Storage humidity Less than 55 %Enclosure protection Front IP 42, rear IP21RADius power supply Operating temperatur range -15 °C to +55 °CStorage temperature range -20 °C to +70 °COperating humidity Max. 95 % non-condensing Storage humidity Less than 55 %Enclosure protection Front IP 42, rear IP 21MechanicalVibration, all unitsIEC 60945/EN 60945RegulatoryCompliance to Radio Equipment Directive (RED) 2014/53/EURADius TRANSPONDERSRefer to their respective datasheets for more information.2Recommended long term storage temp. between +5 °C to +35 °CSpecifications subject to change without any further notice.KONGSBERG SEATEXSwitchboard: +47 73 54 55 00Global support 24/7: +47 33 03 24 07E-mailsales:****************************.com E-mailsupport:*******************************/seatexJ u l y 2018。
虹膜图像识别处理外文翻译
外文一：AbstractThe biological features recognition is one kind of basis human body own inherent physiology characteristic and the behavior characteristic distinguishes the status the technology，Namely through the computer and optics, acoustics, the biosensor and the biometrics principle and so on high tech method unifies closely，Carry on individual status using the human body inherent physiology characteristic and the behavior characteristic the appraisal。
The biological features recognition technology has is not easy to forget, the forgery-proof performance good, not easy forge or is robbed, “carries” along with and anytime and anywhere available and so on merits.Iris recognition is a new method for man identification based on the biological features, which has the significant value in the information and security field. Combined with the previous work of other researchers, a discussion is elaborately made on the key techniques concerning the capture of iris images, location of iris circle and some improved and approaches to these problems are put forward. The location of iris recognition is realized which proves efficient.Iris location is a crucial part in the process of iris recognition,thus obtaining the iris localization precisely and fleetly is the prelude of effective iris localization .Iris location of is a kernel procession in an iris recognition system. The speed an accuracy of the iris location decide the performance of the iris recognition system.Take the advantages of the iris image, per-processes the images, decides the pesudo –center of pupil by a method of gray projection .Then the application calculus operator law carries on inside and outside the iris the boundary localization，in this paper ,this algorithm is based on the Daugman algorithm .Finally realizes the localization process in matlab.Keywords: Iris location，Biological features recognition，Calculus operator，Daugman algorithmTable of ContentsThe 1 Chapter Introduction1.1 The research background of iris recognition (6)1.2 The purpose and significance (8)1.3 Domestic and foreign research (9)Chapter 2 of iris recognition technology Introduction2.1 biometric identification technology (14)2.1.1 The status and development (14)2.1.2 Several biometric technology (17)2.2Iris recognition technology (23)2.3 Summary (26)Chapter 3 Research Status of iris location algorithm3.1Several common localization algorithm (27)3.1.1 Hough transform method (27)3.1.2 Geometric features location method (28)3.1.3 Active contour positioning method (29)3.2 Positioning algorithm studied (31)Chapter 4 operator calculus based iris localization algorithm4.1Image preprocessing (34)4.1.1Iris image smoothing (denoising) (36)4.1.2 Sharpen the image (filter)..................37.4.2Coarse positioning the inner edge of the iris (39)4.3 the iris to locate calculus operator law (40)4.4 Summary (41)Chapter 5 Conclusion (41)References (43)The first chapter1.1 The research background of iris recognitionBiometrics is a technology for personal identification using physiological characteristics and behavior characteristics inherent in the human body. Can be used for the biological characteristics of biological recognition, fingerprint, hand type face, iris, retina, pulse, ear etc.. Behavior has the following characteristics: signature, voice, gait, etc.. Based on these characteristics, it has been the development of hand shape recognition, fingerprint recognition, facial recognition, iris recognition, signature recognition and other biometric technology, many techniques have been formed and mature to application of.Biological recognition technology in a , has a long history, the ancient Egyptians throughidentification of each part of the body size measure to carry out identity may be the earliest human based on the earliest history of biometrics. But the modern biological recognition technology began in twentieth Century 70 time metaphase, as biometric devices early is relatively expensive, so only a higher security level atomic test, production base.due to declining cost of microprocessor and various electronic components, precision gradually improve, control device of a biological recognition technology has been gradually applied to commerce authorized, such as access control, attendance management, management system, safety certification field etc..All biometric technology, iris recognition is currently used as a convenient and accurate. Making twenty-first Century is information technology, network technology of the century, is also the human get rid of traditional technology, more and more freedom of the century. In the information, free for the characteristics of the century, biometric authentication technology, high-tech as the end of the twentieth Century began to flourish, will play a more and more important role in social life, fundamentally change the human way of life . Characteristics of the iris, fingerprint, DNA the body itself, will gradually existing password, key, become people lifestyle, instead of at the same time, personal data to ensure maximum safety, maximize the prevention of various types of crime, economic crime.Iris recognition technology, because of its unique in terms of acquisition, accuracy and other advantages, will become the mainstream of biometric authentication technology in the future society. Application of safety control, the customs import and export inspection, e-commerce and other fields in the future, is also inevitable in iris recognition technology as the focus. This trend, now in various applications around the world began to appear in the.1.2 Objective and significance of iris recognitionIris recognition technology rising in recent years, because of its strong advantages and potential commercial value, driven by some international companies and institutions have invested a lot of manpower, financial resources and energy research. The concept of automatic iris identification is first proposed by Frown, then Daugman for the first time in the algorithm becomes feasible.The iris is a colored ring in the pupil in the eye of fabric shape, each iris contains a structure like the one and only based on the crown, crystalline, filaments, spots, structure, concave point, ray, wrinkles and fringe characteristic. The iris is different from the retina, retinal is located in the fundus, difficult to image, iris can be seen directly, biometric identification technology can obtain the image of iris fine with camera equipment based on the following basis: Iris fibrous tissue details is rich and complicated, and the formation and embryonic tissue of iris details the occurrence stage of the environment, have great random the. The inherent characteristics of iris tissue is differ from man to man, even identical twins, there is no real possibility of characteristics of the same.When the iris are fully developed, he changes in people's life and tiny. In the iris outer, with a layer of transparent corneal it is separated from the outside world. So mature iris less susceptible to external damage and change.These characteristics of the iris has the advantages, the iris image acquisition, the human eye is not in direct contact with CCD, CMOS and other light sensor, uses a non technology acquisition invasion. So, as an important biometric identity verification system, iris recognition by virtue of the iris texture information, stability, uniqueness and non aggressive, more and more attention from both academic and industrial circles.1.3 Status and application of domestic and foreign research on iris recognitionIDC (International Data Group) statistics show that: by the end of 2003, the global iris recognition technology and related products market capacity will reach the level of $2000000000. Predicted conserved survey China biometric authentication center: in the next 5 years, only in the Chinese, iris recognition in the market amounted to 4000000000 rmb. With the expansion of application of the iris recognition technology, and the application in the electronic commerce domain, this number will expand to hundreds of billions.The development of iris recognition can be traced back to nineteenth Century 80's.. In 1885, ALPHONSE BERTILLON will use the criminal prison thoughts of the application of biometrics individual in Paris, including biological characteristics for use at the time: the size of the ears, feet in length, iris.In 1987, ARAN SAFIR and LEONARD FLOM Department of Ophthalmology experts first proposed the concept, the use of automatic iris recognition iris image in 1991, USA Los ala Moss National Laboratory JOHNSON realized an automatic iris recognition system.In 1993, JOHN DAUGMAN to achieve a high performance automatic iris recognition system.In 1997, the first patent Chinese iris recognition is approved, the applicant, Wang Jiesheng.In 2005, the Chinese Academy of Sciences Institute of automation, National Laboratory of pattern recognition, because of outstanding achievement "in recognition of" iris image acquisition and aspects, won the two "National Technology Invention Prize", the highest level represents the development of iris recognition technology in china.In 2007 November, "requirements for information security technology in iris recognition system" (GB/T20979-2007) national standards promulgated and implemented, the drafting unit: Beijing arithen Information Technology Co., ltd..Application of safety control, the customs import and export inspection, e-commerce and other fields in the future, is also inevitable in iris recognition technology as the focus. This trend, now in various applications around the world began to appear in the. In foreign countries, iris recognition products have been applied in a wide range.In February 8, 2002, the British Heathrow Airport began to test an advanced security system, the new system can scan the passenger's eyes, instead of to check passports. It is reported, the pilot scheme for a period of five months, a British Airways and virgin Airlines passengers can participate in this test. The International Air Transport Association interested in the results of this study are, they encourage the Heathrow Airport to test, through the iris boarding passengers to determine its identity as a boarding pass.Iris recognition system America "Iriscan" developed has been applied in the three business department of Union Bank of American Texas within. Depositors to be left with nothing whatsoever to banking, no bank card password, no more memories trouble. They get money fromthe A TM, a camera first eye of the user to scan, and then scan the image into digital information and data check, check the user's identity.America Plumsted school in New Jersey has been in the campus installed device of iris recognition for security control of any school, students and staff are no longer use cards and certificates of any kind, as long as they passed in the iris camera before, their location, identity is system identification, all foreign workers must be iris data logging to enter the campus. At the same time, through the central login and access control system to carry on the control to enter the scope of activities. After the installation of the system, various campus in violation of rules and infringement, criminal activity is greatly reduced, greatly reducing the campus management difficulty.In Afghanistan, the United Nations (UN) and the United Nations USA federal agency refugee agency (UNHCR) using iris recognition system identification of refugees, to prevent the same refugee multiple receive relief goods. Use the same system in refugee camps in Pakistan and Afghanistan. A total of more than 2000000 refugees use iris recognition system, this system to a key role for the United Nations for distribution of humanitarian aid from.In March 18, 2003, Abu Zabi (one of the Arabia and the United Arab Emirates) announced the iris recognition technology for expelled foreigners iris tracking and control system based on the borders opened the world's first set of national level, this system began construction from 2001, its purpose is to prevent all expelled by Abu Zabi tourists and other personnel to enter the Abu Zabi. Without this system in the past, due to the unique characteristics of the surface of the Arabs (Hu Xuduo), and the number of the expulsion of the numerous, customs inspection staff is very difficult to distinguish between what is a deported person. By using this system, illegal immigration, all be avoided, the maximum guarantee of national security.Kennedy International Airport in New Jersey state (John F. Kennedy International Airport) of the iris recognition system installed on its international flights fourth boarding port, 300 of all 1300 employees have already started to use the system login control. By using this system, all can enter to the apron personnel must be after the system safety certification of personnel. Unauthorized want to break through, the system will automatically take emergency measures to try to force through personnel closed in the guard space. Using this system, the safety grade Kennedy International Airport rose from B+ to A+ grade. The Kennedy International Airport to travel to other parts of the passengers has increased by 18.7%.Generally speaking, the iris recognition technology has already begun in all walks of life in various forms of application in the world. At the same time, to the application of their units of all had seen and what sorts of social benefits and economic benefits are not see. This trend is to enhance the high speed, the next 10 years will be gradually achieve the comprehensive application of iris recognition in each industry.In China, due to the Chinese embargo and iris technology itself and the difficulty in domestic cannot develop products. So far, there has not been a real application of iris recognition system. However, many domestic units are expressed using strong intention, especially the "9 · 11" later, security anti terrorism consciousness has become the most concerned problems in the field of aviation, finance. Iris recognition system is a major airline companies, major financial institutions and other security mechanisms (such as aerospace bureau) become the focus of attention of object and other key national security agency. As with the trend of development in the world, iris recognition technology will in the near future in application China set off climax.The second chapter of introduction of iris recognition technology2.1 Technology of biological feature recognition based on2.1.1 Present status and development of biological feature recognition“9.11" event is an important turning point in the devel opment of biometric identification technology in the world, the importance of it makes governments more clearly aware of the biological recognition technology. Traditional identity recognition technologies in the face of defect anti terrorism has shown, the government began a large-scale investment in the research and application of biometric technology. At the same time, the public understanding of biological recognition technology with "9.11" exposure rate and greatly improve the.The traditional method of individual identification is the identity of the people with knowledge, identity objects recognition. The so-called identity: knowledge refers to the knowledge and memory system of personal identification, cannot be stolen, and the system is easy to install, but once the identification knowledge stolen or forgotten, the identity of easily being fake or replaced, this method at present in a wide range of applications. For example: the user name and password. The so-called identity items: refers to the person, master items. Although it is stable and reliable, but mainly depend on the outer body, lost or stolen identification items once proof of identity, the identity of easily being fake or replaced, for example: keys, certificates, magnetic card, IC card etc..Biometric identification technology is related to physical characteristics, someone using prior record of behavior, to confirm whether the facts. Biometric identification technology can be widely used in all fields of society. For example: a customer came into the bank, he did not take bank card, also did not remember the password directly drawing, when he was drawing in the drawing machine, a camera to scan on his eyes, and then quickly and accurately complete the user identification and deal with business. This is the application of the iris recognition system of modern biological identification technology. "".America "9.11" after the incident, the anti terrorist activity has become the consensus of governments, it is very important to strengthen the security and defense security at the airport, some airports USA can in the crowd out a face, whether he Is it right? Wanted. This is the application of modern technology in biological feature recognition "facial recognition technology".Compared with the traditional means of identity recognition, biometric identity recognition technology in general has the following advantages:(1) the security performance is good, not easy to counterfeit or stolen.(2) carry, whenever and wherever possible, therefore more safety and security and other identification method.For the biological information of biometric recognition, its basic nature must meet the following three conditions: universality, uniqueness and permanency.The so-called universality, refers to any individual has the. Uniqueness, is in addition to other than himself, other people did not have any, namely different. The so-called permanent, refers to the character does not change over time, namely, life-long.Feature selection of organisms with more than three properties, is the first step of biological recognition.In addition, there are two important indexes in biological recognition technology. The rejection rate and recognition rate. Adjusting the relation of these two values is very important. The reject rate, the so-called false rejection, this value is high, use frequency is low, the errorrecognition, its value is high, safety is relatively reduced. So in the biological identification of any adjustment, the two index is a can not abandon the process. The choice of range size, related to the biological identification is feasible and available .And technology of identity recognition based on iris feature now appears, it is the development of biometric identification technology quickly, due to its uniqueness, stability, convenience and reliability, so the formation of biometric identification technology has the prospects for development.Generally speaking, the biological recognition system consists of 4 steps. The first step, the image acquisition system of collecting biometric image; the second step, the biological characteristics of image preprocessing (location, normalization, image enhancement and so on); the third step, feature information extraction, converted into digital code; the fourth step, the generation of test code and database template code to compare, make identification。
美国GMP指南(英文)
GUIDELINE FORGOOD MANUFACTURING PRACTICESINSPECTIONSPAN AMERICAN NETWORK FOR DRUG REGULATORY HARMONIZATION WORKING GROUP ON GOOD MANUFACTURING PRACTICESMEMBERS*Justina Molzon*, Associate Director for International Programs, FDA/USA. Group CoordinatorArgentina: Carlos Chiale; Rodolfo Mocchetto*, Coordinator INAME/ANMATBrazil: Antonio Bezerra, Suzana Avila*, Inspección y Control de Medicamentos, ANVISACanada: France Dasereau, Stephen McCaul; Louise Jodoin*, Inspection Unit, Health CanadaChile: Magadalena Reyes*, Inspector GMP. Instituto de Salud Pública (ISP) Guatemala: Esmeralda Villagran; José Luis Aguilar; Norma de Pinto*, Jefe Monitoreo y Vigilancia de Medicamentos, Ministerio de SaludMexico: Rosa María Morales, Suleta García*, COFEPRISVenezuela: Elsa Castejón*, Asesora Dirección de Drogas y Cosméticos, Ministerio de Salud.ALIFAR: Miguel Maito, Gerente Laboratorios Farmacéuticos Argentina; Marisela Benaim*, CIFAR, VenezuelaFIFARMA, Marco Vega, QA/QC Manager, Lilly; Carmen Araujo, Laboratorios Elmor, Marisela Poot,* GSK Regulatory DirectorResource Persons:Rebecca Rodríguez, National Expert Drugs Investigator. FDA/USAMillie Barber, International Programa Manger, FDA/USASecretariatRosario D’Alessio, PAHO/WHOJuana M. De Rodriguez, PAHO-GuatemalaMiguel A. Lopez, PAHO-Venezuela*Current membersINTRODUCTIONThis Guideline for Good Manufacturing Practices Inspection for the pharmaceuticalindustry was prepared by the Working Group on Good Manufacturing Practices (WG/GMP), inMay 2003. The Guideline addresses the requirements of the WHO Technical Report onGood Manufacturing Practices # 32 and the particular considerations of all members of thegroup.The WG/GMP proposed a plan for Guideline validation, to the Steering Committee of thePan-American Network for Drug Regulatory Harmonization, which was approved and was developed in two parts:1. The Guideline was implementation in a pilot phase at volunteering pharmaceuticalindustry plants. PAHO/WHO Consultants, Drug Regulatory Officers and people from thepharmaceutical industry conducted the pilot implementation at several plants in differentcountries of the Americas Region. The guideline was later revised according to theircomments and suggestions regarding the contents and usefulness.2. The Guideline was published in the PAHO/WHO web page to promote participation anddiscussion by institutions and professional experts in this topic. This gave all those whowere interested, the opportunity to send suggestions, comments, or to simply give theiropinion. The Guideline remained in the web page since June 2004 in order to receivecomments and others input.Associations like (ALIFAR and FIFARMA) and countries (Argentina, Guatemala andVenezuela) also sent their comments.The GMP Working Group reviewed and analyzed all the comments received and preparedthis revised version of the Regional Guideline of GMP Inspection for the Americas, which is submitted for consideration to the IV Pan American Conference on Drug Regulatory Harmonization.Some of the advantages of the Guideline are:1. The guideline will help to establish the standards for GMP inspections;2. It will be more comprehensive than what is in place in the economic blocks (countries)and will send the message that countries need to work as a community to meetestablished standards; and therefore, improve the quality of pharmaceutical products;3. It will serve as a work model necessary for common criteria;4. It should not be used as a check list, but it should show principles important toconsider in association with an inspection;5. It can be used as a training document for GMP inspections; and6. It will be helpful to countries in educating inspectors with unified criteria.TABLE OF CONTENTSCHAPTER 1 (5)ADMINISTRATION AND GENERAL INFORMATION (5)CHAPTER 2 (8)PERSONNEL (8)CHAPTER 3 (10)PREMISES (10)GENERAL CONDITIONS (10)ANCILLARY AREAS (11)MAINTENANCE (12)CHAPTER 4 (13)WATER SYSTEMS (13)POTABLE WATER (13)PURIFIED WATER (14)WATER FOR INJECTION (17)CHAPTER 5 (21)STORAGE AREAS (21)CHAPTER 6 (29)RETURNED PRODUCTS (29)CHAPTER 7 (30)PRODUCTS RECALL (30)CHAPTER 8 (31)DOCUMENTATION (31)CHAPTER 9 (40)SAMPLING AREA (40)CHAPTER 10 (41)WEIGHING AREA (41)WEIGHING AREA (42)WEIGHING AREA (43)CHAPTER 11 (44)PRODUCTION (44)NON-STERILE PRODUCTS (44)PRODUCTION (53)SEGREGATED PHARMACEUTICAL PRODUCTS (53)PRODUCTION (54)STERILE PRODUCTS (54)CHAPTER 12 (68)QUALITY CONTROL (68)CHAPTER 13 (78)QUALITY ASSURANCE (78)CHAPTER 14 (83)VALIDATION (83)CHAPTER 1REF:ADMINISTRATION AND GENERAL INFORMATIONWHO 321 What is the company's name?________________________________________________________________________2 What is the company's legal address?_______________________________________________________________________3 What is the manufacturing site’s address?______________________________________________________________________4 Does the company have authorization, according to the regulations of each country, at other address(es)(warehouses, quality control laboratory, etc.) which are under the company’s responsibility?If "YES", indicate which companies and provide their addresses._______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________5 Is there evidence of registration of the qualified person responsible by the Regulatory Authority?____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________6 Is the qualified person responsible, according to company's organization chart, present at the time of theinspection?YESPROVIDE INFORMATION REGARDING THIS PERSON (WHO RECEIVES THE INSPECTION)________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________NO7 Is there evidence of a license to operate issued by the Regulatory Authority?Indicate all authorized activities.______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________REF:ADMINISTRATION AND GENERAL INFORMATIONWHO 328 Does the company develop exclusively those production and quality control activities properly authorizedby the Regulatory Authority?YESNO9 Does the company manufacture dietary supplements?YESNO10 Does the company manufacture cosmetic products?YESNO11 Does the company manufacture veterinary products?YESNO12 Does the company manufacture reagents for “in vitro” diagnostic use?YESNO13 Does the company manufacture reagents for “in vivo” diagnostic use?YESNO14 Does the company manufacture other products not indicated above?YESIf “YES” indicate below__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________NO15 Does the company manufacture products with beta-lactam active ingredients (penicillins /cephalosporins)?YESIf "YES", indicate in which pharmaceutical dosage form__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________NO16 Does the company manufacture products with cytostatic / cytotoxic active ingredients?YESIf "YES", indicate in which pharmaceutical dosage form__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________NO17 Does the company manufacture products with hormone active ingredients?YESIf "YES", indicate in which pharmaceutical dosage form__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________NOREF:WHO 32ADMINISTRATION AND GENERAL INFORMATION17.1 Does the company manufacture products with corticosteroids active ingredients?YESIf "YES", indicate in which pharmaceutical dosage form__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________NO18 Does the company manufacture products with active ingredients from biological origin?YESIf "YES", indicate in which pharmaceutical dosage form__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________NO19 Does the company manufacture products with active ingredients from biotechnological origin?YESIf "YES", indicate in which pharmaceutical dosage form__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________NO20 Is there a list available of current licensed products? Attach the listYESNO21 Is there a list available of marketed products? Attach the listYESNO21.1 Do all marketed products and its pharmaceutical presentations have current (valid) license?YESNO22 Are the updated building schematics approved by the Regulatory Authority shown, if required?YESNO23 Section 8. Does the company have contract production activities? YESNO24Section 8 Is there documentation certifying registration/authorization of the third party contracted by the Regulatory Authority?YESNO25 Section 8.15 Is there batch documentation issued by the third party in charge of production? YESNO26 Section 8 Does the company act as a third party producer? YESNO27 Sections 8.1, 8.3, 8.12 and8.13 If the company produces by or for third parties, are there contracts that link the parties? YESNOCHAPTER 2PERSONNELREF:WHO 32YES NO1 Sections 10.1, 10.4, 10.11,10.23. Are there Standard Operating Procedures (SOP) related to personnel, including professional qualification, training?2Section 10.3.Is there an updated organization chart of the company? Attach copy3 Section 10.3 Is there a description of the responsibilities and functions of production and quality control personnel?4 Section 10.6. Are the responsibilities of production and quality control personnel independent of each other?5 Section 10.7. Are there trained personnel for the supervision of production and quality control activities?6 Section 10.12. Is there a program for training new employees on GMP, including specific training appropriate to the duties assigned to them?6.1 Section 10.4,10.12. Is there a program for continuous training on GMP for all staff, including specific training appropriate to the duties assigned to them?6.2Section 10.12Are records kept?7 Section 10.15,10.23 Is there a SOP dealing with the use of proper clothing for other persons who enter production areas (technical service/maintenance, cleaning personnel, quality control inspectors, quality assurance inspectors, and visitors)?8 Section 10.23 Are there visible written instructions and/or diagrams for the right use of clothing in the change rooms and other areas where they are required?9 Section 10.16 Are the personnel required to undergo a medical examination prior to being employed (including sensitivity test to beta-lactam substances, if required)?10Section 10.1Are the personnel subject to periodic medical examinations, at least once a year?10.1Sections 10.18,10.19.Are the personnel required to report health problems?11 Section 10.16,10.18 Is there a procedure to prevent any person who has an apparent illness from entering areas in which they may adversely affect the quality of the product or affect their own health?12 Section 10.22 Is smoking, eating, drinking and chewing prohibited in production, storage and laboratory areas?REF:WHO 32PERSONNEL YES NO13Section 10.17Are the personnel instructed to wash their hands before entering production areas?13.1 Section 10.17 Are there signs posted outlining mandatory hand washing before exiting, in change rooms and washrooms?14Section 10.21.Are the personnel using the appropriate uniform for the specified area?12.1Section 11.12.Are the uniforms clean and in good condition?CHAPTER 3PREMISESGENERAL CONDITIONSREF:WHO 32YES NO1Section11.1Is the building exterior in good conditions?2 Section 11.2. Are there any sources of environmental contamination in the area surrounding the building?2.1Section11.2.If "YES", are protective measures undertaken?3 Section 11.2. Are the free and non-productive areas belonging to the company in good clean and orderly conditions?4 Section 11.2. Are the roads leading to the building tarred and/or built so that dust from the road is not a source of contamination inside the plant?5 Section 11.6 Is there any protection against the entry of rodents, insects, birds and other animals?6Section14.46(f)Is there a written pest control program with its respective records?7Section14.46(f)Is there a SOP for pest control?7.1 Does the SOP indicate the substances used for pest control?7.2 Does the Regulatory Authority authorize the used substances?8 Section 4.1 Does the SOP ensure the avoidance of contamination of starting materials, packaging materials, in process-products and finished products with rodenticides and/or fumigant agents?9 Sections 11.1;11.2and 11.21 Is the flow of personnel and materials such that they prevent product contamination?10 Are corridors free of in-transit materials?11 Sections 11.5 and 11.26 Are air conditioning and/or ventilation systems for each area in accordance with the operation to be carried out?WHO 32GENERAL CONDITIONSYES NO12Section11.5.Are visible electric installations in good conditions?13 Section 12.4. Are water, gases, electricity, steam, compressed air and other gas pipelines identified?14 Does the company comply with the national legislation on fire control andprevention?15 Sections 13.38 13.39 Are there SOPs for waste classification and treatment? Are they followed (or complied with)?16Sections13.38 and13.39Is waste treatment undertaken in the premises?16.1 Sections 13.38 and 13.39 If "YES", is there a specific area for waste treatment, completely separated from manufacturing areas?REF:WHO 32 ANCILLARY AREAS YES NO 1Section11.8.Are there general change rooms in the plant?2 Section 11.8. Are toilets, change rooms and showers separated from manufacturing areas?Are they of easy access, and in good condition with respect to cleanliness, sanitation, order and conservation?Are they adequate for the number of users?3 Section 11.7 Are the dining room, social areas and cafeteria (rest and snacks) separated from production areas?4 Sections 10.21 and 10.23. Are plant staffs (temporary and permanent) provided with proper working clothes for each area, including protective coverings to avoid direct contact with products and to protect themselves?5 Are there SOP’s for washing uniforms separately depending on the type of area(sterile, non sterile, maintenance, special products)?6 Is there a laundry area for uniforms which is separate from production areas?7 If an outside laundry facility is used, are personnel and the person responsibleinstructed about the corresponding SOP?7.1 Are there instruction records?WHO 32 ANCILLARY AREAS YES NO7.2 Is this outside laundry facility periodically audited?7.3 Are there audit records?REF:WHO 32 MAINTENANCE YES NO 8Section11.9.Are the maintenance areas physically separated from production areas?9 Is there a SOP of the use, cleaning and maintenance of different servicegenerated equipment?10 Are there preventive maintenance programs for equipment and critical supportsystems?Are performance records for this preventive maintenance program kept?11 Sections 18.18 and 12.11 Is equipment identified as out-of-service or in reparation identified as such? Are they removed from production areas as soon as possible?12 Section 14.46 (c) Is there a preventive maintenance program for the premises?Are there performance records for this preventive maintenance program?13Section14.47 (c)Are records of the usage of critical equipment showed?14 Section 12.1 Is there a preventive maintenance program for quality control equipment? Is there a performance record for this preventive maintenance program?REF:WHO 32 GENERAL SERVICES YES NO15Section15.11Is there a pure steam generator, if necessary?16Section15.11Is there a compressed air generator free of oil, if necessary?17 Sections 15.17Is there an electricity generator for the maintenance of critical systems and processes to be used in case of problems with the electricity supply occur?18Section11.2Are the system generators for different services separated from production areas?19 Do they use gases that will be in direct contact with products?19.1 Are gas piping and valves in good conditions and are they dedicated for each gas?CHAPTER 4 WATER SYSTEMSREF: WHO 32POTABLE WATERYes No NA What is the source of water used in the company?Public Network?Artesian Well, semiartesian well?1Others?2 If necessary, is any treatment for making water potable undertaken before the water isstored?2.1 Does the selected treatment assure potability, according to each country’s requirements?3 Are the system schematics shown?Are the distribution network layouts shown?Are the sampling points shown?4 Does the company have water tanks?4.1 What materials is the water tanks made of?5 Are the cleaning and disinfecting procedures for water and cistern tanks documented?Does the procedure include a justifiable frequency and sampling points?5.1 Are performance records shown?6 Are physicochemical tests of potable water undertaken?Are physicochemical tests of potable water recorded?Indicate frequency7 Is potable water used as a source of purified water or water for injection production?8 Is microbiological control of potable water undertaken?Is microbiological control of potable water recorded?Indicate frequency9 Is potable water used for the initial washing of equipment and tools?10 Is the visible piping used for the transportation of potable water maintained in goodconditions?WHO 32 POTABLE WATER Yes No NA11 Is there a preventive maintenance program that includes the potable water system?Is there a performance record for this preventive maintenance program?REF:WHO 32 PURIFIED WATER Yes No NA1 Is the purified water used, produced by the company?Which is the system used to obtain purified water?Ionic exchange resins?Reverse Osmosis?Distillation?2Others (specify which)?3 Section 17.33 Are the system schematics shown?Are the distribution network layouts shown? Are the sampling points shown?4Section17.33What is the production capacity in liters/hour?4.1 What is the average consumption?5Section14.35Are there written procedures for the operation of the system?7Section17.33Is the purified water stored?7.1 What is the reservoir capacity?7.2 Is the reservoir constructed of sanitary type material?8 If purified water remains stored longer than 24 hours, is there any treatment to preventmicrobiological contamination?8.1Section17.33Does the selected treatment prevent microbiological contamination?9 Are the pipes and valves used to distribute purified water made of sanitary material?10Section15.21Are the visible piping used in water distribution maintained in good conditions?11Sections15.2117.42Is the distribution system of purified water sanitized?WHO 32 PURIFIED WATER Yes No NA 11.1 Is there a SOP for the sanitation of purified water storage and distribution system?11.2 What is the sanitation method used?11.3 In the case of an open distribution system that is not used in 24 hours or more, issanitation undertaken the day before its use?11.4 Are records kept?11.5 In the case of chemical sanitation, are sanitizing agent residues tested?11.6 Arethererecords?12 Is there any type of filter in the distribution system?12.1 In the case that filters exist, are they sanitized?12.2 Are the filter sanitation records shown?12.3 Are the filter replacement records shown?12.4 In the case of open distribution system not used in 24 hours or more, is sanitation donethe day before its use?13 Is any other system, to reduce bacterial burden from purified water, used in thedistribution system?Which type?14 Is the purified water used as a raw material to manufacture non-parenteral products?15 Is the purified water used for washing production equipment and utensils?15.1 Is the purified water used for the final rinse of the equipment used in the manufacture ofnon-parenteral products?15.2 Is the purified water used for the final rinse of the equipment used in the manufacture ofnon-parenteral products?16 Is a non-continuous purified water production system used?16.1 Section 17.42 Does each batch or production day release, by Quality control, undergo physicochemical test established official pharmacopoeias or by alternative validated methods?16.2Section17.42Are microbiological controls undertaken on the day of use?16.3 Is an action limit established?16.4 Is the action limit no more than 100 cfu / mL?WHO 32 PURIFIED WATER Yes No NA 16.5 When the action limit is exceeded, is an investigation always undertaken to ensurequality of the batches of products made with such water?16.6 Is the documentation shown?17 Is a continuous system of purified water production used?17.1Section17.42Is there a continuous monitoring of the quality of the purified water?17.2 Is there an automatic system to prevent use of the purified water, if this is out ofspecifications?17.3 If there is an automatic system, is this checked to verify that it is functioning properly?17.4 Are physicochemical analyses undertaken daily or with an established frequencyaccording to the procedures established by current editions of official pharmacopoeias orby alternative validated methods?17.5 Are microbiological analysis undertaken on the days of use or with an establishedfrequency which is properly validated?17.6 Is an action limit established?17.7 Is the action limit no more than 100 cfu / mL?17.8 When the action limit is exceeded, is an investigation always undertaken to ensurequality of the batches of product made with that water?17.9 Is the documentation shown?18Section17.42Are the sampling points rotated to cover all points of use?19 Is there a SOP for sampling?20 If the water that feeds the system is chlorinated, is there a system to remove thechlorine?21 Are ionic exchange resins used?21.1 Section 17.42 Is there a SOP that considers the criteria to follow for the regeneration of resins and the frequency of regeneration?21.2Section17.42Are records kept?22 Are there SOPs for the sanitation of the purified water system?22.1 What is the sanitation system used?WHO 32 PURIFIED WATER Yes No NA 22.2 What is the sanitation frequency?22.3 Are records kept?23 Is there a preventive maintenance program that includes the components of the purifiedwater system?23.1 Are records kept?REF:WHO 32 WATER FOR INJECTION Yes No NA1 Which treatment system is used to get Water for Injection?2 Section 17.33Are system schematics shown?Are distribution network layouts shown? Are sampling points shown?3Section14.35Are there written procedures for the operation of the system?4Section17.33What is the production capacity in liters/hour?4.1 What is the average consumption?5 If a reverse osmosis system is used:5.1 Is a two-steps system or double osmosis system used on line?5.2 Is the water that feeds the system pre-treated?5.3 What is the pre-treatment system?5.4 Is the system sanitized?5.4.1 What is the sanitation frequency?5.4.2 Are records kept?5.5 In case that chemical sanitation is undertaken, are sanitizing agent residuesinvestigated?5.5.1 Are records kept?6 If distillation is used:6.1 Is the water that feeds the system pre-treated?WHO 32 WATER FOR INJECTION Yes No NA6.2 Which is the pre-treatment system?____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________7 Is there a storage tank for the Water used for injection?7.1 Is the tank made of sanitary material?7.2 What is its capacity?7.3 Does it have a hydrophobic vent absolute filter?7.4 Are periodic integrity tests undertaken?7.5 Are records kept?8 Are pipes used in the distribution of Water for Injection up to the point of use?8.1 Are pipes made of sanitary material?8.2 Is there any type of heat exchanger in the system?8.3 If “YES", are there guarantees that the heat exchanger is not a source of contamination?9 Is there a SOP for the sanitation of the water storage and distribution system?9.1 What is the sanitation method used?9.2 What is the sanitation frequency?9.3 Are records kept?9.4 In case of chemical sanitation, is the existence of sanitizing agent residues investigated?9.5 Are records kept?9.6 If sanitation is thermal, is it undertaken periodically by a fluent steam circulation?9.7 Are records kept?10 Section 17.33 If water is not used the same day of its production, is the water maintained above 80 °C or below 4º and with constant recirculation through a loop up to points of use?11 If recirculation is below 4o C, ¿are additional precautions taken to prevent access ofmicrobial contaminants and its proliferation?WHO 32 WATER FOR INJECTION Yes No NA 11.1 What are those precautions?________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________11.2 Do the storage and recirculation of the water at this temperature ensure its qualityaccording to its use?12 If the water is produced by reverse osmosis, is there any system to maintain its quality?13 If the company manufactures parenteral products, does it use water for injections as araw material?14 If the company manufactures parenteral products, does it use water for injections for thefinal rinse of equipments and components used in manufacturing?15 Is a non-continuous and non-recirculated production system of Water for injection used?15.1 If this is the case: is water used only during the day of its production?15.2 Is water disposed at end of the day of its production?15.3 Is each batch released by Quality control by physicochemical and bacterial endotoxinstests according to the procedures established by current editions of officialpharmacopoeias or by alternative methods validated?15.4 Are microbiological tests of each batch undertaken?15.5 Is an action limit established?15.6 Is action limit no more than 10 cfu /100mL ?15.7 When the action limit is exceeded, is an investigation of the system always undertaken?15.8 Is the investigation report shown?15.9 Are measures undertaken?15.10 What measures are undertaken?16 Is there a continuous system of for the production of water for injections used?Is there a continuous monitoring of the water quality?16.1Section17.4216.2 Is there an automatic system to prevent the use of the water for injections, if it is out ofspecifications?。
positioning
Positioning (how to compete)Positioning starts with a product. A piece of m erchandise, a service, a com pany, an institution or even a person. Perhaps yourself. But positioning is not what you do to a product, but the mind of the prospect. That is you position the product in the mind of the prospect. (Ries and Trout)Designing product offerings and marketing programs that collectively establish an enduring com petitive advantage in the target m arket by creating a unique image, or position, in the custom er`s mind.Both the place a produc t or brand occupies in custom ers` minds relative to their needs and competing products or brands and to the m arketer`s decision making intended to create such a position. it is basically concerned with differentiation (key to custom er preference and com pet itive advantage)Why need positioning:Allows the m arketer to take advantage of and be responsive to such differences and position particular goods and services so as to better m eet the needs of consum ers in one or more of these segm entsCustom ers are bombarded with continuous stream of advertising. Their minds reacts to this high volume of ads by accepting only what is consistent wi th prior knowledge or experienceIt is difficult to change a consum ers` impression once it is form ed. In an over-communicated environment, the advertiser should present a sim plified message and make that m essage consistent with what the consum er already believes focusing on the perception of the consum er rather than on the reality of the productIt is easier to sell a solution to a problem than to sell a positive benefit or substantial featuresDifferentiation:Michael Porter: a com pany can outperform its rivals only if it can establish a difference that it can preserve. It must deliver greater value to custom ers or create com parable value at a lower cost, or both.In business strategies:Michael Porter identified three generic strategies: cost leadership; differentiation; and focusThe strategy differ in scope of target m arket and m arket needs and on whether they base theircom petitive advantage on low cost or differentiation. Porter says the worst strategy is to be “stuck in the middle” to be neither different nor lower in cost than com petitorsHowever, buyers don’t really buy strategies. They buy specific goods and services and effective execution: on-tim e delivery, proper installation, responsive custom er serviceOften physical but can be perceptual. Eg Nike`s later products that benefited from endorsements by fam ous athletesValue:Hartnett: satisfy people-based needs, they are delivering valueBurden: successful retailers increasingly target their offers towards two consum er categories:em phasize on value and tim e pressureWoodruff: if custom ers are value driven, then m anagers need to underst and the custom ers, however there is little empirical research to develop an in-depth understandingZeithaml suggested that perceived value can be regarded as a overall assessm ent of the utility of a product which shows the trade-off between quality and pric e. They have different and differential effects on the perceived value for m oney. Some consum ers may perceive value when there is a low price, others perceive value when there is a balanceOthers claimed that viewing value as a trade-off between only quality and price is too simplistic. Eg Porter mentioned other characteristics such as special features or after-sale servicePhysical positioning:Assess the current position of a product on basis of how various offerings com pare on set of objective physical characteristicsBenefits:It provide useful information to a m arketing m anager particularly in early stages of identifying and designing new product. Physical com parisons can be essential in positioning analysisContributes to R&D by determining key physical product characteristicsDefine structure of competition by revealing the degree to which various brands com pete with one anotherIndicate the presence of m eaningful product gapsLimitations:A simple com parison of physical dimensions does not provide a com plete picture of relative positions as it ultimately occurs in custom ers` mindsCustom ers m ay attach less importance to som e of these characteristics or perceive differently from what the firm expectsCustom ers` attitudes toward a product are often based on social or psychological attributes. Eg status image; sportinessPerceptual positioning:Consumers often know little about essential physical attributes, even if they did, they would not understand the physical attributes well enough as a basis for choosing between competitive offeringsDo not want to be bothered about the product`s physical characteristics as they do not buy the physical properties but rather the benefits they provideAlthough physical properties influence the benefits, consum ers can evaluate a product on the basis of what it does and what it is.The evaluation is subjective. Product m ay be regarded as different because of different history, name, and advertising campaignsLevers marketer can use to establish positing:managers seek to endow their products with various kinds of attributesSimple physically based attributes: related to a single physical dimension such as quality, power or size Complex physically based attributes: presence of large number of physical characteristics, consum ers use com posite attributes to evaluate offerings.Essentially abstract attributes: though these perceptual attributes are influenced by physical characteristics, they are not related to them in any direct wayPrice: price m ay infer other attributes, such as high or low qualityPerceptual attributes must be considered in positioning most products because of the growing similarity of the physical characteristicsImportance of perceptual attributes varies across consum ers and product classe s. Consum ers fam iliar with a given product class m ay rely more on physical characteristics and less on perceptual attributes. Som e argue it m ay not the case for durables and many industrial goodsPositioning process:Identify a relevant set of com petitive productsAt business unit level: useful to determ ine how an entire company or business unit is positioned relative to its competitorsAt product category level: examines custom ers perceptions about types of products they m ight consider as substitutes to satisfy the sam e basic need. It is helpful to better understand how various brands appeal to custom ers, to position proposed new products or brands or reposition current ones and identify where new com petitive opportunities might be foundIdentify determinant attributesFeatures: often used in physical product positioningBenefits: directly related to a product. Eg Volvo emphasize on safetyManufacturing process: subject of a firm s positioning effortsIngredients: illustrated by som e clothing manufacturingEndorsements: via experts or fam ous starsComparison: compare with a com petitor’s productProenvironment: positioning seeks to portray a com pany as a good citizenPrice/quality: used in cases such as Wal-MartConsumers only attributes of which they are aware. More variables used in positioning, the greater the chance of confusion. The positioning effort must be kept as sim ple as possible and com plexity should be avoided. Importance attached to these attributes often varies. Even an importa nt attribute m ay not greatly influence consum ers preferences. Marketers should rely primarily on determinant attributes. Collect data about custom er`s perceptions for products in the competitive setMarketers need to know what attributes are determinant for the target m arket and the product category under consideration. This is developed by conducting qualitative research, then quantitative researchAnalyze the current positions of product in the com petitive setpositioning grid/map: useful information about possible opportunities for launching of a new store or the repositioning of an existing onevalue curve: indicates how products within a category com pare in terms of the level of as m any attributes as are relevant. It is m ore multidimensional.Gain a distinct position: obtain a profitable position within a market segm ent not dom inate by a leading brand. Better option is to concentrate on an attribute prized by m embersConstraints imposed by an intense position: m arket environment changes cause the reduction of the importance they attach to a current determinant attribute. It m ay lose current group of users; dilute the existing intense position; tem ptation to overexploit that position by using the brand nameLimitations:Product positioning: how alternative products or brands are positioned relative to one another in custom ers` mindsIt does not tell the m arketer which positions are m ost appealing to custom ers, thus no way to determine if there is a m arket for a new brand or store that might locate in an open position or whether the custom ers in other segments prefer brands or stores with different attributes and positions. Needs to m easure custom ers preferences and locate them in the product space along with their perceptions of the positions of existing brands (market positioning analysis)Determine custom ers` m ost preferred com bination of attributesMeasure custom er preferences and include them in a positioning analysisA hypothetical brand possessing the perfect com bination of attributesAssessing custom ers preferences and trade-offs is a statistical technique called conjoint analysisConsider fit of possible positions with custom er needs and segm ent attractivenessLearn the com petitive strength of different brands in different segm entsIntensity of the rivalry between brands in a given segmentThe opportunity for gaining a differentiated position within a specific target segm entWrite positioning statem ent or value proposition to guide development of m arketing strategyIt also reflect current and future attractiveness of the target m arket and the relative strengths and weakness of competitorsWrite a positioning statem ent or value proposition: a statem ent identifies the target m arket for which the product is intended and the product category in which it competes and states the unique benefitsthe product offers (reflect a unique selling proposition). States benefits that the user will obtain rather the features. It is for use internally and others, such as ads agencies. The statem ent constitutes foundation on which the m arketing strategy is builtSuccess positioning: clarity; consistency; com petitiveness; credibilitySuccess of a product depends on how well it positioned within that m arket segm ent; how well it performs relative to com petitive offerings and to the needs of the target audience. Consistency between positioning and differential / com petitive advantage is essentialCreating both physical and perceptual differences using all the elements of the m arketing mix –product, pricing, promotion and distribution decisionsEg GreatCall teamed with Samsung to create a cell phone designed specifically to appeal to people over 50. It has defined a large, profitable market segment and created a product that is successfully differentiated from its potential competitors in satisfying the most important customer requirements.Strategy:How in the m inds of consum ers relative to competitorsOutcome:What do consum ers actually think about productWhere to position:featuresusers/usagecom petition: directly, away from, in relation to different product classChoosing a position:identify strengthsunderstand what chosen segm enthow m any USPs – single, double triple benefitdepends on success of differentiationPerceptual mapping:provide com parison of what consum ers want with what is currently offered and what is idealbasis for com paring brandsopportunity to spot gaps in the m arketCommon and serious positioning errors:under- positioningover- positioningconfused positioningimplausible positioningCaveats in positioning decision making:buyers rarely look for uniqueness, they focus on the m ain category benefits the brand can deliver. som e argue efforts should focus on delivering benefits that m atter the m ost to custom ersif one is to differentiate, benefits the features deliver should be focused on rather than the features (tangible attributes) eg Vovle`s safety features。
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A Single-Site Positioning Method Based on TOA and DOA Estimation Using Virtual Stations in NLOS Environment
Rui Zhang, Weiwei Xia*, Feng Yan, Lianfeng Shen
chow that comparing with the multipath fingerprinting scheme, the proposed method has better performance in various simulation scenarios. Keywords: single-site positioning; TOA; DOA; NLOS; virtual station
I. INTRODUCTION
Wireless positioning can be defined as one of the essential modules of many commercial and government applications and services [1]. In many positioning techniques, the geometric relationship between the mobile station (MS) and the base station (BS), or the reference station, is exploited to formulate the Euclidean distance and to identify the physical location. This relationship is mainly determined by the ranging parameters, such as the received signal strength (RSS) [2], the time of arrival (TOA) [3], the time difference of arrival (TDOA) [4], and the direction of arrival (DOA) [5]. Most of the techniques are based on the classical triangulation or trilateration algorithms, using several reference sites. But recently, the single-site positioning has attracted lots of attentions, especially in the deployment cost
National Mobile Communications Research Laboratory, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China * The corresponding author, email: wwxia@
Received: Nov. 1, 2017 Revised: Mar. 24, 2018 Editor: Jianhua Zhang
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Abstract: This paper presents a single-site positioning method based on the joint estimation of propagation time-of-arrival (TOA) and direction-of-arrival (DOA), with the assist of virtual stations in the typical non-line-of-sight (NLOS) environment. Consider the influence of multipath noise on the positioning performance, the proposed method firstly presents a modified high-resolution estimation technique called Multipath noise Limiting Matrix Pencil (MLMP) algorithm to achieve the TOA/DOA estimations, in which the matrix pencil and matrix enhancement process are implemented to deal with the measurements from the uniform linear array (ULA) receiver. Meanwhile, the subspace dimension estimation is improved via an adaptive threshold, for enhancing the performance of high-resolution techniques in low signal-noise-ration (SNR) situation. Next the proposed method generates virtual stations utilizing the known floor plan of surrounding reflectors, and adopts a weighted Least Square (WLS) position estimator to calculate the required position, combining the TOA/DOA estimations with the location of virtual stations. Simulations are conducted to evaluate the proposed method under NLOS