The Keep-Right-Except-To-Pass Rule(中文版)
合同通用示范条款大全之终止条款
版本一
Any termination under this Article 13 shall be without prejudice to any other rights or remedies of the non-defaulting party hereunder or as provided by law. The failure of either party to exercise the right of termination contained in this Article 13 on any default shall not constitute a waiver of such party's rights upon any subsequent default.
版本三
X.3 Either Party may at any time terminate this Contract by giving written notice to the other Party, without liability to the other Party, if such other Party becomes bankrupt or otherwise insolvent, provided that such termination will not prejudice or affect any right of action or remedy which has accrued or will accrue thereafter to the Party which terminates this Contract according to this clause. X.4 Termination of this Contract shall not prejudice any other remedies provided in this Contract.
交通规则英语20条
交通规则英语20条1. Obey the traffic lights. 遵守交通信号灯。
2. Stop at red lights. 红灯要停。
3. Go on green light. 绿灯可以走。
4. Yield to pedestrians. 让行人先行。
5. Watch for pedestrians. 注意行人。
6. Check for oncoming traffic before turning. 转弯前注意来车。
7. Signal your turns. 打转向灯。
8. Drive in the proper lane. 在正确的车道行驶。
9. Do not cross solid lane lines. 不要横跨实线。
10. Do not speed. 不要超速。
11. Obey the speed limit. 遵守限速。
12. Yield to emergency vehicles. 让路给急救车辆。
13. Buckle your seat-belt. 系好安全带。
14. Do not use your phone while driving. 开车时不要用手机。
15. Do not drink and drive. 不要酒后驾车。
16. Keep a safe distance from other vehicles. 和其他车辆保持安全距离。
17. Check your blind spots before changing lanes. 换道前检查盲点。
18. Use turn signals. 使用转向灯。
19. Come to a full stop at stop signs. 在停止标志处完全停住。
20. Be aware of pedestrians and bicyclists. 注意行人和自行车。
这里是接下21. Follow posted speed limits. 遵守标示的限速。
一至八单元重点短语中英文版本
Unit1---8重点短语中文版1.很多的,非常多2.许多3.一种,某种4.各种各样的5.等等6.结果7.询问,向……要8.至少9.由……制成10.因为,由于11.突然爆发,发生12.乘飞机13.乘船14.在……附近15.要求,号召,去接某人16.远离的,遥远的17.首先18.永远19.走开,离开20.继续干某事,不停地干某事21.实际上,事实上22.按顺序,井然有序23.为了24.代替25.刚才26.给…….腾出地方27.或多或少28.度假29.充足,大量30.张贴,举起,建造,挂起31.向……某人问好32.为某人送行33.建立,创建34.以便,以致,结果是,+从句35.例如36.看一看37.关掉(电灯……)38.商定,决定,达成共识39.即将40.从…….开始41.违反规定42.降低43.引进,引来,吸收44.发生,产生45.切断46.每两年47.跌落,下降48.暂时,片刻49.上涨,上升,50.一路顺风51.依照某人的看法52.过去53.做某事花费54.在……花费钱55.挺住,站立56.打的57.第一次58.在……初,在……开头59.得走了60.在学期的头一天61.随我过来, 快走62.抓住大意63.弄清,查明64.现在65.在农场66.一年中干……的时候67.从早到晚68.凭借……的灯光69.种小麦70.请某人做某事71.结果(由于……)72.在篝火上73.询问(某人)某事74.向某人捎去祝福75.宁可……而不……76.对……知道\了解的多\少77.听从某人的指导78.弄确实,确信.79.在…结束时80.注意事项81.化学老师82.有一种做某事的方法.83.拿出84.充满85.用……把……充满86.把…….混合在一起.87.举起…88.把…在…中蘸一蘸.89.拿出90.传递某物91.做鬼脸92.尝起来味道……93.最后,终于94.一个也没有95.宣读,朗读,读出96.要求某人做某事97.请求\要求…98.出门99.填空100.在美国101.在……有困难102.干得出色,干得很好103.参加考试104.明年秋天105.询问,向…要…106.例如107.发生108.问题的答案109.与……相同110.一同样的方式;同样111.正如112.立刻113.生活方式.114.把……变成.115.不再116.十人中有七人117.练习做某事118.起初119.几天之后120.出发去121.回来122.玩得愉快123.祝你也一样124.把……绑在……125.做某事是不对的……126.大多数时间127.整夜128.坐在火旁129.朝某人大喊130.起飞131.仅仅,只有132.在海边133.高价出售Unit1-----8词组和习惯用语1. a great/good many2.a(large,small)number of3. a kind of4.all kinds of5.and so on6.as a result7.ask…for8.at(the ) least9.be made from10.because of11.break out12.by air13.by sea14.by the side of15.call for16.far away17.first of all18.for ever19.go away20.go on doing sth21.in fact22.in order23.in order to24.instead of25.just now26.make room for27.more or less28.on holiday29.plenty of30.put up31.say hello to32.see sb. Off33.set up34.so that35.such as36.take a look at37.turn off38.agree on39.be about to40.begin with…41.break the rule42.bring down43.bring ine about45.cut off46.every two years47.fall off48.for a while49.go up50.have a good trip51.in one’s opinion52.in the past53.spend…doing sth.54.spend… on…55.stay up56.take a taxi57.for the first time58.at the beginning of…59.must be off60.on the first day of terme on62.get a general idea63.find out64.right now65.on the farm66.I t’s the time of year for…67.from dawn until dark68.by the light of69.grow wheat70.have sb. doing71.as a result(of名词)72.on an open fire73.ask (sb.)about sth.74.give one’s regards(love/wishes) to sb.75.prefer…to…76.know much/little about…77.follow one’s instructions78.make sure79.at the end of80.dos and don’t81.a chemistry teacher82.have a way of doing sth.83.bring out84.be filled with…85.fill…with…86.mix…together87.hold up88.dip…into…89.take out90.hand sth. around91.make a face92.sth taste terrible93.at last94.none of..95.read out96.told sb. (not)to do sth.97.ask sb.(not) to do sth98.be away99.fill in the blank100.in the States101.have some difficulty in doing 102.have some difficulty with +名词103.do fine104.take an exam105.next fall106.ask…for…107.for examplee about109.an answer to the question110.the same as111.in the same way112.just as113.right away114.way of life115.change…into…116.not…any more/no more117.seven people in(out of) ten 118.practise doing119.at first120.in a few days’time—in a few days 121.go off to…122.leave for…123.start for..124.set out to…125.get back126.have a nice time127.the same to you128.tie…to….129.It is wrong/right to do sth130.most of the time131.all night long132.sit by the fire133.shout at sb.134.take off135.nothing except/but136.by the sea137.sell…at a high/low price 138.happen to sb./sth139.stay long140.move on141.one or two years142.far from…143.cover…with144.in the shade145.stop…(from) doing…146.in rows147.grow up148.by oneself149.make sb. do sth150.in the past151.in the past few years 152.in or around the village 153.carry away154.cut down155.a forest programme156.explain…to sb157.teams of158.thousands of159.knock down160.obey the rules161.break the rules162.walk a long way163.keep away from…164.in this way165.wash away166.go out for a drive167.take a picnic168.do walking169.good news for170.agree on171.supply sth to sb172.all over the country173.at the crossing of…174.take…to…175.be opened to…176.plenty of177.begin with178.as soon as possible 179.a training center180.in time181.as follows182.put up183.start like this184.at the time of…185.It sounded like…186.feel the floor move(moving) 187.fall off…188.for quite a while189.in all one’s life190.the number of191.in the center of…192.It is better to do…193.fall down194.be afraid that…195.some more196.have enough197.take turns to do sth. 198.offer sb sth199.Help yourself to…200.at that time201.be/become crowded 202.in many different ways 203.be made into…204.take back205.arrivein/at…206.in the beginning 207.get angry208.too…to do…209.next to210.just now211.be busy doing sth 212.prepare for213.It is said that….. 214.whether …or not 215.do one’s best216.supply …with…。
keep to the right翻译
keep to the right翻译
"Keep to the right"是一句英文指令,意为“靠右行驶”。
这个指令
通常用于交通规则中,要求行人、自行车、摩托车和汽车等车辆在道
路上保持靠右行驶的方向。
这样能够避免交通混乱和事故的发生。
在许多国家和地区,如英国、日本、澳大利亚等,人们通常都会遵循“靠左行驶”的规则。
但是,在美国、加拿大等国家,则是采用“靠
右行驶”的规则。
因此,“keep to the right”这个指令在这些国家
被广泛应用。
除了在道路上使用外,“keep to the right”还可以用于其他场合中。
比如,在步行街或走廊中,人们也需要遵循这个原则,以保证交通畅
通和安全。
此外,在电梯或楼梯中也需要注意保持靠右的方向。
总之,“keep to the right”是一句简单而重要的指令,它能够帮助
我们在不同场合下保持安全和顺畅的交通流动。
keeptotheright中文翻译
keeptotheright中文翻译keep to the right的中文翻译为“靠右行驶”。
它通常用于指示车辆在道路上应该靠右行驶,以保持交通顺畅和安全。
双语例句:1. Please note that on this road, all vehicles must keep to the right.请注意,在这条道路上,所有车辆都必须靠右行驶。
2. Make sure to follow the keep to the right signs when driving on the highway.在高速公路上行驶时,请务必遵循靠右行驶的标志。
3. The driver didn't keep to the right, which caused a traffic jam.司机没有靠右行驶,导致了交通堵塞。
4. Always remember to keep to the right when going around curves.在曲线处行驶时,始终要记得靠右行驶。
5. The keep to the right rule is an important part of safe driving.靠右行驶规则是安全驾驶的重要组成部分。
6. Please make sure that you keep to the right when approaching the intersection.在进入交叉路口时,请确保靠右行驶。
7. If you fail to keep to the right, you may be at risk of a collision.如果不能靠右行驶,你可能会冒着碰撞的风险。
8. The signs on the road clearly indicate that drivers should keep to the right.路上的标志清楚地表明,司机应该靠右行驶。
国际象棋英文规则
国际象棋英文规则International Chess RulesChess is a strategic board game played between two players on an 8x8 square board, with each player starting with 16 pieces: one king, one queen, two rooks, two knights, two bishops, and eight pawns. The objective of the game is to checkmate the opponent's king, meaning the king is in a position to be captured and there is no way to prevent it.Setup:The board is placed with a light and dark square in the right-hand corner of each player. The pieces are set up as follows:- The rooks are placed on the corners.- The knights are placed next to the rooks.- The bishops are placed next to the knights.- The queen is placed on the same color as her pawn, which is placed in the second row from the player.- The king is placed on the remaining square of the row with the queen.- The pawns are placed on the second row, in front of the other pieces.Movement:- King: Moves one square in any direction.- Queen: Moves any number of squares along a rank, file, or diagonal.- Rook: Moves any number of squares along a rank or file.- Bishop: Moves any number of squares diagonally.- Knight: Moves to any of the squares immediately adjacent to it and then makes one further step at a right angle.- Pawn: Moves forward one square, but captures diagonally one square. Pawns have an additional move from their starting position called the double step, where they can move two squares forward if unobstructed.Special Rules:- Castling: The king and one of the rooks can move two squares towards each other, with the king moving to the square next to the rook, and the rook moving to the square the king crossed.- En Passant: When a pawn moves two squares from itsstarting position, and an opponent's pawn could have captured it had it only moved one square forward, the opponent has the option to capture "en passant" as if the pawn had only moved one square.- Promotion: If a pawn reaches the opponent's back rank, it can be promoted to any piece (except a king) of theplayer's choosing.Check and Checkmate:- Check: The king is under attack and in danger of being captured.- Checkmate: The king is in check and there is no legal move to escape capture.End of Game:The game ends when:- A checkmate occurs.- A player resigns, acknowledging defeat.- A draw is declared, which can happen in several ways including stalemate, agreement between players, threefold repetition of a position, or the fifty-move rule where no pawn moves or captures have been made in fifty moves.Etiquette:- It is customary to shake hands before and after the game.- Players should not touch pieces unless they intend to move them.- Once a move is made, it is considered final unless it's an illegal move, in which case the player can correct it.Scoring:The standard point values for pieces are:- Pawn: 1 point- Knight or Bishop: 3 points- Rook: 5 points- Queen: 9 points- King: The king cannot be captured, but the game is won by checkmating the opponent's king.Understanding these rules is essential for playing a game of chess. Mastery, however, comes with practice and strategic thinking.。
双语信条
◎双语信条>>The wisest person follows three rules in life: See all, hear all, but say nothing!--聪明的人都遵循三条人生准则:多看,多听,少说。
>>“Believe you can and you're halfway there.”Theodore Roosevelt--相信自己,就已经成功了一半。
>>No one can change a person, but a person can be the reason someone changes--世上没有谁能改变一个人,但是常常会有人因为某个人而改变。
>>The last one, can not turn, do not turn, turn over the dirt will be lost in his eyes. ------过去的一页,能不翻就不要翻了,翻落了灰尘会迷了双眼。
>>Sometimes when you think the sky is about to fall down, you might be standing tilted! ------有时候你以为天要塌下来了,其实是自己站歪了!>>Miracles sometimes occur, but you have to work terribly for them. ------奇迹有时候是会发生的,但是你得为之拼命的努力。
>>Trust is like an eraser. It gets smaller and smaller after every mistake.----信任就像橡皮擦,在一次一次的错误中慢慢损耗变小。
>>The only reason I'm fat is because a tiny body couldn't store all this personality.----我胖的唯一原因,是太小的身体容纳不了我饱满的性格。
rulesofthegame中文版
我六岁时,母亲教我无形的力量的艺术。
这是一个获奖的论据,从别人的尊重,并最终的战略,虽然我们都不知道它的时候,国际象棋游戏。
“咬你的舌头,”骂我的母亲,当我高声叫道,抽出她的手,向商店出售盐渍李子袋。
在家里,她说,“明智的家伙,他不能违背风。
在中国,我们说,来自南,风POOM的打击!北将紧随其后。
最强的风无法看到。
”下周我有点回到我的舌头,因为我们进入禁止糖果店。
当我的母亲完成了她的购物的,她悄悄地弹拨的李子从机架的小袋子,并把它其余项目的柜台上。
,我的母亲传授她每天的真理,让她可以帮助我的哥哥和我超越我们的情况。
我们住进来旧金山的唐人街。
像大多数其他中国儿童在餐厅和古玩店的后巷发挥,我不认为我们是穷人。
我的碗里总是满满的,三个五年当然每天三餐,开始与一个神秘的东西,我不想知道的名字的汤。
我们住在韦弗利广场,在一个温暖,干净,两间卧室的单位,坐在上面中国的小面包店,专门从事蒸糕点和点心。
清晨,仍然安静的小巷时,我可以闻香红豆他们熟到糊状甜头。
天一亮,我们的单位是重炸煎堆的气味和甜的咖喱鸡新月。
从我的床上,我会听我的父亲得了准备工作,然后锁定了身后的门,一,二,三点击。
在我们两个块胡同是一个小的波动和下降与使用中间照射幻灯片沙地操场。
游乐区接壤板条木凳子坐在旧全国人民与金色的牙齿开裂烤西瓜种子和散射的稻壳不耐烦潺潺鸽子聚集。
然而,最好的游乐场是黑暗的胡同本身。
这是挤满了日常的奥秘和冒险。
我的兄弟和我同行到药材店,看着一张白纸上僵硬表中的虫壳,藏红花颜色的种子,和他生病的客户刺鼻叶适量岁的李多尔。
有人说,他曾治好了女子死于祖先的诅咒,躲避美国医生的最佳。
药店旁边是一台打印机,专门在黄金浮雕婚礼请柬和喜庆的红色横幅。
在街上较远的平原鱼类批发市场。
前窗显示注定鱼和海龟奋力争取的基础上粘糊糊的绿色瓷砖双方拥挤的坦克。
手写签署知情游客,“在这家商店,都没有为宠物食品。
”内,巧妙地与他们的血迹斑斑的白色工作服的屠夫去内脏的鱼而客户喊着他们的订单,并喊道:“给我你最新鲜的,”刽子手总是抗议,“全部都是新鲜的。
Employee Rules 工厂管理制度-员工守则手册-中英文版
员工管理制度Employee rules为更好地适应工厂快速发展的需要,增强工厂的行业市场竞争力和提高员工工作效率,特制定本工厂员工管理制度。
In order to meet the needs of fast-growing, and enhance market competitiveness of industries and factory, improve employee productivity, the management of employee rules is made.1、按时上下班,不得迟到、早退、旷工,违者。
按工厂考勤管理制度处理。
1.Work on time, cannot be late, leave early, absenteeism, and offenders will be punished byRegulation of attendance management.2、请假须提前写请假条交本部部长、主管及考勤处签字可生效。
特殊情况须在上班前15分钟通知本部部长及主管批准方可生效。
请假三天以上须提前两天写2.The request for leave shall be written in advance and get approval from supervisor ormanager. Special circumstances is required to notify supervisor 15 minutes before on duty.Leave more than three days is required to get approval two days in advance.3、请假条交本部部长、主管及考勤处签字后方可生效,以上情况如有违反,按旷工处理。
3.The request for leave will be affective after signed by supervisor, or will be regarded asabsenteeism.4、上班时间一律不得会客或带外人参观工厂。
中文版Comparative Constitutional and Administrative law
I. INTRODUCIONGlobalization and its counterpart "localization' are well-known challenges in today's world. The development of globalization will cause the integration of national legal systems through the enactment of formal international laws, such as bilateral treaties and multilateral organizations, and through the factual internationalization of markets, science, environmental protection, traffic, migration, and communica- tion. The question is whether the traditional legal systems are prepared for such developments or whether they will impede them or simply implode, as the communist system did.全球化和其对应的“本土化”是当今世界知名的挑战。
全球化的发展将通过国际正式制定法律使国家法律系统的集成,如双边条约和多边组织,并通过市场,科技,环保,交通,迁移实际的国际化,和通信方法。
问题是,传统的法律系统是准备这样的发展,或者他们是否会阻碍它们或完全崩溃,作为共产主义制度做了。
TULANE LA W REVIEWThe obvious challenge for comparative lawyers is to discover the basic legal problems of the integration of these legal systems, to analyze the possibilities of this integration, and to determine when partnership and cooperation are indispensable in order to foster diversity. This Article analyzes the primary historical roots of the differ- ences between common law and the continental legal systems with regard to constitutional and administrative law. Although both common law and the continental legal systems are committed to the constitutionalism of the modernity, their diversities are fundamental. To see such diversities as the enrichment of our global society should enlighten us; therefore, those diversities should not be destroyed by unreflected integration but should be fostered as an indication of respect for human nature and culture.比较律师明显的挑战是发现这些法律制度的一体化的基本法律问题,分析这种一体化的可能性,并确定在伙伴和合作是必不可少的以培育多样性。
《原则》 Principles 中英文对照
Introduction 简介Principles are concepts that can be applied over and over again in similar circumstances as distinct from narrow answers to specific questions. Every game has principles that successful players master to achieve winning results. So does life. Principles are ways of successfully dealing with the laws of nature or the laws of life. Those who understand more of them and understand them well know how to interact with the world more effectively than those who know fewer of them or know them less well. Different principles apply to different aspects of life - e.g., there are "skiing principles" for skiing, "parenting principles" for parenting, "management principles" for managing, “investment principles” for investing, etc - and there are over - arching "life principles" that influence our approaches to all things. And, of course, different people subscribe to different principles that they believe work best.原则是能够在相似场景下反复运用的一套概念,有别于具体问题的狭义回答。
合同通用示范条款大全之不可抗力条款
版本二
1.3 遇有不可抗力的一方,应在不可抗力发生之日起5日内向另一方提供经公证机 关公证的有关文件以证明发生了不可抗力事件。 1.4 发生不可抗力,各方应立即进行磋商,寻求一项公正的解决方案,并且要尽 一切合理的努力将不可抗力的影响降至最小。
版本三
签约双方任何一方由于不可抗力事件的影响而不能执行合同时,履行合同的 期限应予以延长,其延长的期限应相当于事件所影响的时间。不可抗力事件 系指买卖双方在缔结合同时所不能预见的,并且它的发生及其后果是无法避 免和无法克服的事件,诸如严重火灾、洪水、台风、地震等。
版本三
12.2 如果发生不可抗力,一方在本合同项下受不可抗力影响的义务在不可抗力 造成的延误期间自动中止,该方无须为此承担违约责任。 12.3 遇有不可抗力的一方,应在不可抗力发生之日起5日内向另一方提供经公 证机关公证的有关文件以证明发生了不可抗力事件。 12.4 发生不可抗力,各方应立即进行磋商,寻求一项公正的解决方案,并且要 尽一切合理的努力将不可抗力的影响降至最小。
国际跳棋棋训-中英文
棋训1.N ever touch a piece until you have made up your mind to move it.考虑清楚才摸子。
2.N ever move a piece without a motive.走棋目的要明确。
3.A ccustom yourself to play slowly.深思熟虑成习惯。
4.A dhere strictly to the laws of the game.国跳规则必遵守。
5.C ompel your opponent to adhere to the laws.提醒对手守棋规。
6.P lay with better players in preference to those you can defeat.挑战强手长棋艺。
7.T ake every opportunity to look on when good players are engaged.多观棋局增见识。
8.N ever touch the squares with your finger when calculating.想棋莫要小动作。
9.E schew the habit of incessantly talking during a game.对弈应要少言语。
10.Show no impatience with your opponent who may be slow.对方思考耐心等。
11.Avoid boasting and talking about your skill.虚心好学需谨记。
12.Lose with good temper and win with silence and modesty.胜不骄傲败不馁。
中小守则英文带中文翻译
中小守则英文带中文翻译The Importance of Adhering to Small Rules and Regulations。
中小守则的重要性。
In our daily lives, we often hear people say, "It'sjust a small rule, it doesn't matter if I break it." However, this kind of thinking is dangerous and can lead to serious consequences. Adhering to small rules and regulations is just as important as following major laws and regulations. In this article, we will explore why it is important to follow small rules and regulations.在我们日常生活中,我们经常听到人们说,“这只是一个小规则,如果我违反它也没关系。
”然而,这种想法是危险的,可能会导致严重后果。
遵守小规则和条例与遵守重要的法律和法规一样重要。
在本文中,我们将探讨为什么遵守小规则和条例很重要。
Firstly, small rules and regulations are put in placefor a reason. They are designed to ensure that everyone operates within a safe and fair environment. For example, a small rule such as "no smoking in public areas" may seem insignificant, but it is in place to protect the health of non-smokers and prevent fires. Similarly, small rules such as "no littering" and "no jaywalking" may seem trivial, but they contribute to a cleaner and safer community.首先,小规则和条例的存在是有原因的。
中英双译文章
中英双译文章很多读者喜欢看一些中英双译的文章,下面就是店铺给大家整理的中英双译文章,希望大家喜欢。
中英双译文章篇1:运动员的情操Sportsmen's Values亦云Yi Yun在世界锦标赛决赛时,一位跳板跳水名将被他的同胞战友击败,却热烈拥抱胜利者,满含热泪向观众挥手告别。
一位优秀的女击剑手在决胜的一局倒下了,不是倒在敌手的剑下,而是因为自己突然肌肉痉挛。
A veteran springboard diver, defeated by his compatriot in the finals of a worldchampionship, offering congratulations to the victor in a warm embrace and waving a tearfulfarewell to the audience. An outstanding female fencer falling in a decisive set not under theattack of her rival’s sword but as a result of a muscular spasm of her own.这类事情在体坛司空见惯,但是这些英雄的悲剧场景不仅使失败的英雄热泪盈眶,而且使观众为之落泪。
运动员把一生最美好的时光贡献出来,艰苦训练,激烈拼搏,希望成绩蒸蒸日上。
如今他们过了巅峰走下坡路,仍然奋力发挥,力争为自己光辉的运动生涯划上一个完美的句号。
Those are common occurrences in the athletic world but they are scenes of tragic heroismbringing tears to the eyes of the outgoing heroes as well as the audience. Sportsmen spendthe best part of their lives in tough training and fierce competitions fighting for ever betterrecords. When it bccomcs evident they are on the decline they still make strenuous efforts togive their best so as to bring a satisfactory end to their brilliant career.人生能有几回搏!生命有限,竞技生命更是短暂的。
2014美赛 A题
摘要
随着经济的发展,更多的车辆进入人们的生活,在现有的交通条件已不能满 足车辆的通行需要。 本文通过分析靠右行驶这一交通规则的交通路况表现,不仅 制定出一个能够提升车流量的方案,而且验证了该方案适用于左行国家。最后建 立一个智能系统,通过控制车速来改变道路的车流量和安全系数。 首先,我们通过运动学原理推导出安全的停车视距和不同路面下高速公路的 安全距离。 其次, 我们根据不同车道的行驶速度范围来设定在低负荷下三个车道 的行驶速度。即为各车道允许通过的最高时速 V03 120km / h 、 V02 110km / h 、
六、 模型的建立与求解
6.1 交通路况表现模型 6.1.1 高速公路的安全距离与车速之间的关系
6.1.1.1 汽车制动过程分析
通常认为, 汽车的紧急制动过程指车辆以一定的制动减速度从初始车速逐渐 减小为零的过程,整个过程所需时间称为汽车制动时间。实际上,从驾驶员发现 危险物存在开始, 经 1 时间才意识到应进行紧急制动,经 2 把脚从加速踏板向制 动踏板移动; 由于制动踏板存在自由行程、 制动蹄与制动鼓间存在着间隙等因素, 从踏下制动踏板经时间 3 才开始产生地面制动力并且汽车开始减速, 经时间 4 达 到最大制动减速度;最后,汽车以最大减速度 amax 减速,经 5 时间停车。将制动 减速度在制动力上升时间段的变化简化为线性递增过程[3],整个制动过程简化为 如图 2 所示的形式。
71 V0 - V0前 72
V02 1.84 。再结合模型一中的车流量计 155.52
算公式,我们就可以将车流量计算出来。 问题四中,我们通过控制前后两车之间安全车距来控制车的行驶速度。当前 后两车之间的距离大于安全车距时,系统进行报错,降低车速;当安全距离过小 时,自动的提升车速,进而改变车的车流量和安全系数。
交通规则100条(英译)
1. 交通规则traffic regulation2. 路标guide post3. 里程碑milestone4. 停车标志mark car stop5. 红绿灯traffic light6. 自动红绿灯automatic traffic signal light7. 红灯red light8. 绿灯green light9. 黄灯amber light10. 交通岗traffic post11. 岗亭police box12. 交通警traffic police13. 打手势pantomime14. 单行线single line15. 双白线double white lines16. 双程线dual carriage-way17. 斑马线zebra stripes18. 划路线机traffic line marker19. 交通干线artery traffic20. 车行道carriage-way21. 辅助车道lane auxiliary22. 双车道two-way traffic23. 自行车通行cyclists only24. 单行道one way only25. 窄路narrow road26. 潮湿路滑slippery when wet27. 陡坡steep hill28. 不平整路rough road29. 弯路curve road ; bend road30. 连续弯路winding road31. 之字路double bend road32. 之字公路switch back road33. 下坡危险dangerous down grade34. 道路交叉点road junction35. 十字路cross road36. 左转turn left37. 右转turn right38. 靠左keep left39. 靠右keep right40. 慢驶slow41. 速度speed42. 超速excessive speed43. 速度限制speed limit44. 恢复速度resume speed45. 禁止通行no through traffic46. 此路不通blocked47. 不准驶入no entry48. 不准超越keep in line ; no overhead49. 不准掉头no turns50. 让车道passing bay 51. 回路loop52. 安全岛safety island53. 停车处parking place54. 停私人车private car park55. 只停公用车public car only56. 不准停车restricted stop57. 不准滞留restricted waiting58. 临街停车parking on-street59. 街外停车parking off-street60. 街外卸车loading off-street61. 当心行人caution pedestrian crossing62. 当心牲畜caution animals63. 前面狭桥narrow bridge ahead64. 拱桥hump bridge65. 火车栅level crossing66. 修路road works67. 医院hospital68. 儿童children69. 学校school70. 寂静地带silent zone71. 非寂静地带silent zone ends72. 交通管理traffic control73. 人山人海crowded conditions74. 拥挤的人jam-packed with people75. 交通拥挤traffic jam76. 水泄不通overwhelm77. 顺挤extrusion direct78. 冲挤extrusion impact79. 推挤shoved80. 挨身轻推nudging81. 让路give way82. 粗心行人careless pedestrian83. 犯交通罪committing traffic offences84. 执照被记违章endorsed on driving license85. 危险驾驶dangerous driving86. 粗心驾车careless driving87. 无教员而驾驶driving without an instructor88. 无证驾驶driving without license89. 未经车主同意without the owner's consent90. 无第三方保险without third-party insurance91. 未挂学字牌driving without a "L" plate92. 安全第一safety first93. 轻微碰撞slight impact94. 迎面相撞head-on collision95. 相撞collided96. 连环撞a chain collision97. 撞车crash98. 辗过run over99. 肇事逃跑司机hit-run driver100. 冲上人行道drive onto the pavement。
英国交通法规中英文版
英国公路交通法规Introduction概述This Highway Code applies to England,Scotland and Wales.The Highway Code is essential reading for everyone.本公路法规汇编适用于英格兰、苏格兰和威尔士。
公路法规汇编是大众的必备读物。
The most vulnerable road users are pedestrians,particularly children,older or disabled people,cyclists,motorcyclists and horse riders.It is important that all road users are aware of the Code and are considerate towards each other.This applies to pedestrians as much as to drivers and riders.道路使用者中最易受伤害的群体是行人(特别是儿童,老人和残障人士)、自行车骑行者、摩托车骑行者和骑马者。
所有道路使用者都知晓公路法规并相互体谅十分重要,对于行人而言也是如此。
Wording of The Highway Code公路法规汇编的用词Many of the rules in the Code are legal requirements,and if you disobey these rules you are committing a criminal offence.You may be fined,given penalty points on your licence or be disqualified from driving.In the most serious cases you may be sent to prison.Such rules are identified by the use of the words‘MUST/MUST NOT’.In addition, the rule includes an abbreviated reference to the legislation which creates the offence. See an explanation of the abbreviations.本法规汇编中很多规则属于法律性要求,违反这些规则就是触犯刑律,可能会招致罚款、驾照扣分或者吊销驾照,严重的情况下将被判处监禁。
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The Keep-Right-Except-T o-Pass Rule
摘要
随着经济的发展,更多的车辆进入人们的生活,在现有的交通条件已不能满足车辆的通行需要。
本文基于交通流元胞自动机原理,建立了车流密度与车流量模型,研究分析靠右行驶这一交通规则的交通路况表现。
对车流量及安全性两方面综合评价,而且验证了其适用于左行国家。
最后,模拟和分析智能控制下的超车模型。
问题一中,针对靠右行驶规则定性分析交通路况,基于元胞自动机原理,定义车流密度,从而建立车流量模型。
收据相关数据并运用MATLAB进行做相关性的拟合,引入超车概率、超车密度、超车因子以及安全车距,并结合车流量的定义公式,最终得到车流量的表达式。
绘制相关图形,分析靠右行驶规则与无规则情况下交通畅通和交通拥堵的表现。
问题二中,结合运动学原理,由于国际上超车风险的评估基于超车视距,我们采用超车视距评估风险系数,建立超车视距表达式,从而建立风险系数模型进行分析。
同时兼顾流量和安全,引入风险系数和流量权重,建立综合指数模型。
问题三中,基于靠右行驶规则,通过停车视距、超车视距及超车概率等因素对左行规则进行分析,验证得知改变一些条件时右行规则依旧适用于左行国家。
问题四中,模拟超车系统,结合超车加速度,建立并分析智能交通系统的超车模型。
最后,针对除超车外靠右行驶规则以及左行国家中的交通规则,提出了一些建议与意见。
关键词:靠右规则;车流量模型;风险系数模型;超车模型;智能模拟
一、问题重
述
在一些汽车靠右行驶的国家(比如美国,中国等等),多车道的高速公路常常遵循以下原则:司机必须在最右侧驾驶,除非他们正在超车,超车时必须先移到左侧车道在超车后再返回。
建立数学模型来分析这条规则在低负荷和高负荷状态下的交通路况的表
现。
考察流量和安全的权衡问题,车速过高过低的限制,或者这个问题陈述中
可能出现的其他因素。
这条规则在提升车流量的方面是否有效?如果不是,提
出能够提升车流量、安全系数或其他因素的替代品(包括完全没有这种规律)
并加以分析。
在一些国家,汽车靠左行驶是常态,探讨你的解决方案是否稍作修改即
可适用,或者需要一些额外的需要。
最后,以上规则依赖于人的判断,如果相同规则的交通运输完全在智能
系统的控制下,无论是部分网络还是嵌入使用的车辆的设计,在何种程度上
会修改你前面的结果?
二、背景介绍
随着社会经济技术的快速发展,各种车辆特别是私家车越来越多,从而对高速路的通行能力及安全性提出了更高的要求。
其中,高速公路交通规则的制定与修改对其通行能力及行驶安全性有着至关重要的作用。
资料统计,世界有34%的国家靠左行驶,66%的国家靠右行驶。
在诸如中国、美国、俄罗斯、德国、法国、巴西等大多数国家地区,实行靠右行驶规则。
在多车道公路上,也经常要求司机靠着最右边的车道行驶,除非他们打算超车。
当超车时,要从左边车道超车,之后需要再次回到原来的车道上。
靠左行驶规则则与靠右相反,遵循靠左行驶国家多半是典型的岛国和半岛以及次大陆国家,例如英国、日本、印度、巴基斯坦、印尼、泰国、澳大利亚、新西兰等等。
三、问题分析
在一些汽车靠右行驶的国家,如美国,中国等,多车道的高速公路常常遵循“右行左超车”的原则,即司机必须在最右侧驾驶,除非他们正在超车。
超车时必须先驶入左侧车道,超车,然后再返回右车道。
然而这条规则在不同交通负荷(低负荷与高负荷)下的表现是否尽如人意,与哪些因素有关,如何对其进行改善,从而提高车流量与安全性等都是需要进一步思考的问题。
对该问题的研究可以归结为“右行左超车”规则下的交通流模型的研究。
针对除了超车外的靠右行驶规则,采用定性分析的方法,分析低负荷及超负荷情况下车流量的变化。
联系实际,通行能力达到一定指标还不够,还需要考虑到安全问题。
因此,综合考虑这些因素之间的关联,做出安全性的评估,同时权衡其与通行能力的关系。
研究除了超车靠右行驶的规则,本文将其分为四问进行解决。
问题一中,考虑交通是否拥挤,就涉及到交通密度。
基于元胞自动机原理,从而可对车流密度进行一定研究。
根据车流量的定义,车流量由单位时间内通过某路段的车辆为标准。
针对除了超车靠右行驶规则,建立相关的车流量模型。
结合车流量定义公式:车流量=单位时间*车速/(车距+车身长),联系实际超车概率确定更为准确的车流量表达式,进而做更深入的研究。
通过收集相关数据,结合表达式,对低或超负荷状态下右行规则与无规则进行比较。
运用MATLAB软件绘制相关图形,对所得结果进一步分析说明。
问题二中,结合运动学原理,由于国际上超车风险的评估基于超车视距,我们采用超车视距评估风险系数,建立超车视距表达式,从而进行建模分析。
同时兼顾流量和安全,引入风险系数和流量权重,建立综合指数模型。
问题三中,基于靠右行驶规则,通过停车视距、超车视距及超车概率等因素对左行规则进行分析,制定左行国家的交通方案。
问题四中,模拟超车系统,结合超车加速度,建立并分析智能交通系统的超车模型。
四、符号说明
v车辆正常速度
i
ρ车流密度
t驾驶员发现障碍物反应时间(取典型值:0.55 s)
1
t制动时间(取典型值:0.56 s)
2
v公路设计速度
d
L车辆间距
io
L车辆身长(典型值为4 米)
v
q车流量
c超车概率
a制动加速度
ϕ轮胎与路面之间附着系数
g重力加速度
E综合评价指数
η超车时间因子,取0.05 RI风险系数
λ相对指数
w风险权重
D超车视距(m)
i。