Nutrient Budget and Soil Nutrient Status in Greenhouse System
植物营养学专业词汇
植物营养学专业词汇Plant Nutrition vocabularyadaptation to nutrient stress适应养分胁迫amino acids氨基酸anaerobic soils厌氧土壤annual species；一年生物种arid lands贫瘠土地buffering power of soil土壤缓冲能力cation-anion balance阳离子-阴离子平衡charge imbalance 电荷失衡chlorophyll synthesis叶绿素合成competitive inhibition of ions 离子的竞争性抑制作用diffusion-limited habitats限制扩散的生境exhaust available soil nutrients 消耗有效土壤养分favorable carbon balance 良好的碳平衡feedback inhibition反馈抑制fertile unshaded environment 肥沃非阴暗的环境fertilizer application 肥料应用fiber and cuticular materials 纤维和表皮物质fresh litter 新鲜的枯枝落叶genetic variability 遗传变异heavy metal tolerance 重金属耐性herbaceous crops 禾本科作物hydrolyzable compound 可水解的化合物hydrolyzing organic phosphates水解有机磷酸盐inadequate nutrient supply 不足的养分供应inorganic storage pool 无机贮存库kinetic properties 运动学特性leaf/root turnover 叶/根更新less susceptible to leaching较少的易受淋洗less-fertile habitats 贫瘠生境localized proliferation 局部增殖luxury consumption 奢侈消费（消耗）macronutrient 大量养分，主要养分metabolic derangement 代谢紊乱microbial activity 微生物活动mild nutrient limitation 轻度养分限制mobile nutrient 可移动的养分mobilization of nutrients from older senescedleaves 来自之前衰老叶片的养分移动mycorrhizal associations 菌根共生体mycorrhizal fungi 菌根-真菌net assimilation rate 净同化率nonphotosynthetic tissues 非光合组织nonstructural carbohydrate concentration 非结构碳水化合物浓度nutrient :carbohydrate ratio 养分-碳水化合物比率nutrient absorption 养分吸收nutrient absorption rate 养分吸收速率nutrient accumulation 养分积累nutrient availability 养分有效性nutrient deficiency symptom 养分缺乏症状nutrient leaching 养分淋洗nutrient stress tolerance 养分胁迫限度nutrient use efficiency 养分利用效率nutrient-rich disturbed sites 养分丰富扰动的区域nutritional plant ecology 营养的植物生态学perennial species 多年生物种phenotypic plasticity 表型可塑性phosphate esters 磷酸盐酯physiological adjustments 生理调节physiologically active 生理活性的plant mineral nutrition 植物矿质营养plant nutrient status 植物养分状况plant nutritional characteristic 植物养分特性plasticity in allocation pattern 分配模式的可塑性pronounced effect 显著的影响rate-limiting step 限速步骤quite responsive to nutrient supply 对养分供应的完全反应response to nutrient stress 养分胁迫的反应root cortical cell 根皮层细胞root exudation 根系分泌物root-soil interaction 根-土相互作用soil solution concentration 土壤溶液浓度solubilizing rock phosphate 增溶磷酸盐岩stimulating decomposition of soil organicmatter in the rhizosphere 促使根系周围土壤有机质的分解stress-tolerant strategies 抗逆性策略sugar translocation 糖分迁移（运输）synthesis of more carrier 更多载体的合成tissue protein content 组织蛋白含量vacuolar reserves 液泡储存wetting-drying cycles干湿交替腐植酸类肥料分类讨论稿文章作者:中腐协发布日期:2013-8-8 本标准由中国石油和化学工业联合会提出。
化学耕地和有机耕地英语作文
化学耕地和有机耕地英语作文英文回答：Chemical vs. Organic Farming.Chemical farming and organic farming are two distinct agricultural practices that differ in their reliance on synthetic chemicals and natural resources. While chemical farming utilizes chemical fertilizers, pesticides, and herbicides to increase crop yield and control pests, organic farming emphasizes the use of organic matter and biological methods to maintain soil fertility and control pests.Chemical Farming.Chemical farming involves the application of synthetic chemicals to enhance crop production and protect plants from pests and diseases. Chemical fertilizers provide essential nutrients to plants, enabling them to grow fasterand produce higher yields. Pesticides target specific insects or pests that damage crops, while herbicidescontrol weeds that compete with crops for nutrients and sunlight.However, chemical farming has potential drawbacks. Excessive use of chemicals can lead to environmental pollution, water contamination, and soil degradation. Synthetic fertilizers can contribute to nutrient imbalances in soil, damaging ecosystems and aquatic life. Pesticides and herbicides can also harm beneficial insects and organisms, disrupting natural pest control mechanisms.Organic Farming.Organic farming, on the other hand, prioritizes natural processes and inputs. Organic matter, such as manure, compost, and crop residues, is used to replenish soil fertility and improve soil structure. Biological methods, including crop rotation, cover crops, beneficial insects, and natural predators, are employed to maintain pest and weed control.Organic farming aims to enhance soil biodiversity and promote a balanced ecosystem. By avoiding synthetic chemicals, organic farmers preserve the natural balance of soil microorganisms, beneficial insects, and other organisms. This approach helps to reduce environmental pollution, protect water quality, and promote soil health.Comparison of Chemical and Organic Farming.Crop Yield:Chemical farming generally produces higher crop yields due to the use of synthetic fertilizers and pesticides.Organic farming yields may be lower in some cases but can still provide a sustainable and nutritious food source.Environmental Impact:Chemical farming has a greater negative impact on the environment, leading to pesticide and herbicide runoff,water contamination, and soil degradation.Organic farming promotes environmental sustainability by reducing pollution and conserving natural resources.Soil Health:Chemical farming can deplete soil of organic matter and biodiversity.Organic farming improves soil health and increases its fertility over the long term.Consumer Health:Chemical farming residues may pose health concerns for consumers.Organic farming minimizes the risk of consuming synthetic chemicals and promotes the production ofnutrient-rich foods.Sustainability:Chemical farming relies heavily on non-renewable resources and can lead to environmental degradation.Organic farming emphasizes sustainable practices and aims to preserve natural resources for future generations.Conclusion.Chemical and organic farming represent two distinct approaches to agricultural production. Chemical farming focuses on maximizing crop yield and pest control through synthetic chemicals, while organic farming prioritizes natural processes and environmental sustainability. Both methods have their advantages and disadvantages, and the choice between them depends on factors such as environmental concerns, consumer preferences, and resource availability.中文回答：化学耕地和有机耕地。
植物营养学专业词汇
Plant Nutrition vocabularyadaptation to nutrient stress适应养分胁迫amino acids氨基酸anaerobic soils厌氧土壤annual species；一年生物种arid lands贫瘠土地buffering power of soil土壤缓冲能力cation-anion balance阳离子-阴离子平衡charge imbalance 电荷失衡chlorophyll synthesis叶绿素合成competitive inhibition of ions 离子的竞争性抑制作用diffusion-limited habitats限制扩散的生境exhaust available soil nutrients 消耗有效土壤养分favorable carbon balance 良好的碳平衡feedback inhibition反馈抑制fertile unshaded environment 肥沃非阴暗的环境fertilizer application 肥料应用fiber and cuticular materials 纤维和表皮物质fresh litter 新鲜的枯枝落叶genetic variability 遗传变异heavy metal tolerance 重金属耐性herbaceous crops 禾本科作物hydrolyzable compound 可水解的化合物hydrolyzing organic phosphates水解有机磷酸盐inadequate nutrient supply 不足的养分供应inorganic storage pool 无机贮存库kinetic properties 运动学特性leaf/root turnover 叶/根更新less susceptible to leaching较少的易受淋洗less-fertile habitats 贫瘠生境localized proliferation 局部增殖luxury consumption 奢侈消费（消耗）macronutrient 大量养分，主要养分metabolic derangement 代谢紊乱microbial activity 微生物活动mild nutrient limitation 轻度养分限制mobile nutrient 可移动的养分mobilization of nutrients from older senescedleaves 来自之前衰老叶片的养分移动mycorrhizal associations 菌根共生体mycorrhizal fungi 菌根-真菌net assimilation rate 净同化率nonphotosynthetic tissues 非光合组织nonstructural carbohydrate concentration 非结构碳水化合物浓度nutrient :carbohydrate ratio 养分-碳水化合物比率nutrient absorption 养分吸收nutrient absorption rate 养分吸收速率nutrient accumulation 养分积累nutrient availability 养分有效性nutrient deficiency symptom 养分缺乏症状nutrient leaching 养分淋洗nutrient stress tolerance 养分胁迫限度nutrient use efficiency 养分利用效率nutrient-rich disturbed sites 养分丰富扰动的区域nutritional plant ecology 营养的植物生态学perennial species 多年生物种phenotypic plasticity 表型可塑性phosphate esters 磷酸盐酯physiological adjustments 生理调节physiologically active 生理活性的plant mineral nutrition 植物矿质营养plant nutrient status 植物养分状况plant nutritional characteristic 植物养分特性plasticity in allocation pattern 分配模式的可塑性pronounced effect 显著的影响rate-limiting step 限速步骤quite responsive to nutrient supply 对养分供应的完全反应response to nutrient stress 养分胁迫的反应root cortical cell 根皮层细胞root exudation 根系分泌物root-soil interaction 根-土相互作用soil solution concentration 土壤溶液浓度solubilizing rock phosphate 增溶磷酸盐岩stimulating decomposition of soil organicmatter in the rhizosphere 促使根系周围土壤有机质的分解stress-tolerant strategies 抗逆性策略sugar translocation 糖分迁移（运输）synthesis of more carrier 更多载体的合成tissue protein content 组织蛋白含量vacuolar reserves 液泡储存wetting-drying cycles干湿交替腐植酸类肥料分类讨论稿文章作者:中腐协发布日期:2013-8-8 本标准由中国石油和化学工业联合会提出。
IFA化肥术语中英对照(详细版)
化肥、土壤或有机肥中一种物质以气态的形式损失，如氨水（氨气挥发）或氮气或氮氧化物（反硝化作用）
Volatilization
Gaseous loss of a substance from the soil or from fertilizer or manure, e.g. as ammonia (ammonia volatilization) or as elemental nitrogen or oxides of nitrogen (denitrification).
附件1
IFA化肥术语（中英对照）
一、肥料施用及相关词汇
一年施肥
一次每年都供给作物每年所需肥料的体系（而不是更久的时间间隔）。
Annual application
A system in which the annual fertilizer requirements of the crop are given each year (rather than at longer intervals).
施肥
肥料的施用
Dressing
An application of fertilizer.
肥料灌溉
在灌溉水中溶解入化肥
Fertigation
Application of fertilizer dissolved in irrigation water.
施肥
施用肥料来促进作物生长和提高土壤肥力的任何或所有方面.
防结块处理
与肥料结合的物质或者颗粒肥料表面处理能够防结块
Anti-caking agent
Substance incorporated in or applied as surface treatment to granular fertilizer to prevent caking.
土壤学第九章 土壤养分(英文版)
全文电子教材土壤与土壤资源学（上篇：土壤学）林学专业2 O 2SO2H 2OO 2MineralNutrients英文版—土壤养分Chapter 9. Soil NutrientsSoil nutrient availability is one of the factors that often limit tree growth and soil productivity. Other factors commonly limiting for tree growth can include soil moisture availability, climate (such as temperature and precipitation), soil physical properties (such as drainage and soil compaction), or a combination of the above factors. N is often a nutrient that is most deficient for plant growth. Nitrogen deficiency can be caused by low N content in the soil or by the slow release rate in ecosystems such as the boreal forests or peatlands where low temperature or poor aeration encourages accumulation of organic matter and reduces N mineralization rates. Phosphorus is also frequently deficient in soils where there is very little P in the parent material or where most of the P has been lost through weathering during the soil formation processes, such as in the tropics.There are 16 elements that are considered essential for plant growth. Lack of any of those essential nutrients will hinder the proper growth and functioning of the plants and will prevent the plants from completing their life cycle. Among those 16 essential nutrients, C, H, and O come from the air and water and are usually not deficient, although recent climate change studies using CO2 enriched air showed that increasing atmosphere CO2 concentration can significantly increase forest productivity; however, plants usually acquire the other essential nutrients from the soil. Among the macronutrients (N, P, K, Ca, Mg, and S), Mg and S can also sometimes be deficient for tree growth. Potassium and calcium deficiencies in forests are very rare. In terms of micronutrients (Mn, Zn, Cu, Fe, Mo, B, and Cl), B, Zn, Cu, and Fe deficiencies, especially B deficiency, are most frequently reported. These nutrients are called micronutrients because they usually exist on the earth and are required by plants in very small quantities. In addition to those 16 essential nutrients, cobalt (Co), vanadium (Va), nickel (Ni), silicon (Si), and sodium (Na) have been found to be essential to some plants. For example, nickel has been found to be essential for soybeans and Si for rice. In this chapter, we will discuss the importance of soil nutrients in tree growth, discuss the macronutrients and micronutrients, describe the cycling of nutrients in the soil, and provide an introduction to the mechanisms of plant nutrient uptake.9.1 Nutrients: available forms, availability and functionalityThe interaction of numerous physical, chemical, and biological properties in soils controls the availability of soil nutrients for plant uptake. Understanding these processes will enable us to manage selected soil properties to optimize nutrient availability and soil productivity. To understand these interacting processes will require us to have a good knowledge of the soil properties and processes covered in the earlier chapters. Not all nutrients present in the soil are available for plant uptake and different nutrients have different available forms.a) Forms of nutrients plant can uptakeDetails of available nutrient forms will be discussed in the next section where the individual macro- and micronutrients are presented. The forms of the essential nutrients that plants can uptake, along with their functionality and normal amounts in plants, are listed in Table 11.1. One thing common to all nutrients is that plants acquire most of their needed nutrients from the soil solution and mostly in the inorganic form. Some acquisition of nutrients through the gaseous form is possible. For example, plants can absorb NH3 and SO2 in the air through the stomata. Nitrogen cycling is one of the most complex as compared with the cycling of the other essential nutrients. One of the important mechanisms for increasing plant N availability is through symbiotic N-fixation. With this mechanism, most of the N the host plant uptake comes from the bacterial that can fix N2 in the air. There have been reports to indicate that trees sometimes can take up organic N in the form of simple amino acids and proteins. The uptake of organic form of N has been found to be mostly assisted by mycorrhizas and this uptake mechanism is very important in soils with low fertility and for nutrients with low mobility in the soil. A few species of plants are able to use animal proteins as an N source directly. These carnivorous plants, such as the common bladderwort (Utricularia vulgaris) and the sundew (Drosera rotundifolia), have special adaptations that are used to lure and trap insects and other very small animals. The plants digest the trapped organisms, absorbing the nitrogenous compounds the organisms contain as well as other compounds and minerals, such as potassium and phosphate. Most of the carnivores of the plant world are found in bogs, a habitat that is usually quite acidic and thus not favorable for the growth of nitrifying bacteria.b) Nutrient availabilityNutrient availability is an important area of interest in soil nutrient management. Nutrient availability falls into the soil science discipline of soil fertility. Soil fertility is narrowly defined as “the status of a soil with respect to the amount and availability to plants of elements necess ary for plant growth”. Of all soil properties, fertility is the one with which man is most involved; it is the property that can be readily changed by man in his exploitation or management of the land. In intensively managed forest systems, such as in plantations, soil nutrient availability can be altered and managed through silvicultural techniques such as site preparation, weed control, thinning, and fertilization. Even in natural forests, where there is very little human control of processes, soil nutrient availability is not a completely stable factor but changes with stage of forest succession, natural disturbance regimes, and with soil profile development. Occurrence of fire and extensive wind throw can result in sudden dramatic changes in soil nutrient availability. A soil, particularly one with the heterogeneity of many forest soils, cannot be considered to have a unique single, static level of soil fertility.Since plants take up most of their needed nutrients from the soil solution, nutrient availability is controlled by the interaction of numerous physical, chemical, and biological properties in soils. The basic relationship between the various components of the dynamic soil system is depicted in Figure 11.1. In reactions 1 and 2, plants absorb nutrients (cations and anions) from the soil solution and release small quantities of ions such as H+ (to balance the charge in soil solution, ifcations are absorbed by plants), or OH- and HCO3- (if anions are absorbed). In reactions 3 and 4, changes in ion c oncentrations in soil solution are “buffered” by ions adsorbed on the surface of soil minerals. Ion removal from solution causes partial desorption of the same ions from these surfaces. In reactions 5 and 6, minerals contained in the soil can dissolve to re-supply soil solution with many ions; likewise, increases in ion concentration in soil solution resulting from fertilization or other inputs can cause some minerals to precipitate. In reactions 7 and 8, soil microorganisms can remove ions from soil solution and incorporate them into microbial tissues, and conversely, when microbes or other organisms die, they release nutrients to the soil solution. Microbial activity produces and decomposes organic matter or humus in soils. These dynamic processes are very dependent on adequate energy supply from organic C, inorganic ion availability, and numerous environmental conditions. In reactions 9 and 10, plant roots and soil organisms utilize O2 and respire CO2 through metabolic activities. As a result, CO2 concentration in the soil air is greater than in the atmosphere. Diffusion of gases in soil decreases dramatically with increasing soil water content and soil depth. In reactions 11 and 12, numerous environmental factors and human activities can influence ion concentration in soil solution, which reacts with the mineral and biological processes in soil. For example, adding ammonium fertilizer to soil can increase the N concentration in the soil solution, but over time, N concentration in the soil solution will decrease due to plant uptake, volatilization losses, transformation of ammonium into nitrate through the nitrification process, and immobilization of ammonium by microorganisms and fixation by clays and organic matter through inorganic reactions.All of these processes and reactions are important to the availability of plant nutrients; however, depending on the specific nutrient, some processes are more important than others. For example, microbial processes are more important to N and S availability than mineral surface exchange reactions, whereas the opposite is true for K, Ca, and Mg.c) Functions of inorganic nutrients in plantsTable 9.1 lists some of the functions of nutrients in plant growth and physiology. Inorganic ions affect osmosis and thus help to regulate water balance in plants. Several inorganic ions can serve interchangeably in this role, in many plants this particular requirement is described as non-specific. On the other hand, an inorganic nutrient may function as part of an essential biological molecule; in this case the requirement is highly specific. An example of a specific function is the presence of magnesium in the chlorophyll molecule. Some of the common functions of mineral nutrients are discussed below.Catalysts: A key role of the inorganic nutrients is their participation in some of the enzymatic reactions of the plant cell. In some cases, they are essential structural parts (a “prosthetic group”) of the enzyme. In other cases, they serve as activators or regulators of certain enzymes. Potassium, for instance, which probably affects 50-60 enzymes, is believed to regulate the conformation of some proteins. Changing the shape of an enzyme could, for example, expose or obstruct reaction sites.Electron transport:Many of the biochemical activities of cells, including photosynthesis and respiration, are oxidation-reduction reactions. In such reactions, electrons are transferred to or from a molecule that functions as an electron acceptor or donor. The cytochromes, which contain iron, are involved in electron transfer.Structural and molecular components:Some mineral elements serve as structural components of cells, either as part of a physical structure or as part of the molecules involved in cellular metabolism. Calcium combines with pectic acid in the middle lamella of the plant cell wall. Phosphorus occurs in the sugar-phosphate backbone of DNA and RNA and in the phospholipids of the cellular membranes. Nitrogen is an essential component of amino acids, chlorophylls, and nucleotides. Sulphur is found in two amino acids that form a component of proteins.Osmosis:The movement of water into and out of plant cells is largely dependent on the concentration of solute in the cells and in the surrounding medium. The uptake of ions by a plant cell thus may result in the entry of water into the cell. The increased turgor pressure results in expansion of the immature cell, which is the chief cause of cellular growth, and in the maintenance of turgor in the mature cell. This is an example of conversion of energy from one form to another by a living system; the chemical energy (ATP) expended in the active uptake of ions by the plant cell is translated into the physical energy of water movement.Effects of cell permeability: Calcium has a direct effect on the physical properties of cellular membranes. When there is a calcium deficiency, membranes seem to lose their integrity, and solutes within the membranes or cells leak out.9.2 Macronutriens: N, P, K, Ca, Mg, and S9.2.1 Nitrogena) Origin and distribution of NThe N in soil is derived from the earth’s atmosphere. The N content of surface mineral soils typically ranges from 0.02 to 0.5%. About 98% of the earth’s N is contained in the igneous rocks deep under the planet’s crust, where it i s effectively out of contact with the soil-plant-air-water environment in which we live. Therefore, we must concentrate our discussion of N cycling on the remaining 2% that cycles in the biosphere. Most of the N found in the soil comes from biological N fixation. The atmosphere contains a large amount of N2 (78% of the atmosphere is N2 gas). Some 75,000 Mg of N is found in the air above 1 ha of the land surface. However, the very strong triple bond between two nitrogen atoms makes this gas quite inert and not directly usable by plants or animals. Were it not for the ability of certain microorganisms to break this triple bond to form nitrogen compounds, vegetation in the terrestrial ecosystems around the world would be rather sparse, and little N would be found in soils.Most of the N in terrestrial ecosystems is found in the soil. The soil contains 10 to 20 times as much N as does the standing vegetation (including roots) of forest ecosystems. Most soil N occurs as part of organic molecules. Soil organic matter typically contains about 5% N; therefore, the distribution of soil N closely parallels that of soil organic matter. Except where large amounts of chemical fertilizers have been applied, inorganic N (NH4+ and NO3-) seldom accounts for more than 1 to 2% of the total N in the soil. Unlike most of the organic N, the mineral forms of N are mostly quite soluble in water and may be easily lost from soils through leaching and volatilization.b) Forms of N in the soilThe different forms of N that can be found in the soil can be divided into two categories: inorganic and organic forms of N. As discussed above, most of the soil N exists in the organic form.Inorganic N: Inorganic forms of N include ammonium (NH4+), nitrate (NO3-), nitrite (NO2-), nitrous oxide (N2O), nitric oxide (NO), and the nitrogen gas (N2). Trace amounts of nitrite may be present in the soil. Nitrite is toxic to plants and is generally quickly converted to nitrate in the nitrification processes. Therefore, nitrite usually does not accumulate in the soil. N2O, NO, and N2 are the products of dinitrification or contained in the air trapped in the soil pores. As will be discussed below, conditions in forest soils generally favor the formation of ammonium and plants are adapted to this dominant form of N as a N source. Ammonium is the product of mineralization of organic N. Nitrate is formed through the nitrification process. There is usually abundant nitrate accumulation in the soil where conditions favor nitritication. The inorganic N content in soils is very dynamics as its concentration is affected by a large number of factors, including temperature, moisture content, plant uptake, microbial population, organic matter content, and so on. There are distinct seasonal and diurnal changes in soil inorganic N contents in the soil.Both inorganic N forms are soluble in water. Ammonium is mainly present in the soil on exchangeable sites and the positively charged ammonium can be attracted on to the negatively charged surfaces of clay and organic particles. This mechanism presents NH4+ from being easily lost from the soil solution. NH4+ can also be fixed in the clay structure, making it unavailable for plant uptake as well as from being lost through leaching. On the other hand, most of the NO3-, if present, will be found in the soil solution and is much more proven to be lost through leaching.Organic N: Organic N usually represent greater than 95% of the total soil N. Organic N occurs as proteins, amino acids, and other complex N compounds. Organic N can be separated into three types based on their solubility and how easy they can be hydrolyzed: a) soluble organic N: usually less than 5% of the total soil N content. Some of the soluble organic N (such as simple amino acids) can be take up directly by plants, especially with the assistance of mycorrhizas. This fraction of the organic N can be easily hydrolyzed to release NH4+ for plant uptake; b) hydrolyzable organic N. This fraction of organic N can be hydrolyzed to simpler soluble organic N when treated with acids or alkalis; and c) non-hydrolyzeable organic N. The content of this fraction can be as high as 50% of the total N in the soil. This is the most stable fraction of the soil organic N and the nature of this fraction of N is still not very clear. Much of the organic N forms organo-mineral complexes. Organic N in these complexes are much more stable than the non-complexed organic N in the soil.c) N cycling processesThe processes of N cycling are presented in Figure 11.2. The main N cycling processes are discussed below.Biological N fixation:Through biological N-fixation, certain organisms convert the inert dinitrogen gas of the atmosphere to N-containing organic compounds that become available to all form of life through the N cycle. Terrestrial ecosystems have been estimated to fix 130 to 180million Mg of N, about twice as much as is industrially fixed in the manufacturing of fertilizers.Symbiotic bacteria (Rhizobia) fix N2 in nodules present on the roots of legumes. This fixed N may be utilized by the host plant, excreted from the nodule into the soil and be used by other nearby plants, or released as nodules or legume residues decompose after the plant dies or is incorporated into the soil. Other microorganisms that are also capable of fixing N include Actinomycetes and Frankia that fix N in symbiosis with non-legume tree species such as alders, Myrica, and Casuarina; Azotobacter and Azospirillum are heterotrophic free-living fixers; and blue-green algae and Anabaena are autotrophic free-living fixers.Regardless of the organisms involved, the key to biological N fixation is the enzyme Nitrogenase, which catalyzes the following reaction:(Nitrogenase)N2 + 8H+ + 6e- ® —————————→2NH3 + H2(Fe, Mo)The nitrogenase are proteins that contain Fe and Mo. The nitrogen fixation process requires a great deal of energy. The energy either comes from the host plant for organisms that form symbiosis, or from the soil organic matter for the heterotrophic free-living bacteria, or from the sun light for the autotrophic free-living organisms. The accumulation of ammonia will inhibit N fixation and too much nitrate in the soil will inhibit the formation of nodules. In addition to Fe and Mo, N-fixing organisms also require high amounts of P and S as these nutrients are either part of the nitrogenase molecule or are needed for its synthesis and use.The production of N by industrial fixation is based on the Haber-Bosch process, in which H2 and N2 gases react to form NH3, under high temperature and pressure:Catalyst3H2 + N2 ® ——————→NH31,200 °C, 500 atmImmobilization and mineralization: The majority (95-99%) of the soil N is in organic compounds that protect it from being lost but this also leaves it largely unavailable to higher plants. The quantities of NH4+ and NO3- available to plants depend largely on the amounts applied as N fertilizers and mineralized from organic N in soil. Much of the organic N is present as amine groups (R-NH2), largely in proteins or as part of humic compounds. When soil microbes attack these compounds, simple amino compounds (R-NH2), such as lysine (CH2NH2COOH) and alanine (CH3CHNH2COOH), are formed. Then the amine groups are hydrolyzed, and the N is released as ammonium ions (NH4+), which can be oxidized to the nitrate form. This enzymatic process is termed mineralization, that includes the ammonification (from simple amino compounds to NH4+) and nitrification (from NH4+ to NO3-) processes. A specific term called aminization describes the process from the amine groups and proteins to simple amino compounds:H2OProteins ® RCHNH2COOH + R-NH2 + CO(NH2)2 + CO2 + energyBacteria, fungiUsing an amino compound (R-NH2) as an example of the organic N source, the mineralization process can be indicated as follows:+2H2O +O2 +1/2O2R-NH2 ⇌OH- + R-OH + NH4+ ⇌4H+ + energy + NO2- ⇌energy + NO3--2H2O -O2 -1/2O2The opposite of the mineralization process is immobilization, the conversion of inorganic N ions (NH4+ and NO3-) into organic forms. Immobilization can take place by both biological and non-biological (abiotic) processes, the latter being of considerable importance in forest soils. Through the biological processes, as microorganisms decompose carbonaceous organic residues in the soil, they may require more N than is contained in the residues themselves and thus may immobilize NH4+ and NO3- in the soil solution. The microbes need N to maintain a C:N ratio of about 8:1. The microorganisms incorporate mineral N ions into their cellular components, such as proteins, leaving the solution essentially void of NO3- and NH4+ ions. During the immobilization process, microorganisms can compete very effectively with plants for NH4+ or NO3-. When the organisms die, some of the organic N in their cells may be converted into forms that make up the humus complex, and some may be released as NH4+ and NO3- ions. During the decomposition of nitrogenous compounds, microorganisms incorporate the N into amino acids and proteins (as part of the microbial biomass) and release excess N in the form of ammonium ions. In alkaline media, the N may be converted to ammonia (NH3), but this conversion usually occurs only during the decomposition of large amounts of N-rich material, as in the mature pile or a compost heap that has contact with the atmosphere. Within soil, the ammonia produced by ammonification is dissolved in the soil water, where it combines with protons to form the ammonium ions. Mineralization and immobilization occur simultaneously in the soil; whether the net effect is an increase or decrease in the amount of mineral N available in the soil depends primarily on the ratio of C to N in the organic residues undergoing decomposition.The amount of plant available N released from organic N depends on many factors affecting N mineralization, immobilization, and losses of NH4+ and NO3- from the soil. Mineralization being a microbial process will increase with a rise in temperature and is enhanced by adequate, although not excessive, soil moisture and a good supply of O2. Maximum aerobic activity and N mineralization occur between 50 and 80% water-filled pore space. Optimum temperature for N mineralization ranges between 25 and 35 °C.One of the factors affecting N mineralization and immobilization is the C:N ratio of the decomposing material. The N content of humus or stable soil organic matter ranges from 5 to 6%, whereas C ranges from 50 to 60%, giving a C:N ratio ranging between 8 and 12. When fresh organic material is added to the soil, there is a rapid increase in the number of heterotrophic organisms, accompanied by the evolution of large amounts of CO2, during the initial stage of decomposition. If the C:N ratio of the initial material is greater than 30:1, N immobilization occurs. As decay proceeds, the C:N ratio of the residue narrows and energy supply diminishes.Some of the microbial population dies because of the decreased food supply, and ultimately a new equilibrium is reached, accompanied by the mineralization of N. Generally speaking, when organic substances with C:N ratios between 20 and 30 are added to the soil, there may be neither immobilization nor release of mineral N. For organic materials with C:N ratio less than 20, there is usually a release of mineral N early in the decomposition process.In the organic matter mineralization processes, bacteria dominate the breakdown of proteins in neutral and alkaline environments, with some involvement of fungi, while fungi predominate under acidic environments (and most forest soils are acidic).Many studies have shown that only about 1 to 4% of the organic N of a soil mineralizes annually. Even so, the rate of mineralization provides sufficient mineral N for normal growth of natural vegetation (such as forests) in almost all soils except those with low organic matter, such as the soils of deserts and sandy areas. Mineralized soil N constitutes a major part of the N taken up by plants.Nitrification: Several species of bacteria common in soils are able to oxidize ammonia or ammonium ions in a process called nitrification. This is an energy yielding process, and the energy released in the process is used by these bacteria to reduce CO2 in much the same way that photosynthetic autotrophs use light energy in the reduction of CO2. Such organisms are known as chemosynthetic autotrophs (as distinct from photosynthetic autotrophs). The chemosynthetic nitrifying bacterium Nitrosomonas is primarily responsible for oxidation of ammonium to nitrite ions (NO2-).Nitrosomonas2NH4+ + 3O2 ® 2NO2- + 4H+ + 2H2O + energybacteriaNitrite is toxic to plants, but it rarely accumulates in the soil. Nitrobacter, another genus of bacteria, oxidizes the nitrite to form nitrate ions (NO3-), again, with a release of energy:Nitrobacter2NO- + O2 ® 2NO3- + energybacteriaOnce nitrate is formed and if it is not quickly taken up by plants or microbial organisms (in the process of microbial immobilization), it can be lost from the soil through leaching, when there is water percolating through the soil profile, and denitrification under anaerobic conditions. Nitrification will significantly increase soil acidity by producing H+ ions. Nitrification requires NH4+ ions, but excess NH4+ is toxic to Nitrobacter and must be avoided. The nitrifying organisms, being aerobic, require O2 to make NO2- and NO3- ions, and are therefore favored in well-drained soils.In forest soils, fortunately, nitrification rates are very low and most of the available form of N is present in the ammonium ion form. There are several possibilities that nitrification rates are low in forest soils. One possibility is that nitrification rates are inhibited by the low soil pH as forest soils are usually acidic. A second possibility is that nitrifying bacteria population is very low (that itself may be related to the inhibition by the acidic condition and other limiting factors) in forestsoils. Under prolonged incubations in the lab, nitrification eventually develops, although this may take as long as one year under optimum conditions. Another possibility is that microbial populations in forest soils have a very strong ability to immobilize the nitrate produced from nitrification. Therefore, under such a scenario, as soon as the nitrate is formed the microbial populations take it up. Recent gross N mineralization studies using 15N-labeled fertilizers confirmed such cases.Nitrification is also a microbial process and is thus affected by soil environmental factors. Nitrification is affected by 1) soil NH4+ content, 2) population of nitrifying organisms, 3) soil pH, 4) soil aeration, 5) soil moisture, and 6) temperature. If there is no NH4+ in the soil solution, nitrification does not occur. Variation in populations of nitrifiers results in differences in the lag time between the addition of the NH4+ and the buildup of NO3-. Because of the tendency of microbial populations to multiply rapidly in the presence of an adequate supply of C, the total amount of nitrification is not affected by the number of organisms initially present, provided that temperature and moisture conditions are favorable for sustained nitrification.Nitrification takes place over a wide range in pH (4.5 to 10), with an optimum pH of 8.5. Nitrifying bacterial need an adequate supply of Ca2+, H2PO4-, and a proper balance of micronutrients. Nitrifying bacteria are aerobes and maximum nitrification occurs at the same O2 concentration in the aboveground atmosphere. Nitrification rates are generally highest in soil water contents at field capacity or 1/3 bar water potential (80% of total pore space filled with water). In terms of temperature, the temperature coefficient, Q10, is 2 over the range 5 to 35 °C. Thus, a twofold change in the nitrification rate is associated with a shift of 10 °C within this temperature range. Optimum soil temperature for nitrification is 25 to 35 °C.Nitrate leaching:Nitrate ions are not adsorbed by the negatively charged colloids that dominate most soils. Therefore, nitrate ions move down easily with drainage water and are thus readily leached from the soil. This process constitutes a loss of N from the soil system for plant uptake and also causes several serious environmental problems. Leaching of nitrate from acidic sources (nitrification or acid rain) also facilitates the loss of Ca and Mg and other nutrient cations. Much of the nitrate mineralized in certain highly weathered, acid, tropical Oxisols and Ultisols leach below the root zone before annuals can take it up. It has been found that some of this leached nitrate is not lost to groundwater, but is stored several meters deep in the profile where the highly weathered clay have adsorbed it on their anion exchange sites. Deep-rooted trees are capable of taking up this deep subsoil nitrate and subsequently using it to enrich the surface soil when they shed their leaves. Trees such as Sesbania, grown in rotation with annual food crops, can make this pool of leached N available for food production and prevent its further movement to ground water. Agroforestry practices such as this have the potential to make a significant contribution to both crop production and environmental quality in the humid tropics.Ammonium fixation: Ammonium ions carry positive charges and thus can be attracted to the negatively charged surfaces of clay and humus, where they are held in exchangeable form, available for plant uptake, but partially protected from leaching. However, because of the particular size of the ammonium (and potassium) ion, it can become entrapped within cavities in the crystal structure of certain clays. Several 2:1 type clay minerals, especially vermiculites, have the capacity to fix both ammonium and potassium ions in this manner. Vermiculite has the greatest capacity, followed by fine-grained micas and some smectites, to fix ammonium and potassium in this manner. Ammonium and potassium ions fixed in the rigid part of a crystal structure are held in。
【精品】土壤学英文词汇
【关键字】精品土壤与土壤资源学常用专业词汇(一)土壤矿物质固氮菌diazotroph矿物mineral (四)土壤理化性质石英quartz 土壤物理性质soil physical properties 长石feldspar 质地texture岩石rock 粒组soil separate花岗岩granite 砂质sandy风化(作用) weather 壤质loam粘土clay(minerals) 粘质clay母质parent material /subsoil 粘重heavy苏达soda 砾石gravel石灰lime 土壤结构soil structure土壤soil 团粒granular土体solum 土壤孔隙系统soil pore system云母mica 孔隙度porosity(二)土壤有机质土壤容重bulk density/apparent density 有机质organic matter 土壤比重particle density泥炭peat 土壤湿度状况soil temperature regime 腐殖质humus 土壤通气性soil aeration凋落物litter 土壤水soil water林褥forest floor 土壤湿度soil moisture积累accumulate/deposit 含水量soil moisture content分解decomposition/decompose 水势water potential矿化mineralization 毛细作用capillary(三)土壤生物土壤颜色soil color土壤生物体soil organism 蒙塞尔土壤色卡土壤动物(区系) soil fauna Munsell Soil Color Chart细菌bacteria 土壤化学性质真菌fungi (pl of fungus) soil chemistry properties藻类algae 氧化-还原(作用) oxidation-reduction土壤植物(区系)soil microflora 胶体colloid蚯蚓earthworm 吸附adsorption蚁ant 阳离子交换量螨mite cation exchange capacity根际the rhizosphere 阴离子交换anion exchange根瘤root nodule/root tubercle 盐基饱和度salt base percentage/菌根mycorhiza base -saturation percentage土壤酶soil enzyme 土壤反应(pH) soil reaction(pH)酸性acid 不完全性肥料incomplete fertilizer酸度acidity 厩肥stable manure(长效肥料)碱化alkalinization 粪便excrement碱性的alkaline(碱土) 鸟粪guano /gwa:neu/碱度alkalinity 骨粉bone meal(六)养分、肥料及肥力堆（沤）制（作堆肥）compost土壤养分soil nutrient 草皮turf营养元素nutrient element 草炭peat大量元素macro-element 草木灰ash微量元素micro-/trace element 石灰lime氮nitrogen 石膏gypsum水解氮hydrolysable nitrogen 硝酸盐肥料nitrate硝态氮nitrate nitrogen 过磷酸盐肥料superphosphate氨态氮ammonium nitrogen 钾盐肥料kainite磷phosphorus （七）土壤发生与分布分类有效磷available phosphorus 风化作用weathering钾potassium 土壤发育（发生）钙calcium pedogenesis/soil development/genesis/formation 镁magnesium 土壤发生因素factor of soil development硫sulphur 土壤发育过程processes of铁iron 淋溶（作用）leaching/eluviation铝aluminium 沉积deposit锰manganese 淀积illuviate(soil 专用)土壤养分供应soil nutrient supply 沉淀（沉降）precipitation土壤肥力soil fertility （水）饱和saturate肥料fertilizer or manure 还原（条件）reduction or reducing condition 施肥fertilization or manure 潜育gleys吸收absorption or uptake 好气条件aerobics（pl）（condition）空中施肥（飞机）aerial fertilization 累积accumulation叶面施肥foliar fertilization 富集（积）enrichment/concentration缺乏deficiency 锈斑mottling缺氮nitrogen deficiency 杂色的、斑驳的mottled缺钾potassium deficiency 过滤percolate肥料效果response to /effect of fertilizer 土壤剖面soil profile土壤植物诊断soil and plant diagnosis 剖面发育profile development可见症状visual symptom 发生层horizon（layer）化肥fertilizer 有机质层organic layer完全性肥料complete fertilizer 腐殖质层humus layer绿肥（作物）green-mature crops 矿质土层mineral horizonA、B、C层A、B、C horizon 土地经营land management淋溶层eluvial horizon 地力分级land classification淀积层illuvial horizon 立地site潜育层gleying horizon 立地指数site index土壤分布soil distribution 深翻ripping地带性土壤zonal soils 松土`scarifying /ai/非地带性土壤（在内）intrazonal soil 土壤改良soil reclamation/improvement 土壤带soil stripes /ai/ 土壤保持soil conservation土壤复域soil complex 荒地virgin land土壤分类soil classification 开荒reclamation土壤分类系统soil taxonomy/k`sc/ or system工程防治（水保）mechanical control 诊断层diagnostic horizon 生物防治（水保）biological control分类单元categories 沟渠clinch土纲soil order （九）地质地貌土类great group 风化残渣residue n.亚类group （subgroup）残积土residual soil淋溶土Alfisols 底土subsoil旱成土Aridisols 沉积物deposit sediment新成土Entisols 冲积物alluvial material有机土Histosols 冲积砂fluvial sand始成土Inceptisols 冲积土alluvial soil软土Mollisols 冰川glacier氧化土Oxisols 冻土glacial soil灰土（灰壤）Spodosols 松散岩石(母质)unconsolidated rocks 老成土Ultsols 非破碎岩石uncrambled rocks变性土Vertisols 山脉mountain range暗棕壤Dark Brown Forest Soil 山脊(山岭)mountain ridge草甸土Meadow soil 坡地slope沼泽土Bog soil 坡度falling gradient /ei/石质土Lithosol soil 陡steep / 缓gentle（八）土壤管理分水岭water shed耕作cultivate or tillage 谷地valley灌溉irrigation 盆地basin排水drain （n、-age）洼地low land or depression or loblolly 放牧pasture 平原plain集约（精耕）intensive 平地flat land肥力保持maintain soil fertility 沙丘dune /ju:/轮作crop rotation 漫滩(泛湿地)floor plain排污waste discharge 山洪torrent沼泽(泥沼)marsh/swamp/bog 污水净化sewage purification人为搅动土disturbed soil 烂泥sludges(十)土壤环境学（化学）组成composition旱化drought or xeric 微生物转化microbiological transformation水淹flood or overflow 中毒水平toxic level侵蚀erosion 农药污染pesticide pollution可蚀性erodibility 杀虫剂pesticide生荒的virgin 杀菌剂细菌bactericide 真菌fungicide精耕的(集约)intensive 除草剂herbicide开垦reclamation 残留residue土壤改良soil improvementor amelioration/or amendment 降解、净化degradation v. -de硬化(板结)compact 富营养化eutrophia水利water conservancy 生物富集biotic-enrichment/beneficiation水土保持soil and water conservation 放射性物质（废物）radioactive wastes废气discharge or effluent gas废水sewage/effluent/waste water土壤污染soil pollution /contamination废渣fag end/waste slag/industrial sediment or waste 重金属heavy metal 工业三废three industrial waste元素element 环境保护environmental protection环境背景值(本底值)background levels 环境监测environmental monitoring汞mercury 环境危害environmental hazard镉cadmium 环境标准---- standard/criteria（评价）铅lead 环境评价--- criticize/assayment/evaluate污水/下水道sewage ；工业effluents 污水净化sewage purification污灌sewage farm 污染生物指数boitic index of pollution二氧化硫sulfur dioxide/dai`eksaid/ （十一）土壤分析常用词酸雨acid rain /precipitation 消化digestion大气沉降atmospheric deposition（fallout）稀释dilution环境污染物environmental pollutant 萃取extraction危害(危险)hazard 萃取剂extractant（剂）extract（物）剧毒highly toxic 渗透osmosis毒害、毒物poison 渗漏percolation浓缩、富集enrichment/concentrate 扩散diffusion工业废物（残渣）industrial sediment 过滤filter废物处理waste disposal 分析analysis 测定determination原子吸收光谱atomic absorption spectrometry分光计spectrometer蒸馏distillation 光谱spectrum补遗词汇过磷酸钙superphosphate磷酸铵ammonium phosphate氨ammonia尿素urea基肥base manure追肥top application or dressing随机区组randomized blocks腐熟well-composted堆腐compost .此文档是由网络收集并进行重新排版整理.word可编辑版本！。
关于种植方案的英语作文
Planting schemefirst. Land selection and preparation1. Location selection: Choose farmland or garden with fertile soil, good drainage and sufficient sunlight as planting land. Ensure that the selected site is away from sources of pollution to avoid adverse effects on crops.2. Land consolidation: Before planting, the land should be deep-turned to loosen the soil and improve soil permeability. Remove weeds, rocks and other obstacles to keep the land level.3. Fertilization and improvement: According to the soil test results, the appropriate amount of organic fertilizer or chemical fertilizer is applied to improve soil fertility. If the soil is too poor or the pH is out of balance, soil improvement is needed.Second, seed or seedling selection1. Variety selection: According to market demand and ecological environment of planting site, select high-quality seeds or seedlings that adapt to local climate and soil conditions.2. Quality requirements: When purchasing seeds or seedlings, it should be ensured that they are of good quality, free of diseases and pests, and have high growth potential and yield.Third, planting techniques and methods1. Planting or transplanting: According to the characteristics of crops and seasonal characteristics, reasonable arrangement of planting or transplanting time. When sowing, the sowing density should be controlled to ensure that the crop growth space is sufficient; When transplanting, it should be ensured that the seedling grows healthily and the root system is developed.2. Field management: During the growth of crops, timely weeding, soil loosening, pruning, keep the crop growing environment clean. According to the growth of crops, timely adjust the planting density to ensure uniform crop growth.forth. Irrigation and drainage management1. Irrigation method: According to the law of crop water demand and local water resources, choose the appropriate irrigation method, such as drip irrigation, spray irrigation, etc. Ensure adequate and even water supply during crop growth.2. Drainage facilities: drainage ditches are set up around the planting land to ensure that water can be removed in time during the rainy season or a large amount of irrigation to prevent crops from being waterlogged.Fifth.Fertilization and soil improvement1. Fertilization timing: According to the growth stage of crops and nutrient needs, reasonable arrangement of fertilization time and type. During the growth period, timely topdressing is carried out to supplement the nutrients required by the crop.2. Soil improvement measures: In the planting process, soil testing is carried out regularly to understand the soil nutrient status and pH changes. If the soil has problems, it is necessary to take timely measures to improve, such as adding lime to adjust the pH, applying organic fertilizer to improve fertility.sixth. Pest control1. Preventive measures: Strengthen field management to improve crop disease resistance and pest resistance. Check crop growth regularly to detect and deal with pest problems in a timely manner.2. Control methods: The combination of biological control, physical control and chemical control is used to effectively control the occurrence and spread of diseases and pests. When using chemical pesticides, the principle of safe drug use should be followed to ensure the quality and safety of agricultural products.Seventh.Harvesting and storage planning1. Harvest time: According to the crop growth cycle and market demand, determine the appropriate harvest time. Ensure that crops are harvested at maturity to ensure yield and quality.2. Storage management: Proper storage of crops after harvest to prevent mildew, moth and other problems. Select suitable storage methods and facilities according to crop characteristics and storage conditions.。
土壤肥力值 英语
土壤肥力值英语Soil Fertility Index。
Soil fertility is a crucial factor in determining the productivity and sustainability of agricultural systems. It refers to the ability of soil to provide essential nutrients and support plant growth. The measurement of soil fertility is often assessed using a soil fertility index, which takes into account various soil properties and their impact on crop production. In this article, we will explore the concept of soil fertility index and its significance in agriculture.The soil fertility index is a numerical value that represents the overall fertility status of a particular soil. It is calculated based on the levels of essential nutrients, organic matter content, pH, and other factors that influence plant growth. By assigning a value to each of these parameters and combining them, a comprehensive assessment of soil fertility can be obtained. This index provides farmers and agronomists with a standardized measure to evaluate soil quality and make informed decisions regarding nutrient management and crop selection.One of the key components of the soil fertility index is nutrient availability. Essential nutrients such as nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium play a vital role in plant growth and development. The index considers the levels of these nutrients in the soil and compares them to the optimal range required for specific crops. By maintaining nutrient levels within the recommended range, farmers can ensure that their crops have an adequate supply of nutrients, leading to improved yields and quality.Another important factor included in the soil fertility index is organic matter content. Organic matter is a valuable component of soil as it improves soil structure, water-holding capacity, and nutrient retention. It also provides a food source for beneficial soil organisms, such as earthworms and microorganisms, which contribute to soil health. The index takes into account the percentage of organic matter in the soil, with higher values indicating better soil fertility.Soil pH is also considered in the calculation of the fertility index. pH is a measure of the acidity or alkalinity of the soil and directly affects nutrient availability. Different crops have specific pH requirements, and the index helps determine if the soil pH is within the suitable range for optimal plant growth. Soil pH can be adjusted through the application of lime or sulfur, depending on whether the soil is too acidic or alkaline.Apart from these factors, the soil fertility index may also include parameters such as cation exchange capacity (CEC), electrical conductivity (EC), and soil texture. CEC measures the soil's ability to retain and release nutrients, while EC indicates the salt content in the soil. Soil texture refers to the proportion of sand, silt, and clay particles in the soil, which affects its water-holding capacity and nutrient retention.The soil fertility index serves as a valuable tool for farmers and researchers in managing soil resources effectively. By regularly monitoring and evaluating the fertility status of their soils, farmers can make informed decisions regarding fertilizer application, crop rotation, and soil amendments. This approach not only optimizes crop production but also minimizes the risk of nutrient imbalances, soil degradation, and environmental pollution.In conclusion, the soil fertility index is a comprehensive measure of soil quality and plays a crucial role in sustainable agriculture. It considers various factors that influence plant growth and provides a standardized assessment of soil fertility. By utilizing this index, farmers can make informed decisions to improve soil health, maximize crop productivity, and ensure long-term sustainability in agricultural systems.。
东北林业大学学报格式
东北林业大学学报格式1)题目湘西北流域不同植被恢复模式土壤养分库效应 (20字以内～必要时加副标题)【居中】作者姓名【如果多位作者～按顺序依次写～各作者之间不要用标点】【居中】(作者单位，城市，邮编)示例:漆良华周金星张旭东彭镇华朱平(国际竹藤网络中心，北京，100102) (中国林业科学研究院林业研究所)(国际竹藤网络中心)摘要:【摘要应说明论文的目的、方法、结果与结论～不用第一人称以及“本文”、“作者”等字样,不出现图表、公式、文献和标题层次的序号。
】(长度200,300 字)关键词:(3 ， 8 个左右～用分号隔开)分类号:(东北林业大学学报在线系统主页右下角中友情链接—中国图书分类号查询) 英文翻译:【按照中文题目、姓名、单位、摘要、关键词～全部对应翻译。
】示例:摘要研究了湘西北女儿寨小流域马尾松天然林(?)、杉木人工林(?)、杜仲人工林(?)、油桐人工林(?)、润楠次生林(?)、毛竹杉木混交林(?)及荒草灌丛(?)等7种典型植被恢复模式土壤养分库含量、养分库有效性指数以及土壤团聚体分形维数和平均质量直径对养分库有效性的影响。
研究结果表明:土壤养分库表聚效应明显，不同植被恢复模式全氮、-3-3-6-6水解氮质量分数为0.57×10,2.52×10、29.63×10,134.40×10，全磷、速效磷为-3-3-6-6-6-60.02×10,0.12×10，0.93×10,14.55 ×10，速效钾为21.38×10,202.23×10;润楠次生林全氮、全磷、速效磷质量分数最高，杉木人工林水解氮质量分数最高，油桐人工林速效钾质量分数最高;森林植被模式下土壤养分库有效性指数均高于荒草灌丛，排序为E(1.2981)?,E(1.2855),E(1.2322),E(1.2141),E(1.2011),E(1.1986),E(1.1746);? ?????土壤团聚体分形维数与碱解氮、速效磷、速效钾均呈负相关，且与速效钾的相关关系达到显著水平(α=0.10);平均质量直径与碱解氮、速效磷为负相关，与速效钾为弱正相关，但2均未达到显著水平;分形维数与速效钾之间线性回归关系极显著(R=0.4901，p=0.0053)，2分形维数、平均质量直径与碱解氮、速效钾之间的通用线性方程也达到极显著(R=0.6644，2p=0.0014)和较显著(R=0.4091，p=0.0426)。
牛粪不同处理配施化肥对旱地土壤养分及玉米生物性状的影响
!"农业科学Tianjin Agricultural Sciences2021,27!2"：73-76,81•土壤肥料与节水灌溉牛粪不同处理配施化肥对旱地土壤养分及玉米生物性状的影响何进勤$,雷金银$,韩乃荣桂林国1(1.宁夏农林科学院资源与环境研究所，宁夏银川750002；2•中国石化宁夏分公司，宁夏银川750002)摘要:针对宁夏南部山区旱地土壤有机质提升与牛粪资源化利用的技术瓶颈，研究以青贮玉米为指示性作物,开展以常规化肥(CK)为对照，以生物腐熟牛粪配施化肥(TN1)和生牛粪配施化肥(TN2)为理的试验研究,探讨牛粪生物腐熟和生牛粪直接还田对土壤有机质、氮磷钾养分及青贮玉米根和生物的，与CK,TN1理层0〜20cm土壤有机质增加26.8%，氮磷钾养分增幅在18.4%〜230.4%之间，青贮玉米根根投、根、根直和根增幅在10.6%〜25.8%之间青贮玉米生物产量较CK提37.4%；T62理较CK玉米根根投和根，降幅4.3%〜9.0%之间，玉米生物与CK与TN2理，TN1理土壤有机质、全氮、氮、有效磷和钾增幅在2.5%〜60.7%之间，增加了青贮玉米根及生物，牛粪生物还田显生牛粪直接还田生牛粪直接还田对玉米根有作用。
关键词：牛粪;化肥;旱地;土壤养分;玉米中图分类号-S153.6；S532文献标识码:A DOI编码：10.3969/j.issn.l006-6500.2021.02.016Effects of Different Manure Treatments and Fertilizer Application on Soil Nutrient and Maize Biological Characters in UplandHE Jinqin1,LEI Jinyin1,HAN Nairong2,GUI Linguo1(^Institution of Agricultural Resource and Environment,Ningxia Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences,Yinchuan,Ningxia 750002，China;2.Ningxia Branch of Sinopec,Yinchuan,Ningxia750002,China)Abstract：According to Ningxia south mountainous upland soil organic matter and cow dung resource-oriented utilization of technical bottleneck,the experiment was conducted with silage corn crop,two treatments including biological rotten cow manure with chemical fertilizer(TN1)and raw cow manure with chemical fertilizer(TN2)were set,the routine chemical fertilizer was as the control(CK),to explore the effects of biological rotten cow dung and returning raw cow dung directly on the soil organic matter and nitrogen,phospho-rus and potassium nutrients and biological yield of silage maize root morphological characteristics.The results showed that,compared with CK,the soil organic matter of TN1in0-20cm surface layer increased by26.8%,the nitrogen,phosphorus and potassium nutrients increased by18.4%-230.4%,the total root projection area,total root surface area,average root diameter and total root volume of silage maize increased by10.6%-25.8%,and the biological yield of silage maize increased by37.4%;the total root projection area and total root surface area of maize roots in TN2reduced by4.3%-9.0%,and the biological yield of maize had no significant different with that of pared with TN2,the contents of soil organic matter,total nitrogen,alkali-hydrolytic nitrogen,available phosphorus and available potassium increased by2.5%-60.7%,and the root morphological characteristics and biological yield of silage maize were significantly increased.In conclusion,the return of cow dung to the field by biological fermentation is significantly better than the direct return of raw cow dung,and the direct return of raw cow dung to the field might inhibit the development of maize root morphological characteristics.Key words：cow manure;fertilizer;upland;soil nutrient;corn yield农的，养在国展，为农增、农增,g肉)牛养规化、集约化的展，牛粪的环境，而牛粪还田利用以的环境，还资源环利用b1c研究,粪还田有土壤理化性质，在提养分、加土壤氮、磷和增生物收稿日期：2020-11-30基金项目：宁夏回族自治区农业科技自主创新资金项目(YES-16-0902)；国家自然科学基金项目(41561059)；宁夏回族自治区重点研发计划项目(2018BBF02018)作者简介:何进勤(1981-),男，宁夏西吉人,副研究员，硕士,主要从事土壤肥料与植物营养研究&通讯作者简介:桂林国(1963-),男，宁夏吴忠人,研究员,硕士,主要从事旱作节水方面研究&-74-天津#业科学第27卷活性等方面发挥重要作用12-10]o生粪还田作为传统的农牧结合的处理方法，在我国东北、华北等地一次性基施粪肥的现象非常普遍，但是人们长期以来对生肥还田的二次污染问题一直未受重视，且生牛粪直接施用，产生热量,消耗土，，生虫的微生物的传播。
2020新译林版高中英语选修一Unit2课文原文及翻译
Unit 2Working the landReadingPrecision farming hits its target 精准农业正中靶心When we think of farming, the first image that springs to mind might be of a farmer working in a field under the baking sun. Face covered in sweat, he might be walking through the field, carefully checking his crops before deciding what needs to be done. In modern times, however, this deep-rooted image of a traditional farmer is being changed. The collaboration between farming and technology has given rise to precision farming, an approach that equips farmers with the tools and data they need to make reliable decisions with remarkable accuracy. This evolution is having a positive impact on farming, while also providing better solutions to the world's pressing food problems.当我们想到农业时，脑海中浮现的第一个画面可能就是烈日下一个农民在田地里干活。
他满脸大汗，可能正在田间走动，仔细检查他的作物，然后决定需要做什么。
无机农业英语作文
无机农业英语作文Title: Advantages of Inorganic Farming: A Sustainable Approach to Agricultural Production。
In recent years, the agricultural sector has been witnessing a paradigm shift towards more sustainable practices. Among these, inorganic farming has emerged as a viable alternative with numerous advantages. This essay explores the benefits of inorganic farming in enhancing agricultural productivity, preserving the environment, and ensuring food security.First and foremost, inorganic farming utilizes synthetic fertilizers and pesticides to boost crop yields. These chemical inputs contain essential nutrients that are readily available to plants, promoting their growth and development. Unlike organic farming, which relies on natural substances, inorganic farming allows for precise nutrient management, ensuring that crops receive adequate nourishment throughout their growth cycle. Consequently,farmers can achieve higher yields per hectare, meeting the ever-increasing demands for food in a rapidly growingglobal population.Moreover, inorganic farming offers greater pest and disease control compared to traditional methods. Synthetic pesticides target specific pests and pathogens, minimizing crop damage and losses. By effectively managing pest populations, farmers can protect their crops from infestations and diseases, thereby safeguarding their livelihoods and ensuring a stable food supply. Additionally, inorganic farming reduces the reliance on manual labor for pest control, freeing up resources that can be allocated to other essential tasks.Furthermore, inorganic farming contributes to environmental sustainability by optimizing resource use and minimizing agricultural waste. Unlike organic fertilizers, which require extensive land and resources for production, synthetic fertilizers can be manufactured in controlled environments using minimal raw materials. This reduces the environmental footprint associated with fertilizerproduction and distribution, mitigating the depletion of natural resources and minimizing greenhouse gas emissions. Additionally, inorganic farming minimizes soil erosion and nutrient runoff, preserving soil fertility and waterquality for future generations.In addition to enhancing agricultural productivity and environmental sustainability, inorganic farming plays a crucial role in ensuring food security on a global scale. By increasing crop yields and minimizing post-harvest losses, inorganic farming helps to alleviate hunger and malnutrition in vulnerable communities. Furthermore, the adoption of inorganic farming practices can enhance the resilience of agricultural systems to climate change and extreme weather events. Through technological innovations and research advancements, inorganic farming enables farmers to adapt to changing environmental conditions and produce food more efficiently and reliably.In conclusion, inorganic farming offers numerous advantages in terms of enhancing agricultural productivity, preserving the environment, and ensuring food security. Byleveraging synthetic fertilizers and pesticides, farmers can achieve higher yields, better pest control, and improved resource efficiency. Moreover, inorganic farming contributes to sustainable agriculture by minimizing environmental impact and promoting resilience to climate change. As we strive to meet the food demands of a growing global population, inorganic farming emerges as a key component of a sustainable and resilient agricultural system.。
土壤-植物相互作用 英语
土壤-植物相互作用英语Soil-Plant Interactions.The soil and plants are two essential components of the terrestrial ecosystem. They interact with each other in a complex and dynamic way, exchanging nutrients, water, and gases. These interactions play a vital role in the growth and development of plants and the overall health of the ecosystem.Nutrient Cycling.One of the most important interactions between soil and plants is the cycling of nutrients. Plants absorb nutrients from the soil through their roots, and these nutrients are used for growth and development. When plants die, their remains decompose and release nutrients back into the soil. These nutrients can then be taken up by other plants, completing the nutrient cycle.The cycling of nutrients is essential for the long-term sustainability of plant communities. Without nutrient cycling, plants would eventually deplete the soil of essential nutrients and die.Water Relations.Soil plays a critical role in the water relations of plants. Water is essential for plant growth and development, and it is taken up by plants through their roots. The amount of water available to plants is determined by thesoil's water-holding capacity and the rate of water infiltration.The water-holding capacity of a soil depends on its texture, structure, and organic matter content. Soils witha high clay content have a higher water-holding capacity than soils with a high sand content. Soils with a good structure and high organic matter content also have ahigher water-holding capacity.The rate of water infiltration is determined by thesoil's porosity and permeability. Soils with a highporosity and permeability allow water to infiltrate quickly, while soils with a low porosity and permeability allowwater to infiltrate slowly.Gas Exchange.Soil is also important for gas exchange between plants and the atmosphere. Oxygen is essential for plant respiration, and it is taken up by plants through their roots. Carbon dioxide is a waste product of plant respiration, and it is released into the atmosphere through the leaves.The rate of gas exchange between plants and the atmosphere is determined by the soil's porosity and permeability. Soils with a high porosity and permeability allow gases to exchange quickly, while soils with a low porosity and permeability allow gases to exchange slowly.Soil pH.The pH of the soil is a measure of its acidity or alkalinity. Soil pH can have a significant impact on plant growth and development. Most plants prefer a soil pH between 6.0 and 7.0. However, some plants are adapted to acidic soils, while others are adapted to alkaline soils.Soil pH can affect the availability of nutrients to plants. For example, phosphorus is less available to plants in acidic soils, while iron is less available to plants in alkaline soils.Soil Salinity.Soil salinity is a measure of the amount of salt in the soil. Soil salinity can have a negative impact on plant growth and development. High levels of salt can cause plants to wilt, die, or produce stunted growth.Soil salinity can be caused by a variety of factors, including irrigation with saline water, the accumulation of salts in the soil from natural sources, and the application of fertilizers.Soil Compaction.Soil compaction is a condition in which the soil is compressed and has a high bulk density. Soil compaction can have a negative impact on plant growth and development. Compacted soils can restrict root growth, reduce water infiltration, and decrease the availability of oxygen to plants.Soil compaction can be caused by a variety of factors, including heavy machinery, overgrazing, and the trampling of soil by animals.Conclusion.The soil and plants are two essential components of the terrestrial ecosystem. They interact with each other in a complex and dynamic way, exchanging nutrients, water, and gases. These interactions play a vital role in the growth and development of plants and the overall health of the ecosystem.。
【免费下载】 现代农业专业英语
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化学耕地和有机耕地英语作文
化学耕地和有机耕地英语作文英文回答：Chemical farming and organic farming are two different approaches to agriculture. Chemical farming relies heavily on the use of synthetic fertilizers, pesticides, and herbicides to maximize crop yields. On the other hand, organic farming focuses on using natural methods and materials to enhance soil fertility and control pests and weeds.Chemical farming has its advantages. Firstly, it can produce higher crop yields compared to organic farming. This is because synthetic fertilizers provide plants with readily available nutrients, resulting in faster growth and larger harvests. Additionally, chemical pesticides and herbicides can effectively control pests and weeds, reducing crop losses and ensuring a higher quality of produce.However, there are also drawbacks to chemical farming. The excessive use of synthetic fertilizers can lead to nutrient imbalances in the soil and water pollution. Pesticides and herbicides can harm beneficial insects, birds, and other wildlife, disrupting the ecosystem. Moreover, the long-term use of chemical inputs can degrade soil health, making it more susceptible to erosion and reducing its ability to retain water.On the other hand, organic farming has its own benefits. Firstly, it promotes soil health and fertility. By using organic fertilizers such as compost and manure, organic farmers enrich the soil with essential nutrients andorganic matter, improving its structure and water-holding capacity. This leads to healthier plants and better resistance to diseases and pests.Furthermore, organic farming reduces environmental pollution. Organic farmers avoid using synthetic pesticides and herbicides, relying instead on natural methods likecrop rotation, biological pest control, and the use ofcover crops. This helps to preserve biodiversity andprotect the health of ecosystems.Moreover, organic farming produces healthier and more nutritious food. Without the use of synthetic chemicals, organic produce is free from pesticide residues, making it safer for consumption. Studies have also shown that organic crops contain higher levels of certain nutrients, such as antioxidants and vitamins.In conclusion, both chemical farming and organic farming have their pros and cons. While chemical farming can achieve higher crop yields in the short term, it can also lead to environmental degradation and potential health risks. On the other hand, organic farming promotes sustainable agriculture, protects the environment, and produces healthier food. It is important for farmers and consumers to weigh the benefits and drawbacks of each approach and make informed choices about the type of farming they support.中文回答：化学耕地和有机耕地是两种不同的农业方法。
soil fertilization托福阅读解析
Soil FertilizationSoil fertilization is a crucial practice in agriculture aimed at improving soil fertility and maximizing crop yields. It involves the addition of nutrients to the soil to compensate for any deficiencies, thereby ensuring optimal plant growth and productivity. This article will explore the importance of soil fertilization, different types of fertilizers, and some modern fertilizer application techniques.Importance of Soil FertilizationFertilizers play a vital role in maintaining soil health and fertility. The nutrients present in fertilizers promote plant growth, enhance root development, and improve resistance to diseases and pests. Additionally, they aid in the efficient use of water by plants, contributing to better irrigation practices. By replenishing the soil with essential nutrients, farmers can cultivate healthy and robust crops, ultimately increasing agricultural productivity.Types of FertilizersThere are two primary types of fertilizers: organic and inorganic.anic Fertilizers: Organic fertilizers are derived from naturalsources such as plant and animal materials. Common organic fertilizers include compost, manure, bone meal, and green manure. These fertilizers releasenutrients gradually, providing the soil with organic matter and improving its structure. Organic fertilizers are environmentally friendly, as they do notcontain harsh chemicals that could harm the ecosystem.2.Inorganic Fertilizers: Inorganic, or synthetic, fertilizers aremanufactured through chemical processes. They are typically composed ofconcentrated nutrients and are available in various forms, including liquid,granules, and powders. Inorganic fertilizers provide an immediate andconcentrated supply of nutrients to plants. However, excessive and improper use of these fertilizers can result in nutrient imbalances and environmentalpollution.Modern Fertilizer Application TechniquesTo achieve efficient nutrient distribution and minimize environmental impact, modern farming practices have introduced innovative fertilizer application techniques. Some notable techniques include:1.Precision Farming: Precision farming utilizes technologies such asGeographic Information Systems (GIS), global positioning systems (GPS), and remote sensing to optimize fertilizer application. By accurately mapping field variations, farmers can apply fertilizers at precise locations and rates, ensuring maximum nutrient uptake by plants and minimizing waste.2.Controlled-Release Fertilizers: Controlled-release fertilizers (CRFs)are designed to release nutrients slowly over an extended period. Thesefertilizers are encapsulated or coated, allowing for a gradual nutrient release and reducing the risk of leaching. CRFs are beneficial in situations whereregular fertilizer applications are challenging.3.Foliar Feeding: Foliar feeding involves spraying liquid fertilizersdirectly onto the leaves of plants. This technique allows for rapid nutrientabsorption and can be a useful method to supply nutrients during critical plant growth stages or in nutrient-deficient soils. However, foliar feeding should be used as a supplemental practice rather than a replacement for soil fertilization.ConclusionSoil fertilization is vital for maintaining soil fertility and achieving optimum crop production. Organic and inorganic fertilizers provide essential nutrients to plants, promoting growth, health, and resistance to stress. By adopting modern fertilizer application techniques such as precision farming, controlled-release fertilizers, and foliar feeding, farmers can enhance nutrient distribution, improve environmental sustainability, and maximize the efficiency of fertilizer utilization. Ultimately, proper soil fertilization practices contribute to global food security and sustainable agricultural systems.。
园艺蔬菜栽培的英语专业文献
园艺蔬菜栽培的英语专业文献Gardening Vegetable Cultivation in English Professional LiteratureVegetable cultivation in the field of horticulture is a fundamental practice that involves the growth and care of various plant species for the purpose of harvesting edible fruits, stems, roots, leaves, or flowers. This article aims to delve into the English professional literature related to gardening vegetable cultivation, discussing important concepts, techniques, and trends in the field.1. Introduction to Gardening Vegetable CultivationGardening vegetable cultivation involves the process of planting, growing, and harvesting vegetables for personal consumption or commercial purposes. It requires knowledge in areas such as soil preparation, plant selection, pest control, irrigation, and crop rotation. English professional literature on this subject provides valuable guidance to horticulturists, farmers, and enthusiasts worldwide.2. Soil Preparation and Nutrient ManagementSuccessful vegetable cultivation begins with proper soil preparation. English professional literature emphasizes the importance of soil fertility, texture, drainage, pH levels, and organic matter content. Techniques such as composting, mulching, and cover cropping are recommended for maintaining soil health and optimizing plant growth. Nutrient management, including the use of fertilizers and soil amendments, is also extensively discussed in the literature.3. Plant Selection and Seed StartingSelecting the appropriate vegetable varieties based on climate, season, and intended use is crucial for a successful harvest. English professional literature provides comprehensive information on vegetable characteristics, disease resistance, and yield potential, aiding gardeners in making informed decisions. Seed starting techniques, including germination requirements, temperature control, transplanting, and hardening off, are also covered.4. Pest and Disease ManagementGardeners face various challenges due to pests and diseases that can damage crops. English professional literature provides detailed insights into integrated pest management (IPM) strategies, including cultural, biological, and chemical control measures. The literature emphasizes the importance of regular monitoring, early detection of pests and diseases, and the use of environmentally friendly solutions for sustainable vegetable production.5. Irrigation and Water ManagementProper irrigation is essential for the health and productivity of vegetable plants. English professional literature explores different irrigation techniques, such as drip irrigation, sprinkler systems, and furrow irrigation. It discusses factors influencing irrigation scheduling, including soil moisture levels, weather conditions, plant water requirements, and water conservation practices.6. Harvesting and Post-Harvest HandlingKnowing the right time to harvest vegetables and handling them properly post-harvest ensures optimal quality and shelf life. English professionalliterature provides guidance on techniques such as proper harvesting methods, temperature and humidity control, washing, sorting, packaging, and storage. It also covers topics related to quality assessment, transportation, and market requirements for commercial vegetable production.7. Sustainable Practices and Emerging TrendsEnglish professional literature in the field of gardening vegetable cultivation highlights the importance of sustainable practices for long-term crop productivity and environmental conservation. It discusses emerging trends such as organic gardening, permaculture, vertical farming, and hydroponics. The literature encourages the use of innovative techniques and technologies to address challenges related to climate change, water scarcity, and urbanization.8. ConclusionGardening vegetable cultivation is a dynamic field that constantly evolves with new research and practices. English professional literature serves as a valuable resource for individuals involved in vegetable cultivation, providing knowledge, techniques, and insights to enhance productivity, sustainability, and overall success in this area. By accessing and utilizing this literature, horticulturists and farmers can stay informed about the latest developments and contribute to the advancement of vegetable cultivation practices.。
土壤学最新完整英文词汇
土壤与土壤资源学常用专业词汇 (一土壤矿物质固氮菌 diazotroph矿物 mineral (四土壤理化性质石英 quartz 土壤物理性质 soil physical properties 长石 feldspar 质地 texture岩石 rock 粒组 soil separate花岗岩 granite 砂质 sandy风化 (作用 weather 壤质 loam粘土 clay(minerals 粘质 clay母质 parent material /subsoil 粘重 heavy苏达 soda 砾石 gravel石灰 lime 土壤结构 soil structure土壤 soil 团粒 granular土体 solum 土壤孔隙系统 soil pore system云母 mica 孔隙度 porosity(二土壤有机质土壤容重 bulk density/apparent density 有机质 organic matter 土壤比重 particle density泥炭 peat 土壤湿度状况 soil temperature regime 腐殖质 humus 土壤通气性 soil aeration凋落物 litter 土壤水 soil water林褥 forest floor 土壤湿度 soil moisture积累 accumulate/deposit 含水量 soil moisture content分解 decomposition/decompose 水势 water potential矿化 mineralization 毛细作用 capillary(三土壤生物土壤颜色 soil color土壤生物体 soil organism 蒙塞尔土壤色卡土壤动物 (区系 soil fauna Munsell Soil Color Chart细菌 bacteria 土壤化学性质真菌 fungi (pl of fungus soil chemistry properties藻类 algae 氧化 -还原 (作用 oxidation-reduction 土壤植物 (区系 soil microflora 胶体 colloid蚯蚓 earthworm 吸附 adsorption蚁 ant 阳离子交换量螨 mite cation exchange capacity根际 the rhizosphere 阴离子交换 anion exchange根瘤 root nodule/root tubercle 盐基饱和度 salt base percentage/ 菌根 mycorhiza base -saturation percentage土壤酶 soil enzyme 土壤反应 (pH soil reaction(pH酸性 acid 不完全性肥料 incomplete fertilizer酸度 acidity 厩肥 stable manure(长效肥料碱化 alkalinization 粪便 excrement碱性的 alkaline(碱土鸟粪 guano /gwa:neu/碱度 alkalinity 骨粉 bone meal(六养分、肥料及肥力堆(沤制(作堆肥 compost土壤养分 soil nutrient 草皮 turf营养元素 nutrient element 草炭 peat大量元素 macro-element 草木灰 ash微量元素 micro-/trace element 石灰 lime氮 nitrogen 石膏 gypsum水解氮 hydrolysable nitrogen 硝酸盐肥料 nitrate硝态氮 nitrate nitrogen 过磷酸盐肥料 superphosphate氨态氮 ammonium nitrogen 钾盐肥料 kainite磷 phosphorus (七土壤发生与分布分类有效磷 available phosphorus 风化作用 weathering钾 potassium 土壤发育(发生钙 calcium pedogenesis/soil development/genesis/formation 镁 magnesium 土壤发生因素 factor of soil development 硫 sulphur 土壤发育过程 processes of铁 iron 淋溶(作用 leaching/eluviation铝 aluminium 沉积 deposit锰 manganese 淀积 illuviate(soil 专用土壤养分供应 soil nutrient supply 沉淀(沉降 precipitation土壤肥力 soil fertility (水饱和 saturate肥料 fertilizer or manure 还原(条件 reduction or reducing condition 施肥fertilization or manure 潜育 gleys吸收 absorption or uptake 好气条件 aerobics (pl (condition 空中施肥(飞机 aerial fertilization 累积 accumulation叶面施肥 foliar fertilization 富集(积 enrichment/concentration缺乏 deficiency 锈斑 mottling缺氮 nitrogen deficiency 杂色的、斑驳的 mottled缺钾 potassium deficiency 过滤 percolate肥料效果 re sp on se to /effe ct of ferti l i zer 土壤剖面 soil profile土壤植物诊断 soil and plant diagnosis 剖面发育 profile development可见症状 visual symptom 发生层 horizon (layer化肥 fertilizer 有机质层 organic layer完全性肥料 complete fertilizer 腐殖质层 humus layer绿肥(作物 green-mature crops 矿质土层 mineral horizonA 、B 、C 层 A 、 B 、 C horizon 土地经营 land management淋溶层 eluvial horizon 地力分级 land classification淀积层 illuvial horizon 立地 site潜育层 gleying horizon 立地指数 site index土壤分布 soil distribution 深翻 ripping地带性土壤 zonal soils 松土 `scarifying /ai/非地带性土壤(在内 intrazonal soil 土壤改良 soil reclamation/improvement 土壤带 soil stripes /ai/ 土壤保持 soil conservation土壤复域 soil complex 荒地 virgin land土壤分类 soil classification 开荒 reclamation土壤分类系统 soil taxonomy/k`sc/ or system工程防治(水保 mechanical control 诊断层 diagnostic horizon 生物防治(水保 biological control 分类单元 categories 沟渠clinch土纲 soil order (九地质地貌土类 great group 风化残渣 residue n.亚类 group (subgroup 残积土 residual soil淋溶土 Alfisols 底土 subsoil旱成土 Aridisols 沉积物 deposit sediment新成土 Entisols 冲积物 alluvial material有机土 Histosols 冲积砂 fluvial sand始成土 Inceptisols 冲积土 alluvial soil软土 Mollisols 冰川 glacier氧化土 Oxisols 冻土 glacial soil灰土(灰壤 Spodosols 松散岩石 (母质 unconsolidated rocks 老成土 Ultsols 非破碎岩石 uncrambled rocks变性土 V ertisols 山脉 mountain range暗棕壤 Dark Brown Forest Soil 山脊 (山岭 mountain ridge草甸土 Meadow soil 坡地 slope沼泽土 Bog soil 坡度 falling gradient /ei/石质土 Lithosol soil 陡 steep / 缓 gentle(八土壤管理分水岭 water shed耕作 cultivate or tillage 谷地 valley灌溉 irrigation 盆地 basin排水 drain (n 、 -age 洼地 low land or depression or loblolly 放牧 pasture 平原plain集约(精耕 intensive 平地 flat land肥力保持 maintain soil fertility 沙丘 dune /ju:/轮作 crop rotation 漫滩 (泛湿地 floor plain排污 waste discharge 山洪 torrent沼泽 (泥沼 marsh/swamp/bog 污水净化 sewage purification人为搅动土 disturbed soil 烂泥 sludges(十土壤环境学 (化学组成 composition旱化 drought or xeric 微生物转化 microbiological transformation水淹 flood or overflow 中毒水平 toxic level侵蚀 erosion 农药污染 pesticide pollution可蚀性 erodibility 杀虫剂 pesticide生荒的 virgin 杀菌剂细菌 bactericide 真菌 fungicide精耕的 (集约 intensive 除草剂 herbicide开垦 reclamation 残留 residue土壤改良 soil improvementor amelioration/or amendment 降解、净化 degradation v. -de硬化 (板结 compact 富营养化 eutrophia水利 water conservancy 生物富集 biotic-enrichment/beneficiation水土保持 soil and water conservation 放射性物质(废物 radioactive wastes废气 discharge or effluent gas废水 sewage/effluent/waste water土壤污染 soil pollution /contamination废渣 fag end/waste slag/industrial sediment or waste 重金属 heavy metal 工业三废 three industrial waste元素 element 环境保护 environmental protection环境背景值 (本底值 background levels 环境监测 environmental monitoring汞 mercury 环境危害 environmental hazard镉 cadmium 环境标准 ---- standard/criteria(评价铅 lead 环境评价 --- criticize/assayment/evaluate污水 /下水道 sewage ;工业 effluents 污水净化 sewage purification 污灌 sewage farm 污染生物指数 boitic index of pollution二氧化硫 sulfur dioxide/dai`eksaid/ (十一土壤分析常用词酸雨 acid rain /precipitation 消化 digestion大气沉降 atmospheric deposition(fallout 稀释 dilution环境污染物 environmental pollutant 萃取 extraction危害 (危险 hazard 萃取剂 extractant (剂 extract (物剧毒 highly toxic 渗透 osmosis毒害、毒物 poison 渗漏 percolation浓缩、富集 enrichment/concentrate 扩散 diffusion工业废物(残渣 industrial sediment 过滤 filter废物处理 waste disposal 分析 analysis 测定 determination原子吸收光谱 atomic absorption spectrometry 分光计 spectrometer 蒸馏 distillation光谱 spectrum补遗词汇过磷酸钙 superphosphate 磷酸铵 ammonium phosphate 氨 ammonia尿素 urea基肥 base manure追肥 top application or dressing 随机区组 randomized blocks 腐熟 well-composted 堆腐 compost .。
生态学专业术语英汉对照2
Ecology 生态学individuals 个体population 种群communities 群落ecosystems 生态系统behavioral ecology 行为生态学physiological ecology 生理生态学evolutionary ecology 进化生态学molecular ecology 分子生态学fitness 适合度natural selection 自然选择adaptation 适应genotype 基因型phenotype 表型phenotypic plasticity 表型可塑性offspring 后代genes 基因nongenetic factors 非遗传因素not inherited 不遗传conditions 条件resources 资源environmental variation 环境变异internal regulation 内调节homeostasis 稳态negative feedback 负反馈tolerance 耐受性temperature 温度not depletable 不能耗掉solar radiation 太阳辐射decouple 退耦niche 生态位habitat 栖息地multidimensional niche space 多维生态位空间Fundamental niche基础生态位Realized niche 实际生态位Prey 猎物Foraging 觅食Dimension 轴或维Global wind pattern 地球的风型The circulation of oceans 洋流Rain 降雨Havoc['hævək] 灾害Hurricane 飓风Latitude 纬度Irradiance [i'reidiəns,-si]辐射度Summer solstice 夏至Winter solstice 冬至Adiabatic cooling 绝热冷却Scale 尺度Coriolis effect 科里奥利效应Intertropical convergence zone热带辐合带Jet streams 急流Albedo 反照率Gulf stream 墨西哥湾流Lee of a continent 背风面Upwelling 上涌流Adiabatic lapse rate 绝热温度递减率Inversion 逆温Heat of condensation 凝结热Heat 热Temperature profiles温度剖面Relative humidity 相对湿度Saturated water 饱和水water vapor 水蒸汽microclimate 微气候thermal['θə:məl]conductivity 热传导chemical properties of water 水的化学特性penetration of light through water光线穿透水Energy transfer and water phases能量转化和水相Deplete 耗竭Ions 离子Electropositive 正电性的Electronegative 负电性的Beer’s law 比尔定律Heat capacity 热容量Maximum density 最大密度Latent heat of vaporization增发潜热Heat of fusion 溶解热Sublimation 升华Soil water 土壤水Field capacity 田间持水量The uptake of water by roots根对水的吸收Aquatic plants 水生植物Water availability 水的可利用性Plant productivity 植物生产力Permanent wilting point 永久萎焉点Potential evapotranspiration rate 潜在蒸发蒸腾速率Capillary pores 毛细管孔隙Resource depletion zone 资源枯竭区Halophytes 盐生植物Water balance in fish 鱼类的水平衡Amphibians 两栖类Water conservation by terrestrial animals 陆生动物的水保持Mammalian 哺乳动物Kidneys 肾脏Bladder 膀胱Beavers 河狸Osmoregulation 渗透调节Countercurrent exchange 逆流调节Hypertonic 高渗的Homeotherms 恒温动物Poikilotherms 变温动物Ectotherms 外温动物Endotherms 内温动物Temperature thresholds 温度阀Mechanisms 机理Enzyme 酶The thermoneutral zone 热中性区Dehydration 脱水Rates of development and growth发育和生长速度Acclimation and acclimatization 驯化和气候驯化Developmental threshold Temperature 发育温度阀Physiological time 生理时间Vernalization 春化Species distribution 物种分布Evolved response 进化反应Mean temperature 平均温度Isotherm 等温线Radiant energy 辐射能Photosynthesis 光合作用Efficiency of radiant energy conversion 辐射能的转换效率Changes in the intensity of radiation 辐射强度的变化Strategic and tactical response of plants to radiation 植物对辐射的战略和战术响应Compensation point 补偿点Photosynthetically active radiation （PAR）光和活性辐射Efficiency of Photosynthesis 光合作用效率Photosynthetic capacity 光合能力Diurnal and annual rhythms of solar radiation 太阳辐射日节律和年节律Resource depletion zone 资源耗竭带Strategic difference 战略差异Tactical response 战术响应Transpiration 蒸腾Net assimilation 净同化量Nutrient sources 营养物资源Nutrient budgets 营养预算Terrestrial communities 陆地群落Aquatic communities 水生群落Geochemistry 地球化学Global biogeochemical cycles 全球生物地球循环Mechanical weathering 机械风化Chemical weathering 化学腐蚀Wetfall 湿降落Dryfall 干降落Rainout component 雨水冲失成分Washout component 水冲失成分Streamflow 溪流Denitrification 脱氮Endorheic内陆湖泊Biogeochemistry 生物地球化学Hydrosphere carbon 水圈的碳Weathering 风化作用Nitrogen cycle 氮循环Phosphorus 氮Sediment 沉积型Lithospheric 岩石圈Sulfur 硫The fate of matter in the community 群落中物质的命运Producers 生产者Consumers 消费者Decomposers 分解者Autotrophs 自养生物Grazing mammals 草食哺乳动物Phytoplankton 浮游植物Zooplankton 浮游动物Bacteria 细菌Fungi 真菌Nonliving 无生命Food chains 食物链Primary and secondary production 初级和次级生产力Net Primary production 净初级生产力Aphotic zone 无光区Photic zone 透光区Primary consumers 初级消费者Secondary consumer 次级消费者Soil formation 土壤形成The soil profile 土壤剖面Primary classification：the great soil groups 主要分类：大土壤群Higher vegetation 高等植物Dynamic mixture 动态混合物Organic matter 有机质Cells 细胞Pedology 土壤学Subsoil 亚土壤Mineral soil 矿物质土壤Parent material 母质Soil series 土系Soil surveyor 土壤勘测员Succession 演替Ecosystem patterns 生态系统格局Soil horizons 土层Humic acids 腐植酸Great soil groups 土壤群Population size 种群大小Age and stage structure 年龄和时期结构Zygote 受精卵Unitary organism 单体生物Modular organism 构件生物Ramets 无性系分株Clone 无性系Genet 基株Evolutionary individuals 进化个体Immediate ecological impact 直接生态作用Stable age distribution 稳定年龄分布Age pyramid 年龄金字塔Stationary age distribution 固定的年龄分布Stage structure 时期结构Sizes classes 个体大小群Natality 出生率Mortality 死亡率Survivorship 存活率Life tables 生命表K-factor analysis k-因子分析The fecundity schedule 生殖力表Population growth 种群增长Density-independent Population growth 非密度制约性种群增长Density-dependent growth-the logistic equation 密度制约性种群增长：逻辑斯缔方程Life expectancy 生命期望Survivorship curve 存活曲线Cohort 同生群Age-specific survival rate 特定年龄存活率Key factors 关键因子Killing factor 致死因子Basic reproduction rate 基础繁殖率Carrying capacity 环境容纳量Estimating density 估计密度Mark release recapture 标记重捕法Density dependence密度制约Equilibrium population density平衡种群密度Relative density相对密度Allee effect阿利效应Exactly compensating准确补偿Undercompensating补偿不足Overcompensating过度补偿H4Population fluctuations 种群波动Chaos 混沌Expanding and contracting populations 增长种群和收缩种群Stable limit cycle 稳定极限环I1Competition 竞争Predation 捕食Parasitism 寄生Mutualism互利共生Intraspecific competition种内竞争Interspecific competition种间竞争Exploitation competition利用性竞争Interference competition干扰性竞争Cannibalism 自相残杀Altruism 利他主义Commensualism 偏利共生Amensualism偏害共生I2Dispersal扩散Territoriality领域性Niche shift生态位转移Allelopathy异株克生Competive asymmetry 竞争不对称Scramble competition争夺竞争Contest competition格斗竞争Zero net growth isocline零增长等斜线Self-thinning自疏Inbreeding近亲繁殖Reproductive value繁殖价值Leks 求偶场Competitive exclusion 竞争排斥Limiting similarity 极限相似性Competitive release 极限释放Character displacement 性状替换Apparent competition 表观竞争Enemy-free space 无敌空间Highly heterogeneous 高度异质性Gaps 断层Probability refuge 隐蔽机率J1Herbivores 食草动物Carnivores 食肉动物Omnivores 杂食动物Chemical defences 化学防御Behavioral strategies 行为对策Specialists 特化种Generalist 泛化种Monophagous单食者Oligophagous寡食者Polyphagous 多食者Parasites 寄生者J2Predator switching 捕食者转换Profitability of prey 猎物收益率Plant defence 植物防御The ideal free distribution 理想自由分布Functional response 功能反应Superpredation 超捕食K1Parasites 寄生物Modes of transmission 传播方式Social parasites 社会性寄生物Helminth worms 寄生蠕虫Insects 昆虫Necrotrophs 食尸动物Parasitoids 拟寄生物The cellular immune response 细胞免疫反应Vectors 媒介Optimal habitat use 最佳生境利用Brood parasitism 窝寄生Evolutionary constraint 进化约束Immunity 免疫Cevolution协同进化Gene for gene 基因对基因Mimics 模仿Herd immunity 群体免疫Antigenic stability 抗原稳定L1Pollination 传粉Symbiotic 共生性Obligate 专性Lichens 地衣Outcrossing 异型杂交Mitochondria 线粒体Chloroplasts 叶绿体M1Reproductive values 生殖价Hypothetical organism 假定生物Migration 迁移Senescence衰老Diapause 滞育Dormancy 休眠Longevity 寿命Enormous variation 巨大变异Energy allocation 能量分配Semelparity 单次生殖Iteroparity 多次生殖Carrying capacity 容纳量Current/future reproduction当前/未来繁殖Habitat disturbance 环境干扰The current/future reproductive output 当前/未来繁殖输出A high/low cost of reproduction 高/低繁殖付出Seed bank 种子库Torper蛰伏Hibernation 冬眠Cryptobiosis 隐生现象Aestivation 夏眠Migration 迁徙Morphological forms 形态学性状Generations世代Mechanistic level 机制水平Cooperation 合作Grouping-benefits 集群-好处Altruism 利他行为Group defens e 群防御Inclusive fitness 广义适合度Eusociality 真社会性Hymenoptera 膜翅目Haplodiploid 单倍二倍体Venomous sting毒刺N2Sex 性The costs of inbreeding 近交的代价Self-fertilization 自体受精Sexual versus asexual reproduction 有性和无性生殖Sex ratio 交配体制Monogyny 单配制Polygyny 一雄多雌制Polyandry 一雌多雄制Inbreeding depression 近交衰退Hermaphrodite 雌雄同体Recombine 重组Rare type advantage 稀少型有利Equal investment 相等投入Local mate competition局域交配竞争Epigamic 诱惑性Intrasexual selection 性内选择Intersexual selection 性间选择O1Alleles 等位基因Polymorphism 多型Genetic drift 遗传漂变Genetic bottleneck 遗传瓶颈Rare species 稀有物种Extinction 灭绝Chromosome染色体Genotype 遗传型Phenotype 表现型Gene pool 基因库Gel electrophoresis 凝胶电泳O2Gene flow 基因流Differentiation 分化Sibling species 姊妹种Genetic revolution 遗传演变Peripheral isolates 边缘隔离PTransfer efficiencies 转换效率（net）primary productivity (净)初级生产力Respiratory heat 呼吸热Grazer system 牧食者系统Food chains 食物链Pathways of nutrient flow营养物流Food webs 食物网QCommunity structure 群落结构Community boundaries 群落边界Guilds同资源种团Community organization 群落组织Species diversity 物种多样性Energy flow 能量流Superorganism 超有机体Species-poor/rich 物种贫乏/丰富Biomass stability 生物量稳定性Tundra 冻原Island biogeography 岛屿生物地理学Turnover rate 周转率Source of colonists 移植者源Relaxation松弛Edgespecies 边缘物种Interior species 内部物种Corridor 走廊Greenways 绿色通道Community assembly群落集合Grazers 食草动物Carnivores 食肉动物Keystone species 关键物种Dominance control 优势控制Habitat affinity生境亲和力Prey switching 猎物转换RSuccession 演替Climax Community 顶级群落Pioneer species 先锋物种Primary succession 原生演替Alluvial deposit 冲积层Secondary succession 次生演替Acidifying effect 酸化作用Opportunistic机会主义Cellulose 植物纤维素Lignin 木质素Resource ratio hypothesis 资源比假说Fluctuations 波动Cyclic succession 循环演替Disturbance 干扰Patch dynamics板块动态Mini-succession 微型演替Cambium 形成层Neotropical forest 新热带雨林Priority effect 优先效应SVegetation 植被Ecotones 群落交错区Climate map 气候图Biomes 生物群系Heat budget 热量预算Zonation 分带Grassland 草地Primary regions 基本区域Desertification 荒漠化Arctic tundra 北极冻原Alpine tundra 高山冻原Permafrost 永冻层Coniferous boreal forest北方针叶林Temperature forest 温带森林Tropical forest 热带森林Salinization 盐渍化Primary saltwater regions 基本盐水区域Opens oceans 开阔海洋Continental shelves 大陆架The intertidal zone 潮间带Salt marsh 盐沼Mudflats淤泥滩Mangroves 红树林Pelagic 浮游生物Photic zone 有光带Phyto plankton 浮游植物Nekton 自泳动物Benthic 底栖Rocky shore 岩岸Zonation 分带Streams 溪流Ponds 池塘Environmental concerns 环境关系Catchment area 集水区Temperature inversion 温度逆转Biomanipulation 生物处理TThe goals of harvesting 收获目标Quota limitation 配额限制Environmental fluctuation环境波动Maximum possible yiel最大可能产量Net recruitment 净补充量Surplus yield 过剩产量Age structure 年龄结构Population data 种群数据Stable equilibrium 稳定平衡Harvesting effort 收获努力Gun licences 猎枪执照Rod licences钓鱼许可证Upwelling of cold water冷水上升流Fisheries 渔业Ocean productivity 大洋生产力The tragedy of the common公共灾难Overexploitation 过捕Pollution 污染Global decline 全球性下降By-catch 附带收获Community perturbations 群落扰动Oil spills 原油泄漏Eutrophication 富营养化Algal blooms 水华Red tides 赤潮Biomagnification 生物放大作用UPest 有害生物Natural enemies 天敌Ruderal 杂草型Economic/aesthetic injury level 经济/美学损害水平Cultural 栽培Biological control 生物防治‘Silent spring’寂静的春天Chemical toxicity 化学毒性Evolution of resistance抗性进化Microbial insecticide微生物杀虫剂Inoculation接种Augmentation扩大Inundation 爆发VRare species 稀有种Genetic diversity 遗传多样性Extinction 灭绝Endemic species 特有种Habitat fragmentation 生境片段化Insularization 岛屿化Biodiversity 生物多样性Strategies for conservation保育对策Antarctic treaty 南极协议Ecotourism生态旅游WAir pollution空气污染Acid rain 酸雨Water pollutants 水体污染物Soil pollution 土壤污染Acid deposition 酸降Pathogens病源体Chemical oxygen demand 化学需氧量Anaerobes 厌氧菌The greenhouse effect 温室效应Carbon dioxide 二氧化碳Ozone 臭氧Photochemical smog 光化学烟雾XOverview 概述Soil erosion 土壤侵蚀Soil compaction 土壤硬结Contour ploughing等高耕作Cover crops 覆盖作物No-till farming 免耕农业。