2011年考研英语(二)试题客观题及参考答案
2011年考研英语二真题及答案
2011年考研英语二真题及参考答案Section I Use of EnglishDirections：Read the following text. Choose the best word (s) for each numbered black and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)"The Internet affords anonymity to its users — a boon to privacy and freedom of speech. But that very anonymity is also behind the explosion of cyber crime that has 1 across the Web.Can privacy be preserved 2 bringing a semblance of safety and security to a world that seems increasingly 3 ?Last month, H oward Schmidt, the nation’s cyber czar, offered the Obama government a 4 to make the Web a safer place —a “voluntary identify” system that would be the high-tech 5 of a physical key, fingerprint and a photo ID card, all rolled 6 one. The system might use a smart identity card, or a digital credential 7 to a specific computer, and would authenticate users at a range of online services.The idea is to 8 a federation of private online identify systems. Users could 9 which system to join, and only registered users whose identities have been authenticated could navigate those systems. The approach contrasts with one that would require an Internet driver’s license 10 by the government.Google and Microsoft are among companies that already have sign-on” systems that make it possible for users to 11 just once but use many different services.12 , the approach would create a “walled garden” in safe “neighborhoods” and bright “streetlights” to establish a sense of 13 community.Mr. Sc hmidt described it as a “voluntary ecosystem” in which individuals and organizations can complete online transactions with 14 , trusting the identities of the infrastructure that the transaction runs 15 .Still, the administration’s plan has16 privacy rights activists. Some applaud the approach; others are concerned. It seems clear that such an initiative push toward what would 17 be a license” mentality.The plan has also been greeted with 18 by some experts, who worry that the “voluntary ecos ystem” would still leave much of the Internet19 .They argue that should be 20 to register and identify themselves, in drivers must be licensed to drive on public roads.1. A. swept B. skipped C. walked D. ridden2. A. for B. within C. while D. though3. A. careless B. lawless C. pointless D. helpless4. A. reason B. reminder C. compromise D. proposal5. A. information B. interference C. entertainment D. equivalent6. A. by B. into C. from D. over7. A. linked B. directed C. chained D. compared8. A. dismiss B. discover C. create D. improve9. A. recall B. suggest C. select D. realize10. A. released B. issued C. distributed D. delivered11. A. carry on B. linger on C. set in D. log in12. A. In vain B. In effect C. In return D. In contrast13. A. trusted B. modernized C. thriving D. competing14. A. caution B. delight C. confidence D. patience15. A. on B. after C. beyond D. across16. A. divided B. disappointed C. protected D. united17. A. frequently B. incidentally C. occasionally D. eventually18. A. skepticism B. tolerance C. indifference D. enthusiasm19. A. manageable B. defendable C. vulnerable D. invisible20. A. invited B. appointed C. allowed D. forced参考答案：1-5 ACBDD 6-10 BACCA 11-15 DBACA 16-20 CDACDSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions after each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40points)Text 1 The Economist May 4th 2010 ADCABRuth Simmons joined Goldman Sachs’s board as an outside director in January 2000: a year later she became president of Brown University. For the rest of the decade, she apparently managed both roles without attracting much eroticism. But by the end of 2009, Ms. Simmons was under fire for having sat on Go ldman’s compensation committee, how could she have let those enormous bonus payouts pass unremarked? By February the next year Ms. Simmons had left the board. The position was just taking up too much time, she said.Outside directors are supposed to serve as helpful, yet less biased, advisers on a firm’s board. Having made their wealth and their reputations elsewhere, they presumably have enough independence to disagree with the chief executive’s proposals. If the sky and the share price is falling, outside directors should be able to give advice based on having weathered their own crises.The researchers from Ohio University used a database hat covered more than 10,000 firms and more than 64,000 different directors between 1989 and 2004. Then they simply checked which directors stayed from one proxy statement to the next. The most likely reason for departing a board was age, so t he researchers concentrated on those “surprise” disappearances by directors under the age of 70. They fount that after a surprise departure, the probability that the company will subsequently have to restate earnings increased by nearly 20%. The likelihood of being named in a federal class-action lawsuit also increases, and the stock is likely to perform worse. The effect tended to be larger for larger firms. Although a correlation between them leaving and subsequent bad performance at the firm is suggestive, it does not mean that such directors are always jumping off a sinking ship. Often they “trade up.” Leaving riskier, smaller firms for larger and more stable firms.But the researchers believe that outside directors have an easier time of avoiding a blow to their reputations if they leave a firm before bad news breaks, even if a review of history shows they were on the board at the time any wrongdoing occurred. Firms who want to keep their outside directors through tough times may have to create incentives. Otherwise outside directors will follow the example of Ms. Simmons, once again very popular on campus.21. According to Paragraph 1, Ms. Simmons was criticized for .A. gaining excessive profitsB. failing to fulfill her dutyC. refusing to make compromisesD. leaving the board in tough times22. We learn from Paragraph 2 that outside directors are supposed to be .A. generous investorsB. unbiased executivesC. share price forecastersD. independent advisers23. Acco rding to the researchers from Ohio University after an outside director’s surprise departure, the firm is likely to .A. become more stableB. report increased earningsC. do less well in the stock marketD. perform worse in lawsuits24. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that outside directors .A. may stay for the attractive offers from the firmB. have often had records of wrongdoings in the firmC. are accustomed to stress-free work in the firmD. will decline incentives from the firm25. The author’s attitude toward the role of outside directors is .A. permissiveB. positiveC. scornfulD. criticalText 2 The Economist Jun 10th 2010 DBCAAWhatever happened to the death of newspaper? A year ago the end seemed near. The recession threatened to remove the advertising and readers that had not already fled to the internet. Newspapers like the San Francisco Chronicle were chronicling their own doom. America’s Federal Trade commission launched a round of talks about how to save newspapers. Should they become charitable corporations? Should the state subsidize them? It will hold another meeting soon. But the discussions now seem out of date.In much of the world there is the sign of crisis. German and Brazilian papers have shrugged off the recession. Even American newspapers, which inhabit the most troubled come of the global industry, have not only survived but often returned to profit. Not the 20% profit margins that were routine a few years ago, but profit all the same.It has not been much fun. Many papers stayed afloat by pushing journalists overboard. The American Society of News Editors reckons that 13,500 newsroom jobs have gone since 2007. Readers are paying more for slimmer products. Some papers even had the nerve to refuse delivery to distant suburbs. Yet these desperate measures have proved the right ones and, sadly for many journalists, they can be pushed further.Newspapers are becoming more balanced businesses, with a healthier mix of revenues from readers and advertisers. American papers have long been highly unusual in their reliance on ads. Fully 87% of their revenues came from advertising in 2008, according to the Organization for Economic Cooperation & Development (OECD). In Japan the proportion is 35%. Not surprisingly,Japanese newspapers are much more stable.The whirlwind that swept through newsrooms harmed everybody, but much of the damage has been concentrated in areas where newspaper are least distinctive. Car and film reviewers have gone. So have science and general business reporters. Foreign bureaus have been savagely cut off. Newspapers are less complete as a result. But completeness is no longer a virtue in the newspaper business.26. By saying “Newspapers like … their own doom” (Lines 3-4, Para. 1), the author indicates that newspaper .A. neglected the sign of crisis[B]failed to get state subsidies[C]were not charitable corporations[D]were in a desperate situation27. Some newspapers refused delivery to distant suburbs probably because .[A]readers threatened to pay less[B]newspapers wanted to reduce costs[C]journalists reported little about these areas[D]subscribers complained about slimmer products28. Compared with their American counterparts, Japanese newspapers are much more stable because they .[A]have more sources of revenue[B]have more balanced newsrooms[C]are less dependent on advertising[D]are less affected by readership29. What can be inferred from the last paragraph about the current newspaper business?[A]Distinctiveness is an essential feature of newspapers.[B]Completeness is to blame for the failure of newspaper.[C]Foreign bureaus play a crucial role in the newspaper business.[D]Readers have lost their interest in car and film reviews.30. The most appropriate title for this text would be .[A]American Newspapers: Struggling for Survival[B]American Newspapers: Gone with the Wind[C]American Newspapers: A Thriving Business[D]American Newspapers: A Hopeless StoryText 3 The NY Times When Less Was More BDCDB July 1, 2010, 9:30 pm We tend to think of the decades immediately following World War II as a time of prosperity and growth, with soldiers returning home by the millions, going off to college on the G. I. Bill and lining up at the marriage bureaus.But when it came to their houses, it was a time of common sense and a belief that less could truly be more. During the Depression and the war, Americans had learned to live with less, and that restraint, in combination with the postwar confidence in the future, made small, efficient housing positively stylish.Economic condition was only a stimulus for the trend toward efficient living. The phrase “less is more” w as actually first popularized by a German, the architect Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, who like other people associated with the Bauhaus, a school of design, emigrated to theUnited States before World War II and took up posts at American architecture schools. These designers came to exert enormous influence on the course of American architecture, but none more so than Mies.Mies’s signature phrase means that less decoration, properly organized, has more impact than a lot. Elegance, he believed, did not derive from abundance. Like other modern architects, he employed metal, glass and laminated wood-materials that we take for granted today but that in the 1940s symbolized the future. Mies’s sophisticated presentation masked the fact that the spaces he designed were small and efficient, rather than big and often empty.The apartments in the elegant towers Mies built on Chicago’s Lake Shore Drive, for example, were smaller—two-bedroom units under 1,000 square feet—than those in their older neighbors along the city’s Gold Coast. But they were popular because of their airy glass walls, the views they afforded and the elegance of the buildings’ details and proportions, the architectural equivalent of the abstract art so popular at the time.The trend toward “less” was not entirely foreign. In the 1930s Frank Lloyd Wright started building more modest and efficient houses-usually around 1,200 square feet-than the spreading two-story ones he had designed in the 1890s and the early 20th century.The “Case Study Houses” commissioned from talented modern architects by California Arts & Architecture magazine between 1945 and 1962 were yet another homegrown influence on the “less is more” trend. Aesthetic effect came from the landscape, new materials and forthright detailing. In his Case Study House, Ralph Rapson may have mispredicted just how the mechanical revolution would impact everyday life —few American families acquired helicopters, though most eventually got clothes dryers — but his belief that self-sufficiency was both desirable and inevitable was widely shared.31. The postwar American housing style largely reflected the Americans’.[A]prosperity and growth[B]efficiency and practicality[C]restraint and confidence[D]pride and faithfulness32. Which of the following can be inferred from Paragraph 3 about Bauhaus?[A]It was founded by Ludwig Mies van der Rohe.[B]Its designing concept was affected by World War II.[C]Most American architects used to be associated with it.[D]It had a great influence upon American architecture.33. Mies held that elegance of architectural design .[A]was related to large space[B]was identified with emptiness[C]was not reliant on abundant decoration[D]was not associated with efficiency34. What is true about the apartments Mies building Chicago’s Lake Shore Drive?[A]They ignored details and proportions.[B]They were built with materials popular at that time.[C]They were more spacious than neighboring buildings.[D]They shared some characteristics of abstract art.35. What can we learn about the design of the “Case Study House”?[A]Mechanical devices were widely used.[B]Natural scenes were taken into consideration[C]Details were sacrificed for the overall effect.[D]Eco-friendly materials were employed.Text 4 The Economist(经济学家)2010年7月10日Will the European Union make it? The question would have sounded strange not long ago. Now even the project’s greatest cheer leaders talk of a continent facing a “Bermuda triangle” of debt, population decline and lower growth.As well as those chronic problems, the EU face an acute crisis in its economic core, the 16 countries that use the single currency. Markets have lost faith that the euro zone’s economies, weaker or stronger, will one day converge thanks to the discipline of sharing a single currency, which denies uncompetitive members the quick fix of devaluation.Yet the debate about how to save Europe’s single currency from disintegration is stuck. It is stuck bec ause the euro zone’s dominant powers, France and Germany, agree on the need for greater harmonization within the euro zone, but disagree about what to harmonies.Germany thinks the euro must be saved by stricter rules on borrow spending and competitiveness, barked by quasi-automatic sanctions for governments that do not obey. These might include threats to freeze EU funds for poorer regions and EU mega-projects and even the suspension of a country’s voting rights in EU ministerial councils. It insists tha t economic co-ordination should involve all 27 members of the EU club, among whom there is a small majority for free-market liberalism and economic rigour; in the inner core alone, Germany fears, a small majority favour French interference.A “southern” camp headed by French wants something different: “European economic government” within an inner core of euro-zone members. Translated, that means politicians intervening in monetary policy and a system of redistribution from richer to poorer members, via cheaper borrowing for governments through common Eurobonds or complete fiscal transfers. Finally, figures close to the France government have murmured, euro-zone members should agree to some fiscal and social harmonization: e.g., curbing competition in corporate-tax rates or labour costs.It is too soon to write off the EU. It remains the world’s largest trading block. At its best, the European project is remarkably liberal: built around a single market of 27 rich and poor countries, its internal borders are far more open to goods, capital and labour than any comparable trading area. It is an ambitious attempt to blunt the sharpest edges of globalization, and make capitalism benign.36. The EU is faced with so many problems that .[A] it has more or less lost faith in markets[B] even its supporters begin to feel concerned[C] some of its member countries plan to abandon euro[D] it intends to deny the possibility of devaluation37.The debate over the EU’s single currency is stuck becau se the dominant powers .[A] are competing for the leading position[B] are busy handling their own crises[C] fail to reach an agreement on harmonization[D] disagree on the steps towards disintegration38. To solve the euro problem ,Germany proposed that .[A] EU funds for poor regions be increased[B] stricter regulations be imposed[C] only core members be involved in economic co-ordination[D] voting rights of the EU members be guaranteed39. The French proposal of handling the crisis implies that .[A]poor countries are more likely to get funds[B]strict monetary policy will be applied to poor countries[C]loans will be readily available to rich countries[D]rich countries will basically control Eurobonds40. Regarding the future of the EU, the author seems to feel .[A]pessimistic[B]desperate[C]conceited[D]hopeful CCBADPart BDirections:(7选5)In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions (41-45), choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blank. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points) Leading doctors today weigh in on the debate over the government's role in promoting public health by demanding that ministers impose "fat taxes" on unhealthy food and introduce cigarette-style warnings to children about the dangers of a poor diet.The demands follow comments last week by the health secretary, Andrew Lansley, who insisted the government could not force people to make healthy choices and promised to free businesses from public health regulations.But senior medical figures want to stop fast-food outlets opening near schools, restrict advertising of products high in fat, salt or sugar, and limit sponsorship of sports events by fast-food producers such as McDonald's.They argue that government action is necessary to curb Britain's addiction to unhealthy food and help halt spiralling rates of obesity, diabetes and heart disease. Professor Terence Stephenson, president of the Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health, said that the consumption of unhealthy food should be seen to be just as damaging as smoking or binge drinking."Thirty years ago, it would have been inconceivable to have imagined a ban on smoking in the workplace or in pubs, and yet that is what we have now. Are we willing to be just as courageous in respect of obesity? I would suggest that we should be," said the leader of the UK's children's doctors.Lansley has alarmed health campaigners by suggesting he wants industry rather than government to take the lead. He said that manufacturers of crisps and confectionery could play a central role in the Change4Life campaign, the centrepiece of government efforts to boost healthy eating and fitness. He has also criticized the celebrity chef Jamie Oliver's high-pro to improveschool lunches in England as an example of how "lecturing" people was not the best way to change their behaviour.Stephenson suggested potential restrictions could include banning TV advertisements for foods high in fat, salt or sugar before the 9pm watershed and limiting them on billboards or in cinemas. "If we were really bold, we might even begin to think of high-calorie fast food in the same way as cigarettes –by setting stringent limits on advertising, product placement and sponsorship of sports events," he said.Such a move could affect firms such as McDonald’s, which sponsors the youth coaching scheme run by the Football Association. Fast-food chains should also stop offering “inducements” such as toys, cute animals and mobile phone credit to lure young customers, Stephenson said.Professor Dinesh Bhugra, president of the Royal College of Psychiatrists, said: “If children are taught about the impact that food has on their growth, and that some things can harm, at least inf ormation is available up front.”He also urged councils to impose “fast-food-free zones” around school and hospitals-areas within which takeaways cannot open.A Department of Health spokesperson said: “We need to create a new vision for public health where all of society works together to get healthy and live longer. This includes creating a new ‘responsibility deal’ with business, built on social responsibility, not state regulation. Later this year, we will publish a white paper setting out exactly ho w we will achieve this.”The food industry will be alarmed that such senior doctors back such radical moves, especially the call to use some of the tough tactics that have been deployed against smoking overSection Ⅲ Translation46. Directions:In this section there is a text in English. Translate it into Chinese. Write your translation on ANSWER SHEET 2. (15 points)Who would have thought that, globally, the IT industry produces about the same volume of gree nhouse gases as the world’s airlines do --- roughly 2 percent of all CO2 emissions?Many everyday tasks take a surprising toll on the environment. A Google search can leak between 0.2 and 7.0 grams of CO2, depending on how many attempts are needed to get the “right” answer. To deliver results to its users quickly, then, Google has to maintain vast data centres around the world, packed with powerful computers. While producing large quantities of CO2, these computers emit a great deal of heat, so the centres need to be well air-conditioned, which uses even more energy.However, Google and other big tech providers monitor their efficiency closely and make improvements. Monitoring is the first step on the road to reduction, but there is much more to be done, and not just by big companies.Section IV WritingPart A47 Directions:Suppose your cousin Li Ming has just been admitted to a university. Write him/her a letter to1) congratulate him/her, and2) give him/her suggestions on how to get prepared for university life.You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2.Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use “Zhang Wei” instead.Do not write the address. (10 points)英语(二)小作文范文：A Letter to LimingJan-15-2011Dear Liming,Congratulate on your success in passing the entrance examination.Now, please allow me to give you some suggestion during your holidays.First of all, you should read. Because it makes a full man. Reading during the holiday helps you get the habit of it that when you become a freshman. College life is so plentiful but reading is the most important thing.Second, to do some housework can bring you another feelings. Once you get into the college, you must do the things for yourself, including washing, clear the room and shedule your daily life and etc.However, reading and housework doesn’t mean all of your holiday. You need contact with your friends or communicate with them. The reason is that old friends will be in your memory and new friends will be there. And we all know that the friendship among senior school.From the things I mentioned above, hope they will bring you a richful life in your college. Zhangwei2011考研英语（二）大作文范文题目Write a short essay based on the following chart. in your writing, you should:1) interpret the chart and2) give your commentsYou should write at least 150 wordsWrite your essay on answer sheet 2 (15points)英语二大作文范文As can be seen clearly from the chart, the market share taken by domestic car brands increased rapidly from 25% in 20008 to nearly 35% in 2009, while conversely, the market share owned by Japanese car brands dropped by 10% from 35% in 2008 to 25% in 2008. What’s more, the market share taken by American car brands is on the upward trend, from 10% to nearly 15%.Three reasons, in my opinion, can account for the changes in car market in these two years. First, the rise of Chinese car s is of little surprise as we have seen Chinese enterprises’ commitment to developing self-owned technologies, which not only free them from potential risks, but also bring about long-term benefit. Second, Japanese cars, which used to be highly praised for their outstanding quality and superior stability, is now reeling from a crisis of confidence. Last, the improvement of American cars’ performance must be attributed to the smart marketing strategy employed by American sellers. They launched a lot of marketing campaigns designed specially for Chinese market, which won them applaud as well as benefit.In order to maintain the good momentum of development, domestic cars should on one hand stick to their self-independent policy, a nd on the other, learn some experiences from Japanese car’s failures and Americans’ success.其他客观题答案：21-25BBDAA26-30DBCBB31-35BDCDB36-40DCBAC41-45EDCFG。
2011年考研英语二真题与答案
2011年研究生入学考试英语二真题Section I Use of EnglishDirections ' Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered black and markA, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)'The Inter net affords anony mity to its users ——a boon to privacy and freedom of speech ・ Butthat very anonymity is also behind the explosion of cybercrime that has 1 across the Web・_Can privacy be preserved 2 bringing a semblanee of safety and security to a world that seems increasingly 3 ?Last month, Howard Schmidt, the nation csyberczar, offered the Obama government a4 ___ to make the Web a safer place ——a voluntary identify system that would be thehigh-tech 5 of a physical key, fingerprint and a photo ID card, all rolled 6 one・ The system might use a smart identity card, or a digital credential 7 to a specific computer, andwould authenticate users at a range of online services・The idea is to 8 a federation of private online identify systems・ Users could 9 whichsystem to join, and only registered users whose identities have been authenticated couldnavigate those systems・ The approach contrasts with one that would require an Internet driver license 10 by the govemment.Google and Microsoft are among companies that already have sign- on systemshtat make it possible for users to 11 just once but use many different services・“ ” “ ”12 , the approach would create a walledgarden in safe neighborhoods and brightu ”streetlights to establish a of community.u ”Mr. Schmidt described it as a voluntary ecosystem in which individuals and organizationscan complete online transactions with 14 .trusting the identities of the infrastructure that the transact!on runs 15 上9Still, the administration planshas 16 privacy rights activists・ Some applaud the approach;others are concerned・ It seems clear that such an initiative push toward what would 17 be alicense mentality.The plan has also been greeted with 18 by some experts, who worry that thevoluntaryecosystem would still leave much of the Internet 19 ・They argue that shouldbe 20 to register and identify themselves, in drivers must be licensed to drive on public roads.1・ A.swept B.skipped C.walked D.ridden2・ A.for B.within C.while D.though3・ A.careless wless C.poi ntless D.helpless4・ A. reason B.reminder promise D.proposal5・ rmatio n B.interfere nee C.entertainment □.equivalent6・ A. by B.into C.from D.over 7・ A.linked B.directed C.chained pared 8・ A.dismiss B.discover C.create D.improve9・ A.recall B.suggest C.select D.realize10・ A.relcased B.issued C.distributed D.delivered11・ A.carry on blinger on C.set in D.log in12・ A.ln vain B.ln effect C.ln return D」n contrast 13・ A.trusted B.modernized C.thriving peti ng14・ A.caution B.delight C.confide nee D.patie nee15・ A.on B.after C.beyond D.across 16・ A.divided B.disappointed C.protected D.united17・ A.frequestly B.incidentally C.occasionally D.eve ntually18・ A.skepticism B.relerance C.indifference D.enthusiasm19・ A.ma nageable B.defendable C.vulnerable □.invisible20・ A.invited B.appoi nted C.allowed D.forcedSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts・ Answer the questions after each text by choosing A, B, C or D・ Markyour answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40points)Text 1Ruth Simmons joined Goldman Sachs ' s board as an outside director in January 2000: a yearlater she became president of Brown University・ For the rest of the decade she apparently managed both roles without attracting much eroticism・ But by the end of 2009 Ms. Simmons was under fire for having sat on Goldman ' s compensation committee; how could she have let thoseenormous bonus payouts pass unremarked? By February the next year Ms. Simmons had left theboard・ The position was just taking up too much time, she said・Outside directors are supposed to serve as helpful, yet less biased, advisers on a firmHaving made their wealth and their reputations elsewhere, they presumably have enough independence to disagree with t he chief executive 1 s proposals ・ If the sky, and the share price isfalling, outside directors should be able to give advice based on having weathered their own crises.The researchers from Ohio University used a database hat covered more than 10,000 firmsand more than 64,000 different directors between 1989 and 2004. Then they simply checked which directors stayed from one proxy statement to the next. The most likely reason for departing a board was age, so the researchers concentrated on those disappeatreitf^by directors under the age of 70. They fount that after a surprise departure, the probability thatthe company will subsequently have to restate earnings increased by nearly 20%・ The likelihood of being named in a federal class-action lawsuit also increases, and the stock is likely to perform worse. The effect tended to be larger for larger firms. Although a correlation between them leaving and subsequent bad performance at the firm is suggestive, it does not mean that such directors are always jumping off a sinking ship・ Often they “ tradeup・Leaving riskier, smaller firms for larger and more stable firms.But the researchers believe that outside directors have an easier time of avoiding a blow to their reputations if they leave a firm before bad news breaks, even if a review of history shows they were on the board at the time any wrongdoing occurred・ Firms who want to keep their outside directors through tough times may have to create incentives・ Otherwise outside directors will follow the example of Ms. Simmons, once again very popular on campus・21 ・ According to Paragraph 1, Ms・ Simmons was criticized for ・[AJgaining excessive profits[B] failing to fulfill her duty[CJrefusing to make compromises[DJIeaving the board in tough times22. We learn from Paragraph 2 that outside directors are supposed to be ・[A] generous investors [B]unbiased executives[CJshare price forecasters [D]independent advisers23. According to the researchers from Ohio University after an outside director feursprisedeparture, the firm is likely to ・[AJbecome more stable [B]report increased earnings[C] do less well in the stock market [DJperform worse in lawsuits24. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that outside directors ・[AJmay stay for the attractive offers from the firm [B]have often had records of wrongdoings inthe firm[CJare accustomed to stress-free work in the firm [D]will decline incentives from the firm25. The author ' s 曲wiiri the role of outside directors is •[A] permissive [B]positive[CJscomful [DJcriticalText 2Whatever happened to the death of newspaper? A year ago the end seemed near. The recession threatened to remove the advertising and readers that had not already fled to the internet. Newspapers like the San Fran cisco Chronicle were chronicling their own doom ・ America ' s Federal Trade commission launched a round of talks about how to save newspapers・ Should they become charitable corporations? Should the state subsidize them ? It will hold another meeting soon. But the discussions now seem out of date・In much of the world there is the sign of crisis・ German and Brazilian papers have shrugged off the recession ・ Even America n newspapers, which in habit the most troubled come of the global industry, have not only survived but often returned to profit. Not the 20% profit margins that were routine a few years ago, but profit all the same・It has not been much fun. Many papers stayed afloat by pushing journalists overboard・ The American Society of News Editors reckons that 13,500 newsroom jobs have gone since 2007・ Readers are paying more for slimmer products・ Some papers even had the nerve to refuse delivery to distant suburbs・ Yet these desperate measures have proved the right ones and, sadly for many journalists, they can be pushed further.Newspapers are becoming more balaneed businesses, with a healthier mix of revenues from readers and advertisers・ American papers have long been highly unusual in their reliance on ads・ Fully 87% of their revenues came from advertising in 2008, according to the Organization for Economic Cooperation & Development (OECD). In Japan the proportion is 35%・ Not surprisingly, Japanese newspapers are much more stable・The whirlwind that swept through newsrooms harmed everybody, but much of the damage has been concentrated in areas where newspaper are least distinctive・ Car and film reviewers have gone. So have scienee and general business reporters・ Foreign bureaus have been savagely cut off. Newspapers are less complete as a result ・ But completeness is no Ion ger a virtue in the newspaper business・26. By saying 41 Newspapers like ••• their own doom-4, PalH4^^uthor indicates thatn ewspaper ・[A] neglected the sign of crisis[BJfailed to get state subsidies[C] were not charitable corporations[D] were in a desperate situation27. Some newspapers refused delivery to distant suburbs probably because ・[AJreaders threatened to pay less[B] newspapers wanted to reduce costs[C] journalists reported little about these areas[DJsubscribers complained about slimmer products28. Compared with their American counterparts, Japanese newspapers are much more stable because they ・[AJhave more sources of revenue[B] have more balaneed newsrooms[CJare less dependent on advertising[DJare less affected by readership29. What can be inferred from the last paragraph about the current newspaper business?[AJDistinctiveness is an essential feature of newspapers・ [BJCompleteness is to blame for the failure of newspaper.[CJForeign bureaus play a crucial role in the newspaper business・[D] Readers have lost their interest in car and film reviews.30. The most appropriate title for this text would be ・[AJAmerican Newspapers: Struggling for Survival[B] American Newspapers: Gone with the Wind[CJAmerican Newspapers: A Thriving Business[DJAmerican Newspapers: A Hopeless StoryText 3We tend to think of the decades immediately following World War II as a time of prosperity and growth, with soldiers retuming home by the millions, going off to college on the G・ l・ Bill and lining up at the marriage bureaus・But when it came to their houses, it was a time of common sense and a belief that less could truly be more. During the Depressi on and the war, America ns had learned to live with less, and that restraint, in combi nation with the postwar con fidence in the future, made small, efficie nt housing positively stylish・Economic condition was only a stimulus for the trend toward efficient living・ The phrase41 less is more w was actually first popularized by a German, the architect Ludwig Mies van der Rohe,who like other people associated with the Bauhaus, a school of design, emigrated to the United States before World War IIand took up posts at American architecture schools・ These designers came to exerteno rmous influe nee on the course of American architecture, but none more so that Mies ・Mies ^signature phrase means that less decoration, properly organized, has more impactthat a lot. Elegance, he believed, did not derive from abundance・ Like other modem architects, he employed metal, glass and laminated wood-materials that we take for granted today buy that in the 1940s symbolized the future・ Mies sophisticates^ presentation masked the fact that thespaces he designed were small and efficient, rather than big and often empty.The apartments in the elegant towers Mies built on Chicago ' s Lake Shore Drive, for example,were smaller-two-bedroom units under 1,000 square feet-than those in their older neighbors along the city ' s GcQtet But they were popular because of their airy glass walls, the views they afforded and the elegance of the buildings details and proportions, the architectural equivale nt of the abstract art so popular at the time ・The trend toward fesAsaS not entirely foreign. In the 1930s Frank Lloyd Wright started building more modest and efficient houses-usually around 1,200 square feet-than the spreading two-story ones he had designed in the 1890s and the early 20th century.The 41 Case Study Houses w commissioned from talented modern architects by California Arts& Architecture magazine betwee n 1945 and 1962 were yet another homegrow n influe nee on the41 lessis more n trend・ Aesthetic effect came from the landscape, new materials and forthrightdetailing・ In his Case Study House, Ralph everyday life ・ few American families acquired helicopters, though most eventually got clothes dryers - but his belief that self-sufficiency was both desirable and in evitable was widely shared ・31 ・ The postwar American housing style largely reflected the Americans ・[AJprosperity and growth[B] efficiency and practicality[CJrestraint snd confidence[D]pride and faithfulness32. Which of the following can be inferred from Paragraph 3 about Bauhaus?[A] lt was founded by Ludwig Mies van der Rohe・[B] lts designing concept was affected by World War II.[CJMost American architects used to be associated with it.[D]lt had a great influence upon American architecture・33. Mies held that elegance of architectural design ・[AJwas related to large space[BJwas identified with emptiness[C] was not reliant on abundant decoration[D] was not associated with efficiency34. What is true about the apartment s Mies building Chicago ' s Lake Shore Drive?[AJThey ignored details and proportions・ [BJThey were built with materials popular at that time.[C] They were more spacious than neighboring buildings.[D] They shared some characteristics of abstract art.35. What can we learn about the design of the M Case Study House ”？[AJMechanical devices were widely used・[BJNatural scenes were taken into consideration[CJDetails were sacrificed for the overall effect・[DJEco-friendly materials were employed・Text 4Will the European Union make it? The question would have sounded strange not long ago・Now even the project ' s greatest cheerleaders talk of a continent facing a 41 Bermuda triangle debt, population decline and lower growth・As well as those chronic problems, the EU face an acute crisis in its economic core, the 16countries that use the single currency. Markets have lost faith that the euro zone ' s econo weaker or stronger, will one day converge thanks to the discipline of sharing a single currency,which denies uncompetitive members the quick fix of devaluation.Yet the debate about how to save Europe * s single currency from disintegration is stuck・ It isstuck because the euro zone dsoniinant powers, France and Germany, agree on the need forgreater harm on izatio n within the euro zone, but disagree about what to harmonies ・Germany thinks the euro must be saved by stricter rules on borrow spending andcompetitiveness, barked by quasi-automatic sanctions for governments that do not obey. Thesemight in elude threats to freeze EU funds for poorer regions and EU mega-projects and even thesuspension of a country \A36ting rights in EU ministerial councils. It insists that economicco-ordination should involve all 27 members of the EU club, among whom there is a smallmajority for free-market liberalism and economic rigour; in the inner core alone, Germany fears,a small majority favour French interfere nee.A M southern cSmp headed by French wants something different: w Europeaneconomicgover nment Within an inner core of euro-zone members ・ Tran slated, that mea ns politiciansintervening in monetary policy and a system of redistribution from richer to poorer members, viacheaper borrowing for governments through common Eurobonds or complete fiscal transfers・Finally, figures close to the France government have murmured, euro-zone members shouldagree to some fiscal and social harm on izati on: e.g., curbi ng competiti on in corporate-tax rates orlabour costs・It is too soon to write off the EU・ It remains the world trading block・浦,theEuropean project is remarkably liberal: built around a single market of 27 rich and poor countries,its internal borders are far more open to goods, capital and labour than any comparable tradingarea・ It is an ambitious attempt to blunt the sharpest edges of globalization, and make capitalismbenign ・36. The EU is faced with so many problems that ・[A] it has more or less lost faith in markets[B] even its supporters begin to feel concerned[C] some of its member countries plan to abandon euro[D] it intends to deny the possibility of devaluation37. The debate over the EU ' s single currency is stuck because the dominant powe.rs [A] are competing for the leading position[B] are busy handling their own crises[C] fail to reach an agreement on harm on ization[D] disagree on the steps towards disintegration38. To solve the euro problem f Germany proposed that ・[A] EU funds for poor regions be increased[B] stricter regulations be imposed[C] only core members be involved in economic co-ordination[D] voting rights of the EU members be guaranteed39. The French proposal of handling the crisis implies that _ _・[a] poor countries are more likely to get funds[b] strict monetary policy will be applied to poor countries[c] loans will be readily available to rich countries[d] rich countries will basically control Eurobonds40. Regarding the future of the EU, the author seems to feel _ _・[A ] pessimistic [ B] desperate[c] conceited [ D] hopefulPart BDirections:Read the following text and answer the questions by finding information from the right columnthat corresponds to each of the marked details given in the left column. There are two extrachoices in the right column. Mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)Leading doctors today weigh in on the debate over the government s role in promoting public health by demanding that ministers impose "fat taxes* on unhealthy food and introduce cigarcttc-stylc warnings to children about the dangers of a poor diet. *** •*** Phe demands follow comments made last week by the health secretary; Andrew Lansley, who insisted the government could not force people to make healthy choices and promised to free businesses from public healtli regulationsBut senior medical figures want to stop fast-food outlets opening near schools. restrict advenising of products high in fat, salt or sugar, and limit sponsorship of sports events by fast-food producers such as McDonald 's.1 hey argue that government action is necessary to curb Britain's addiction to unhealthy food and help halt spiraling rates of obesity, diabetes and heart disease. Professor Terence Stephenson, president of the Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health. said that the consumption of unhealthy food should be seen to be jusl as damaging as smoking or excessive drinking° Thirty years ago, it would have been inconceivable to have imagined a ban on smoking in the workplace or in pubs, and yet that is what we have now. Arc wc willing to be just as courageous in respect of obesity? I would suggest that we should be." said the leader of the UK's childreifs doclors・l^nslcy has alarmed health campaigners by suggesting he wants industry rather than government to take the lead. He said that manufacturers of crisps and candies couJd play a centra) role in the Change4Litc campaign, the centrepiece of government efforts to boost healthy eating and fitness・ He has also cnticiscd the celebrity chef Jamie Oliver s high-profile attempt to improve school lunches in England as an example of how **lccturing" people was not the best way to change their behaviour.Stephenson suggested potential restrictions could include banning TV advertisements for foods high in fat v salt or sugar before 9 pm and limiling them on billboards or in cinemas ・i4If wc were really bold, we might even begin to think of high-calorie fast food in the same way as cigarettes 一by setting strict limits on advertising. product placement and sponsorship of sports events/' he said.Such a move could affect firms such as McDonald * Mnich sponsors the youth coachingscheme run by the Football Associatio n. Fast ・ food chai ns should also stop offering 44 induceme ntssuch as toys, cute animals and mobile phone credit to lure young customers, Stephens on said ・Professor Dinesh Bhugra, president of the Royal College of Psychiatrists, said:taught about the impact that food has on their growth, and that some things can harm, at least information is available up front.He also urged councils to imposewithin which takeaways cannot open.A Department of Health spokesperson said: M Weneed to create a new vision for public “If chiaround school and haspfadsreashealth where all of society works together to get healthy and live Ion ger. This inc ludes creati ng anew 1 responsibility deal ' with business, built on social responsibility, not state regulation. Laterthis year, we will publish a white paper setting out exactly how we will ach ieve this・The food industry will be alarmed that such senior doctors back such radical moves, especially the call to use some of the tough tactics that have been deployed against smoking over the last decade・46 ・Direction ・In this section there is a text in English・ Translate it into Chinese, write your translation on ANSWER SHEET 2. (15points)Who would have thought that, globally, the IT industry produces about the same volumes of greenhouse gases as the world 1 s of all CO2 emissions?Many everyday tasks take a surprising toll on the environment. A Google search can leak between 0.2 and 7.0 grams of CO2 depending on how many attempts are needed to get the 41 right answer. To deliver results to its users quickly, then, Google has to maintain vast data centres round the world, packed with powerful computers・ While producing large quantities ofCO2, these computers emit a great deal of heat, so the centres need to be well air-conditioned, which uses even more energy・However, Google and other big tech providers monitor their efficiency closely and make improvements・ Monitoring is the first step on the road to reduction, but there is much to be done, and not just by big companies.Section IV WritingPart A47 Directions:Suppose your cousin Li Ming has just been admitted to a university・ Write him/her a letter to1) congratulate him/her, and2) give him/her suggest!ons on how to get prepared for university life.You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2.200& 2009年国內轿车市场部分【品牌份额示总图】2011英语二参考答案1 . A2 . C3 . B4 . D5 . D 6.B 7 . A 8 . C 9 . C 10 . B11 . D 12 . B 13 . A 14 . C 15 . A 16 . A 17 . D 18 . A21-25 BDCAD 26-30 DBCAA 31-35 CDCDB 36-40 BCBAD41. E 42.D 43.C 44.B 45.G参考答案从全球范围来看.有谁会想到IT行业释放的温室气体与全球航空公司产生的一样多呢？它大约占总二氧化碳总排量的2%o许多日常工作对环境造成了令人震惊的破坏。
2011年考研英语二真题及答案
2011年研究生入学考试英语二真题Section I Use of EnglishDirections：Read the following text. Choose the best word（s) for each numbered black and markA，B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. （10 points)”The Internet affords anonymity to its users — a boon to privacy and freedom of speech。
But that very anonymity is also behind the explosion of cybercrime that has 1 across theWeb.Can privacy be preserved 2 bringing a semblance of safety and security to a world that seems increasingly 3 ?Last month, Howard Schmidt，the nation’s cyberczar, offered the Obama government a4 to make the Web a safer place — a “voluntary identify” system that would be thehigh-tech 5 of a physical key，fingerprint and a photo ID card, all rolled 6 one. Thesystem might use a smart identity card，or a digital credential 7 to a specific computer，andwould authenticate users at a range of online services.The idea is to 8 a federation of private online identify systems. Users could 9 whichsystem to join，and only registered users whose identities have been authenticated could navigatethose systems. The approach contrasts with one that would require an Internet driver’slicense 10 by the government.Google and Microsoft are among companies that already have sign-on" systems that make itpossible for users to 11 just once but use many different services.12，the approach would create a “walled garden” in safe “neighborhoods” and bright “streetlights" to establish a sense of13 community。
2011年考研英语(二)真题及参考答案
2011年考研英语二真题及答案Section I Use of E nglishDirections：Read the following text. Choose the best word（s）for each nu mbered black and mark A，B，C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. （10 points）The Internet affords anonymity to its users，a blessing to privacy and freed om of speech. But that very anonymity is also behind the explosion of cyber-crime that has 1 across the Web.Can privacy be preserved 2 bringing safety and security to a world that seems increasingly 3 ？Last month，Howard Schmid t，the nation‗s cyber-czar，offered the federal g overnment a 4 to make the Web a safer place-a ―voluntary trusted identity‖ system that would be the hig h-tech 5 of a physical key，a fingerprint and a photo ID card，all rolled 6 one. The system might use a smart identity card，or a digital credential 7 to a specific compu ter .and would authenticate users at a range of online services.The idea is to 8 a federation of private online identity systems. User could 9 which system to join，and only registered users whose identities have been au thenticated could navigate those systems. The approach contrasts with one that would require an Internet driver‗s li cense 10 by the government.Google and Microsoft are among companies that already have these―single sign-on‖ systems that make it possible for users to 11 just once but use many different services.12 .the approach would create a ―walled garden‖ n cy berspace，with safe ―neig hborhoods‖ and b right ―streetlights‖ to establish a sense of a 13 community.Mr. Schmid t described it as a ―voluntary ecosystem‖ in which ―individuals and organizations can complete online transactions with 14 ，trusting the identities of each other and the identities of the infrastructure 15 which the transaction runs‖。
2011英语二真题与答案解析-文档
2011年硕士研究生入学考试Section I Use of EnglishDirections：Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered black and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)The Internet affords anonymity to its users, a blessing to privacy and freedom of speech. But that very anonymity is also behind the explosion of cyber-crime that has 1 across the Web.Can privacy be preserved 2 bringing safety and security to a world that seems increasingly 3 ?Last month, Howard Schmidt, the nation’s cyber-czar, offered the federal government a 4 to make the Web a safer place-a “voluntary trusted identity” system that would be the high-tech 5 of a physical key, a fingerprint and a photo ID card, all rolled 6 one. The system might use a smart identity card, or a digital credential 7 to a specific computer .and would authenticate users at a range of online services.The idea is to 8 a federation of private online identity systems. User could 9 which system to join, and only registered users whose identities have been authenticated could navigate those systems. The approach contrasts with one that would require an Internet driver’s license 10 by the government.Google and Microsoft are among companies that already have these“single sign-on”systems that make it possible for users to 11 just once but use many different services.12 .the approach would create a “walled garden” n cyberspace, with safe “neighborhoods” and bright “streetlights” to establish a sense of a 13 community.Mr. Schmidt described it as a “voluntary ecosystem” in which “individuals and organizations can complete online transactions with 14 ,trusting the identities of each other and the identities of the infrastructure 15 which the transaction runs”.Still, the administration’s plan has 16 privacy rights activists. Some applaud the approach; others are concerned. It seems clear that such a scheme is an initiative push toward what would 17 be a compulsory Internet “drive’s license” mentality.The plan has also been greeted with 18 by some computer security experts, who worry that the “voluntary ecosystem” envisioned by Mr. Schmidt would still leave much of the Internet 19 .They argue that all Internet users should be 20 to register and identify themselves, in the same way that drivers must be licensed to drive on public roads.1． A.swept B.skipped C.walked D.ridden2． A.for B.within C.while D.though3． A.careless wless C.pointless D.helpless4． A.reason B.reminder promise D.proposal5． rmation B.interference C.entertainment D.equivalent6． A.by B.into C.from D.over7． A.linked B.directed C.chained pared8． A.dismiss B.discover C.create D.improve9． A.recall B.suggest C.select D.realize10． A.relcased B.issued C.distributed D.delivered11． A.carry on B.linger on C.set in D.log in12． A.In vain B.In effect C.In return D.In contrast13． A.trusted B.modernized c.thriving peting14． A.caution B.delight C.confidence D.patience15． A.on B.after C.beyond D.across16． A.divided B.disappointed C.protected D.united17． A.frequestly B.incidentally C.occasionally D.eventually18． A.skepticism B.relerance C.indifference D.enthusiasm19． A.manageable B.defendable C.vulnerable D.invisible20． A.invited B.appointed C.allowed D.forced完形填空参考答案1~5 ACBDD 6~10 BACCB 11~15 DBACA 16~20 ADACDSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions after each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40points)Text 1Ruth Simmons joined Goldman Sachs’s board as an outside director in January 2000: a year later she became president of Brown University. For the rest of the decade she apparently managed both roles without attracting much eroticism. But by the end of 2009 Ms. Simmons was under fire for having sat on Goldman’s compensation committee; how could she have let those enormous bonus payouts pass unremarked? By February the next year Ms. Simmons had left the board. The position was just taking up too much time, she said.Outside directors are supposed to serve as helpful, yet less biased, advisers on a firm’s board. Having made their wealth and their reputations elsewhere, they presumably have enough independence to disagree with the chief executive’s proposals. If the sky, and the share price is falling, outside directors should be able to give advice based on having weathered their own crises.The researchers from Ohio University used a database hat covered more than 10,000 firms and more than 64,000 different directors between 1989 and 2004. Then they simply checked which directors stayed from one proxy statement to the next. The most likely reason for departing a board was age, so the researchers concentrated on those “surprise” disappearances by directors under the age of 70. They fount that after a surprise departure, the probability that the company will subsequently have to restate earnings increased by nearly 20%. The likelihood of being named in a federal class-action lawsuit also increases, and the stock is likely to perform worse. The effect tended to be larger for larger firms. Although a correlation between them leaving and subsequent bad performance at the firm is suggestive, it does not mean that such directors are always jumping off a sinking ship. Often they “trade up.”Leaving riskier, smaller firms for larger and more stable firms.But the researchers believe that outside directors have an easier time of avoiding a blow to their reputations if they leave a firm before bad news breaks, even if a review of history shows they were on the board at the time any wrongdoing occurred. Firms who want to keep their outside directors through tough times may have to create incentives. Otherwise outside directors will follow the example of Ms. Simmons, once again very popular on campus.21. According to Paragraph 1, Ms. Simmons was criticized for .[A]gaining excessive profits[B]failing to fulfill her duty[C]refusing to make compromises[D]leaving the board in tough times22. We learn from Paragraph 2 that outside directors are supposed to be .[A]generous investors[B]unbiased executives[C]share price forecasters[D]independent advisers23. According to the researchers from Ohio University after an outside director’ssurprise departure, the firm is likely to .[A]become more stable[B]report increased earnings[C]do less well in the stock market[D]perform worse in lawsuits24. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that outside directors .[A]may stay for the attractive offers from the firm[B]have often had records of wrongdoings in the firm[C]are accustomed to stress-free work in the firm[D]will decline incentives from the firm25. The author’s attitude toward the role of outside directors is .[A]permissive[B]positive[C]scornful[D]criticalTEXT 1 参考答案21．A。
2011年考研英语(二)参考答案
2011年考研英语（二）试题客观题部分参考答案1-5 ACBDD6-10 BACCA11-15 DBACA16-20 CDACD21-25BBDAA26-30DBCBB31-35BDCDB36-40DCBAC41-45EDCFG46题翻译：有谁会想到，在全球范围内，IT行业产生的温室气体跟全球航空公司产生的一样多？占二氧化碳总排量的2%. 很多日常工作对环境造成了让人震惊的破坏作用。
根据你查询正确答案的尝试次数，谷歌搜索引擎会插手0.2～7克的二氧化碳的排放量。
要快速将结果传递给用户，谷歌必须用强大和大量的计算机系统来维护全球巨大的数据库中心。
这些计算机在散发大量热量的同时也产生大量的二氧化碳气体。
所以中心处理器必须要有很好的散热装备，然而却耗能更多。
47题小作文A Letter to LimingJan－15－2011Dear Liming,Congraduate on you success in passing the entrance examination.Now, please allow me to give you some suggestion during your holidays.First of all, you should read. Because it makes a full man. Reading during the holiday helps you get the habit of it that when you become a freshman. College life is so plentiful but reading is the most important thing.Second, to do some housework can bring you another feelings. Once you get into the college, you must do the things for yourself, including washing, clear the room and shedule your daily life and etc.However, reading and housework doesn’t mean all of your holiday. You need contact with your friends or communicate with them. The reason is that old friends will be in your memory and new friends will be there. And we all know that the friendship among senior school. From the things I mentioned above, hope they will bring you a richful life in your college.Zhangwei48题大作文The chart reflects changes in domestic market share of automobiles of Chinese, Japanese and US brand in 2008 and 2009. As is shown in the chart, the market share of home～made automobile increased from 25% to 33%, almost an increase by 50%. In contrast, the Japanese～made automobile was on the decline from 35% to 25%, a decrease by nearly 50%. Meanwhile, the US～made automobiles remain stable in the market share.Several factors may account for the market share change of the chart. The increase in home～made automobile market share is at least closely related to the following three factors. First, in 2009, Chinese government is enhancing favorable policies to improve domestic automobile production. Meanwhile, we can see that Geely merged with Volvo in 2009, which contributes to the increase of home～made automobile market share. Another obvious evidence we can find is that the poor after～service policy of Japanese automobile toward domestic market, which irritated us Chinese consumers. And the US market policies remain unchanged in this period.In brief, the trend suggests that as long as we are improving our strategy and service, the home～made automobiles will continue to take a lion’s share of the auto～market. We look forward to that day.。
2011考研英语二真题及解析
2011年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（二）Section I Use of EnglishDirection:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)①The Internet affords anonymity to its users, a blessing to privacy and freedom of speech.②But that very anonymity is also behind the explosion of cyber-crime that has 1 across the Web.①Can privacy be preserved 2 bringing safety and security to a world that seems increasingly 3 ?①Last month, Howard Schmidt, the nation’s cyber-czar, offered the federal governmenta 4 to make the Web a safer place —a “voluntary trusted identity” system that would be the high-tech 5 of a physical key, a fingerprint and a photo ID card, all rolled 6 one.②The system might use a smart identity card, or a digital credential 7 to a specific computer, and would authenticate users at a range of online services.①The idea is to 8 a federation of private online identity systems. ②Users could 9 which system to join, and only registered users whose identities have been authenticated could navigate those systems. ③The approach contrasts with one that would require an Internet driver’s license 10 by the government.①Google and Microsoft are am ong companies that already have these “single sign-on” systems that make it possible for users to 11 just once but use many different services.①12 , the approach would create a “walled garden” in cyberspace, with safe “neighborhoods” and bright “streetlights” to establish a sense of a13 community.①Mr. Schmidt described it as a “voluntary ecosystem” in which “individuals and organizations can complete online transactions with 14 , trusting the identities of each other and the identities of the infrastructure 15 which the transaction runs”.①Still, the administration’s plan has16 privacy rights activists. ②Some applaud the approach; others are concerned.③It seems clear that such a scheme is an initiative push toward what would 17 be a compulsory Internet “driver’s license” mentality.①The plan has also been greeted with 18 by some computer security experts, who worry that the “voluntary ecosystem” envisioned by Mr. Schmidt would still leave much of the Internet 19 . ②They argue that all Internet users should be 20 to register and identify themselves, in the same way that drivers must be licensed to drive on public roads.1. [A] swept [B] skipped [C] walked [D] ridden2. [A] for [B] within [C] while [D] though3. [A] careless [B] lawless [C] pointless [D] helpless4. [A] reason [B] reminder [C] compromise [D] proposal5. [A] information [B] interference [C] entertainment [D] equivalent6. [A] by [B] into [C] from [D] over7. [A] linked [B] directed [C] chained [D] compared8. [A] dismiss [B] discover [C] create [D] improve9. [A] recall [B] suggest [C] select [D] realize10. [A] released [B] issued [C] distributed [D] delivered11. [A] carry on [B] linger on [C] set in [D] log in12. [A] In vain [B] In effect [C] In return [D] In contrast13. [A] trusted [B] modernized [C] thriving [D] competing14. [A] caution [B] delight [C] confidence [D] patience15. [A] on [B] after [C] beyond [D] across16. [A] divided [B] disappointed [C] protected [D] united17. [A] frequently [B] incidentally [C] occasionally [D] eventually18. [A] skepticism [B] tolerance [C] indifference [D] enthusiasm19. [A] manageable [B] defendable [C] vulnerable [D] invisible20. [A] invited [B] appointed [C] allowed [D] forcedSection ⅡReading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions blow each text by choosing A, B, C, or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.(40 points)Text 1①Ruth Simmons joined Goldman Sachs’ board as an outside director in January 2000: a year later she became president of Brown University. ②For the rest of the decade she apparently managed both roles without attracting much criticism. ③But by the end of 2009 Ms. Simmons was under fire for having sat on Goldman’s compensation committee; how could she have let those enormous bonus payouts pass unremarked? ④By February the next year Ms. Simmons had left the board. ⑤The position was just taking up too much time, she said.①Outside directors are supposed to serve as helpful, yet less biased, advisers on a firm’s board. ②Having made their wealth and their reputations elsewhere, they presumably have enough independence to disagree with the chief executive’s proposals. ③If the sky, and the share price, is falling, outside directors should be able to give advice based on having weathered their own crises.①The researchers from Ohio University used a database that covered more than 10,000 firms and more than 64,000 different directors between 1989 and 2004. ②Then they simply checked which directors stayed from one proxy statement to the next. ③The most likely reason for departing a board was age, so the researchers concentrated on those “surprise”disappearances by directors under the age of 70. ④They found that after a surprise departure, the probability that the company will subsequently have to restate earnings increased by nearly 20%. ⑤The likelihood of being named in a federal class-action lawsuit also increases, and the stock is likely to perform worse. ⑥The effect tended to be larger for larger firms. ⑦Although a correlation between them leaving and subsequent bad performance at the firm is suggestive, it does not mean that such directors are always jumping off a sinking ship. ⑧Often they “trade up,” leaving riskier, smaller firms for larger and more stable firms.①But the researches believe that outside directors have an easier time of avoiding a blow to their reputations if they leave a firm before bad news break, even if a review of history shows that they were on the board at the time any wrongdoing occurred.②Firms who want to keep theiroutside directors through tough times may have to create incentives. ③Otherwise outside directors will follow the example of Ms. Simmons, once again very popular on campus.21.According to Paragraph 1, Ms. Simmons was criticized for ______.[A]gaining excessive profits[B]failing to fulfill her duty[C]refusing to make compromises[D]leaving the board in tough times22. We learn from Paragraph 2 that outside directors are supposed to be ______.[A]generous investors[B]unbiased executives[C]share price forecasters[D]independent advisers23. According to the researchers from Ohio University, after an outside director’s surprisedeparture, the firm is likely to ______.[A]become more stable[B]report increased earnings[C]do less well in the stock market[D]perform worse in lawsuits24. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that outside directors ______.[A]may stay for the attractive offers from the firm[B]have often had records of wrongdoings in the firm[C]are accustomed to stress-free work in the firm[D]will decline incentives from the firm25. The author’s attitude toward the role of outside directors is ______..[A]permissive[B]positive[C]scornful[D]criticalText 2①Whatever happened to the death of newspapers?②A year ago the end seemed near.③The recession threatened to remove the advertising and readers that had not already fled to the internet.④Newspapers like the San Francisco Chronicle were chronicling their own doom.⑤America’s Federal Trade commission launched a round of talks about how to save newspapers.⑥Should they become charitable corporations?⑦Should the state subsidize them?⑧It will hold another meeting soon.⑨But the discussions now seem out of date.①In much of the world there is little sign of crisis.②German and Brazilian papers have shrugged off the recession.③Even American newspapers, which inhabit the most troubled corner of the global industry, have not only survived but often returned to profit.④Not the 20% profit margins that were routine a few years ago, but profit all the same.①It has not been much fun.②Many papers stayed afloat by pushing journalists overboard.③The American Society of News Editors reckons that 13,500 newsroom jobs have gone since 2007. ④Readers are paying more for slimmer products. ⑤Some papers even had the nerve to refuse delivery to distant suburbs. ⑥Yet these desperate measures have proved the right ones and, sadly for many journalists, they can be pushed further.①Newspapers are becoming more balanced businesses, with a healthier mix of revenues from readers and advertisers. ②American papers have long been highly unusual in their reliance on ads. ③Fully 87% of their revenues came from advertising in 2008, according to the Organization for Economic Cooperation & Development (OECD). ④In Japan the proportion is 35%. ⑤Not surprisingly, Japanese newspapers are much more stable.①The whirlwind that swept through newsrooms harmed everybody, but much of the damage has been concentrated in areas where newspapers are least distinctive. ②Car and film reviewers have gone. ③So have science and general business reporters. ④Foreign bureaus have been savagely cut off.⑤Newspapers are less complete as a result. ⑥But completeness is no longer a virtue in the newspaper business.26.By saying “Newspapers like …their own doom” (Line 3, Para. 1), the authorindicates that newspapers _______.[A]neglected the sign of crisis[B]failed to get state subsidies[C]were not charitable corporations[D]were in a desperate situation27. Some newspapers refused delivery to distant suburbs probably because _______.[A]readers threatened to pay less[B]newspapers wanted to reduce costs[C]journalists reported little about these areas[D]subscribers complained about slimmer products28. Compared with their American counterparts, Japanese newspapers are much more stablebecause they _______.[A]have more sources of revenue[B]have more balanced newsrooms[C]are less dependent on advertising[D]are less affected by readership29. What can be inferred from the last paragraph about the current newspaper business?[A]Distinctiveness is an essential feature of newspapers.[B]Completeness is to blame for the failure of newspaper.[C]Foreign bureaus play a crucial role in the newspaper business.[D]Readers have lost their interest in car and film reviews.30. The most appropriate title for this text would be _______.[A]American Newspapers: Struggling for Survival[B]American Newspapers: Gone with the Wind[C]American Newspapers: A Thriving Business[D]American Newspapers: A Hopeless StoryText 3①We tend to think of the decades immediately following World War II as a time of prosperity and growth, with soldiers returning home by the millions, going off to college on the G.I. Bill and lining up at the marriage bureaus.①But when it came to their houses, it was a time of common sense and a belief that less could truly be more. ②During the Depression and the war, Americans had learned to live withless, and that restraint, in combination with the postwar confidence in the future, made small, efficient housing positively stylish.①Economic condition was only a stimulus for the trend toward efficient living. ②The phrase “less is more”was actually first popularized by a German, the architect Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, who like other people associated with the Bauhaus, a school of design, emigrated to the United States before World War II and took up posts at American architecture schools. ③These designers came to exert enormous influence on the course of American architecture, but none more so than Mies.①Mies’s signature phrase means that less decoration, properly organized, has more impact than a lot. ②Elegance, he believed, did not derive from abundance. ③Like other modern architects, he employed metal, glass and laminated wood—materials that we take for granted today but that in the 1940s symbolized the future. ④Mies’s sophisticated presentation masked the fact that the spaces he designed were small and efficient, rather than big and often empty.①The apartments in the elegant towers Mies built on Chicago’s Lake Shore Drive, for example, were smaller—two-bedroom units under 1,000 square feet—than those in their older neighbors along the city’s Gold Coast. ②But they were popular because of their airy glass walls, the views they afforded and the elegance of the buildings’details and proportions, the architectural equivalent of the abstract art so popular at the time.①The trend toward “less”was not entirely foreign. ②In the 1930s Frank Lloyd Wright started building more modest and efficient houses—usually around 1,200 square feet—than the spreading two-storey ones he had designed in the 1890s and the early 20th century.①The “Case Study Houses”commissioned from talented modern architects by California Arts & Architecture magazine between 1945 and 1962 were yet another homegrown influence on the “less is more”trend. ②Aesthetic effect came from the landscape, new materials and forthright detailing. ③In his Case Study House, Ralph Rapson may have mispredicted just how the mechanical revolution would impact everyday life—few American families acquired helicopters, though most eventually got clothes dryers—but his belief that self-sufficiency was both desirable and inevitable was widely shared.31. The postwar American housing style largely reflected the Americans’______.[A]prosperity and growth[B]efficiency and practicality[C]restraint and confidence[D]pride and faithfulness32. Which of the following can be inferred from Paragraph 3 about Bauhaus?[A]It was founded by Ludwig Mies van der Rohe.[B]Its designing concept was affected by World War II.[C]Most American architects used to be associated with it.[D]It had a great influence upon American architecture.33. Mies held that elegance of architectural design ______.[A]was related to large space[B]was identified with emptiness[C]was not reliant on abundant decoration[D]was not associated with efficiency34. What is true about the apartments Mies built on Chicago’s Lake Shore Drive?[A]They ignored details and proportions.[B]They were built with materials popular at that time.[C]They were more spacious than neighboring buildings.[D]They shared some characteristics of abstract art.35. What can we learn about the design of the “Case Study House”?[A]Mechanical devices were widely used.[B]Natural scenes were taken into account.[C]Details were sacrificed for the overall effect.[D]Eco-friendly materials were employed.Text 4①Will the European Union make it? ② The question would have sounded strange not long ago. ③Now even the project’s greatest cheerleaders talk of a continent facing a “Bermuda triangle”of debt, population decline and lower growth.①As well as those chronic problems, the EU face an acute crisis in its economic core, the 16 countries that use the single currency. ②Markets have lost faith that the euro zone’s economies, weaker or stronger, will one day converge thanks to the discipline of sharing a single currency, which denies uncompetitive members the quick fix of devaluation.①Yet the debate about how to save Europe’s single currency from disintegration is stuck.②It is stuck because the euro zone’s dominant powers, France and Germany, agree on the need for greater harmonisation within the euro zone, but disagree about what to harmonise.①Germany thinks the euro must be saved by stricter rules on borrow, spending and competitiveness, backed by quasi-automatic sanctions for governments that do not obey. ②These might include threats to freeze EU funds for poorer regions and EU mega-projects, and even the suspension of a country’s voting rights in EU ministerial councils. ③It insists that economic co-ordination should involve all 27 members of the EU club, among whom there is a small majority for free-market liberalism and economic rigour; in the inner core alone, Germany fears, a small majority favour French interference.①A “southern”camp headed by France wants something different: “European economic government”within an inner core of euro-zone members. ②Translated, that means politicians intervening in monetary policy and a system of redistribution from richer to poorer members, via cheaper borrowing for governments through common Eurobonds or complete fiscal transfers.③Finally, figures close to the French government have murmured, euro-zone members should agree to some fiscal and social harmonization: e.g., curbing competition in corporate-tax rates or labour costs.①It is too soon to write off the EU. ②It remains the world’s largest trading block. ③At its best, the European project is remarkably liberal: built around a single market of 27 rich and poor countries, its internal borders are far more open to goods, capital and labour than any comparable trading area. ④It is an ambitious attempt to blunt the sharpest edges of globalization, and make capitalism benign.36. The EU is faced with so many problems that ______.[A] it has more or less lost faith in markets[B] even its supporters begin to feel concerned[C] some of its member countries plan to abandon euro[D] it intends to deny the possibility of devaluation37. The debate over the EU’s single currency is stuck because the dominantpowers _______. .[A] are competing for the leading position[B] are busy handling their own crises[C] fail to reach an agreement on harmonization[D] disagree on the steps towards disintegration38. To solve the euro problem, Germany proposed that _______.[A] EU funds for poor regions be increased[B] stricter regulations be imposed[C] only core members be involved in economic co-ordination[D] voting rights of the EU members be guaranteed39. The French proposal of handling the crisis implies that _______.[A] poor countries are more likely to get funds[B]strict monetary policy will be applied to poor countries[C]loans will be readily available to rich countries[D]rich countries will basically control Eurobonds40. Regarding the future of the EU, the author seems to feel _______.[A]pessimistic[B]desperate[C]conceited[D]hopefulPart BDirections:In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions (41-45), choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blank. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)①Leading doctors today weigh in on the debate over the government’s role in promoting public health by demanding that ministers impose “fat taxes” on unhealthy food and introduce cigarette-style warnings to children about the dangers of a poor diet.①The demands follow comments last week by the health secretary, Andrew Lansley, who insisted the government could not force people to make healthy choices and promised to free businesses from public health regulations.①But senior medical figures want to stop fast-food outlets opening near schools, restrict advertising of products high in fat, salt or sugar, and limit sponsorship of sports events by fast-food producers such as McDonald’s.①They argue that government action is necessary to curb Britain’s addiction to unhealthy food and help halt spiraling rates of obesity, diabetes and heart disease. ②Professor Terence Stephenson, president of the Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health, said that the consumption of unhealthy food should be seen to be just as damaging as smoking or binge (excessive) drinking.①“Thirty years ago, it would have been inconceivable to have imagined a ban on smoking in the workplace or in pubs, and yet that is what we have now. ②Are we willing to be just as courageous in respect of obesity? ③I would suggest that we should be,” said the leader of the UK’s children’s doctors.①Lansley has alarmed health campaigners by suggesting he wants industry rather than government to take the lead. ②He said that manufacturers of crisps and confectionery could play a central role in the Change for Life campaign, the centrepiece of government efforts to boost healthy eating and fitness. ③He has also criticized the celebrity chef Jamie Ol iver’s high-profile attempt to improve school lunches in England as an example of how “lecturing” people was not the best way to change their behaviour.①Stephenson suggested potential restrictions could include banning TV advertisements for foods high in fat, salt or sugar before the 9pm watershed and limiting them on billboards or in cinemas. ②“If we were really bold, we might even begin to think of high-calorie fast food in the same way as cigarettes-by setting stringent limits on advertising, product placement and sponsorship of sports events, ” he said.①Such a move could affect firms such as McDonald’s, which sponsors the youth coaching scheme run by the Football Association. ②Fast-food chains should also stop offering “inducements” such as toys, cute animals and mobile phone credit to lure young customers, Stephenson said.①Professor Dinesh Bhugra, president of the Royal College of Psychiatrists, said:“If children are taught about the impact that food has on their growth, and that some things can harm, at least information is available up front.”①He also urged councils to impose “fast-food-free zones” around school and hospitals-areas within which takeaways cannot open.①A Department of Health spokesperson said:“We need to create a new vision for public health where all of society works together to get healthy and live longer. ②This includes creating a new ‘responsibility deal’ with business, built on social responsibility, not state regulation. ③Later this year, we will publish a white paper setting out exactly how we will achieve this.”①The food industry will be alarmed that such senior doctors back such radical moves, especially the call to use some of the tough tactics that have been deployed against smoking over the last decade.[A] “fat taxes” should be imposed on fast-foodproducers such as McDonald’s.41.Andrew Lansley held that [B] the government should ban fast-food outletsin the neighborhood of schools.42.Terence Stephenson agreed that [C] “lecturing” was an effective way to improve school lunches in England.43.Jamie Oliver seemed to believe that [D] cigarette-style warnings should be introduced to children about the dangers of a poor diet.44.Dinesh Bhugra suggested that [E] the producers of crisps and candies could contribute significantly to the Change for Life campaign.45.A Department of Health Spokesperson proposed that [F] parents should set good examples for their children by keeping a healthy diet at home.[G] the government should strengthen the senseof responsibility among businesses.Section ⅢTranslation46. Directions:Translate the following text from English into Chinese. Write your translation on ANSWER SHEET 2. (15 points)Who would have thought that, globally, the IT industry produces about the same volume of greenhouse gases as the world’s airlines do-roughly 2 percent of all CO2 emissions?Many everyday tasks take a surprising toll on the environment. A Google search can leak between 0.2 and 7.0 grams of CO2, depending on how many attempts are needed to get the “right”answer. To deliver results to its users quickly, then, Google has to maintain vast data centers around the world, packed with powerful computers. While producing large quantities of CO2, these computers emit a great deal of heat, so the centers need to be well air-conditioned, which uses even more energy.However, Google and other big tech providers monitor their efficiency closely and make improvements. Monitoring is the first step on the road to reduction, but there is much to be done, and not just by big companies.Section IV WritingPart A47.DirectionsSuppose your cousin Li Ming has just been admitted to a university. Write him/her a letter to1) congratulate him/her, and2) give him/her suggestions on how to get prepared for university life.You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2.Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use“Zhang Wei”instead.Do not write the address. (10 points)Part B48.DirectionsWrite an essay based on the following chart. In your writing, you should1) interpret the chart and2) give your commentsYou should write at least 150 words.Write your essay on ANSWER SHEET 2. (15points)答案及解析Section Ⅰ Use of English1.[试题考点] 语义关系+动词辨析。
2011年考研英语二真题及答案
2011年考研英语二真题及答案【完形填空】这是2011年考研英语二完形填空真题及答案，由跨考教育提供。
仅供参考。
"The Internet affords anonymity to its users — a boon to privacy and freedom of speech. But that very anonymity is also behind the explosion of cybercrime that has swept across the Web.Can privacy be preserved while bringing a semblance of safety and security to a world that seems increasingly lawless?Last month, Howard Schmidt, the nation’s cyberczar, offered the Obama government a proposal to make the Web a safer place —a “volunt ary identify”system that would be the high-tech equivalent of a physical key, fingerprint and a photo ID card, all rolled into one. The system might use a smart identity card, or a digital credential .linked to a specific computer, and would authenticate users at a range of online services.The idea is to create a federation of private online identify systems. Users could select which system to join, and only registered users whose identities have been authenticated could navigate those systems. The approach contrasts with one that would require an Internet driver’s license released by the government.Google and Microsoft are among companies that already have sign-on” systems that make it possible for users to log in just once but use many different services.In effect, the approach would create a “walled garden” in safe “neighborhoods” and bright “streetlights” to establish a sense of trusted community.Mr. Schmidt described it as a “voluntary ecosystem” in which individuals and organizations can complete online transactions with confidence ,trusting the identities of the infrastructure that the transaction runs on .'"Still, the administration’s plan has protected privacy rights activists. Some applaud the approach; others are concerned. It seems clear that such an initiative push toward what would eventually be a license” mentality.The plan has also been greeted with skepticism by some experts, who worry that the “voluntary ecosystem” would still leave much of the Internet vulnerable .They argue that should be forced to register and identify themselves, in drivers must be licensed to drive on public roads.1.A.swept B. skipped C. walked D.ridden2.A.for B. within C. while D. though3.A.careless B. lawless C. pointless D. helpless4.A.reason B. reminder C. compromise D. proposalrmation B. interference C. entertainment D. equivalent6.A.by B. into C. from D. over7.A.linked B. directed C. chained D. compared8.A.dismiss B. discover C. create D. improve9.A.recall B. suggest C. select D. realize10.A.released B. issued C. distributed D. delivered11.A.carry on B. linger on C. set in D. log in12.A.In vain B. In effect C. In return D. In contrast13.A.trusted B. modernized C. thriving D. competing14.A.caution B. delight C. confidence D. patience15.A.on B. after C. beyond D. across16.A.divided B. disappointed C. protected D. united17.A.frequently B. incidentally C. occasionally D. eventually18.A.skepticism B. tolerance C. indifference D. enthusiasm19.A.manageable B. defendable C. vulnerable D. invisible20.A.invited B. appointed C. allowed D. forced参考答案：1-5 ACBDD 6-10 BACCA11-15 DBACA16-20 CDACD【阅读】（源自新浪，图片放大可见）【新题型】【客观题部分答案】1-5 ACBDD6-10 BACCA11-15 DBACA16-20 CDACD21-25BBDAA26-30DBCBB31-35BDCDB36-40DCBAC41-45EDCFG（由跨考提供）46．翻译有谁会想到，在全球范围内，IT行业产生的温室气体跟全球航空公司产生的一样多？占二氧化碳总排量的2%.很多日常工作对环境造成了让人震惊的破坏作用。
2011考研英语二真题及答案解析
The apartments in the elegant towers Mies built on Chicago’s Lake Shore Drive,for example,were smaller-two-bedroom units under1,000square feet-than those in their older neighbors along the city’s Gold Coast. But they were popular because of their airy glass walls,the views they afforded and the elegance of the buildings’details and proportions,the architectural equivalent of the abstract art so popular at the time.The trend toward“less”was not entirely foreign.In the1930s Frank Lloyd Wright started building more modest and efficient houses-usually around1,200square feet-than the spreading two-story ones he had designed in the1890s and the early20th century.The“Case Study Houses”commissioned from talented modern architects by California Arts&Architecture magazine between1945and1962were yet another homegrown influence on the“less is more”trend.Aesthetic effect came from the landscape,new materials and forthright detailing.In his Case Study House,Ralph everyday life-few American families acquired helicopters,though most eventually got clothes dryers-but his belief that self-sufficiency was both desirable and inevitable was widely shared.31.The postwar American housing style largely reflected the Americans’.[A]prosperity and growth[B]efficiency and practicality[C]restraint and confidence[D]pride and faithfulness32.Which of the following can be inferred from Paragraph3about Bauhaus?[A]It was founded by Ludwig Mies van der Rohe.[B]Its designing concept was affected by World War II.[C]Most American architects used to be associated with it.[D]It had a great influence upon American architecture.33.Mies held that elegance of architectural design.[A]was related to large space[B]was identified with emptiness[C]was not reliant on abundant decoration[D]was not associated with efficiency34.What is true about the apartments Mies building Chicago’s Lake Shore Drive?[A]They ignored details and proportions.[B]They were built with materials popular at that time.[C]They were more spacious than neighboring buildings.[D]They shared some characteristics of abstract art.35.What can we learn about the design of the“Case Study House”?[A]Mechanical devices were widely used.[B]Natural scenes were taken into consideration[C]Details were sacrificed for the overall effect.[D]Eco-friendly materials were employed.Text4Will the European Union make it?The question would have sounded strange not long ago.Now even the project’s greatest cheerleader’s talk of a continent facing a“Bermuda triangle”of debt,population decline and lower growth.As well as those chronic problems,the EU faces an acute crisis in its economic core,the16countries that use the single currency.Markets have lost faith that the euro zone’s economies,weaker or stronger,will one day[C]conceited[D]hopefulPart BDirections:You are going to read a list of headings and a text about what parents are supposed to do to guide their children into adulthood.Choose a heading from the list A-G that best fits the meaning of each numbered part of the text（41-45）.There are two extra headings that you do not need to use.Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET1.（10points）Leading doctors today weigh in on the debate over the government's role in promoting public health by demanding that ministers impose"fat taxes"on unhealthy food and introduce cigarette-style warnings to children about the dangers of a poor diet.The demands follow comments last week by the health secretary,Andrew Lansley,who insisted the government could not force people to make healthy choices and promised to free businesses from public health regulations.But senior medical figures want to stop fast-food outlets opening near schools,restrict advertising of products high in fat,salt or sugar,and limit sponsorship of sports events by fast-food producers such as McDonald's.They argue that government action is necessary to curb Britain's addiction to unhealthy food and help halt spiraling rates of obesity,diabetes and heart disease.Professor Terence Stephenson,president of the Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health,said that the consumption of unhealthy food should be seen to be just as damaging as smoking or binge drinking."Thirty years ago,it would have been inconceivable to have imagined a ban on smoking in the workplace or in pubs,and yet that is what we have now.Are we willing to be just as courageous in respect of obesity?I would suggest that we should be,"said the leader of the UK's children's doctors.Lansley has alarmed health campaigners by suggesting he wants industry rather than government to take the lead.He said that manufacturers of crisps and confectionery could play a central role in the Change4Life campaign,the centrepiece of government efforts to boost healthy eating and fitness.He has also criticised the celebrity chef Jamie Oliver's high-profile attempt to improve school lunches in England as an example of how "lecturing"people was not the best way to change their behaviour.Stephenson suggested potential restrictions could include banning TV advertisements for foods high in fat, salt or sugar before the9pm watershed and limiting them on billboards or in cinemas."If we were really bold,we might even begin to think of high-calorie fast food in the same way as cigarettes–by setting stringent limits on advertising,product placement and sponsorship of sports events,"he said.Such a move could affect firms such as McDonald's,which sponsors the youth coaching scheme run by the Football Association.Fast-food chains should also stop offering"inducements"such as toys,cute animals and mobile phone credit to lure young customers,Stephenson said.Professor Dinesh Bhugra,president of the Royal College of Psychiatrists,said:"If children are taught about the impact that food has on their growth,and that some things can harm,at least information is available up front."He also urged councils to impose"fast-food-free zones"around schools and hospitals–areas within which takeaways cannot open.A Department of Health spokesperson said:"We need to create a new vision for public health where all of society works together to get healthy and live longer.This includes creating a new'responsibility deal'with business,built on social responsibility,not state ter this year,we will publish a white paper setting out exactly how we will achieve this."Part ADirection:Suppose your cousin,Liming,has just been admitted to a university,write him/her a letter to1)congratulate him/her,and2)give him/her suggestions on how to get prepared for university life.Your should write about100words on ANSER SHEET2.Do not sign your own name at the end of the e“Zhang Wei”instead.Do not write the address.(10points)Part BDirections:Write a short essay based on the following chart.In your writing,you should1)interpret the chart and2)give your comments.You should write at least150words.Write your essay on ANWER SHEET2.(15points)2011年全国硕士研究生招生考试英语(二)答案详解SectionⅠUse of English文章分析本篇文章是一篇说明文，阐述了现代网络安全问题以及对美国网络安全总管Howard Schmidt先生对网络安全问题提出的新的解决方案。
2011年考研英语二真题及答案
2011年考研英语二真题及答案【完形填空】这是2011年考研英语二完形填空真题及答案，由跨考教育提供。
仅供参考。
"The Internet affords anonymity to its users — a boon to privacy and freedom of speech. But that very anonymity is also behind the explosion of cybercrime that has 1 across the Web.Can privacy be preserved 2 bringing a semblance of safety and security to a world that seems increasingly 3 ?Last month, Howard Schmidt, the nation’s cyberczar, offered the Obama government a 4 to make the Web a safer place —a “voluntary identify” system that would be the high-tech 5 of a physical key, fingerprint and a photo ID card, all rolled 6 one. The system might use a smart identity card, or a digital credential 7 to a specific computer, and would authenticate users at a range of online services.The idea is to 8 a federation of private online identify systems. Users could 9 which system to join, and only registered users whose identities have been authenticated could navigate those systems. The approach contrasts with one that would require an Internet driver’s license 10 by the government.Google and Microsoft are among companies that already have sign-on” systems that make it possible for users to 11 just once but use many different services.12 , the approach would cre ate a “walled garden” in safe “neighborhoods” and bright “streetlights” to establish a sense of 13 community.Mr. Schmidt described it as a “voluntary ecosystem” in which individuals and organizations can complete online transactions with 14 ,trusting the identities of the infrastructure that the transaction runs 15 .'"Still, the administration’s plan has 16 privacy rights activists. Some applaud the approach; others are concerned. It seems clear that such an initiative push toward what would 17 be a license” mentality.The plan has also been greeted with 18 by some experts, who worry that the “voluntary ecosystem” would still leave much of the Internet 19 .They argue that should be 20 to register and identify themselves, in drivers must be licensed to drive on public roads.1.A.swept B. skipped C. walked D. ridden2.A.for B. within C. while D. though3.A.careless B. lawless C. pointless D. helpless4.A.reason B. reminder C. compromise D. proposalrmation B. interference C. entertainment D. equivalent6.A.by B. into C. from D. over7.A.linked B. directed C. chained D. compared8.A.dismiss B. discover C. create D. improve9.A.recall B. suggest C. select D. realize10.A.released B. issued C. distributed D. delivered11.A.carry on B. linger on C. set in D. log in12.A.In vain B. In effect C. In return D. In contrast13.A.trusted B. modernized C. thriving D. competing14.A.caution B. delight C. confidence D. patience15.A.on B. after C. beyond D. across16.A.divided B. disappointed C. protected D. united17.A.frequently B. incidentally C. occasionally D. eventually18.A.skepticism B. tolerance C. indifference D. enthusiasm19.A.manageable B. defendable C. vulnerable D. invisible20.A.invited B. appointed C. allowed D. forced参考答案：1-5 ACBDD 6-10 BACCA11-15 DBACA16-20 CDACD【阅读】（源自新浪，图片放大可见）【新题型】【客观题部分答案】1-5 ACBDD6-10 BACCA11-15 DBACA16-20 CDACD21-25BBDAA26-30DBCBB31-35BDCDB36-40DCBAC41-45EDCFG（由跨考提供）46．翻译有谁会想到，在全球范围内，IT行业产生的温室气体跟全球航空公司产生的一样多？占二氧化碳总排量的2%.很多日常工作对环境造成了让人震惊的破坏作用。
2011年考研英语二试题及参考答案
2011考研英语(二)阅读第4篇真题WILL the European Union make it? The question would have sounded outlandis h not long ago. Now even the project’s greatest cheerleaders talk of a continent fa cing a “Bermuda triangle” of debt, demographic decline and lower growth.As well as those chronic problems, the EU faces an acute crisis in its economic core, the 16 countries that use the single currency. Markets have lost faith that th e euro zone’s economies, weaker or stronger, will one day converge thanks to the discipline of sharing a single currency, which denies uncompetitive stragglers the qui ck fix of devaluation.Yet the debate about how to save Europe’s single currency from disintegration is st uck. It is stuck because the euro zone’s dominant powers, France and Germany, ag ree on the need for greater harmonisation within the euro zone, but disagree about what to harmonise.Germany thinks the euro must be saved by stricter rules on borrowing, spendin g and competitiveness, backed by quasi-automatic sanctions for governments that st ray. These might include threats to freeze EU funds for poorer regions and EU meg a-projects, and even the suspension of a country’s voting rights in EU ministerial co uncils. It insists that economic co-ordination should involve all 27 members of the E U club, among whom there is a small majority for free-market liberalism and econo mic rigour; in the inner core alone, Germany fears, a small majority favour French dirigisme.A “southern” camp headed by France wants something different: “European eco nomic government” within an inner core of euro-zone members. Translated, that me ans politicians meddling in monetary policy and a system of redistribution from riche r to poorer members, via cheaper borrowing for governments through common Euro bonds or outright fiscal transfers. Finally, figures close to the French government ha ve murmured, euro-zone members should agree to some fiscal and social harmonisa tion: eg, curbing competition in corporate-tax rates or labour costs.It is too soon to write off the EU. It remains the world’s largest trading block. At its best, the European project is remarkably liberal: built around a single market of 27 rich and poor countries, its internal borders are far more porous to goods, ca pital and labour than any comparable trading area. It is an ambitious attempt to bl unt the sharpest edges of globalisation, and make capitalism benign.36.The EU is faced with to many problems thatA it has more or less lost faith in marketsB even its supporters begin to fell concernedC some of its member countries plan to X curoD it intends to deny the possibility of devaluation37 The X over the EU’s single currency is stuck because the X pomeryA are X for the leading positionB are busy X their own crisesCfall to reach an agreement on harmonisationD disagreement on the steps towards disintegration38 To solve the cure problem ,Gremanyproposed thatA EU funds for poor regions be XB stricter regulations be impossalC only core members be involved in ecomomic XD voting rights of the EU members be guaranteed39 The French proposal of handling the crisis implies thatA X countries are more likely to get findsB monetary policy will be applied to poor countriesC X will be readily available to rich countriesD rich countries will busically control Eurobonds40 X the future of the EU,the author seems to feelA pesaimisticB desperateCconeceiledD hopeful2011年考研英语(二)完型填空题目及参考答案"The Internet affords anonymity to its users —a boon to privacy and freedom of speech. But that very anonymity is also behind the explosion of cybercrime that has 1 across the Web.Can privacy be preserved 2bringing a semblance of safety and security to a w orld that seems increasingly 3?Last month, Howard Schmidt, the nation’s cyberczar, offered the Obama govern ment a 4to make the Web a safer place —a “voluntary identify” system that would be the high-tech 5of a physical key, fingerprint and a photo ID card, all rolled 6one. The system might use a smart identity card, or a digital credenti al 7to a specific computer, and would authenticate users at a range of online services.The idea is to 8 a federation of private online identify systems. Users could 9which system to join, and only registered users whose identities have been authenticated could navigate those systems. The approach contrasts with one thatwould require an Internet driver’s license 10by the government.Google and Microsoft are among companies that already have sign-on” systems that make it possible for users to 11just once but use many different service s.12, the approach would create a “walled garden” in safe “neighborhoods” and bright “streetlights” to establish a sens e of 13community.Mr. Schmidt described it as a “voluntary ecosystem” in which individuals and or ganizations can complete online transactions with 14,trusting the identities of t he infrastructure that the transaction runs 15 .'"Still, the admini stration’s plan has 16privacy rights activists. Some applaud the approach; others are concerned. It seems clear that such an initiative push toward what would 17be a license” mentality.The plan has also been greeted with 18by some experts, who worry that the “voluntary ecosystem” would still leave much of the Internet 19 .They argu e that should be 20to register and identify themselves, in drivers must be lice nsed to drive on public roads.1.A.swept B. skipped C. walked D. ridden2.A.for B. within C. while D. though3.A.careless B. lawless C. pointless D. helpless4.A.reason B. reminder C. compromise D. proposalrmation B. interference C. entertainment D. equivalent6.A.by B. into C. from D. over7.A.linked B. directed C. chained D. compared8.A.dismiss B. discover C. create D. improve9.A.recall B. suggest C. select D. realize10.A.released B. issued C. distributed D. delivered11.A.carry on B. linger on C. set in D. log in12.A.In vain B. In effect C. In return D. In contrast13.A.trusted B. modernized C. thriving D. competing14.A.caution B. delight C. confidence D. patience15.A.on B. after C. beyond D. across16.A.divided B. disappointed C. protected D. united17.A.frequently B. incidentally C. occasionally D. eventually18.A.skepticism B. tolerance C. indifference D. enthusiasm19.A.manageable B. defendable C. vulnerable D. invisible20.A.invited B. appointed C. allowed D. forced跨考教育提供参考答案：1-5 ACBDD 6-10 BACCA 11-15 DBACA 16-20 CDACD2011考研英语（二）大作文题目write a short essay baesd on the following chart.in your writing,you should:1)interpret the chart and2)give your commentsyou should write at least 150 wrodswrite your essay on answer sheet 2(15points)2008、2009年国内轿车市场部分【品牌份额示意图】2011年考研英语(二)试题客观题部分参考答案1-5 ACBDD 6-10 BACCA 11-15 DBACA 16-20 CDACD21-25BBDAA26-30DBCBB31-35BDCDB36-40DCBAC41-45EDCFG46．翻译有谁会想到，在全球范围内，IT行业产生的温室气体跟全球航空公司产生的一样多？占二氧化碳总排量的2%.很多日常工作对环境造成了让人震惊的破坏作用。
2011 - 考研英语二真题答案.docx
Section I:Use of English(10points)
1 - 5: ACBDD
6 - 10: BACCB
11- 15: DBACA
16-20: ADACD
Section II:Reading Comprehension(50points)
21-25: BDCAB
26-30: DBCAA
31-35: CDCDB
36-40: BCBAD
41-45: EDCBG
Section III:Translation(15Points)
在全球范围内，信息技术行业所产生的温室气体与航空业所产生的量相同，约占二氧化碳排放总量的2%。
这一点谁会想得到呢？
很多日常工作会对环境造成意想不到的危害。
在谷歌上每搜索一次便能释放0.2 ~0.7 克二氧化碳，具体数量取决于得到“正确”答案所需的搜索次数。
为了将搜索结果快速传输给用户，谷歌必须在全世界范围内保有巨大的数据中心，这要配备许多大功率计算机。
在产生大量二氧化碳的同时，这些计算机也释放大量的热量，因此这些数据中心需要配备良好的空调系统，而这会消耗更多的能量。
然而，谷歌和其他大型技术供应商在密切监控其数据中心的工作效率并做出改进。
监控只是减排道路上的第一步，但需要做的还有很多，而且这也不仅仅是大公司要做的事情。
2011年考研英语二真题及答案解析
2011年硕士研究生入学考试英语(二)真题及参考答案Section I? Use of EnglishDirections：Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered black and mark A，B，C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)The Internet affords anonymity to its users，a blessing to privacy and freedom of speech. But that very anonymity is also behind the explosion of cyber-crime that has? 1? across the Web.Can privacy be preserved? 2?? bringing safety and security to a world that seems increasingly? 3?? ？Last month，Howard Schmidt，the nation's cyber-czar，offered the federal government a? 4? to make the Web a safer place-a "voluntary trusted identity" system that would be the high-tech? 5? of a physical key，a fingerprint and a photo ID card，all rolled? 6? one. The system might use a smart identity card，or a digital credential? 7? to a specific computer .and would authenticate users at a range of online services.The idea is to? 8? a federation of private online identity systems. User could? 9? which system to join，and only registered users whose identities have been authenticated could navigate those systems. The approach contrasts with one that would require an Internet driver's license????? 10??? by the government.Google and Microsoft are among companies that already have these"single sign-on" systems that make it possible for users to?? 11? just once but use many different services.12 .the approach would create a "walled garden" n cyberspace，with safe "neighborhoods" and bright "streetlights" to establish a sense of a?? 13? community.Mr. Schmidt described it as a "voluntary ecosystem" in which "individuals and organizations can complete online transactions with? 14? ，trusting the identities of each other and the identities of the infrastructure? 15? which the transaction runs".Still，the administration's plan has? 16? privacy rights activists. Some applaud the approach；others are concerned. It seems clear that such a scheme is an initiative push toward what would? 17? be a compulsory Internet "drive's license" mentality.The plan has also been greeted with? 18? by some computer security experts，who worry that the "voluntary ecosystem" envisioned by Mr. Schmidt would still leave much of the Internet? 19? .They argue that all Internet users should be? 20? to register and identify themselves，in the same way that drivers must be licensed to drive on public roads.1．?A.swept?B.skipped?C.walked?D.ridden2．?A.for?B.within?C.while?D.though3．?A.careless?wless?C.pointless?D.helpless4．?A.reason?B.reminder?promise?D.proposal5．?rmation?B.interference?C.entertainment?D.equivalent 6．?A.by?B.into?C.from?D.over7．?A.linked?B.directed?C.chained?pared8．?A.dismiss?B.discover?C.create?D.improve9．?A.recall?B.suggest?C.select?D.realize10．?A.relcased?B.issued?C.distributed?D.delivered11．?A.carry on ?B.linger on?C.set in ?D.log in12．?A.In vain?B.In effect?C.In return ?D.In contrast13．?A.trusted?B.modernized?c.thriving?peting14．?A.caution?B.delight?C.confidence?D.patience15．?A.on?B.after?C.beyond?D.across16．?A.divided?B.disappointed?C.protected?D.united17．?A.frequestly?B.incidentally?C.occasionally?D.eventually 18．?A.skepticism?B.relerance?C.indifference?D.enthusiasm 19．?A.manageable?B.defendable?C.vulnerable?D.invisible 20．?A.invited?B.appointed?C.allowed?D.forcedSection II?? Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections：Read the following four texts. Answer the questions after each text by choosing A，B，C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40points)Text? 1Ruth Simmons joined Goldman Sachs's board as an outside director in January 2000：a year later she became president of Brown University. For the rest of the decade she apparently managed both roles without attracting much eroticism. But by the end of 2009 Ms. Simmons was under fire for having sat on Goldman's compensation committee；how could she have let those enormous bonus payouts pass unremarked？By February the next year Ms. Simmons had left the board. The position was just taking up too much time，she said.Outside directors are supposed to serve as helpful，yet less biased，advisers on a firm's board. Having made their wealth and their reputations elsewhere，they presumably have enough independence to disagree with the chief executive's proposals. If the sky，and the share price is falling，outside directors should be able to give advice based on having weathered their own crises.The researchers from Ohio University used a database hat covered more than 10，000 firms and more than 64，000 different directors between 1989 and 2004. Then they simply checked which directors stayed from one proxy statement to the next. The most likely reason for departing a board was age，so the researchers concentrated on those "surprise" disappearances by directors under the age of 70. They fount that after a surprise departure，the probability that the company will subsequently have to restate earnings increased by nearly 20%. The likelihood of being named in a federal class-action lawsuit also increases，and the stock is likely to perform worse. The effect tended to be larger for larger firms. Although a correlation between them leaving and subsequent bad performance at the firm is suggestive，it does not mean that such directors are always jumping off a sinking ship. Often they "trade up." Leaving riskier，smaller firms for larger and more stable firms.But the researchers believe that outside directors have an easier time of avoiding a blow to their reputations if they leave a firm before bad news breaks，even if a review of history shows they were on the board at the time any wrongdoing occurred. Firms who want to keep their outside directors through tough times may have to create incentives. Otherwise outside directors will follow the example of Ms. Simmons，once again very popular on campus.21. According to Paragraph 1，Ms. Simmons was criticized for???????? .[A]gaining excessive profits[B]failing to fulfill her duty[C]refusing to make compromises[D]leaving the board in tough times22. We learn from Paragraph 2 that outside directors are supposed to be???????? .[A]generous investors[B]unbiased executives[C]share price forecasters[D]independent advisers23. According to the researchers from Ohio University after an outside director's surprise departure，the firm is likely to??????? .[A]become more stable[B]report increased earnings[C]do less well in the stock market[D]perform worse in lawsuits24. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that outside directors???????? .[A]may stay for the attractive offers from the firm[B]have often had records of wrongdoings in the firm[C]are accustomed to stress-free work in the firm[D]will decline incentives from the firm25. The author's attitude toward the role of outside directors is??????? .[A]permissive[B]positive[C]scornful[D]criticalText? 2Whatever happened to the death of newspaper？A year ago the end seemed near. The recession threatened to remove the advertising and readers that had not already fled to the internet. Newspapers like the San Francisco Chronicle were chronicling their own doom. America's Federal Trade commission launched a round of talks about how to save newspapers. Should they become charitable corporations？Should the state subsidize them ？It will hold another meeting soon. But the discussions now seem out of date.In much of the world there is the sign of crisis. German and Brazilian papers have shrugged off the recession. Even American newspapers，which inhabit the most troubled come of the global industry，have not only survived but often returned to profit. Not the 20% profit margins that were routine a few years ago，but profit all the same.It has not been much fun. Many papers stayed afloat by pushing journalists overboard. The American Society of News Editors reckons that 13，500 newsroom jobs have gone since 2007. Readers are paying more for slimmer products. Some papers even had the nerve to refuse delivery to distant suburbs. Yet these desperate measures have proved the right ones and，sadly for many journalists，they can be pushed further.Newspapers are becoming more balanced businesses，with a healthier mix of revenues from readers and advertisers. American papers have long been highly unusualin their reliance on ads. Fully 87% of their revenues came from advertising in 2008，according to the Organization for Economic Cooperation & Development (OECD). In Japan the proportion is 35%. Not surprisingly，Japanese newspapers are much more stable.The whirlwind that swept through newsrooms harmed everybody，but much of the damage has been concentrated in areas where newspaper are least distinctive. Car and film reviewers have gone. So have science and general business reporters. Foreign bureaus have been savagely cut off. Newspapers are less complete as a result. But completeness is no longer a virtue in the newspaper business.26. By saying "Newspapers like … their own doom" (Lines 3-4，Para. 1)，the author indicates that newspaper??????? .[A]neglected the sign of crisis[B]failed to get state subsidies[C]were not charitable corporations[D]were in a desperate situation27. Some newspapers refused delivery to distant suburbs probably because?????? .[A]readers threatened to pay less[B]newspapers wanted to reduce costs[C]journalists reported little about these areas[D]subscribers complained about slimmer products28. Compared with their American counterparts，Japanese newspapers are much more stable because they?????? .[A]have more sources of revenue[B]have more balanced newsrooms[C]are less dependent on advertising[D]are less affected by readership29. What can be inferred from the last paragraph about the current newspaper business？[A]Distinctiveness is an essential feature of newspapers.[B]Completeness is to blame for the failure of newspaper.[C]Foreign bureaus play a crucial role in the newspaper business.[D]Readers have lost their interest in car and film reviews.30. The most appropriate title for this text would be???????? .[A]American Newspapers：Struggling for Survival[B]American Newspapers：Gone with the Wind[C]American Newspapers：A Thriving Business[D]American Newspapers：A Hopeless StoryText? 3We tend to think of the decades immediately following World War II as a time of prosperity and growth，with soldiers returning home by the millions，going off to college on the G. I. Bill and lining up at the marriage bureaus.But when it came to their houses，it was a time of common sense and a belief that less could truly be more. During the Depression and the war，Americans had learned tolive with less，and that restraint，in combination with the postwar confidence in the future，made small，efficient housing positively stylish.Economic condition was only a stimulus for the trend toward efficient living. The phrase "less is more" was actually first popularized by a German，the architect Ludwig Mies van der Rohe，who like other people associated with the Bauhaus，a school of design，emigrated to the United States before World War IIand took up posts at American architecture schools. These designers came to exert enormous influence on the course of American architecture，but none more so that Mies.Mies's signature phrase means that less decoration，properly organized，has more impact that a lot. Elegance，he believed，did not derive from abundance. Like other modern architects，he employed metal，glass and laminated wood-materials that we take for granted today buy that in the 1940s symbolized the future. Mies's sophisticated presentation masked the fact that the spaces he designed were small and efficient，rather than big and often empty.The apartments in the elegant towers Mies built on Chicago's Lake Shore Drive，for example，were smaller-two-bedroom units under 1，000 square feet-than those in their older neighbors along the city's Gold Coast. But they were popular because of their airy glass walls，the views they afforded and the elegance of the buildings' details and proportions，the architectural equivalent of the abstract art so popular at the time.The trend toward "less" was not entirely foreign. In the 1930s Frank Lloyd Wright started building more modest and efficient houses-usually around 1，200 square feet-than the spreading two-story ones he had designed in the 1890s and the early 20th century.The "Case Study Houses" commissioned from talented modern architects by California Arts & Architecture magazine between 1945 and 1962 were yet another homegrown influence on the "less is more" trend. Aesthetic effect came from the landscape，new materials and forthright detailing. In his Case Study House，Ralph everyday life - few American families acquired helicopters，though most eventually got clothes dryers - but his belief that self-sufficiency was both desirable and inevitable was widely shared.31. The postwar American housing style largely reflected the Americans'???????? .[A]prosperity and growth[B]efficiency and practicality[C]restraint and confidence[D]pride and faithfulness32. Which of the following can be inferred from Paragraph 3 about Bauhaus？[A]It was founded by Ludwig Mies van der Rohe.[B]Its designing concept was affected by World War II.[C]Most American architects used to be associated with it.[D]It had a great influence upon American architecture.33. Mies held that elegance of architectural design???????? .[A]was related to large space[B]was identified with emptiness[C]was not reliant on abundant decoration[D]was not associated with efficiency34. What is true about the apartments Mies building Chicago's Lake Shore Drive？[A]They ignored details and proportions.[B]They were built with materials popular at that time.[C]They were more spacious than neighboring buildings.[D]They shared some characteristics of abstract art.35. What can we learn about the design of the "Case Study House"？[A]Mechanical devices were widely used.[B]Natural scenes were taken into consideration[C]Details were sacrificed for the overall effect.[D]Eco-friendly materials were employed.Text? 4Will the European Union make it？The question would have sounded strange not long ago. Now even the project's greatest cheerleaders talk of a continent facing a "Bermuda triangle" of debt，population decline and lower growth.As well as those chronic problems，the EU face an acute crisis in its economic core，the 16 countries that use the single currency. Markets have lost faith that the euro zone's economies，weaker or stronger，will one day converge thanks to the discipline of sharing a single currency，which denies uncompetitive members the quick fix of devaluation.Yet the debate about how to save Europe's single currency from disintegration is stuck. It is stuck because the euro zone's dominant powers，France and Germany，agree on the need for greater harmonization within the euro zone，but disagree about what to harmonies.Germany thinks the euro must be saved by stricter rules on borrow spending and competitiveness，barked by quasi-automatic sanctions for governments that do not obey. These might include threats to freeze EU funds for poorer regions and EU mega-projects and even the suspension of a country's voting rights in EU ministerial councils. It insists that economic co-ordination should involve all 27 members of the EU club，among whom there is a small majority for free-market liberalism and economic rigour；in the inner core alone，Germany fears，a small majority favour French interference.A "southern" camp headed by French wants something different："European economic government" within an inner core of euro-zone members. Translated，that means politicians intervening in monetary policy and a system of redistribution from richer to poorer members，via cheaper borrowing for governments through common Eurobonds or complete fiscal transfers. Finally，figures close to the France government have murmured，curo-zone members should agree to some fiscal and social harmonization：e.g.，curbing competition in corporate-tax rates or labour costs.It is too soon to write off the EU. It remains the world's largest trading block. At its best，the European project is remarkably liberal：built around a single market of 27 rich and poor countries，its internal borders are far more open to goods，capital and labour than any comparable trading area. It is an ambitious attempt to blunt the sharpest edges of globalization，and make capitalism benign.36. The EU is faced with so many problems that?????????? .[A] it has more or less lost faith in markets[B] even its supporters begin to feel concerned[C] some of its member countries plan to abandon euro[D] it intends to deny the possibility of devaluation37. The debate over the EU's single currency is stuck because the dominant powers???????? .[A] are competing for the leading position[B] are busy handling their own crises[C] fail to reach an agreement on harmonization[D] disagree on the steps towards disintegration38. To solve the euro problem ，Germany proposed that?????? .[A] EU funds for poor regions be increased[B] stricter regulations be imposed[C] only core members be involved in economic co-ordination[D] voting rights of the EU members be guaranteed39. The French proposal of handling the crisis implies that __? __.［A］poor countries are more likely to get funds［B］strict monetary policy will be applied to poor countries［C］loans will be readily available to rich countries［D］rich countries will basically control Eurobonds40. Regarding the future of the EU，the author seems to feel __? __.［A］pessimistic［B］desperate［C］conceited［D］hopefulPart BDirections：Read the following text and answer the questions by finding information from the right column that corresponds to each of the marked details given in the left column. There are two extra choices in the right column. Mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)46．Direction：In this section there is a text in English. Translate it into Chinese，write your translation on ANSWER SHEET 2. (15points)Who would have thought that，globally，the IT industry produces about the same volumes of greenhouse gases as the world's airlines do-rough 2 percent of all CO2 emissions？Many everyday tasks take a surprising toll on the environment. A Google search can leak between 0.2 and 7.0 grams of CO2 depending on how many attempts are needed to get the "right" answer. To deliver results to its users quickly，then，Google has to maintain vast data centres round the world，packed with powerful computers. While producing large quantities of CO2，these computers emit a great deal of heat，so the centres need to be well air-conditioned，which uses even more energy.However，Google and other big tech providers monitor their efficiency closely and make improvements. Monitoring is the first step on the road to reduction，but there is much to be done，and not just by big companies.2011考研英语(二)小作文suppose your cousin LI MING has just been admited to a university write him/her a letter to:(1)Congratulate him/her,and(2)give him/her suggestions on how to get prepared for university lifeyou should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2.DO not sign your own name at the end of the letter,Use "zhangwe2011考研英语（二）大作文write a short essay baesd on the following chart.in your writing,you should:1)interpret the chart and2)give your commentsyou should write at least 150 wrodswrite your essay on answer sheet 2(15points)参考答案客观题1-5?ACBDD???6-10?BACCA???11-15?DBACA??16-20?CDACD21-25BBDAA26-30DBCBB31-35BDCDB36-40DCBAC41-45EDCFG46．翻译有谁会想到，在全球范围内，IT行业产生的温室气体跟全球航空公司产生的一样多？占二氧化碳总排量的2%.很多日常工作对环境造成了让人震惊的破坏作用。
2011年考研英语二真题及答案解析
2011年硕士研究生入学考试英语(二) 真题及参考答案Section I Use of EnglishDirections：Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered black and mark A，B，C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)The Internet affords anonymity to its users，a blessing to privacy and freedom of speech. But that very anonymity is also behind the explosion of cyber-crime thathas 1 across the Web.Can privacy be preserved 2 bringing safety and security to a world that seems increasingly 3 ？Last month，Howard Schmidt，the nation's cyber-czar，offered the federal government a 4 to make the Web a safer place-a "voluntary trusted identity" system that would be the high-tech 5 of a physical key，a fingerprint and a photo ID card，all rolled 6 one. The system might use a smart identity card，or a digitalcredential 7 to a specific computer .and would authenticate users at a range of online services.The idea is to 8 a federation of private online identity systems. Usercould 9 which system to join，and only registered users whose identities have been authenticated could navigate those systems. The approach contrasts with one that would require an Internet driver's license 10 by the government.Google and Microsoft are among companies that already have these"single sign-on" systems that make it possible for users to 11 just once but use many different services.12 .the approach would create a "walled garden" n cyberspace，with safe "neighborhoods" and bright "streetlights" to establish a sense of a 13 community.Mr. Schmidt described it as a "voluntary ecosystem" in which "individuals and organizations can complete online transactions with 14 ，trusting the identities of each other and the identities of the infrastructure 15 which the transaction runs".Still，the administration's plan has 16 privacy rights activists. Some applaud the approach；others are concerned. It seems clear that such a scheme is an initiative push toward what would 17 be a compulsory Internet "drive's license" mentality.The plan has also been greeted with 18 by some computer security experts，who worry that the "voluntary ecosystem" envisioned by Mr. Schmidt would still leave much of the Internet 19 .They argue that all Internet users should be 20 to register and identify themselves，in the same way that drivers must be licensed to drive on public roads.1． A.swept B.skipped C.walked D.ridden2． A.for B.within C.while D.though3． A.careless wless C.pointless D.helpless4． A.reason B.reminder promise D.proposal5． rmation B.interference C.entertainment D.equivalent 6． A.by B.into C.from D.over7． A.linked B.directed C.chained pared8． A.dismiss B.discover C.create D.improve9． A.recall B.suggest C.select D.realize10． A.relcased B.issued C.distributed D.delivered11． A.carry on B.linger on C.set in D.log in12． A.In vain B.In effect C.In return D.In contrast13． A.trusted B.modernized c.thriving peting14． A.caution B.delight C.confidence D.patience15． A.on B.after C.beyond D.across16． A.divided B.disappointed C.protected D.united17． A.frequestly B.incidentally C.occasionally D.eventually 18． A.skepticism B.relerance C.indifference D.enthusiasm 19． A.manageable B.defendable C.vulnerable D.invisible 20． A.invited B.appointed C.allowed D.forcedSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections：Read the following four texts. Answer the questions after each text by choosing A，B，C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40points)Text 1Ruth Simmons joined Goldman Sachs's board as an outside director in January 2000：a year later she became president of Brown University. For the rest of the decade she apparently managed both roles without attracting much eroticism. But by the end of 2009 Ms. Simmons was under fire for having sat on Goldman's compensation committee；how could she have let those enormous bonus payouts pass unremarked？By February the next year Ms. Simmons had left the board. The position was just taking up too much time，she said.Outside directors are supposed to serve as helpful，yet less biased，advisers on a firm's board. Having made their wealth and their reputations elsewhere，they presumably have enough independence to disagree with the chief executive's proposals. If the sky，and the share price is falling，outside directors should be able to give advice based on having weathered their own crises.The researchers from Ohio University used a database hat covered more than 10，000 firms and more than 64，000 different directors between 1989 and 2004. Then they simply checked which directors stayed from one proxy statement to the next. The most likely reason for departing a board was age，so the researchers concentrated on those "surprise" disappearances by directors under the age of 70. They fount that after a surprise departure，the probability that the company will subsequently have to restate earnings increased by nearly 20%. The likelihood of being named in a federal class-action lawsuit also increases，and the stock is likely to perform worse. The effect tended to be larger for larger firms. Although a correlation between them leaving and subsequent bad performance at the firm is suggestive，it does not mean that such directors are always jumping off a sinking ship. Often they "trade up." Leaving riskier，smaller firms for larger and more stable firms.But the researchers believe that outside directors have an easier time of avoiding a blow to their reputations if they leave a firm before bad news breaks，even if a review of history shows they were on the board at the time any wrongdoing occurred. Firms who want to keep their outside directors through tough times may have to create incentives. Otherwise outside directors will follow the example of Ms. Simmons，once again very popular on campus.21. According to Paragraph 1，Ms. Simmons was criticized for .[A]gaining excessive profits[B]failing to fulfill her duty[C]refusing to make compromises[D]leaving the board in tough times22. We learn from Paragraph 2 that outside directors are supposed to be .[A]generous investors[B]unbiased executives[C]share price forecasters[D]independent advisers23. According to the researchers from Ohio University after an outside director's surprise departure，the firm is likely to .[A]become more stable[B]report increased earnings[C]do less well in the stock market[D]perform worse in lawsuits24. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that outside directors .[A]may stay for the attractive offers from the firm[B]have often had records of wrongdoings in the firm[C]are accustomed to stress-free work in the firm[D]will decline incentives from the firm25. The author's attitude toward the role of outside directors is .[A]permissive[B]positive[C]scornful[D]criticalText 2Whatever happened to the death of newspaper？A year ago the end seemed near. The recession threatened to remove the advertising and readers that had not already fled to the internet. Newspapers like the San Francisco Chronicle were chronicling their own doom. America's Federal Trade commission launched a round of talks about how to save newspapers. Should they become charitable corporations？Should the state subsidize them ？It will hold another meeting soon. But the discussions now seem out of date.In much of the world there is the sign of crisis. German and Brazilian papers have shrugged off the recession. Even American newspapers，which inhabit the most troubled come of the global industry，have not only survived but often returned to profit. Not the 20% profit margins that were routine a few years ago，but profit all the same.It has not been much fun. Many papers stayed afloat by pushing journalists overboard. The American Society of News Editors reckons that 13，500 newsroom jobs have gone since 2007. Readers are paying more for slimmer products. Some papers even had the nerve to refuse delivery to distant suburbs. Yet these desperate measures have proved the right ones and，sadly for many journalists，they can be pushed further.Newspapers are becoming more balanced businesses，with a healthier mix of revenues from readers and advertisers. American papers have long been highly unusual in their reliance on ads. Fully 87% of their revenues came from advertising in 2008，according to the Organization for Economic Cooperation & Development (OECD). In Japan the proportion is 35%. Not surprisingly，Japanese newspapers are much more stable.The whirlwind that swept through newsrooms harmed everybody，but much of the damage has been concentrated in areas where newspaper are least distinctive. Car and film reviewers have gone. So have science and general business reporters. Foreign bureaus have been savagely cut off. Newspapers are less complete as a result. But completeness is no longer a virtue in the newspaper business.26. By saying "Newspapers like … their own doom" (Lines 3-4，Para. 1)，the author indicates that newspaper .[A]neglected the sign of crisis[B]failed to get state subsidies[C]were not charitable corporations[D]were in a desperate situation27. Some newspapers refused delivery to distant suburbs probably because .[A]readers threatened to pay less[B]newspapers wanted to reduce costs[C]journalists reported little about these areas[D]subscribers complained about slimmer products28. Compared with their American counterparts，Japanese newspapers are much more stable because they .[A]have more sources of revenue[B]have more balanced newsrooms[C]are less dependent on advertising[D]are less affected by readership29. What can be inferred from the last paragraph about the current newspaper business？[A]Distinctiveness is an essential feature of newspapers.[B]Completeness is to blame for the failure of newspaper.[C]Foreign bureaus play a crucial role in the newspaper business.[D]Readers have lost their interest in car and film reviews.30. The most appropriate title for this text would be .[A]American Newspapers：Struggling for Survival[B]American Newspapers：Gone with the Wind[C]American Newspapers：A Thriving Business[D]American Newspapers：A Hopeless StoryText 3We tend to think of the decades immediately following World War II as a time of prosperity and growth，with soldiers returning home by the millions，going off to college on the G. I. Bill and lining up at the marriage bureaus.But when it came to their houses，it was a time of common sense and a belief that less could truly be more. During the Depression and the war，Americans had learned tolive with less，and that restraint，in combination with the postwar confidence in the future，made small，efficient housing positively stylish.Economic condition was only a stimulus for the trend toward efficient living. The phrase "less is more" was actually first popularized by a German，the architect Ludwig Mies van der Rohe，who like other people associated with the Bauhaus，a school of design，emigrated to the United States before World War IIand took up posts at American architecture schools. These designers came to exert enormous influence on the course of American architecture，but none more so that Mies.Mies's signature phrase means that less decoration，properly organized，has more impact that a lot. Elegance，he believed，did not derive from abundance. Like other modern architects，he employed metal，glass and laminated wood-materials that we take for granted today buy that in the 1940s symbolized the future. Mies's sophisticated presentation masked the fact that the spaces he designed were small and efficient，rather than big and often empty.The apartments in the elegant towers Mies built on Chicago's Lake Shore Drive，for example，were smaller-two-bedroom units under 1，000 square feet-than those in their older neighbors along the city's Gold Coast. But they were popular because of their airy glass walls，the views they afforded and the elegance of the buildings' details and proportions，the architectural equivalent of the abstract art so popular at the time.The trend toward "less" was not entirely foreign. In the 1930s Frank Lloyd Wright started building more modest and efficient houses-usually around 1，200 square feet-than the spreading two-story ones he had designed in the 1890s and the early 20th century.The "Case Study Houses" commissioned from talented modern architects by California Arts & Architecture magazine between 1945 and 1962 were yet another homegrown influence on the "less is more" trend. Aesthetic effect came from the landscape，new materials and forthright detailing. In his Case Study House，Ralph everyday life - few American families acquired helicopters，though most eventually got clothes dryers - but his belief that self-sufficiency was both desirable and inevitable was widely shared.31. The postwar American housing style largely reflected the Americans' .[A]prosperity and growth[B]efficiency and practicality[C]restraint and confidence[D]pride and faithfulness32. Which of the following can be inferred from Paragraph 3 about Bauhaus？[A]It was founded by Ludwig Mies van der Rohe.[B]Its designing concept was affected by World War II.[C]Most American architects used to be associated with it.[D]It had a great influence upon American architecture.33. Mies held that elegance of architectural design .[A]was related to large space[B]was identified with emptiness[C]was not reliant on abundant decoration[D]was not associated with efficiency34. What is true about the apartments Mies building Chicago's Lake Shore Drive？[A]They ignored details and proportions.[B]They were built with materials popular at that time.[C]They were more spacious than neighboring buildings.[D]They shared some characteristics of abstract art.35. What can we learn about the design of the "Case Study House"？[A]Mechanical devices were widely used.[B]Natural scenes were taken into consideration[C]Details were sacrificed for the overall effect.[D]Eco-friendly materials were employed.Text 4Will the European Union make it？The question would have sounded strange not long ago. Now even the project's greatest cheerleaders talk of a continent facing a "Bermuda triangle" of debt，population decline and lower growth.As well as those chronic problems，the EU face an acute crisis in its economic core，the 16 countries that use the single currency. Markets have lost faith that the euro zone's economies，weaker or stronger，will one day converge thanks to the discipline of sharing a single currency，which denies uncompetitive members the quick fix of devaluation.Yet the debate about how to save Europe's single currency from disintegration is stuck. It is stuck because the euro zone's dominant powers，France and Germany，agree on the need for greater harmonization within the euro zone，but disagree about what to harmonies.Germany thinks the euro must be saved by stricter rules on borrow spending and competitiveness，barked by quasi-automatic sanctions for governments that do not obey. These might include threats to freeze EU funds for poorer regions and EU mega-projects and even the suspension of a country's voting rights in EU ministerial councils. It insists that economic co-ordination should involve all 27 members of the EU club，among whom there is a small majority for free-market liberalism and economic rigour；in the inner core alone，Germany fears，a small majority favour French interference.A "southern" camp headed by French wants something different："European economic government" within an inner core of euro-zone members. Translated，that means politicians intervening in monetary policy and a system of redistribution from richer to poorer members，via cheaper borrowing for governments through common Eurobonds or complete fiscal transfers. Finally，figures close to the France government have murmured，curo-zone members should agree to some fiscal and social harmonization：e.g.，curbing competition in corporate-tax rates or labour costs.It is too soon to write off the EU. It remains the world's largest trading block. At its best，the European project is remarkably liberal：built around a single market of 27 rich and poor countries，its internal borders are far more open to goods，capital and labour than any comparable trading area. It is an ambitious attempt to blunt the sharpest edges of globalization，and make capitalism benign.36. The EU is faced with so many problems that .[A] it has more or less lost faith in markets[B] even its supporters begin to feel concerned[C] some of its member countries plan to abandon euro[D] it intends to deny the possibility of devaluation37. The debate over the EU's single currency is stuck because the dominant powers .[A] are competing for the leading position[B] are busy handling their own crises[C] fail to reach an agreement on harmonization[D] disagree on the steps towards disintegration38. To solve the euro problem ，Germany proposed that .[A] EU funds for poor regions be increased[B] stricter regulations be imposed[C] only core members be involved in economic co-ordination[D] voting rights of the EU members be guaranteed39. The French proposal of handling the crisis implies that __ __.［A］poor countries are more likely to get funds［B］strict monetary policy will be applied to poor countries［C］loans will be readily available to rich countries［D］rich countries will basically control Eurobonds40. Regarding the future of the EU，the author seems to feel __ __.［A］pessimistic［B］desperate［C］conceited［D］hopefulPart BDirections：Read the following text and answer the questions by finding information from the right column that corresponds to each of the marked details given in the left column. There are two extra choices in the right column. Mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)46．Direction：In this section there is a text in English. Translate it into Chinese，write your translation on ANSWER SHEET 2. (15points)Who would have thought that，globally，the IT industry produces about the same volumes of greenhouse gases as the world's airlines do-rough 2 percent of all CO2 emissions？Many everyday tasks take a surprising toll on the environment. A Google search can leak between 0.2 and 7.0 grams of CO2 depending on how many attempts are needed to get the "right" answer. To deliver results to its users quickly，then，Google has to maintain vast data centres round the world，packed with powerful computers. While producing large quantities of CO2，these computers emit a great deal of heat，so the centres need to be well air-conditioned，which uses even more energy.However，Google and other big tech providers monitor their efficiency closely and make improvements. Monitoring is the first step on the road to reduction，but there is much to be done，and not just by big companies.2011考研英语(二)小作文suppose your cousin LI MING has just been admited to a university write him/her a letter to:(1)Congratulate him/her,and(2)give him/her suggestions on how to get prepared for university lifeyou should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2.DO not sign your own name at the end of the letter,Use "zhangwe2011考研英语（二）大作文write a short essay baesd on the following chart.in your writing,you should:1)interpret the chart and2)give your commentsyou should write at least 150 wrodswrite your essay on answer sheet 2(15points)参考答案客观题1-5 ACBDD 6-10 BACCA 11-15 DBACA 16-20 CDACD21-25BBDAA26-30DBCBB31-35BDCDB36-40DCBAC41-45EDCFG46．翻译有谁会想到，在全球范围内，IT行业产生的温室气体跟全球航空公司产生的一样多？占二氧化碳总排量的2%.很多日常工作对环境造成了让人震惊的破坏作用。
2011年考研英语二真题及答案
2011年考研英语二真题及参考答案Section I Use of EnglishDirections：Read the following text. Choose the best word (s) for each numbered black and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)"The Internet affords anonymity to its users — a boon to privacy and freedom of speech. But that very anonymity is also behind the explosion of cyber crime that has 1 across the Web.Can privacy be preserved 2 bringing a semblance of safety and security to a world that seems increasingly 3 ?Last month, H oward Schmidt, the nation’s cyber czar, offered the Obama government a 4 to make the Web a safer place —a “voluntary identify” system that would be the high-tech 5 of a physical key, fingerprint and a photo ID card, all rolled 6 one. The system might use a smart identity card, or a digital credential 7 to a specific computer, and would authenticate users at a range of online services.The idea is to 8 a federation of private online identify systems. Users could 9 which system to join, and only registered users whose identities have been authenticated could navigate those systems. The approach contrasts with one that would require an Internet driver’s license 10 by the government.Google and Microsoft are among companies that already have sign-on” systems that make it possible for users to 11 just once but use many different services.12 , the approach would create a “walled garden” in safe “neighborhoods” and bright “streetlights” to establish a sense of 13 community.Mr. Sc hmidt described it as a “voluntary ecosystem” in which individuals and organizations can complete online transactions with 14 , trusting the identities of the infrastructure that the transaction runs 15 .Still, the administration’s plan has16 privacy rights activists. Some applaud the approach; others are concerned. It seems clear that such an initiative push toward what would 17 be a license” mentality.The plan has also been greeted with 18 by some experts, who worry that the “voluntary ecos ystem” would still leave much of the Internet19 .They argue that should be 20 to register and identify themselves, in drivers must be licensed to drive on public roads.1. A. swept B. skipped C. walked D. ridden2. A. for B. within C. while D. though3. A. careless B. lawless C. pointless D. helpless4. A. reason B. reminder C. compromise D. proposal5. A. information B. interference C. entertainment D. equivalent6. A. by B. into C. from D. over7. A. linked B. directed C. chained D. compared8. A. dismiss B. discover C. create D. improve9. A. recall B. suggest C. select D. realize10. A. released B. issued C. distributed D. delivered11. A. carry on B. linger on C. set in D. log in12. A. In vain B. In effect C. In return D. In contrast13. A. trusted B. modernized C. thriving D. competing14. A. caution B. delight C. confidence D. patience15. A. on B. after C. beyond D. across16. A. divided B. disappointed C. protected D. united17. A. frequently B. incidentally C. occasionally D. eventually18. A. skepticism B. tolerance C. indifference D. enthusiasm19. A. manageable B. defendable C. vulnerable D. invisible20. A. invited B. appointed C. allowed D. forced参考答案：1-5 ACBDD 6-10 BACCA 11-15 DBACA 16-20 CDACDSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions after each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40points)Text 1 The Economist May 4th 2010 ADCABRuth Simmons joined Goldman Sachs’s board as an outside director in January 2000: a year later she became president of Brown University. For the rest of the decade, she apparently managed both roles without attracting much eroticism. But by the end of 2009, Ms. Simmons was under fire for having sat on Go ldman’s compensation committee, how could she have let those enormous bonus payouts pass unremarked? By February the next year Ms. Simmons had left the board. The position was just taking up too much time, she said.Outside directors are supposed to serve as helpful, yet less biased, advisers on a firm’s board. Having made their wealth and their reputations elsewhere, they presumably have enough independence to disagree with the chief executive’s proposals. If the sky and the share price is falling, outside directors should be able to give advice based on having weathered their own crises.The researchers from Ohio University used a database hat covered more than 10,000 firms and more than 64,000 different directors between 1989 and 2004. Then they simply checked which directors stayed from one proxy statement to the next. The most likely reason for departing a board was age, so t he researchers concentrated on those “surprise” disappearances by directors under the age of 70. They fount that after a surprise departure, the probability that the company will subsequently have to restate earnings increased by nearly 20%. The likelihood of being named in a federal class-action lawsuit also increases, and the stock is likely to perform worse. The effect tended to be larger for larger firms. Although a correlation between them leaving and subsequent bad performance at the firm is suggestive, it does not mean that such directors are always jumping off a sinking ship. Often they “trade up.” Leaving riskier, smaller firms for larger and more stable firms.But the researchers believe that outside directors have an easier time of avoiding a blow to their reputations if they leave a firm before bad news breaks, even if a review of history shows they were on the board at the time any wrongdoing occurred. Firms who want to keep their outside directors through tough times may have to create incentives. Otherwise outside directors will follow the example of Ms. Simmons, once again very popular on campus.21. According to Paragraph 1, Ms. Simmons was criticized for .A. gaining excessive profitsB. failing to fulfill her dutyC. refusing to make compromisesD. leaving the board in tough times22. We learn from Paragraph 2 that outside directors are supposed to be .A. generous investorsB. unbiased executivesC. share price forecastersD. independent advisers23. Acco rding to the researchers from Ohio University after an outside director’s surprise departure, the firm is likely to .A. become more stableB. report increased earningsC. do less well in the stock marketD. perform worse in lawsuits24. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that outside directors .A. may stay for the attractive offers from the firmB. have often had records of wrongdoings in the firmC. are accustomed to stress-free work in the firmD. will decline incentives from the firm25. The author’s attitude toward the role of outside directors is .A. permissiveB. positiveC. scornfulD. criticalText 2 The Economist Jun 10th 2010 DBCAAWhatever happened to the death of newspaper? A year ago the end seemed near. The recession threatened to remove the advertising and readers that had not already fled to the internet. Newspapers like the San Francisco Chronicle were chronicling their own doom. America’s Federal Trade commission launched a round of talks about how to save newspapers. Should they become charitable corporations? Should the state subsidize them? It will hold another meeting soon. But the discussions now seem out of date.In much of the world there is the sign of crisis. German and Brazilian papers have shrugged off the recession. Even American newspapers, which inhabit the most troubled come of the global industry, have not only survived but often returned to profit. Not the 20% profit margins that were routine a few years ago, but profit all the same.It has not been much fun. Many papers stayed afloat by pushing journalists overboard. The American Society of News Editors reckons that 13,500 newsroom jobs have gone since 2007. Readers are paying more for slimmer products. Some papers even had the nerve to refuse delivery to distant suburbs. Yet these desperate measures have proved the right ones and, sadly for many journalists, they can be pushed further.Newspapers are becoming more balanced businesses, with a healthier mix of revenues from readers and advertisers. American papers have long been highly unusual in their reliance on ads. Fully 87% of their revenues came from advertising in 2008, according to the Organization for Economic Cooperation & Development (OECD). In Japan the proportion is 35%. Not surprisingly,Japanese newspapers are much more stable.The whirlwind that swept through newsrooms harmed everybody, but much of the damage has been concentrated in areas where newspaper are least distinctive. Car and film reviewers have gone. So have science and general business reporters. Foreign bureaus have been savagely cut off. Newspapers are less complete as a result. But completeness is no longer a virtue in the newspaper business.26. By saying “Newspapers like … their own doom” (Lines 3-4, Para. 1), the author indicates that newspaper .A. neglected the sign of crisis[B]failed to get state subsidies[C]were not charitable corporations[D]were in a desperate situation27. Some newspapers refused delivery to distant suburbs probably because .[A]readers threatened to pay less[B]newspapers wanted to reduce costs[C]journalists reported little about these areas[D]subscribers complained about slimmer products28. Compared with their American counterparts, Japanese newspapers are much more stable because they .[A]have more sources of revenue[B]have more balanced newsrooms[C]are less dependent on advertising[D]are less affected by readership29. What can be inferred from the last paragraph about the current newspaper business?[A]Distinctiveness is an essential feature of newspapers.[B]Completeness is to blame for the failure of newspaper.[C]Foreign bureaus play a crucial role in the newspaper business.[D]Readers have lost their interest in car and film reviews.30. The most appropriate title for this text would be .[A]American Newspapers: Struggling for Survival[B]American Newspapers: Gone with the Wind[C]American Newspapers: A Thriving Business[D]American Newspapers: A Hopeless StoryText 3 The NY Times When Less Was More BDCDB July 1, 2010, 9:30 pm We tend to think of the decades immediately following World War II as a time of prosperity and growth, with soldiers returning home by the millions, going off to college on the G. I. Bill and lining up at the marriage bureaus.But when it came to their houses, it was a time of common sense and a belief that less could truly be more. During the Depression and the war, Americans had learned to live with less, and that restraint, in combination with the postwar confidence in the future, made small, efficient housing positively stylish.Economic condition was only a stimulus for the trend toward efficient living. The phrase “less is more” w as actually first popularized by a German, the architect Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, who like other people associated with the Bauhaus, a school of design, emigrated to theUnited States before World War II and took up posts at American architecture schools. These designers came to exert enormous influence on the course of American architecture, but none more so than Mies.Mies’s signature phrase means that less decoration, properly organized, has more impact than a lot. Elegance, he believed, did not derive from abundance. Like other modern architects, he employed metal, glass and laminated wood-materials that we take for granted today but that in the 1940s symbolized the future. Mies’s sophisticated presentation masked the fact that the spaces he designed were small and efficient, rather than big and often empty.The apartments in the elegant towers Mies built on Chicago’s Lake Shore Drive, for example, were smaller—two-bedroom units under 1,000 square feet—than those in their older neighbors along the city’s Gold Coast. But they were popular because of their airy glass walls, the views they afforded and the elegance of the buildings’ details and proportions, the architectural equivalent of the abstract art so popular at the time.The trend toward “less” was not entirely foreign. In the 1930s Frank Lloyd Wright started building more modest and efficient houses-usually around 1,200 square feet-than the spreading two-story ones he had designed in the 1890s and the early 20th century.The “Case Study Houses” commissioned from talented modern architects by California Arts & Architecture magazine between 1945 and 1962 were yet another homegrown influence on the “less is more” trend. Aesthetic effect came from the landscape, new materials and forthright detailing. In his Case Study House, Ralph Rapson may have mispredicted just how the mechanical revolution would impact everyday life —few American families acquired helicopters, though most eventually got clothes dryers — but his belief that self-sufficiency was both desirable and inevitable was widely shared.31. The postwar American housing style largely reflected the Americans’.[A]prosperity and growth[B]efficiency and practicality[C]restraint and confidence[D]pride and faithfulness32. Which of the following can be inferred from Paragraph 3 about Bauhaus?[A]It was founded by Ludwig Mies van der Rohe.[B]Its designing concept was affected by World War II.[C]Most American architects used to be associated with it.[D]It had a great influence upon American architecture.33. Mies held that elegance of architectural design .[A]was related to large space[B]was identified with emptiness[C]was not reliant on abundant decoration[D]was not associated with efficiency34. What is true about the apartments Mies building Chicago’s Lake Shore Drive?[A]They ignored details and proportions.[B]They were built with materials popular at that time.[C]They were more spacious than neighboring buildings.[D]They shared some characteristics of abstract art.35. What can we learn about the design of the “Case Study House”?[A]Mechanical devices were widely used.[B]Natural scenes were taken into consideration[C]Details were sacrificed for the overall effect.[D]Eco-friendly materials were employed.Text 4 The Economist(经济学家)2010年7月10日Will the European Union make it? The question would have sounded strange not long ago. Now even the project’s greatest cheer leaders talk of a continent facing a “Bermuda triangle” of debt, population decline and lower growth.As well as those chronic problems, the EU face an acute crisis in its economic core, the 16 countries that use the single currency. Markets have lost faith that the euro zone’s economies, weaker or stronger, will one day converge thanks to the discipline of sharing a single currency, which denies uncompetitive members the quick fix of devaluation.Yet the debate about how to save Europe’s single currency from disintegration is stuck. It is stuck bec ause the euro zone’s dominant powers, France and Germany, agree on the need for greater harmonization within the euro zone, but disagree about what to harmonies.Germany thinks the euro must be saved by stricter rules on borrow spending and competitiveness, barked by quasi-automatic sanctions for governments that do not obey. These might include threats to freeze EU funds for poorer regions and EU mega-projects and even the suspension of a country’s voting rights in EU ministerial councils. It insists tha t economic co-ordination should involve all 27 members of the EU club, among whom there is a small majority for free-market liberalism and economic rigour; in the inner core alone, Germany fears, a small majority favour French interference.A “southern” camp headed by French wants something different: “European economic government” within an inner core of euro-zone members. Translated, that means politicians intervening in monetary policy and a system of redistribution from richer to poorer members, via cheaper borrowing for governments through common Eurobonds or complete fiscal transfers. Finally, figures close to the France government have murmured, euro-zone members should agree to some fiscal and social harmonization: e.g., curbing competition in corporate-tax rates or labour costs.It is too soon to write off the EU. It remains the world’s largest trading block. At its best, the European project is remarkably liberal: built around a single market of 27 rich and poor countries, its internal borders are far more open to goods, capital and labour than any comparable trading area. It is an ambitious attempt to blunt the sharpest edges of globalization, and make capitalism benign.36. The EU is faced with so many problems that .[A] it has more or less lost faith in markets[B] even its supporters begin to feel concerned[C] some of its member countries plan to abandon euro[D] it intends to deny the possibility of devaluationdebate over the EU’s single currency is stuck because the dominant powers .[A] are competing for the leading position[B] are busy handling their own crises[C] fail to reach an agreement on harmonization[D] disagree on the steps towards disintegration38. To solve the euro problem ,Germany proposed that .[A] EU funds for poor regions be increased[B] stricter regulations be imposed[C] only core members be involved in economic co-ordination[D] voting rights of the EU members be guaranteed39. The French proposal of handling the crisis implies that .[A]poor countries are more likely to get funds[B]strict monetary policy will be applied to poor countries[C]loans will be readily available to rich countries[D]rich countries will basically control Eurobonds40. Regarding the future of the EU, the author seems to feel .[A]pessimistic[B]desperate[C]conceited[D]hopeful CCBADPart BDirections:(7选5)In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions (41-45), choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blank. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points) Leading doctors today weigh in on the debate over the government's role in promoting public health by demanding that ministers impose "fat taxes" on unhealthy food and introduce cigarette-style warnings to children about the dangers of a poor diet.The demands follow comments last week by the health secretary, Andrew Lansley, who insisted the government could not force people to make healthy choices and promised to free businesses from public health regulations.But senior medical figures want to stop fast-food outlets opening near schools, restrict advertising of products high in fat, salt or sugar, and limit sponsorship of sports events by fast-food producers such as McDonald's.They argue that government action is necessary to curb Britain's addiction to unhealthy food and help halt spiralling rates of obesity, diabetes and heart disease. Professor Terence Stephenson, president of the Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health, said that the consumption of unhealthy food should be seen to be just as damaging as smoking or binge drinking."Thirty years ago, it would have been inconceivable to have imagined a ban on smoking in the workplace or in pubs, and yet that is what we have now. Are we willing to be just as courageous in respect of obesity? I would suggest that we should be," said the leader of the UK's children's doctors.Lansley has alarmed health campaigners by suggesting he wants industry rather than government to take the lead. He said that manufacturers of crisps and confectionery could play a central role in the Change4Life campaign, the centrepiece of government efforts to boost healthy eating and fitness. He has also criticized the celebrity chef Jamie Oliver's high-profile attempt to improve school lunches in England as an example of how "lecturing" people was not the best wayto change their behaviour.Stephenson suggested potential restrictions could include banning TV advertisements for foods high in fat, salt or sugar before the 9pm watershed and limiting them on billboards or in cinemas. "If we were really bold, we might even begin to think of high-calorie fast food in the same way as cigarettes –by setting stringent limits on advertising, product placement and sponsorship of sports events," he said.Such a move could affect firms such as McDo nald’s, which sponsors the youth coaching scheme run by the Football Association. Fast-food chains should also stop offering “inducements” such as toys, cute animals and mobile phone credit to lure young customers, Stephenson said.Professor Dinesh Bhugr a, president of the Royal College of Psychiatrists, said: “If children are taught about the impact that food has on their growth, and that some things can harm, at least information is available up front.”He also urged councils to impose “fast-food-free zones” around school and hospitals-areas within which takeaways cannot open.A Department of Health spokesperson said: “We need to create a new vision for public health where all of society works together to get healthy and live longer. This includes creating a new ‘responsibility deal’ with business, built on social responsibility, not state regulation. Later this year, we will publish a white paper setting out exactly how we will achieve this.”The food industry will be alarmed that such senior doctors back such radical moves, especially the call to use some of the tough tactics that have been deployed against smoking overSection Ⅲ Translation46. Directions:In this section there is a text in English. Translate it into Chinese. Write your translation on ANSWER SHEET 2. (15 points)Who would have thought that, globally, the IT industry produces about the same volume ofgreenhouse gases as the world’s airlines do --- roughly 2 percent of all CO2 emissions?Many everyday tasks take a surprising toll on the environment. A Google search can leak between 0.2 and 7.0 grams of CO2, depending on how many attempts are needed to get the “right” answer. To deliver results to its users quickly, then, Google has to maintain vast data centres around the world, packed with powerful computers. While producing large quantities of CO2, these computers emit a great deal of heat, so the centres need to be well air-conditioned, which uses even more energy.However, Google and other big tech providers monitor their efficiency closely and make improvements. Monitoring is the first step on the road to reduction, but there is much more to be done, and not just by big companies.Section IV WritingPart A47 Directions:Suppose your cousin Li Ming has just been admitted to a university. Write him/her a letter to1) congratulate him/her, and2) give him/her suggestions on how to get prepared for university life.You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2.Do not sign your ow n name at the end of the letter. Use “Zhang Wei” instead.Do not write the address. (10 points)英语(二)小作文范文：A Letter to LimingJan-15-2011Dear Liming,Congratulate on your success in passing the entrance examination.Now, please allow me to give you some suggestion during your holidays.First of all, you should read. Because it makes a full man. Reading during the holiday helps you get the habit of it that when you become a freshman. College life is so plentiful but reading is the most important thing.Second, to do some housework can bring you another feelings. Once you get into the college, you must do the things for yourself, including washing, clear the room and shedule your daily life and etc.However, reading and housework doesn’t mean all of your holiday. You need contact with your friends or communicate with them. The reason is that old friends will be in your memory and new friends will be there. And we all know that the friendship among senior school.From the things I mentioned above, hope they will bring you a richful life in your college. Zhangwei2011考研英语〔二〕大作文范文题目Write a short essay based on the following chart. in your writing, you should:1) interpret the chart and2) give your commentsYou should write at least 150 wordsWrite your essay on answer sheet 2 (15points)英语二大作文范文As can be seen clearly from the chart, the market share taken by domestic car brands increased rapidly from 25% in 20008 to nearly 35% in 2009, while conversely, the market share owned by Japanese car brands dropped by 10% from 35% in 2008 to 25% in 2008. What’s more, the market share taken by American car brands is on the upward trend, from 10% to nearly 15%.Three reasons, in my opinion, can account for the changes in car market in these two years. First, the rise of Chinese ca rs is of little surprise as we have seen Chinese enterprises’ commitment to developing self-owned technologies, which not only free them from potential risks, but also bring about long-term benefit. Second, Japanese cars, which used to be highly praised for their outstanding quality and superior stability, is now reeling from a crisis of confidence. Last, the improvement of American cars’ performance must be attributed to the smart marketing strategy employed by American sellers. They launched a lot of marketing campaigns designed specially for Chinese market, which won them applaud as well as benefit.In order to maintain the good momentum of development, domestic cars should on one hand stick to their self-independent policy, and on the other, learn some experiences from Japanese car’s failures and Americans’ success.其他客观题答案：21-25BBDAA26-30DBCBB31-35BDCDB36-40DCBAC41-45EDCFG。
2011年考研英语二真题及答案
2011年研究生入学考试英语二真题Section I Use of EnglishDirections：Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered black and markA, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)"The Internet affords anonymity to its users — a boon to privacy and freedom of speech. Butthat very anonymity is also behind the explosion of cybercrime that has 1 across the Web.Can privacy be preserved 2 bringing a semblance of safety and security to a world that seems increasingly 3 ?Last month, Howard Schmidt, the nation’s cyberczar, offered the Obama government a4 to make the Web a safer place — a “voluntary identify” system that would be thehigh-tech 5 of a physical key, fingerprint and a photo ID card, all rolled 6 one. Thesystem might use a smart identity card, or a digital credential 7 to a specific computer, andwould authenticate users at a range of online services.The idea is to 8 a federation of private online identify systems. Users could 9 whichsystem to join, and only registered users whose identities have been authenticated could navigatethose systems. The approach contrasts with one that would require an Internet driver’slicense 10 by the government.Google and Microsoft are among companies that already have sign-on” systems th at make it possible for users to 11 just once but use many different services.12, the approach would create a “walled garden” in safe “neighborhoods” and bright “streetlights” to establish a sense of13 community.Mr. Schmidt described it as a “voluntary ecosystem” in which individuals and organizationscan complete online transactions with 14 ,trusting the identities of the infrastructure that the transaction runs 15 .'"Still, the administration’s plan has16 privacy rights activists. Some applaud the approach;others are concerned. It seems clear that such an initiative push toward what would 17 be a license” mentality.The plan has also been greeted with 18by some experts, who worry that the “voluntary ecosystem” would still leave much of the Internet 19 .They argue that should be 20 toregister and identify themselves, in drivers must be licensed to drive on public roads.1． A.swept B.skipped C.walked D.ridden 2． A.for B.within C.while D.though 3． A.careless wless C.pointless D.helpless 4． A.reason B.reminder promise D.proposal 5． rmation B.interference C.entertainment D.equivalent 6． A.by B.into C.from D.over 7． A.linked B.directed C.chained pared8． A.dismiss B.discover C.create D.improve 9． A.recall B.suggest C.select D.realize 10． A.relcased B.issued C.distributed D.delivered 11． A.carry on B.linger on C.set in D.log in 12． A.In vain B.In effect C.In return D.In contrast 13． A.trusted B.modernized C.thriving peting 14． A.caution B.delight C.confidence D.patience 15． A.on B.after C.beyond D.across 16． A.divided B.disappointed C.protected D.united 17． A.frequestly B.incidentally C.occasionally D.eventually 18． A.skepticism B.relerance C.indifference D.enthusiasm 19． A.manageable B.defendable C.vulnerable D.invisible 20． A.invited B.appointed C.allowed D.forcedSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions after each text by choosing A, B, C or D.Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40points)Text 1Ruth Simmons joined Goldman Sachs’s board as an outside director in January 2000: a yearlater she became president of Brown University. For the rest of the decade she apparently managed both roles without attracting much eroticism. But by the end of 2009 Ms. Simmons wasunder fire for having sat on Goldman’s compensation committee; how could she have let those enormous bonus payouts pass unremarked? By February the next year Ms. Simmons had left theboard. The position was just taking up too much time, she said.Outside directors are supposed to serve as helpful, yet less biased, advisers on a firm’s board.Having made their wealth and their reputations elsewhere, they presumably have enough independence to disagree with th e chief executive’s proposals. If the sky, and the share price isfalling, outside directors should be able to give advice based on having weathered their owncrises.The researchers from Ohio University used a database hat covered more than 10,000 firmsand more than 64,000 different directors between 1989 and 2004. Then they simply checkedwhich directors stayed from one proxy statement to the next. The most likely reason for departinga board was age, so the researchers concentrated on those “surprise” disappearances by directorsunder the age of 70. They fount that after a surprise departure, the probability that the companywill subsequently have to restate earnings increased by nearly 20%. The likelihood of beingnamed in a federal class-action lawsuit also increases, and the stock is likely to perform worse.The effect tended to be larger for larger firms. Although a correlation between them leaving and subsequent bad performance at the firm is suggestive, it does not mean that such directors arealwa ys jumping off a sinking ship. Often they “trade up.” Leaving riskier, smaller firms for larger and more stable firms.But the researchers believe that outside directors have an easier time of avoiding a blow to their reputations if they leave a firm before bad news breaks, even if a review of history shows they were on the board at the time any wrongdoing occurred. Firms who want to keep their outside directors through tough times may have to create incentives. Otherwise outside directors will follow the example of Ms. Simmons, once again very popular on campus.21. According to Paragraph 1, Ms. Simmons was criticized for .[A]gaining excessive profits[B]failing to fulfill her duty[C]refusing to make compromises[D]leaving the board in tough times22. We learn from Paragraph 2 that outside directors are supposed to be .[A]generous investors[B]unbiased executives[C]share price forecasters[D]independent advisers23. According to the researchers from Ohio University after an outside direc tor’s surprise departure, the firm is likely to .[A]become more stable[B]report increased earnings[C]do less well in the stock market[D]perform worse in lawsuits24. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that outside directors .[A]may stay for the attractive offers from the firm[B]have often had records of wrongdoings in the firm[C]are accustomed to stress-free work in the firm[D]will decline incentives from the firm25. The author’s attitude toward the role of outside directors is .[A]permissive[B]positive[C]scornful[D]criticalText 2Whatever happened to the death of newspaper? A year ago the end seemed near. The recession threatened to remove the advertising and readers that had not already fled to the internet. New spapers like the San Francisco Chronicle were chronicling their own doom. America’s Federal Trade commission launched a round of talks about how to save newspapers. Should they become charitable corporations? Should the state subsidize them ? It will hold another meeting soon. But the discussions now seem out of date.In much of the world there is the sign of crisis. German and Brazilian papers have shrugged off the recession. Even American newspapers, which inhabit the most troubled come of the global industry, have not only survived but often returned to profit. Not the 20% profit margins that were routine a few years ago, but profit all the same.It has not been much fun. Many papers stayed afloat by pushing journalists overboard. The American Society of News Editors reckons that 13,500 newsroom jobs have gone since 2007. Readers are paying more for slimmer products. Some papers even had the nerve to refuse delivery to distant suburbs. Yet these desperate measures have proved the right ones and, sadly for many journalists, they can be pushed further.Newspapers are becoming more balanced businesses, with a healthier mix of revenues from readers and advertisers. American papers have long been highly unusual in their reliance on ads. Fully 87% of their revenues came from advertising in 2008, according to the Organization for Economic Cooperation & Development (OECD). In Japan the proportion is 35%. Not surprisingly, Japanese newspapers are much more stable.The whirlwind that swept through newsrooms harmed everybody, but much of the damage has been concentrated in areas where newspaper are least distinctive. Car and film reviewers have gone. So have science and general business reporters. Foreign bureaus have been savagely cut off. Newspapers are less complete as a result. But completeness is no longer a virtue in the newspaper business.26. By saying “Newspapers like … their own doom” (Lines 3-4, Para. 1), the author indicates that newspaper .[A]neglected the sign of crisis[B]failed to get state subsidies[C]were not charitable corporations[D]were in a desperate situation27. Some newspapers refused delivery to distant suburbs probably because .[A]readers threatened to pay less[B]newspapers wanted to reduce costs[C]journalists reported little about these areas[D]subscribers complained about slimmer products28. Compared with their American counterparts, Japanese newspapers are much more stable because they .[A]have more sources of revenue[B]have more balanced newsrooms[C]are less dependent on advertising[D]are less affected by readership29. What can be inferred from the last paragraph about the current newspaper business?[A]Distinctiveness is an essential feature of newspapers.[B]Completeness is to blame for the failure of newspaper.[C]Foreign bureaus play a crucial role in the newspaper business.[D]Readers have lost their interest in car and film reviews.30. The most appropriate title for this text would be .[A]American Newspapers: Struggling for Survival[B]American Newspapers: Gone with the Wind[C]American Newspapers: A Thriving Business[D]American Newspapers: A Hopeless StoryText 3We tend to think of the decades immediately following World War II as a time of prosperityand growth, with soldiers returning home by the millions, going off to college on the G. I. Bill and lining up at the marriage bureaus.But when it came to their houses, it was a time of common sense and a belief that less could truly be more. During the Depression and the war, Americans had learned to live with less, and that restraint, in combination with the postwar confidence in the future, made small, efficient housing positively stylish.Economic condition was only a stimulus for the trend toward efficient living. The phrase “less is more” was actually first popularized by a German, the architect Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, who like other people associated with the Bauhaus, a school of design, emigrated to the United States before World War IIand took up posts at American architecture schools. These designers came to exert enormous influence on the course of American architecture, but none more so that Mies.Mies’s signature phrase means that less decoration, properly organized, has more impact that a lot. Elegance, he believed, did not derive from abundance. Like other modern architects, he employed metal, glass and laminated wood-materials that we take for granted today buy that in the 1940s symbolized the future. Mies’s sophisticated presentation masked the fact that the spaces he designed were small and efficient, rather than big and often empty.The apartments in the elegant towers Mies built on Chicago’s Lake Shore Drive, for example, were smaller-two-bedroom units under 1,000 square feet-than those in their older neighbors along the city’s Gold Coast. But they were popular because of their airy glass walls, the views they afforded and the elegance of the buildings’ details and proportions, the architectural equivalent of the abstract art so popular at the time.The trend toward “less” was not entirely foreign. In the 1930s Frank Lloyd Wright started building more modest and efficient houses-usually around 1,200 square feet-than the spreading two-story ones he had designed in the 1890s and the early 20th century.The “Case Study Houses” commissioned from talented modern architects by California Arts & Architecture magazine between 1945 and 1962 were yet another homegrown influence on the “less is more” trend. Aesthetic effect came from the landscape, new materials and forthright detailing. In his Case Study House, Ralph everyday life - few American families acquired helicopters, though most eventually got clothes dryers - but his belief that self-sufficiency was both desirable and inevitable was widely shared.31. The postwar American h ousing style largely reflected the Americans’.[A]prosperity and growth[B]efficiency and practicality[C]restraint and confidence[D]pride and faithfulness32. Which of the following can be inferred from Paragraph 3 about Bauhaus?[A]It was founded by Ludwig Mies van der Rohe.[B]Its designing concept was affected by World War II.[C]Most American architects used to be associated with it.[D]It had a great influence upon American architecture.33. Mies held that elegance of architectural design .[A]was related to large space[B]was identified with emptiness[C]was not reliant on abundant decoration[D]was not associated with efficiency34. What is true about the apartments Mies building Chicago’s Lake Shore Drive?[A]They ignored details and proportions.[B]They were built with materials popular at that time.[C]They were more spacious than neighboring buildings.[D]They shared some characteristics of abstract art.35. What can we learn about the design of the “Case Study House”?[A]Mechanical devices were widely used.[B]Natural scenes were taken into consideration[C]Details were sacrificed for the overall effect.[D]Eco-friendly materials were employed.Text 4Will the European Union make it? The question would have sounded strange not long ago. Now even the project’s greatest cheerleaders talk of a continent facing a “Bermuda triangle” of debt, population decline and lower growth.As well as those chronic problems, the EU face an acute crisis in its economic core, the 16 countries tha t use the single currency. Markets have lost faith that the euro zone’s economies, weaker or stronger, will one day converge thanks to the discipline of sharing a single currency, which denies uncompetitive members the quick fix of devaluation.Yet the deb ate about how to save Europe’s single currency from disintegration is stuck. It is stuck because the euro zone’s dominant powers, France and Germany, agree on the need for greater harmonization within the euro zone, but disagree about what to harmonies.Germany thinks the euro must be saved by stricter rules on borrow spending and competitiveness, barked by quasi-automatic sanctions for governments that do not obey. These might include threats to freeze EU funds for poorer regions and EU mega-projects and even the suspension of a country’s voting rights in EU ministerial councils. It insists that economic co-ordination should involve all 27 members of the EU club, among whom there is a small majority for free-market liberalism and economic rigour; in the inner core alone, Germany fears, a small majority favour French interference.A “southern” camp headed by French wants something different: ”European economic government” within an inner core of euro-zone members. Translated, that means politicians intervening in monetary policy and a system of redistribution from richer to poorer members, via cheaper borrowing for governments through common Eurobonds or complete fiscal transfers. Finally, figures close to the France government have murmured, curo-zone members should agree to some fiscal and social harmonization: e.g., curbing competition in corporate-tax rates or labour costs.It is too soon to write off the EU. It remains the world’s largest trading block. At its best, the European project is remarkably liberal: built around a single market of 27 rich and poor countries, its internal borders are far more open to goods, capital and labour than any comparable trading area. It is an ambitious attempt to blunt the sharpest edges of globalization, and make capitalism benign.36. The EU is faced with so many problems that .[A] it has more or less lost faith in markets[B] even its supporters begin to feel concerned[C] some of its member countries plan to abandon euro[D] it intends to deny the possibility of devaluation37. The debate over the EU’s single currency is stuck because the dominant powers.[A] are competing for the leading position[B] are busy handling their own crises[C] fail to reach an agreement on harmonization[D] disagree on the steps towards disintegration38. To solve the euro problem ,Germany proposed that .[A] EU funds for poor regions be increased[B] stricter regulations be imposed[C] only core members be involved in economic co-ordination[D] voting rights of the EU members be guaranteed39. The French proposal of handling the crisis implies that __ __.［A］poor countries are more likely to get funds［B］strict monetary policy will be applied to poor countries［C］loans will be readily available to rich countries［D］rich countries will basically control Eurobonds40. Regarding the future of the EU, the author seems to feel __ __.［A］pessimistic［B］desperate［C］conceited［D］hopefulPart BDirections:Read the following text and answer the questions by finding information from the right column that corresponds to each of the marked details given in the left column. There are two extra choices in the right column. Mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)Such a move could affect firms such as McDonald’s, which sponsors the youth coaching scheme run by the Football Association. Fast-food chains should also stop offering “inducements” such as toys, cute animals and mobile phone credit to lure young customers, Stephenson said.Professor Dinesh Bhugra, president of the Royal College of Psychiatrists, said: “If children are taught about the impact that food has on their growth, and that some things can harm, at least information is available up front.”He also urged councils to impose “fast-food-free zones” around school and hospitals-areas within which takeaways cannot open.A Department of Health spokesperson said: “We need to create a new vision for public health where all of society works together to get healthy and live longer. This includes creating a new‘responsibility deal’ with business, built on social responsibility, not state regulation. Later this year, we will publish a white paper setting out ex actly how we will achieve this.”The food industry will be alarmed that such senior doctors back such radical moves, especially the call to use some of the tough tactics that have been deployed against smoking over46．Direction：In this section there is a text in English. Translate it into Chinese, write your translation on ANSWER SHEET 2. (15points)Who would have thought that, globally, the IT industry produces about the same volumes of greenhouse gases as the world’s airlines do-rough 2 percent of all CO2 emissions?Many everyday tasks take a surprising toll on the environment. A Google search can leak between 0.2 and 7.0 grams of CO2 depending on how many attempts are needed to get the “right” answer. To deliver results to its users quickly, then, Google has to maintain vast data centres round the world, packed with powerful computers. While producing large quantities of CO2, these computers emit a great deal of heat, so the centres need to be well air-conditioned, which uses even more energy.However, Google and other big tech providers monitor their efficiency closely and make improvements. Monitoring is the first step on the road to reduction, but there is much to be done, and not just by big companies.Section IV WritingPart A47 Directions:Suppose your cousin Li Ming has just been admitted to a university. Write him/her a letter to1) congratulate him/her, and2) give him/her suggestions on how to get prepared for university life.You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2.Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use “Zhang Wei” instead.Do not write the address. (10 points)Part B48Directions:Write a short essay baesd on the following chart.in your writing,you should:1)interpret the chart and2)give your commentsyou should write at least 150 wrodswrite your essay on answer sheet 2(15points)2008、2009年国内轿车市场部分【品牌份额示意图】2011英语二参考答案1．A 2．C 3．B 4．D 5．D 6．B 7．A 8．C 9．C 10．B11．D 12．B 13．A 14．C 15．A 16．A 17．D 18．A 19．C 20．D21-25 BDCAD 26-30 DBCAA31-35 CDCDB 36-40 BCBAD41.E 42.D 43.C 44.B 45.G参考答案从全球范围来看，有谁会想到IT 行业释放的温室气体与全球航空公司产生的一样多呢？它大约占总二氧化碳总排量的2%。
2011全国研究生入学考试英语（二）试题和标准答案
2011全国研究生入学考试英语（二）试题和标准答案2011全国研究生入学考试英语(二)试题和标准答案Section I Use of EnglishDirections：Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered black and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)The Internet affords(提供,给予) anonymity(匿名;作者不详) to its users, a blessing(庇护) to privacy（私密性；隐私权）and freedom of speech. But that very anonymity is also behind the explosion（扩张,剧增;剧变） of cyber（自动控制的）-crime（犯罪,犯罪活动）[ that has 1 across the Web.Can privacy be preserved（保存,保藏;防腐） 2 bringing safety and security(安全感)to a world that seems increasingly 3 ?Last month, Howard Schmidt, the nation’s cyber-czar(独裁者,独揽大权者), offered the federal(联邦的，同盟的)government a 4 to make the Web a safer place-a “voluntary(自愿的,志愿的)trusted identity” system that would be the high-tech 5 of a physical(身体的,肉体的)key, a fingerprint and a photo ID card, all rolled 6 one. The system might use a smart identity card, or a digital credential(证件) 7 to a specific computer .and would authenticate(鉴定,认证鉴定,认证)users at a range of online services.The idea is to 8 a federation(联邦)of private online identity systems. Usercould 9 which system to join, and only registered users whose identities have been authenticated could navigate those systems. The approach contrasts with one that would require an Interne t driver’s license 10 by the government.Google and Microsoft are among companies that already have these“single sign-on”systems that make it possible for users to 11 just once but use many different services.12.the approach would create a “walled garden” n cyberspace, with safe “neighborhoods” and bright “streetlights” to establish a sense of a 13 community.Mr. Schmidt described it as a “voluntary ecosystem” in which “indivi duals and organizations can complete online transactions with 14 ,trusting the identities of each other and the identities of the infrastructure 15 which the transaction runs”.Still, the administration’s plan has 16 privacy rights activists. Some applaud the approach; others are concerned. It seems clear that such a scheme is an initiative push toward what would 17 be a compulsory Internet “drive’s license” mentality.The plan has also been greeted with 18 by some computer security experts, who worry that the “voluntary ecosystem” envisioned by Mr. Schmidt would still leave mu ch of the Internet 19 .They argue that all Internet users should be 20 to register and identifySection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions after each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40points)Text 1Ruth Simmons joined Goldman Sachs’s board as an outside director in January 2000: a year later she became president ofBrown University. For the rest of the decade she apparently managed both roles without attracting much eroticism. But by the end of 2009 Ms. Simmons was under fire for having sat on Goldman’s compensation committee; how could she have let those enormous bonus payouts pass unremarked? By February the next year Ms. Simmons had left the board. The position was just taking up too much time, she said.Outside directors are supposed to serve as helpful, yet less biased, advisers on a firm’s board. Having made their wealth and their reputations el sewhere, they presumably have enough independence to disagree with the chief executive’s proposals. If the sky, and the share price is falling, outside directors should be able to give advice based on having weathered their own crises.The researchers from Ohio University used a database hat covered more than 10,000 firms and more than 64,000 different directors between 1989 and 2004. Then they simply checked which directors stayed from one proxy statement to the next. The most likely reason for dep arting a board was age, so the researchers concentrated on those “surprise” disappearances by directors under the age of 70. They fount that after a surprise departure, the probability that the company will subsequently have to restate earnings increased by nearly 20%. The likelihood of being named in a federal class-action lawsuit also increases, and the stock is likely to perform worse. The effect tended to be larger for larger firms. Although a correlation between them leaving and subsequent bad performance at the firm is suggestive, it does not mean that such directors are always jumping off a sinking ship. Often they “trade up.” Leaving riskier, smaller firms for larger and more stable firms.But the researchers believe that outside directors have an easier time of avoiding a blow to their reputations if they leave a firm before bad news breaks, even if a review of history shows they were on the board at the time any wrongdoing occurred. Firms who want to keep their outside directors through tough times may have to create incentives. Otherwise outside directors will follow the example of Ms. Simmons, once again very popular on campus.21. According to Paragraph 1, Ms. Simmons was criticized for .[A]gaining excessive profits[B]failing to fulfill her duty[C]refusing to make compromises[D]leaving the board in tough times22. We learn from Paragraph 2 that outside directors are supposed to be .[A]generous investors[B]unbiased executives[C]share price forecasters[D]independent advisers23. According to the researchers from Ohio University after an outside director’s surprise departure, the firm is likely to .[A]become more stable[B]report increased earnings[C]do less well in the stock market[D]perform worse in lawsuits24. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that outside directors .[A]may stay for the attractive offers from the firm[B]have often had records of wrongdoings in the firm[C]are accustomed to stress-free work in the firm[D]will decline incentives from the firm25. The au thor’s attitude toward the role of outside directors is .[A]permissive[B]positive[C]scornful[D]criticalText 2Whatever happened to the death of newspaper? A year ago the end seemed near. The recession threatened to remove the advertising and readers that had not already fled to the internet. Newspapers like the San Francisco Chronicle were chronicling their own doom. America’s Federal Trade commission launched a round of talks about how to save newspapers. Should they become charitable corporations? Should the state subsidize them ? It will hold another meeting soon. But the discussions now seem out of date.In much of the world there is the sign of crisis. German and Brazilian papers have shrugged off the recession. Even American newspapers, which inhabit the most troubled comeof the global industry, have not only survived but often returned to profit. Not the 20% profit margins that were routine a few years ago, but profit all the same.It has not been much fun. Many papers stayed afloat by pushing journalists overboard. The American Society of News Editors reckons that 13,500 newsroom jobs have gone since 2007. Readers are paying more for slimmer products. Some papers even had the nerve to refuse delivery to distant suburbs. Yet these desperate measures have proved the right ones and, sadly for many journalists, they can be pushed further.Newspapers are becoming more balanced businesses, with a healthier mix of revenues from readers and advertisers. American papers have long been highly unusual in their reliance on ads. Fully 87% of their revenues came from advertising in 2008, according to the Organization for Economic Cooperation & Development (OECD). In Japan the proportion is 35%. Not surprisingly, Japanese newspapers are much more stable.The whirlwind that swept through newsrooms harmed everybody, but much of the damage has been concentrated in areas where newspaper are least distinctive. Car and film reviewers have gone. So have science and general business reporters. Foreign bureaus have been savagely cut off. Newspapers are less complete as a result. But completeness is no longer a virtue in the newspaper business.26. By saying “Newspapers like … their own doom” (Lin es 3-4, Para. 1), the author indicates that newspaper .[A]neglected the sign of crisis[B]failed to get state subsidies[C]were not charitable corporations[D]were in a desperate situation27. Some newspapers refused delivery to distant suburbs probably because .[A]readers threatened to pay less[B]newspapers wanted to reduce costs[C]journalists reported little about these areas[D]subscribers complained about slimmer products28. Compared with their American counterparts, Japanese newspapers are much more stable because they .[A]have more sources of revenue[B]have more balanced newsrooms[C]are less dependent on advertising[D]are less affected by readership29. What can be inferred from the last paragraph about the current newspaper business?[A]Distinctiveness is an essential feature of newspapers.[B]Completeness is to blame for the failure of newspaper.[C]Foreign bureaus play a crucial role in the newspaper business.[D]Readers have lost their interest in car and film reviews.30. The most appropriate title for this text would be .[A]American Newspapers: Struggling for Survival[B]American Newspapers: Gone with the Wind[C]American Newspapers: A Thriving Business[D]American Newspapers: A Hopeless StoryText 2Whatever happened to the death of newspaper? A year ago the end seemed near. The recession threatened to remove the advertising and readers that had not already fled to the internet. Newspapers like the San Francisco Chronicle were chronicling their own doom. America’s Federal Trade commission launched a round of talks about how to save newspapers. Should they become charitable corporations? Should the state subsidize them ? It will hold another meeting soon. But the discussions now seem out of date.In much of the world there is the sign of crisis. German and Brazilian papers have shrugged off the recession. Even American newspapers, which inhabit the most troubled come of the global industry, have not only survived but often returned to profit. Not the 20% profit margins that were routine a few years ago, but profit all the same.It has not been much fun. Many papers stayed afloat by pushing journalists overboard. The American Society of News Editors reckons that 13,500 newsroom jobs have gone since 2007. Readers are paying more for slimmer products. Some papers even had the nerve to refuse delivery to distant suburbs. Yet these desperate measures have proved the right ones and, sadly for many journalists, they can be pushed further.Newspapers are becoming more balanced businesses, with a healthier mix of revenues from readers and advertisers. American papers have long been highly unusual in their reliance on ads. Fully 87% of their revenues came from advertising in 2008, according to the Organization for Economic Cooperation & Development (OECD). In Japan the proportion is 35%. Not surprisingly, Japanese newspapers are much more stable.The whirlwind that swept through newsrooms harmed everybody, but much of the damage has been concentrated in areas where newspaper are least distinctive. Car and film reviewers have gone. So have science and general business reporters. Foreign bureaus have been savagely cut off. Newspapers are less complete as a result. But completeness is no longer a virtue in the newspaper business.26. By saying “Newspapers like … their own doom” (Lines 3-4, Para. 1), the author indicates that newspaper .[A]neglected the sign of crisis[B]failed to get state subsidies[C]were not charitable corporations[D]were in a desperate situation27. Some newspapers refused delivery to distant suburbs probably because .[A]readers threatened to pay less[B]newspapers wanted to reduce costs[C]journalists reported little about these areas[D]subscribers complained about slimmer products28. Compared with their American counterparts, Japanese newspapers are much more stable because they .[A]have more sources of revenue[B]have more balanced newsrooms[C]are less dependent on advertising[D]are less affected by readership29. What can be inferred from the last paragraph about the current newspaper business?[A]Distinctiveness is an essential feature of newspapers.[B]Completeness is to blame for the failure of newspaper.[C]Foreign bureaus play a crucial role in the newspaper business.[D]Readers have lost their interest in car and film reviews.30. The most appropriate title for this text would be .[A]American Newspapers: Struggling for Survival[B]American Newspapers: Gone with the Wind[C]American Newspapers: A Thriving Business[D]American Newspapers: A Hopeless StoryText 4Will the European Union make it? The question would have sounded strange not long ago. Now even the project’s greatest cheerleaders talk of a continent facing a “Bermuda triangle” of debt, population decline and lower growth.As well as those chronic problems, the EU face an acute crisis in its economic core, the 16 countries that use the single currency. Markets have lost faith that the euro zone’s economies, weaker or stronger, will one day converge thanks to the discipline ofsharing a single currency, which denies uncompetitive members the quick fix of devaluation.Yet the debate ab out how to save Europe’s single currency from disintegration is stuck.I t is stuck because the euro zone’s dominant powers, France and Germany, agree on the need for greater harmonization within the euro zone, but disagree about what to harmonies.Germany thinks the euro must be saved by stricter rules on borrow spending and competitiveness, barked by quasi-automatic sanctions for governments that do not obey. These might include threats to freeze EU funds for poorer regions and EU mega-projects and even t he suspension of a country’s voting rights in EU ministerial coun cils. It insists that economic co-ordination should involve all 27 members of the EU club, among whom there is a small majority for free-market liberalism and economic rigour; in the inner core alone, Germany fears, a small majority favour French interference.A “southern” camp headed by French wants something different: ”European economic government” within an inner core of euro-zone members. Translated, that means politicians intervening in monetary policy and a system of redistribution from richer to poorer members, via cheaper borrowing for governments through common Eurobonds or complete fiscal transfers. Finally, figures close to the France government have murmured, curo-zone members should agree to some fiscal and social harmonization: e.g., curbing competition in corporate-tax rates or labour costs.It is too soon to write off the EU. It remains the world’s largest trading block. At its best, the European project isremarkably liberal: built around a single market of 27 rich and poor countries, its internal borders are far more open to goods, capital and labour than any comparable trading area. It is an ambitious attempt to blunt the sharpest edges of globalization, and make capitalism benign.36. The EU is faced with so many problems that .[A] it has more or less lost faith in markets[B] even its supporters begin to feel concerned[C] some of its member countries plan to abandon euro[D] it intends to deny the possibility of devaluation37. The debate over the EU’s single cu rrency is stuck because the dominant powers .[A] are competing for the leading position[B] are busy handling their own crises[C] fail to reach an agreement on harmonization[D] disagree on the steps towards disintegration38. To solve the euro problem ,Germany proposed that .[A] EU funds for poor regions be increased[B] stricter regulations be imposed[C] only core members be involved in economic co-ordination[D] voting rights of the EU members be guaranteed39. The French proposal of handling the crisis implies that __ __.［A］poor countries are more likely to get funds［B］strict monetary policy will be applied to poor countries ［C］loans will be readily available to rich countries［D］rich countries will basically control Eurobonds40. Regarding the future of the EU, the author seems to feel __ __.［A］pessimistic［B］desperate［C］conceited［D］hopefulPart BDirections:Read the following text and answer the questions by finding information from the right column that corresponds to each of the marked details given in the left column. There are two extra choices in the right column. Mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)Section I Use of English1．A 2．C 3．B4．D 5．D 6．B 7．A 8．C 9．C 10．B 11．D12．B13．A14．C15．A16．A17．D18．A19．C20．D Section II Reading ComprehensionPart AText 121.[B] failing to fulfill her duty.22.[D] independent advisers.23.[C] do less well in the stock market.24.[A] may stay for the attractive offers from the firm.25.[D] critical.Text 226.[D] were in a desperate situation.27.[B] newspapers wanted to reduce costs.28.[C] are less dependent on advertising.29.[A] Distinctiveness is an essential feature of newspapers..30.[A]American Newspapers: Struggling for SurvivalText331.[C] restraint and confidence.32.[D] It had a great influence upon American architecture.33.[C] was not reliant on abundant decoration.34.[D] They shared some characteristics of abstract art.35.[B] Natural scenes were taken into consideration.Text 436.[B] even its supporters begin to feel concerned37.[C] fail to reach an agreement on harmonization38.[B] stricter regulations be imposed.39.[A] poor countries are more likely to get funds40.[D] hopefulPart B41.E 42.D 43.C 44.B 45.G46．Direction：In this section there is a text in English. Translate it into Chinese, write your translation on ANSWER SHEET 2. (15points) Who would have thought that, globally, the IT industry produces about the same volumes of greenhouse gas es as the world’s airlines do-rough 2 percent of all CO2 emissions? Many everyday tasks take a surprising toll on the environment. A Google search can leak between 0.2 and 7.0 grams of CO2 depending on how many attempts are needed to get the “right” answer. To deliver results to its users quickly, then, Google has to maintain vast data centres round the world, packed with powerful computers. While producing large quantities of CO2, these computers emit a great deal of heat, so the centres need to be well air-conditioned, which uses even more energy.However, Google and other big tech providers monitor their efficiency closely and make improvements. Monitoring is the firststep on the road to reduction, but there is much to be done, and not just by big companies.参考答案从全球范围来看，有谁会想到IT 行业释放的温室气体与全球航空公司产生的一样多呢？它大约占总二氧化碳总排量的2%。
2011年考研英语二真题及答案32297
2011年研究生入学考试英语二真题Section I Use of EnglishDirections：Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered black and markA，B，C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1。
（10 points)"The Internet affords anonymity to its users — a boon to privacy and freedom of speech. Butthat very anonymity is also behind the explosion of cybercrime that has 1 across the Web。
Can privacy be preserved 2 bringing a semblance of safety and security to a world that seems increasingly 3 ?Last month，Howard Schmidt, the nation’s cyberczar，offered the Obama government a4 to make the Web a safer place - a “voluntary identify” system that would be the high—tech5 of a physical key, fingerprint and a photo ID card, all rolled6 one。
Thesystem might use a smart identity card，or a digital credential 7 to a specific computer, andwould authenticate users at a range of online services。
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Do not write the address. (10 points)
答案
1-5 ACBDD 6-10 BACCA 11-15 DBACA 16-20 CDACD 21-25BBDAA 26-30DBCBB 31-35BDCDB 36-40DCBAC 41-45EDCFG
[D] cigarette-style warnings should be introduced to children about the dangers of a poor diet.
44.Dinesh Bhugra suggested
that
[E] the producers of crisps and candies could contribute significantly to the
He also urged councils to impose “fast-food-free zones” around school and hospitals-areas within which takeaways cannot open.
A Department of Health spokesperson said: “We need to create a new vision for public health where all of society works together to get healthy and live longer. This includes creating a new ‘responsibility deal’ with business, built on social responsibility, not state regulation. Later this year, we will publish a white paper setting out exactly how we will achieve this.”
at home.
[G] the government should strengthen the sense of responsibility among businesses.
Section Ⅲ Translation
46. Directions:
In this section there is a text in English. Translate it into Chinese. Write your translation on ANSWER SHEET 2. (15 points)
Professor Dinesh Bhugra, president of the Royal College of Psychiatrists, said: “If children are taught about the growth, and that some things can harm, at least information is available up front.”
Who would have thought that, globally, the IT industry produces about the same volume of greenhouse gases as the world’s airlines do --- roughly 2 percent of all CO2 emissions?
However, Google and other big tech providers monitor their efficiency closely and make improvements. Monitoring is the first step on the road to reduction , but there is much more to be done, and not just by big companies.
Change4Life campaign.
45.A Department of Health
Spokesperson propsed that
[F] parents should set good examples for their children by keeping a healthy diet
2) give him/her suggestions on how to get prepared for university life.
You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2.
Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use “Zhang Wei” instead.
42.Terence Stephenson agreed
that
[C] “lecturing” was an effective way to improve school lunches in England.
43.Jamie Oliver seemed to
believe that
Part B
Directions:(7选5)
In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions (41-45), choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blank. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)
[A] “fat taxes” should be imposed on fast-food producers such as McDonald’s.
41.Andrew Lansley held that
[B] the government should ban fast-food outlets in the neighborhood of schools.
Section IV Writing
Part A
47 Directions:
Suppose your cousin Li Ming has just been admitted to a university. Write him/her a letter to
1) congratulate him/her, and
The food industry will be alarmed that such senior doctors back such radical moves, especially the call to use some of the tough tactics that have been deployed against smoking over the last decade.
Such a move could affect firms such as McDonald’s, which sponsors the youth coaching scheme run by the Football Association. Fast-food chains should also stop offering “inducements” such as toys, cute animals and mobile phone credit to lure young customers, Stephenson said.
Many everyday tasks take a surprising toll on the environment. A Google search can leak between 0.2 and 7.0 grams of CO2, depending on how many attempts are needed to get the “right” answer. To deliver results to its users quickly, then, Google has to maintain vast data centres around the world, packed with powerful computers. While producing large quantities of CO2, these computers emit a great deal of heat, so the centres need to be well air-conditioned, which uses even more energy.