The Holographic Principle and the Renormalization Group

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科学研究的第三波争论述评(精简版)

科学元勘的第三波及其争论述评徐凌（北京大学科学与社会研究中心，北京, 100086）摘要：本文评述了关于公众参与科技决策的一场学术争论。

柯林斯等认为，科学知识社会学对公众参与科技决策的支持过于宽泛，导致了―对技术决策的参与应该扩展多远？‖这样的疑问。

他们提出，科学元勘1应当面向决策实践，放弃单纯描述性的工作和消极解构，转向考察专识2的认识论特征，及其内容、结构、类别和功能，以重新理解决策中专家和外行的划界，为筛选适当的专家和公众参与决策提供依据。

批评者认为，这个理论框架误读和抛弃了科学知识社会学的基本结论，是科学主义的和还原论的，是向传统的专家治理结构的倒退。

他们站在社会建构论和认识论多元主义的立场上，分别从对决策问题、专家和专识的社会建构、对合法性问题的理解等方面提出了激烈的批评。

关键词：科学元勘, 公众参与，专识, 合法性，科技决策，科学知识社会学《科学的社会研究》于2002年第2期刊载了《科学元勘的第三波—对专识和经验的研究》（Collins & Evans,32002）一文，引起了较大的争论。

论辩双方都是当代科学元勘的重量级人物，包括柯林斯（H. M. Collins）、伊文斯（Robert Evans）、温（Wynne, Brian）, 雅萨诺夫（Jasanoff, Sheila）和瑞普（Rip, Arie）等。

该文迄今已经被引用27次。

《科学的社会研究》在2003年第3期上，又集中刊载了三篇商榷的文章（Jasanoff, 2003; Rip,2003; Wynne,2003），和一篇回应的文章(Collins & Evans, 2003)。

问题提出的背景随着科技与人类生活须臾不可分离，出现了越来越多的与公共空间交织在一起的科技决策问题。

比如是否允许以转基因大豆为原料的食用油进入市场，或者什么条件下可以放开对牛肉贸易的限制。

这些决策问题的一个共同特征是都含有科技内容，又同时涉及科学、决策和公众。

Accountingprinciples会计原理（英文）

Accountingprinciples会计原理（英文）Accounting Principles Used to Prepare theFinancial StatementsTable of Content1.Introduction (1)2. Analysis of eight accounting principles (1)2.1 Time Period Assumption (1)2.2 Principle of Historical Cost (2)2.3 Full Disclosure Principle (2)2.4 Matching principle (3)2.5 Going Concern Principle (4)2.6 Revenue Recognition Principle (4)2.7 Materiality (5)2.8 Conservatism (5)3.Conclusion (6)References (7)1.IntroductionThe goal of financial statements is to provide users with accounting information relevant to the enterprise financial position, operation outcome, cash flow etc., reflect managers’ performance of fiduciary responsibilities,so as to help financial statement users make proper economic decisions. In this paper, the author will explain eight different accounting principles used to prepare the financial statements with suitable examples or illustration.2. Analysis of eight accounting principles2.1 Time Period AssumptionThe concept of Time Period refers to that accounting information should be collected and handled following timeperiods (Zeff, 2012). Time Period Assumption is a necessary supplement of Going Concern Assumption. This principle lays a foundation for other accounting principles such as Cost Principle and Matching Principle. Assuming an accounting entity should endlessly operate a business, logically the provision of accounting information needs to have regulated time period, which is the premise for accounting to perform effect (Schipper, 2003).The principle of Time Period Assumption manually divides the constant production and operation activities of an enterprise into various time periods, calculate economic activities and report operation outcome by stages (Zeff, 2012). It is because stakeholders need to timely know the financial condition and operation outcome of the enterprise, thus the enterprise should regularly provide accounting information as the basis of decision-making.Clarifying the basic premise of accounting time period has great importance to accounting, Due to the time period, the differences between this period and other period exist, thus generates the differences between accrual basis and cash basis, different types of accounting entities have the benchmark of keeping accounts, and further the accounting methods such as accounts receivable, accounts payable, accrual, deferral, prepaid and so on.In China’s accounting practice, an accounting year refers t o January 1st to December 31st (Zeff, 2012). For example, Financial Statements of 2012 reflects the financialinformation from January 1st 2012 to December 31st 2012. Financial statements which less than one year are called mid-term statements. Mid-term statements are mainly embodied assemi-annual statements and quarterly statements.2.2 Principle of Historical CostPrinciple of Historical Cost means that the recording of accounting elements should use the acquisition cost when economic businesses took place as the standard to measure (Weygandt et al, 2010). The main content of this principle is that all kinds of assets gained by an enterprise should use the primitive cost (actual cost) occurred when purchasing or building to record, and make it as the basis of share and transfer cost (White, 2006). When price of commodities changes, enterprises cannot adjust its accounting value except for state policy changes. Valuation according to actual cost can avoid randomness, make accounting information reliable and easy to know and compare.Principle of Historical Cost is mainly used to determine the cost of assets on the account book. For example, an enterprise spent $5 million buying an office building on January 1st 2010, thus when recording，the actual cost of the building is $5 million. Suppose that till January 1st 2013, the market price of this office building increased to $8 million, at that moment, there is no need to adjust the original recorded value, the original actual cost or the historical cost should be still on the account book. It should be noticed that, it does not mean that recorded value cannot be adjusted. For instance, this enterprise will sell the building, so assets appraisal will be conducted. This is a special case (White, 2006).2.3 Full Disclosure PrincipleFull Disclosure Principle refers to that in order to achieve the just reflection of an enterprise’s economic events and the influence, all necessary information should be fully provided and should be easy for users to understand (Weygandt et al, 2010).The goal of full disclosure is to meet users’ demand fo r decision-making. Full Disclosure Principle has several aspects of meaning.Firstly, comprehensiveness of disclosure. Comprehensiveness means any information which has influence on use rs’ decision-making or reflects economic events should bedisclosed. Horizontally, any information which reflects production and operation condition should be disclosed. Vertically, not only the surface but also the in-depth information should be recorded. Accounting information is mainly provided by financial statements, this kind of regular and unified format has some limitations. The Notions as the supplementary information become more important with the guidance of Full Disclosure Principle (Schipper, 2003). Secondly, the properness of disclosure. Over-disclosure will make users confused. Therefore major programmes should be disclosed in-detail, while less-important programmes can be disclosed less, so as to let users effectively use the information. Thirdly, the effectiveness of disclosure. Understandable is the connection between decision-makers and the effectiveness of decisions.Besides, information should meet the common demands of different users. Lastly, the promptness of disclosure requires obligators to disclose information in specific ways according to laws and regulations.2.4 Matching principleMatching Principle means the income of a certain time period or a certain accounting object should match the corresponding cost, so as to correctly calculate the net profit or loss of the accounting entity during the time period (Weygandt et al, 2010). Matching Principle as a requirement of accountingelements confirmation, is used to determine profits. Economic activities accounting entity will bring some certain income and also spend corresponding costs. Income and cost are the unity of the opposites, profits is the result. Matching Principle is based on Benefit Principle. Direct costs with causal relations and indirect costs without causal relations must be distinguished according to the Matching Principle. Direct costs should be directly matched with income to decide the loss or profit, while indirect costs firstly make apportionment among all products and income with proper standard, and than determine the loss or profit through matching revenues and expenses (Weygandt et al, 2010).Therefore, the Matching Principle has three aspects of meaning. Firstly, income of a product must match the cost of the product. Secondly, income of a time period must match the cost of the time period. Thirdly, income of a department must match thecost of the department.2.5 Going Concern PrincipleGenerally, going concern refers to one enterprise can maintain constant business operation in the foreseeable future (usually 12 months in a year), without intention or risk of bankruptcy (Efendi et al, 2007). In this case, the asset value of the enterprise can be remained, it also has the ability to pay its debt, income potential of going concern can improve the overall value of the enterprise. If an enterprise suffers long-term losses or investment error, insolvency may occur. In severe cases, enterprises cannot go concern, thus assets cannot be recorded according to fair value, but should be investment depreciation according to market price(Zeff, 2012).For instance, an enterprise uses $150000 to buy anequipment and predicts that the equipment can be used for five years and brings the enterprise $40000 every year. Based on Going Concern Principle, the enterprise will not go bankrupt in 5 years. Therefore, the $150000 investment can be regained in 5 years with $30000 cost annually, thus the equipment can gain $10000 per year. However without such assumption, accounting cannot be conducted normally. If the enterprise goes broke after 4 years, the equipment cost must be regained in four years, thus every year should bear $37500, there will be only $2500 profit.Without the assumption, accounting will have no certain time range, thus cannot complete. Similarly, production and operation activities cannot be organized neither (Ryan et al, 2002). 2.6 Revenue Recognition PrincipleRevenue recognition means the time when revenue is recorded. Revenue recognition should solve two problems, one is timing, the other is measuring (Ryan et al, 2002). Revenue recognition mainly includes the recognition of product sales revenue and service revenue. Besides, it also includes the revenue that gain from offering other to use the assets of the enterprise, such as interest, use fee and dividend. This principle must meet four basic premises: definability, accountability, relativity and reliability (Weygandt et al, 2010). Meanwhile, it must conform to some common standards.In No.5 financial accounting concept of morality released by Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB), according to Revenue Principle, revenue is usuallyrecognized when revenue is realized or realizable, or is earned (Schipper, 2003). Therefore, revenue of selling products is generally recognized on the sales date. Service revenue is confirmed when completing the duty of offering services.Revenue gained from allowing others to use the corporate is gradually recognized with the time passes or the procedure of asset use. While the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) emphasizes on defining revenue timing from the basic standard that whether the important risks and rewards have been transferred to the buyers (Schipper, 2003).2.7 MaterialityThe Materiality principle has several features. Firstly, the core is one cannot omit or misrepresent important information, the standard of judging importance is to see whether it will influence the decisions of users. Secondly, the concept is proposed from the perspective of information users, main users include investors, shareholders etc. Thirdly, judgment of materiality cannot be separated from the enterprise environment, different enterprises or the same enterprise in different period, the standards may differ (Weygandt et al, 2010). Lastly, judgment of importance cannot neglect its own nature. Some information does not reach the importance, but the nature is serious, thus it has conformed to the requirement of materiality, so it should be disclosed.In terms of the application of this principle, firstly, it can be used in the recognition of post balance sheet events. Matters need to be adjusted or explained means information which reaches to the materiality standard and can influence decision-making should be handled specifically. Secondly, it can be used in making mid-term financial statements. The aim is to improve the promptness of information, therefore it does not require the enterprises to provide complete information like annual financial statements (Weygandt et al, 2010). In addition, the principle can also used in recognition of segmental reporting, trade disclosureof related parties and disclosure of notes to financial statements.2.8 ConservatismThe principle of Conservatism refers to that when dealing with the uncertaineconomic businesses of the enterprises, people should hold the cautious attitude. That is to say, all predictable loss and cost should be recorded and confirmed, while income without 100% certainty cannot be recognized and recorded. In market economy conditions, enterprise inevitably will face risks,implementing the Conservatism principle can help enterprises resolute or prevent risks before the risks come. It is beneficial for enterprises to make correct operation decisions, protect interest of owners and stakeholders, improve enterprises’ competence in market.This principle has both advantages and disadvantages. It has the information features demanded by stakeholders, which can protect their interest so as to avoid unnecessary loss. It is also an effective management method in principle making institutions and a standard when accounting staff deal with the uncertain items. However, it may reduce the quality of accounting information because it has much judgment and estimation. It also brings some convenience for information counterfeiters and managers’ short-term behaviors.3.ConclusionUnder modern corporate system, ownership and managing right of enterprises are separate. Only through accounting information can users precisely judge whether the investment is used scientifically and appropriately. In order to prepare good financial statements, various accounting principles should be adopted, therefore, it is important for accounting professionalsto have a comprehensive understanding of various accounting principles and their applications.References:Efendi, J., Srivastava, A., & Swanson, E. P. (2007). Why do corporate managers misstate financial statements? The role of option compensation and other factors. Journal of Financial Economics, 85(3), 667-708.Ryan, B., Scapens, R. W., & Theobald, M. (2002). Research method and methodology in finance and accounting.Schipper, K. (2003). Principles-based accounting standards. Accounting Horizons, 17(1), 61-72.Weygandt, J. J., Kimmel, P. D., KIESO, D., & Elias, R. Z. (2010). Accounting principles. Issues in Accounting Education, 25(1), 179-180.White, G. (2006). THE ANALYSIS AND USE OF FINANCIAL STATEMENTS, (With CD). Wiley. Com. 33-55.Zeff, S. (2012). Forging accounting principles in five countries: A history and an analysis of trends. 21-46.。

中英情景喜剧中幽默策略的对比研究--以《老友记》和《爱情公寓》为例

国内图书分类号：H314国际图书分类号：802.0文学硕士学位论文中英情景喜剧中幽默策略的对比研究--以《老友记》和《爱情公寓》为例硕士研究生：徐净玉导师：王景惠教授申请学位：文学硕士学科、专业：外国语言学及应用语言学所在单位：外国语学院答辩日期：2012 年7 月 5 日授予学位单位：哈尔滨工业大学Classified Index: H314U.D.C.: 802.0Graduation Thesis for the M. A. DegreeA Comparative Study of Humor Strategiesin Chinese and English Sitcoms----A Case Study of Ipartment and FriendsCandidate: XU JingyuSupervisor: Prof. WANG JinghuiAcademic Degree Applied for: Master of ArtsSpecialty: Foreign Linguistics and Applied LinguisticsAffiliation: School of Foreign LanguagesDate of Oral Examination: July 1, 2012Degree Conferring Institution : Harbin Institute of TechnologyHarbin Institute of Technology Graduation Thesis for the MA Degree 哈尔滨工业大学硕士论文摘要情景喜剧中的幽默策略是近年来语言学领域的研究热点。

西方幽默研究主要关注三大传统幽默理论，语义脚本理论和言语幽默的一般理论。

中国学者则大多从语用学、认知语言学和修辞学角度，对情景喜剧、相声和脱口秀中的言语幽默进行文本分析。

哈瑞的科学实在论与科学方法论

哈瑞的科学实在论与科学方法论Ξ 魏屹东内容提要　哈瑞的科学实在论思想包括本体实在论预设,“三个世界”理论和探询这“三个世界”的方法论。

本体实在论认为科学依赖实在论的事实预设和概念预设,表达这两个预设的实在论是原子论和物力论,这两种实在论在科学的不同时期起的解释作用不同;“三个世界”为感知世界、仪器世界和想象世界,它们的边界是历史的、可变的,人们接近它们的方式不同;科学方法论为描述分类方法和模型解释方法,科学正是通过这两种方法认识世界的。

关键词　自然科学　本体实在论　三个世界〔中图分类号〕B085　〔文献标识码〕A　〔文章编号〕0447-662X(2007)04-0033-06 罗姆・哈瑞(Harré,R om)是牛津大学Linacre学院的研究员和华盛顿特区乔治顿大学的心理学教授。

在《科学的逻辑导论》(1965)、《科学思维的原则》(1970)和《科学哲学导论》(1985)中,形成了他的科学实在论,在《认知科学哲学导论》(2002)中,他把科学实在论及其方法应用于认知科学,形成了认知实在论。

本文拟对他的科学实在论与科学方法论进行系统的梳理、分析与讨论。

一、科学及其本体实在论预设哈瑞认为,科学哲学是对科学的各种预设进行反思的活动。

他以实在论的规范方式思考科学活动的本体实在论预设,探讨超知觉的世界状态、类型、性质和过程,并提出探询物理现象和认知现象的方法。

在他看来,科学领域中以为确实为真的一套范畴是本体论。

在科学发展的每一时刻,本体论都将存在于一门科学的预设之中。

因此,他坚持科学依赖的预设是本体实在论,科学正是建立在这种实在论基础之上。

按照本体实在论,科学由以下因素构成:(1)一个规则的现象目录;(2)一个表征能产生可观察现象的不可观察机制的模型系统。

科学家因此需要具有:(1)一个对现象进行分类的概念系统来定义类型和种类,并创建一个分类法;(2)一个已经接受的概念源,作为控制创建模型的一种方式,表征能产生现象的不可观察程序;(3)一个理想的分类系统和一个解释模型的指令系统,它们在一个连贯的完善系统中相连接。

诺贝尔奖与光学全息

Dennis Gabor’s 1948
• “The years after the war were the most fruitful. I wrote, among many others, my first papers on communication theory, I developed a system of stereoscopic cinematography, and in the last year, 1948 I carried out the basic experiments in holography, at that time called "wavefront reconstruction". “
3-D Holograph
Dynamic holography
全息照相原理 The Principles of Holography
全息照相：在感光片上记录物光的光强分布，同时记录物光的位相分布，并用一定的手段再现出物体的立体图象全息照相原理：用干涉的方法记录物光波，用衍射的方法再现物光波
• “After pondering this problem for a long time, a solution suddenly dawned on me, one fine day at Easter 1947” • “Why not take a bad electron picture, but one which contains the whole information, and correct it by optical means” • The interference of the object wave and of the coherent background or “reference wave” will then produce interference fringes.

新教伦理与资本主义精神新版英文译者前言

The Protestant ethic and the spirit of capitalism/Max Weber; “Prefatory remarks” to
Collected essays in the sociology of religion [“Vorbemerkung,” Gesammelte Aufsätze
Publisher and Editor: Claude Teweles Production Editor: Jim Ballinger Copyeditor: Susan Converse-Winslow Proofreaders: Renée M. Burkhammer and Dawn VanDercreek Assistant Editors: Casey Haymes, Josh Levine, Raoul Limeres, Heather Setrakian, and Kate Shaffar Tography: Synergistic Data Systems Cover Design: Marnie Kenney
The Task of the Investigation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
Part II: The Vocational Ethic of Ascetic Protestantism
Chapter IV.
The Religious Foundations of This-Worldly Asceticism . . . . . . . . . . 53 A. Calvinism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 B. Pietism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80 C. Methodism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89 D. The Baptizing Sects and Churches. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93

公民自由主义的政治科学序言史蒂夫·富勒

作者简介：史蒂夫·富勒（Steve Fuller ），英国华威大学社会学系教授，主要从事STS 和社会认识论研究。

彭家锋，中国人民大学哲学院2020级博士研究生，主要从事科技哲学、STS 研究。

E-mail:****************公民自由主义的政治科学序言史蒂夫·富勒彭家锋译由于新冠病毒在第一年就演变为全球性疫情，人们对病毒传播过程中真正的科学不确定性与有效的政治沟通和政策制定的需要之间的笨拙应对（awkward fit ）已经引起了广泛的关注。

实际上，世界已经变成了一个活生生的实验室，每个国家的人民都在相当不同的实验中充当小白鼠，这些实验基于大致相同的科学，只是被应用于不同的地理、政治和文化条件下。

此外，虽然各国政府采取的行动显然会对其正式管辖范围之外的人产生影响，但并没有商定的标准来对应对此次疫情的“成功”作出跨国性判断。

事实上，世界卫生组织的每一次宣布（如果假设存在这种普遍标准），最后都会让世界上的一个或几个地区感到恼火，认为这是一种指手画脚（backseat driving ）。

在20世纪初的德国，关于Volkswirstschaft （国民经济）中“Volk ”含义的争论是一个有用的参考，尽管有些新奇。

一方是维尔纳·桑巴特（Werner Sombart ）和韦伯兄弟（Max and Alfred ），他们以各自不同的方式将“Volk ”视为一个大致相当于国家文化的概念，被理解为一种随时间演变的有机体，任何时候，它都从与实际生活在国境内的民众那里获得其半自主式（semi-au-tonomously ）存在。

另一方是现代经济地理学的创始人伯恩哈德·哈姆斯（Bernhard Harms ），他将费迪南德·唐尼斯（Ferdinand Tönnies ）招入他在基尔的世界经济研究所。

哈姆斯对“Volk ”的定义是：在某一特定时间内民族国家的实际居民，以及他们为促进国家利益所带来的能力①。

Matching Condition on the Event Horizon and the Holography Principle

a rXiv:g r-qc/99786v 217Apr2Matching Condition on the Event Horizon and HolographyPrinciple V.Dzhunushaliev ∗Universit¨a t Potsdam,Institute f¨u r Mathematik,14469,Potsdam,Germany and Theor.Phys.Dept.KSNU,720024,Bishkek,Kyrgyzstan Abstract It is shown that the event horizon of 4D black hole or ds 2=0surfaces of multidimensional wormhole-like solutions reduce the amount of information necessary for determining the whole spacetime and hence satisfy the Holog-raphy principle.This leads to the fact that by matching two metrics on a ds 2=0surface (an event horizon for 4D black holes)we can match only the metric components but not their derivatives.For example,this allows us to obtain a composite wormhole inserting a 5D wormhole-like ﬂux tube between two Reissner-Nordstr¨o m black holes and matching them on the event ing the Holography principle,the entropy of a black hole from the algorithm theory is obtained.Typeset using REVT E XI.INTRODUCTIONMatching two metrics which are solutions of the Einstein equation leads to the fact that surface stress-energy appears on the matching surface.This is a consequence of the Einstein equations.A detail explanation of this can be found,for example,in Refs[1],[2],[3].A cause of this is evident:the Riemann tensor contains second derivatives of the metric which lead to aδ-function in the left-hand side of the Einstein equations,hence in the right-hand side there should beδ-like surface stress-energy.But the Holography principle proposed in Refs[4],[5],[6]tells us that there is a surface which essentially cuts down the number of degrees of freedom.It can suggest that matching two metrics on this surface can substantially change the matching procedure on such a surface.For this purpose we propose the Lorentz invariant surface on which ds2=01.Further we consider several solutions of4D and vacuum multidimensional(MD)gravity: two solutions are the Reissner-Nordstr¨o m and Yang-Mills black holes(BH)and two solutions are wormhole-like(WH)solutions which in some sense are dual to the above-mentioned BHs 2.To begin with,we bring the deﬁnition of the Holography principle according to[6]:”...a full description of nature requires only a two-dimensional lattice at the spatial boundaries of the world...“.Our aim is to show that this principle works on the ds2=0surface.II.4D CASEA.Event horizon as a Holography surface for the Reissner-Nordstr¨o m BHThe metric in this case isds2=∆(r)dt2−dr2r +1−∆2ω′2,(3)−∆′′r=−κr2.(5)It is easy to prove that Eq.(4)is a consequence of(3)and(5).For the Reissner-Nordstr¨o m BH the event horizon(EH)is deﬁned by the condition∆(r g)=0,where r g is the radius of the EH.Hence in this case we see that on the EH∆′g=12r gω′g2,(6)here(g)means that the corresponding value is taken on the EH.Thus,Eq.(3),which is the Einstein equation,is aﬁrst-order diﬀerential equations in the whole spacetime(r≥r g). The condition(6)tells us that the derivative of the metric on the EH is expressed through the metric value on the EH.And this means that Holography principle works here and is connected with the presence of the EH.In passing we remark that this allows us to calculate the BH entropy from an algorithmical point of view[7]without any quantum-mechanical calculations,which we will do in IV B.B.Event horizon as a Holography surface for an SU(2)Yang-Mills BHHere we use the following metricds2=e2ν(r)∆(r)dt2−dr2r2(1−f(r)),(8)A a t=x ar +1−∆r2 ∆f′2+1rf′2,(11) Rθθ−1r2 f2−1 .(13)Due to the Bianchi identities Eq.(12)is a consequence of the other equations.From(11) we haveν(r)=κ ∞r f′2νg=κ ∞r g f′22+···,(16) f=f0+f1x+f2x2r gf31,(18) f1=f0r g −κ∆(r)dt2−R20∆(r) dχ+ω(r)dt 2−dr2−a(r) dθ2+sin2θdϕ2 ,(21)hereχis the5th coordinate,r,θandϕare the ordinary spherical coordinates,R0is some constant.The5D Einstein equations are∆∆′′−∆′2+∆∆′a′3we can exclude r g making all the magnitudes dimensionless(r∗=r/r g;κ′=κ/r2g ).4a=r2+r20(25)∆=qr20+r2,(26)ω=4r20r20−r2.(27)here q and r0are some constants.It is easy to prove that G tt(±r0)=∆−1(±r0)−R20∆(±r0)ω2(±r0)=0and ds2=0on surfaces r=±r0.In this sense the surface r=r0is analogous to an EH.On the surface ds2=0∆(±r0)=0,and therefore from Eq.(22)we have∆′0=±q2r20.(28)The signs(±)correspond,respectively,to(r=∓r0)where the surfaces ds2=0are located. This also indicates that the surface ds2=0works here according to the Holography principle.B.The surface ds2=0as a Holography surface for a7D WH-like solutionHere we work with gravity on the principal bundle as in Ref.[10],i.e.the base of the bundle is an ordinary4D Einstein spacetime and theﬁbre of the bundle is the SU(2)gauge group.In our case we have gravity on the SU(2)principal bundle with the SU(2)structural group(simultaneously it gives the extra coordinates).This group as the sphere S3is the space of the extra dimensions.Thus,the dimension of our MD gravity is7.The gravity equations are:R aµ=0,(29)R a a=R44+R55+R66=0,(30) here A=0,1,2,...,6is a MD index on the total space of the bundle,µ=0,1,2,3is the index on the base of the bundle,a=4,5,6is the index on theﬁbre of the bundle.For MD gravity on the principal bundle we have the following theorem[11,12]:Let G be the groupﬁbre of the principal bundle.Then there is a one-to-one correspon-dence between the G-invariant metrics on the total space X and the triples(gµν,A aµ,hγab). Here gµνis Einstein’s pseudo-Riemannian metric on the base;A aµis the gaugeﬁeld of the group G(the nondiagonal components of the multidimensional metric);hγab is the symmetric metric on theﬁbre.According to this theorem7D metric has the following formds2=Σ2(r)σ1=12(cos αdβ+sin βsin αdγ),(33)σ3=1Σ+4u ′v ′a =0,(35)a ′′a Σ−24a 2=0,(36)u ′′Σu −u ′2au −412R 20u 3R 20u 4Σ+a ′Σ′R 20u−R 20u u 30−R 20u 0v 20=0,(39)here the index (0)means that the corresponding quantities are taken on the surface r =±r 0.We suppose that in this region there is the following behaviour (r =+r 0)u (r )=u 0 1−rr 0 3/2+···,(41)v (r )=q Σ01−r 2a 0,(43)R 0=3u 20r 0,(44)Σ1u 50.(45)Here we also see the Holography principle:u 0and Σ′(r 0)=Σ1are not undependent initialdata,they are determinated from the dimensionless magnitudes q/r 0and a 0/r 20.6IV.DISCUSSIONThus we see that at least for static spherically symmetric solutions in4D and vacuum MD gravity the Holography principle leads from the presence of the ds2=0surface(event horizon for the4D gravity).For researchers working with4D Einstein-Yang-Mills black holes this is well known:the condition(19)is necessary for numerical calculations(see,for example,[8]).These results allow us to say that(at least for the static spherically symmetric cases)on the surface ds2=0the Holography principle changes and simpliﬁes the matching conditions due to reduction of the physical degrees of freedom.Roughly speaking,close to this surface the Einstein diﬀerential equations of the second order are reduced toﬁrst-order equations4. In this case it is evident that:matching of two metrics on the surface ds2=0does not lead toδ−functions and hence the appearance of an additional surface stress-energy.posite WH with5D WH-like solution and two Reissner-Nordstr¨o m blackholesFor example,having a5D WH-like solution,we can match to it two Reissner-Nordstr¨o m black holes on the two ds2=0surfaces[14].This can be done since ordinary4D electro-gravity can be considered as5D vacuum gravity in the initial Kaluza sense5and on the EH we joinﬁbre toﬁbre and base to base Reissner-Nordstr¨o m and5D WH-like solutions.In this case we have to match on the surface ds2=0(an EH for an observer at inﬁnity)only the following quantities•The area of the surface ds2=0of the5D WH-like solution with the area of the EH of the Reissner-Nordstr¨o m BH:4πa=4πr2g,(46) here the left-hand side is5D and the right-hand side is4D.•Let we compare the5D equation R15=04πaω′e−2ν ′=0,(47) with the Maxwell equation4πr2E ′=0.(48) In both cases4πa or4πr2is the area of an2-sphere and Eqs(47)and(48)tell us that the electricalﬁeldﬂux is preserved.Hence we can make a conclusion thatω′e−2νis a”5D electrical“ﬁeld,E5=ω′e−2νand for the4D case we have the conventional deﬁnition of the electricalﬁeld E.Hence on the ds2=0matching surfaceω′0e−2ν0=E g;(49) here(0)means that the corresponding5D quantity is on the ds2=0surface and(g) means that this4D quantity is taken on the EH.•We do not match G rr and g rr since these components of4D and5D metrics are arbitrary:they depend only on the choice of the radial coordinate.In fact we see that we have only two matching conditions and this is evident:a Reissner -Nordstr¨o m BH is characterized only by two physical quantities:the electrical charge Q and the mass m.Also the5D WH-like solution(25)-(27)is characterized only by two physical quantities:the constants q and r0.It is remarkable that for these4D and5D physical quantities we have only the matching conditions(46)and(49)as a consequence of the Holography principle.B.The Holography principle and algorithmical complexityIt is interesting that reduction of the order of Einstein’s diﬀerential equations near an EH and the Holography principle allows us to calculate the entropy of a BH without any quan-tum calculations.We shortly repeat this result obtained in[7].In the1960’s Kolmogorov ascertained that the algorithm theory allows us to deﬁne the probability notion for a single object.His idea is very simple:the probability is connected with the complexity of this object,”chance“=”complexity“.The more complex(longer)is an algorithm describing this object6the smaller probability it has.Of course there is the question:what is it the length of an algorithm?It was found that such an invariant,well posed deﬁnition can be given[15]:The algorithmic complexity K(x|y)of the object x for a given object y is the minimal length of the”program”P which is written as a sequence of the zeros and unities and allows one to construct x from given yK(x|y)=minl(P)(50)A(P,y)=xwhere l(P)is the length of the program P;A(P,y)is the algorithm calculating the object x, using the program P when the object y is given.Then we can determine the algorithmical complexity of a BH and the logarithm of it gives us the entropy of BH.We write the initial equations for describing the Schwarzschild BH.The metric isds2=dt2−eλ(t,R)dR2−r2(t,R) dθ2+sin2θdφ2 ,(51)here t is time,R is radius,θand φare polar angles.In this case Einstein’s equations are−e −λr ′2+2r ¨r +˙r 2+1=0,(52)−e −λt +¨λ+˙λ2r =0,(53)−e −λr 2r ˙a ˙λ+˙a 2+1 =0,(54)2˙r ′−˙λr′=0,(55)where (′)and (˙)mean,respectively,derivatives in t and r .The0 Einstein’s equation forthe initial data is−e −λr 2r ˙a ˙λ+˙a 2+1 =0.(56)The Caushy hypersurface determining the whole Schwarzschild -Kruskal spacetime is t =0.The ”quantity“of the initial data according to the Holography principle can be essentially reduced:ﬁrst,at t =0the ﬁrst time derivative of all metric components is equal to zero.Therefore we have the following equation for the initial data2rr ′′+r ′2−rr ′λ′−e λ=0.(57)We know that the hypersurface t =0is a WH connecting two asymptotically ﬂat,causally disconnected regions.This WH is symmetrical relative to centre r =r g ,therefore the initial data for this equation arer ′(R =0,t =0)=0,(58)r (R =0,t =0)=r g ,(59)where r g is the radius of the event horizon.The conditions (58)and (59)are necessary for this WH to exist and this is also a consequence of Holography principle (reducing the informa-tion describing the BH).Thus,for describing the whole Schwarzschild -Kruskal spacetime we need the algorithm (52)-(55)and the initial data (59).Therefore the algorithmical complexity of the Schwarzschild BH K is deﬁned by the given expressionK ≈L initial r gVI.ACKNOWLEDGMENTSThis work is supported by a Georg Forster Research Fellowship from the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation.I would like to thank H.-J.Schmidt for the invitation to Potsdam Universit¨a t for research,D.Singleton and K.Bronnikov for a fruitful discussion.10REFERENCES[1]W.Israel,Nuovo Cimento B44,1(1966).[2]Y.Choquet-Bruhat,Ann.Inst.H.Poincare Vol.VIII(sect.A),327(1968).[3]M.Carfora and G.Ellis,Int.J.Mod.Phys.D4,175(1995).[4]G.’t Hooft,“Dimensional Reduction in Quantum Gravity”,gr-qc/9310026.[5]C.Thorn,Published in Sakharov Conf.on Physics,Moscow447(1991).[6]L.Susskind,J.Math.Phys.36,6377(1995).[7]V.Dzhunushaliev,Class.Quant.Grav.15,603(1998).[8]M.Volkov and D.Gal’tsov,JETP Letter50,346(1989).[9]V.Dzhunushaliev,Izv.Vuzov,ser.”Fizika“78(1993).[10]V.Dzhunushaliev,Gen.Relat.Grav.30,583(1998).[11]R.Percacci,J.Math.Phys.24,807(1983).[12]A.Salam and J.Strathdee,Ann.Phys.141,316(1982).[13]V.Dzhunushaliev,Grav.Cosmol.3,240(1997).[14]V.Dzhunushaliev,Mod.Phys.Lett.A13,2179(1998).[15]A.Kolmogorov,”Information Theory and Algorithm Theory:Logical Foundation ofInformation binatorial Foundation of Information Theory and Probability Calculus”(Nauka,Moscow,1987).11。

Gaugegravity duality

a rXiv:g r-qc/6237v 318Apr261Gauge/gravity duality GARY T.HOROWITZ University of California at Santa Barbara JOSEPH POLCHINSKI KITP,University of California at Santa Barbara Abstract We review the emergence of gravity from gauge theory in the context of AdS/CFT duality.We discuss the evidence for the duality,its lessons for gravitational physics,generalizations,and open questions.1.1Introduction Assertion:Hidden within every non-Abelian gauge theory,even within the weak and strong nuclear interactions,is a theory of quantum gravity.This is one implication of AdS/CFT duality.It was discovered by a circuitous route,involving in particular the relation between black branes and D-branes in string theory.It is an interesting exercise,how-ever,to ﬁrst try to ﬁnd a path from gauge theory to gravity as directly as possible.Thus let us imagine that we know a bit about gauge theory and a bit about gravity but nothing about string theory,and ask,how are we to make sense of the assertion?One possibility that comes to mind is that the spin-two graviton mightarise as a composite of two spin-one gauge bosons.This interesting idea would seem to be rigorously excluded by a no-go theorem of Weinberg &Witten (1980).The Weinberg-Witten theorem appears to assume noth-ing more than the existence of a Lorentz-covariant energy momentum tensor,which indeed holds in gauge theory.The theorem does forbid a wide range of possibilities,but (as with several other beautiful and pow-erful no-go theorems)it has at least one hidden assumption that seems so trivial as to escape notice,but which later developments show to be unnecessary.The crucial assumption here is that the graviton moves in the same spacetime as the gauge bosons of which it is made!12Gary T.Horowitz and Joseph PolchinskiThe clue to relax this assumption comes from the holographic prin-ciple(’t Hooft,1993,and Susskind,1995),which suggests that a grav-itational theory should be related to a non-gravitational theory in one fewer dimension.In other words,we mustﬁnd within the gauge theory not just the graviton,but aﬁfth dimension as well:the physics must be local with respect to some additional hidden parameter.Several hints suggest that the role of thisﬁfth dimension is played by the energy scale of the gauge theory.For example,the renormalization group equation is local with respect to energy:it is a nonlinear evolution equation for the coupling constants as measured at a given energy scale.†In order to make this precise,it is useful to go to certain limits in which theﬁve-dimensional picture becomes manifest;we will later return to the more general case.Thus we consider four-dimensional gauge theories with the following additional properties:•Large N c.While the holographic principle implies a certain equiva-lence between four-andﬁve-dimensional theories,it is also true that in many senses a higher dimensional theory has more degrees of free-dom;for example,the one-particle states are labeled by an additional momentum parameter.Thus,in order toﬁnd aﬁfth dimension of macroscopic size,we need to consider gauge theories with many de-grees of freedom.A natural limit of this kind was identiﬁed by’t Hooft(1974):if we consider SU(N c)gauge theories,then there is a smooth limit in which N c is taken large with the combination g2YM N c heldﬁxed.•Strong coupling.Classical Yang-Mills theory is certainly not the same as classical general relativity.If gravity is to emerge from gauge theory, we should expect that it will be in the limit where the gaugeﬁelds are strongly quantum mechanical,and the gravitational degrees of freedom arise as eﬀective classicalﬁelds.Thus we must consider the theory with large t Hooft parameter g2YM N c.•Supersymmetry.This is a more technical assumption,but it is a natural corollary to the previous one.Quantumﬁeld theories at strong coupling are prone to severe instabilities;for example,particle-antiparticle pairs can appear spontaneously,and their negative poten-tial energy would exceed their positive rest and kinetic energies.Thus, QED withﬁne structure constant much greater than1does not exist, even as an eﬀective theory,because it immediately runs into an in-stability in the ultraviolet(known as the Landau pole).The Thirring †This locality was emphasized to us by Shenker,who credits it to Wilson.Gauge/gravity duality3 model provides a simple solvable illustration of the problem:it existsonly below a certain critical coupling(Coleman,1975).Supersym-metric theories however have a natural stability property,because theHamiltonian is the square of a Hermitean supercharge and so boundedbelow.Thus it is not surprising that most examples ofﬁeld theorieswith interesting strong coupling behavior(i.e.dualities)are super-symmetric.We will therefore start by assuming supersymmetry,butafter understanding this case we can work back to the nonsupersym-metric case.We begin with the most supersymmetric possibility,N=4SU(N c)gauge theory,meaning that there are four copies of the minimal D=4supersymmetry algebra.The assumption of N=4supersymmetry hasa useful bonus in that the beta function vanishes,the coupling does notrun.Most gauge theories have running couplings,so that the strongcoupling required by the previous argument persists only in a very nar-row range of energies,becoming weak on one side and blowing up onthe other.In the N=4gauge theory the coupling remains strong andconstant over an arbitrarily large range,and so we can have a largeﬁfthdimension.The vanishing beta function implies that the classical conformal in-variance of the Yang-Mills theory survives quantization:it is a conformalﬁeld theory(CFT).In particular,the theory is invariant under rigid scaletransformations xµ→λxµforµ=0,1,2,3.Since we are associating theﬁfth coordinate r with energy scale,it must tranform inversely tothe length scale,r→r/λ.The most general metric invariant under thisscale invariance and the ordinary Poincar´e symmetries isds2=r2r2dr2(1.1)for some constantsℓandℓ′;by a multiplicative redeﬁnition of r we can setℓ′=ℓ.Thus our attempt to make sense of the assertion at the beginning has led us(with liberal use of hindsight)to the following conjecture:D=4,N=4,SU(N c)gauge theory is equivalent to a grav-itational theory inﬁve-dimensional anti-de Sitter(AdS)space.Indeed, this appears to be true.In the next section we will make this statement more precise,and discuss the evidence for it.In theﬁnal section we will discuss various lessons for quantum gravity,generalizations,and open questions.4Gary T.Horowitz and Joseph Polchinski1.2AdS/CFT dualityLet us deﬁne more fully the two sides of the duality.†The gauge theory can be written in a compact way by starting with the D=10Lagrangian density for an SU(N c)gaugeﬁeld and a16component Majorana-Weyl spinor,both in the adjoint(N c×N c matrix)representation:L=1Gauge/gravity duality5 completely crazy comes from comparing the symmetries.The D=4, N=4,SU(N c)super-Yang-Mills theory has an SO(4,2)symmetrycoming from conformal invariance and an SO(6)symmetry coming from rotation of the scalars.This agrees with the geometric symmetries of AdS5×S5.On both sides there are also32supersymmetries.Again on the gravitational side these are geometric,arising as Killing spinors on the AdS5×S5spacetime.On the gauge theory side they include the 16‘ordinary’supersymmetries of the N=4algebra,and16additional supersymmetries as required by the conformal algebra.The precise(though still not fully complete)statement is that the IIB supergravity theory in a space whose geometry is asymptotically AdS5×S5is dual to the D=4,N=4,SU(N c)gauge theory.The metric(1.1) describes only a Poincar´e patch of AdS spacetime,and the gauge theory lives on R4.It is generally more natural to consider the fully extended global AdS space,in which case the dual gauge theory lives on S3×R. In each case the gauge theory lives on the conformal boundary of the gravitational spacetime(r→∞in the Poincar´e coordinates),which will give us a natural dictionary for the observables.The initial checks of this duality concerned perturbations of AdS5×S5. It was shown that all linearized supergravity states have corresponding states in the gauge theory(Witten,1998a).In particular,the global time translation in the bulk is identiﬁed with time translation in the ﬁeld theory,and the energies of states in theﬁeld theory and string theory agree.For perturbations of AdS5×S5,one can reconstruct the background spacetime from the gauge theory as follows.Fields on S5 can be decomposed into spherical harmonics,which can be described as symmetric traceless tensors on R6:T i···j X i···X j.Restricted to the unit sphere one gets a basis of functions.Recall that the gauge theory has six scalars and the SO(6)symmetry of rotating theϕi.So the operators T i···jϕi···ϕj give information about position on S5.Four of the remaining directions are explicitly present in the gauge theory,and the radial direction corresponds to the energy scale in the gauge theory. In the gauge theory the expectation values of local operators(gauge invariant products of the N=4ﬁelds and their covariant derivatives) provide one natural set of observables.It is convenient to work with the generating functional for these expectation values by shifting the Lagrangian densityL(x)→L(x)+ I J I(x)O I(x),(1.3) where O I is some basis of local operators and J I(x)are arbitrary func-6Gary T.Horowitz and Joseph Polchinskitions.Since we are taking products of operators at a point,we are perturbing the theory in the ultraviolet,which according to the energy-radius relation maps to the AdS boundary.Thus the duality dictionary relates the gauge theory generating functional to a gravitational theory in which the boundary conditions at inﬁnity are perturbed in a speciﬁed way(Gubser et al.,1998,and Witten,1998a).As a further check on the duality,all three-point interactions were shown to agree(Lee et al., 1998).The linearized supergravity excitations map to gauge invariant states of the gauge bosons,scalars,and fermions,but in fact only to a small subset of these;in particular,all the supergravity states live in special small multiplets of the superconformal symmetry algebra.Thus the dual to the gauge theory contains much more than supergravity.The identity of the additional degrees of freedom becomes particularly clear if one looks at highly boosted states,those having large angular momentum on S5and/or AdS5(Berenstein et al.,2002,and Gubser et al.,2002).The ﬁelds of the gauge theory then organize naturally into one-dimensional structures,coming from the Yang-Mills large-N c trace:they correspond to the excited states of strings.In some cases,one can even construct a two dimensional sigma model directly from the gauge theory and show that it agrees(at large boost)with the sigma model describing strings moving in AdS5×S5(Kruczenski,2004).Thus,by trying to make sense of the assertion at the beginning,we are forced to‘discover’string theory.We can now state the duality in its full form(Maldacena,1998a):Four-dimensional N=4supersymmetric SU(N c)gauge theory is equivalent to IIB string theory with AdS5×S5boundary conditions. The need for strings(though not the presence of gravity!)was already anticipated by’t Hooft(1974),based on the planar structure of the large-N c Yang-Mills perturbation theory;the AdS/CFT duality puts this into a precise form.It alsoﬁts with the existence of another important set of gauge theory observables,the one-dimensional Wilson loops.The Wilson loop can be thought of as creating a string at the AdS5boundary, whose world-sheet then extends into the interior(Maldacena,1998b,and Rey&Yee,2001).See also Polyakov(1987,1999)for other perspectives on gauge/string duality and the role of theﬁfth dimension.We now drop the pretense of not knowing string theory,and outline the original argument for the duality in Maldacena(1998a).He con-sidered a stack of N c parallel D3-branes on top of each other.EachGauge/gravity duality7 D3-brane couples to gravity with a strength proportional to the dimen-sionless string coupling g s,so the distortion of the metric by the branesis proportional to g s N c.When g s N c≪1the spacetime is nearlyﬂat and there are two types of string excitations.There are open strings on thebrane whose low energy modes are described by a U(N c)gauge theory.There are also closed strings away from the brane.When g s N c≫1,the backreaction is important and the metric describes an extremal black 3-brane.This is a generalization of a black hole appropriate for a three dimensional extended object.It is extremal with respect to the charge carried by the3-branes,which sources theﬁve form F5.Near the hori-zon,the spacetime becomes a product of S5and AdS5.(This is directly analogous to the fact that near the horizon of an extremal Reissner-Nordstrom black hole,the spacetime is AdS2×S2.)String states near the horizon are strongly redshifted and have very low energy as seen asymptotically.In a certain low energy limit,one can decouple these strings from the strings in the asymptoticallyﬂat region.At weak cou-pling,g s N c≪1,this same limit decouples the excitations of the3-branes from the closed strings.Thus the low energy decoupled physics is de-scribed by the gauge theory at small g s and by the AdS5×S5closed string theory at large g s,and the simplest conjecture is that these are the same theory as seen at diﬀerent values of the coupling.†This con-jecture resolved a puzzle,the fact that very diﬀerent gauge theory and gravity calculations were found to give the same answers for a variety of string-brane interactions.In the context of string theory we can relate the parameters on thetwo sides of the duality.In the gauge theory we have g2YM and N c.Theknown D3-brane Lagrangian determines the relation of couplings,g2YM=4πg s.Further,each D3-brane is a source for theﬁve-formﬁeld strength,so on the string side N c is determined by S5F5;this integratedﬂux is quantized by a generalization of Dirac’s argument for quantization of the ﬂux S2F2of a magnetic monopole.The supergravityﬁeld equations give a relation between thisﬂux and the radii of curvature of the AdS5 and S5spaces,both being given byℓ=(4πg s N c)1/4ℓs.(1.4) Hereℓs is the fundamental length scale of string theory,related to the string tensionµbyµ−1=2πℓ2s.Notice that the spacetime radii are large in string units(and so the curvature is small)precisely when the’t Hooft †The U(1)factor in U(N c)=SU(N c)×U(1)also decouples:it is Abelian and does not feel the strong gauge interactions.8Gary T.Horowitz and Joseph Polchinskicoupling4πg s N c=g2YM N c is large,in keeping with the heuristic argu-ments that we made in the introduction.It is also instructive to express the AdS radius entirely in gravitational variables.The ten-dimensional gravitational coupling is G∼g2sℓ8s,up to a numerical constant.Thusℓ∼N1/4c G1/8,G∼ℓ8ℓ2+1−r20ℓ2+1−r20Gauge/gravity duality9 isS BH=Ag2sℓ8s∼T3Hℓ114S YM(Gubser et al.,1996).The numerical disagreement is not surprising,as the Yang-Mills calculation is for an ideal gas,and at large g s the Yang-Mills degrees of freedom are interacting.Thus one expects a relation of the form S BH=f(g s N c)S YM,ideal,where f(0)=1;the above calculation implies that f(∞)=34,but theﬁrst correction has been calculated both at weakand strong coupling and is consistent with f(g s N c)interpolating in a rather smooth way.Hawking&Page(1983)showed that for thermal AdS boundary con-ditions there is a phase transition:below a transition temperature of order1/ℓthe dominant conﬁguration is not the black hole but a gas of particles in AdS space.The low temperature geometry has no horizon and so its entropy comes only from the ordinary statistical mechanics of the gas.The same transition occurs in the gauge theory(Witten, 1998b).The N=4gauge theory on S3has an analog of a conﬁnement transition.At low temperature one has a thermal ensemble of gauge-invariant degrees of freedom,whose entropy therefore scales as N0c,and at high temperature one has the N2c behavior found above—the same scalings as on the gravitational side.There is another test one can perform with the gauge theory atﬁ-nite temperature.At long wavelengths,one can use a hydrodynamic approximation and think of this as aﬂuid(for a recent overview see Kovtun et al.,2003).It is then natural to ask:What is the speed of sound waves?Conformal invariance implies that the stress energy ten-sor is traceless,so p=ρ/3which implies that v=1/√10Gary T.Horowitz and Joseph Polchinskiseem to be diﬃcult since the bulk does not seem to have any preferred speed other than the speed of light.But recent work has shown that the answer is yes.The AdS/CFT duality also gives an interesting perspective on the black hole membrane paradigm(Thorne et al.,1986).The black hole horizon is known to have many of the properties of a dissipative sys-tem.On the dual side it is a dissipative system,the hot gauge theory. One can thus compute such hydrodynamic quantities such as the shear viscosity.These are hard to check since they are diﬃcult to calculate directly in the strongly coupled thermal gauge theory,but,rather re-markably,the numerical agreement with the observed properties of the real quark-gluon plasma at RHIC is better than for conventionalﬁeld theory calculations(for a discussion see Blau,2005).There is also aﬁeld theory interpretation of black hole quasinormal modes(Horowitz&Hubeny2000).A perturbation of the black hole decays with a characteristic time set by the imaginary part of the low-est quasinormal mode.This should correspond to the timescale for the gauge theory to return to thermal equilibrium.One can show that the quasinormal mode frequencies are poles in the retarded Green’s func-tion of a certain operator in the gauge theory.The particular operator depends on the type ofﬁeld used to perturb the black hole(Kovtun& Starinets,2005).Finally,consider the formation and evaporation of a small black hole in a spacetime which is asymptotically AdS5×S5.By the AdS/CFT correspondence,this process is described by ordinary unitary evolution in the gauge theory.So black hole evaporation does not violate quan-tum mechanics:information is preserved.This also provides an indirect argument against the existence of a‘bounce’at the black hole singular-ity,because the resulting disconnected universe would presumably carry away information.1.3.2Background independence and emergenceThe AdS/CFT system is entirely embedded in the framework of quan-tum mechanics.On the gauge theory side we have an explicit Hamil-tonian,and states which we can think of as gauge invariant functionals of theﬁelds.Thus the gravitational theory on the other side is quan-tum mechanical as well.In particular the metricﬂuctuates freely except at the AdS boundary.One is not restricted to perturbations about a particular background.Gauge/gravity duality11 This is clearly illustrated by a rich set of examples which provide a detailed map between a class of nontrivial asymptotically AdS5×S5supergravity solutions and a class of states in the gauge theory(Lin et al.,2004).These states and geometries both preserve half of the supersymmetry of AdS5×S5itself.On theﬁeld theory side,one restricts toﬁelds that are independent of S3and hence reduce to N c×N c matrices. In fact,all the states are created by a single complex matrix,so can be described by a one-matrix model.This theory can be quantized exactly in terms of free fermions,and the states can be labeled by a arbitrary closed curve(the Fermi surface)on a plane.On the gravity side,one considers solutions to ten dimensional supergravity involving just the metric and self-dualﬁve form F5.Theﬁeld equations are simply dF5=0 andR MN=F MP QRS F N P QRS(1.9) There exists a large class of stationary solutions to(1.9),which have an SO(4)×SO(4)symmetry and can be obtained by solving a linear equation.These solutions are nonsingular,have no event horizons,but can have complicated topology.They are also labeled by arbitrary closed curves on a plane.This provides a precise way to map states in theﬁeld theory into bulk geometries.Only for some“semi-classical”states is the curvature below the Planck scale everywhere,but the matrix/free fermion description readily describes all the states,of all topologies, within a single Hilbert space.Thus the gauge theory gives a representation of quantum gravity that is background independent almost everywhere—-that is,everywhere ex-cept the boundary.Conventional string perturbation theory constructs string amplitudes as an asymptotic expansion around a given spacetime geometry;here we have an exact quantum mechanical construction for which the conventional expansion generates the asymptotics.All lo-cal phenomena of quantum gravity,such as formation and evaporation of black holes,the interaction of quanta with Planckian energies,and even transitions that change topology,are described by the gauge the-ory.However,the boundary conditions do have the important limitation that most cosmological situations,and most compactiﬁcations of string theory,cannot be described;we will return to these points later.To summarize,AdS/CFT duality is an example of emergent gravity, emergent spacetime,and emergent general coordinate invariance.But it is also an example of emergent strings!We should note that the terms‘gauge/gravity duality’and‘gauge/string duality’are often used,12Gary T.Horowitz and Joseph Polchinskiboth to reﬂect these emergent properties and also the fact that(as weare about the see)the duality generalizes to gravitational theories withcertain other boundary conditions,and toﬁeld theories that are notconformally invariant.Let us expand somewhat on the emergence of general coordinate in-variance.The AdS/CFT duality is a close analog to the phenomenonof emergent gauge symmetry(e.g.D’Adda et al.,1978,and Baskaran&Anderson,1988).For example,in some condensed matter systems inwhich the starting point has only electrons with short-ranged interac-tions,there are phases where the electron separates into a new fermionand boson,e(x)=b(x)f†(x).(1.10) However,the newﬁelds are redundant:there is a gauge transformationb(x)→e iλ(x)b(x),f(x)→e iλ(x)f(x),which leaves the physical elec-tronﬁeld invariant.This new gauge invariance is clearly emergent:it iscompletely invisible in terms of the electronﬁeld appearing in the orig-inal description of the theory.†Similarly,the gauge theory variables ofAdS/CFT are trivially invariant under the bulk diﬀeomorphisms,whichare entirely invisible in the gauge theory(the gauge theoryﬁelds dotransform under the asymptotic symmetries of AdS5×S5,but these are ADM symmetries,not gauge redundancies).Of course we can alwaysin general relativity introduce a set of gauge-invariant observables bysetting up eﬀectively a system of rods and clocks,so to this extent thenotion of emergence is imprecise,but it carries the connotation that thedynamics can be expressed in a simple way in terms of the invariantvariables,as the case in AdS/CFT.‡1.3.3GeneralizationsThus far we have considered only the most well-studied example ofgauge/gravity duality:D=4,N=4,Yang-Mills⇔string theorywith AdS5×S5boundary conditions.Let us now ask how much more general this phenomenon is(again,for details see the review by Aharony et al.,2000).†This‘statistical’gauge invariance is not to be confused with the ordinary electro-magnetic gauge invariance,which does act on the electron.‡Note that on the gauge theory side there is still the ordinary Yang-Mills gauge redundancy,which is more tractable than general coordinate invariance(it does not act on spacetime).In fact in most examples of duality there are gauge symmetries on both sides and these are unrelated to each other:the duality pertains only to the physical quantities.Gauge/gravity duality13 First,we imagine perturbing the theory we have already studied, adding additional terms(such as masses for some of theﬁelds)to the gauge theory action.This is just a special case of the modiﬁcation(1.3), such that the functions J I(x)=g I are independent of position.Thus we already have the dictionary,that the the dual theory is given by IIB string theory in a spacetime with some perturbation of the AdS5×S5 boundary conditions.In general,the perturbation of the gauge theory will break conformal invariance,so that the physics depends on energy scale.In quantum ﬁeld theory there is a standard procedure for integrating out high en-ergy degrees of freedom and obtaining an eﬀective theory at low energy. This is known as renormalization group(RG)ﬂow.If one starts with a conformalﬁeld theory at high energy,the RGﬂow is trivial.The low energy theory looks the same as the high energy theory.This is because there is no intrinsic scale.But if we perturb the theory,the RGﬂow is nontrivial and we obtain a diﬀerent theory at low energies.There are two broad possibilities:either some degrees of freedom remain massless and we approach a new conformal theory at low energy,or allﬁelds become massive and the low energy limit is trivial.Since the energy scale corresponds to the radius,this RGﬂow in the boundaryﬁeld theory should correspond to radial dependence in the bulk.Let us expand a bit on the relation between radial coordinate and energy(we will make this argument in Poincar´e coordinates,since the perturbed gauge theories are usually studied on R4).The AdS geom-etry(1.1)is warped:in Poincare coordinates,the fourﬂat dimensions experience a gravitational redshift that depends onﬁfth coordinate,just as in Randall-Sundrum compactiﬁcation.Consequently the conserved Killing momentum pµ(Noether momentum in the gauge theory)is re-lated to the local inertial momentum˜pµbyrpµ=14Gary T.Horowitz and Joseph Polchinskioﬀin such a way that the warp factor(which is r/ℓin AdS spacetime) has a lower bound.The former clearly corresponds to a new conformal theory,while the latter would imply a mass gap,by the argument fol-lowing eq.(1.11).In the various examples,oneﬁnds that the nature of the solution correctly reﬂects the low energy physics as expected from gauge theory arguments;there is also more detailed numerical agree-ment(Freedman et al.,1999).So the classical Einstein equation knows a lot about RGﬂows in quantumﬁeld theory.A notable example is the case where one gives mass to all the scalars and fermions,leaving only the gaugeﬁelds massless in the Lagrangian. One then expects the gauge theory toﬂow to strong coupling and pro-duce a mass gap,and this is what is found in the supergravity solution. Further,the gauge theory should conﬁne,and indeed in the deformed geometry a conﬁning area law is found for the Wilson loop(but still a perimeter law for the’t Hooft loop,again as expected).In other ex-amples one alsoﬁnds chiral symmetry breaking,as expected in strongly coupled gauge theories(Klebanov&Strassler,2000).As a second generalization,rather than a deformation of the geometry we can make a big change,replacing S5with any other Einstein space; the simplest examples would be S5identiﬁed by some discrete subgroup of its SO(6)symmetry.The product of the Einstein space with AdS5 still solves theﬁeld equations(at least classically),so there should be a conformally invariant dual.These duals are known in a very large class of examples;characteristically they are quiver gauge theories,a product of SU(N1)×...×SU(N k)with matterﬁelds transforming as adjoints and bifundamentals(one can also get orthogonal and symplectic factors). As a third generalization,we can start with D p-branes for other val-ues of p,or combinations of branes of diﬀerent dimensions.These lead to other examples of gauge-gravity duality forﬁeld theories in various dimensions,many of which are nonconformal.The case p=0is the BFSS matrix model,although the focus in that case is on a diﬀerent set of observables,the scattering amplitudes for the D0-branes themselves.A particularly interesting system is D1-branes plus D5-branes,leading to the near-horizon geometry AdS3×S3×T4.This case has at least one advantage over AdS5×S5.The entropy of large black holes can now be reproduced exactly,including the numerical coeﬃcient.This is related to the fact that a black hole in AdS3is a BTZ black hole which is locally AdS3everywhere.Thus when one extrapolates to small coupling,one does not modify the geometry with higher curvature corrections.We have discussed modiﬁcations of the gauge theory’s Hamiltonian,。

弦论揭秘：自学向导网上预览

作者简介
戴维德 • 麦克马洪是当代著名的美国物理学家。作为物理研究人员，他曾在圣迪亚（SaБайду номын сангаасdia）国家实验室工作过七年。他是《线性代数揭秘》、《量子力学揭秘》、《相对论揭秘》、《MATLAB®揭秘》和《复变函数揭秘》等自学导读书籍的作者。
译者简介
郑中，生于 1979 年，四川隆昌人，理学硕士、工程师。本科就读于成都理工大学资源经济系，后考入中国科学院地球化学研究所，毕业后在矿业公司和资源规划院工作过，现仍主要从事地质矿产工作。译者博客：/u/warlong /cqzg
II
目录
译者序言作者前言第一章导论（Introduction）广义相对论快览（A Quick Overview of General Relativity）量子论快速入门（A Quick Primer on Quantum Theory）标准模型（The Standard Model）量子引力场（Quantizing the Gravitational Field）弦论中一些基本分析（Some Basic Analysis in String Theory）统一与基本常数（Uniﬁcation and Fundamental Constants）弦论概览（String Theory Overview）弦论类型（Types of String Theories） M论 D膜高维小结小测验第二章经典弦I：运动方程（The Classical String I: Equations of Motion）相对论性点粒子（The Relativistic Point Particle）时空中的弦（Strings in Space-Time）弦的运动方程（Equations of Motion for the String）波里雅科夫作用量（The Polyakov Action）数学旁白：欧拉示性数（Mathematical Aside: The Euler Characteristic）光锥坐标（Light-Cone Coordinates）波动方程解（Solutions of the Wave Equation）具有自由端点的开弦（Open Strings with Free Endpoints）闭弦（Closed String）具有固定端点的开弦（Open Strings with Fixed Endpoints）泊松括号公式（Poisson Brackets）小测验第三章经典弦II：对称性与世界面流（The Classical String II: Symmetries and Worldsheet Currents）能动张量（The Energy-Momentum Tensor）波里雅科夫作用量的对称性（Symmetries of the Polyakov Action）庞加莱变换（Poincaré transformations）再参数化（reparameterization）外尔变换（Weyl transformation）转换为平直世界面度规（Transforming to a Flat Worldsheet Metric）源于庞加莱不变性的守恒流（Conserved Currents from Poincaré Invariance）哈密顿公式（The Hamiltonian）小结小测验

全息照相及其应用

全息照相及其应用摘要：全息照相与普通照相不同，普通照相只记录了被摄物体表面反射光的强度信息，形成的是二维平面图像，其像点与物点一一对应。

而全息照相利用波的干涉，借助参考光记录物体光波的振幅与位相的全部信息，在记录介质上得到的不是物体的像，而是只有在高倍显微镜下才能观察得到的细密条纹。

随着科技的发展，全息技术已经得到非常广泛的应用。

本文首先回顾了全息照相的历史，其次通过对全息照相原理的介绍,肯定了全息照相的拍摄要求，最后介绍了全息照相的应用，并对全息术的应用前景进行了展望。

关键词：全息照相；全息应用；应用前景Hologram and Its ApplicationAbstract:Hologram is different from ordinary photograph which only records the light intensity of the subject surface. Therefore, the image recorded by ordinary photograph is a two-dimensional image, and one point of the image is corresponding to the one point of the object. While hologram records the information of amplitude and phase of object waves by making use of interference of waves and through interference light. The image of the object can’t be gotten from the recording medium, but some fine stripes that are only observed in the high-power microscope. With the development of technology, holographic technology has been very widely used. This paper firstly reviews the history of hologram. Then the holographic principle is introduced and the recording requirements of hologram are affirmed. Finally, the paper gives an introduction about the application of hologram and has an outlook about the application prospect of hologram.Key words: Hologram; Holographic applications;Application prospect我们看到的世界是三维的、彩色的,这是因为每个物体发射的光被人眼接受时,光的强弱、射向和距离、颜色都不同。

Aspects of Holographic Entanglement Entropy

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5 Holographic Interpretation 5.1 General Proposal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.2 Intuitive Derivation from AdS/CFT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 Entanglement Entropy in 2D CFT from AdS3 6.1 AdS3 Space and UV Cutoﬀ in Dual CFTs . . . . . . . . 6.2 Geodesics in AdS3 and Entanglement Entropy in CFT2 6.3 Calculations in Poincare Coordinates . . . . . . . . . . . 6.4 Entropy on Multiple Disjoint Intervals . . . . . . . . . . 6.5 Finite Temperature Cases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.6 Massive Deformation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

关于写孔子的英语作文

关于写孔子的英语作文Confucius a renowned philosopher educator and political figure from ancient China is celebrated for his profound influence on Eastern philosophy and culture. His teachings have shaped the moral and ethical foundations of Chinese society for centuries. In this essay we will explore the life of Confucius his philosophical ideas and the impact of his teachings on the world.Early Life and BackgroundConfucius born in 551 BCE in the state of Lu was named Kong Qiu and later became known as Kong Fuzi which translates to Master Kong. He was born into a declining noble family which influenced his early life and education. Despite the hardships Confucius received a traditional education and developed a deep appreciation for rituals music and poetry.Philosophical IdeasConfuciuss philosophy is centered around the concept of Ren 仁 which can be translated as benevolence or humaneness. He believed that individuals should cultivate moral virtues such as kindness respect and loyalty. His teachings emphasize the importance of personal and governmental morality social harmony and justice.One of the key principles in Confucianism is Li 礼 which refers to rituals customs and proper conduct. Confucius believed that adhering to Li would lead to a wellordered society. He also stressed the importance of Xiao 孝 or filial piety as a fundamental virtue that should be practiced by all.Education and TeachingsConfucius was a pioneer in the field of education. He advocated for the idea that education should be accessible to all not just the nobility. He founded a school and taught a wide range of subjects including literature music and ethics. His educational philosophy emphasized the importance of continuous learning and selfimprovement.His teachings were later compiled into the Analects a collection of sayings and ideas attributed to Confucius and his disciples. The Analects serve as a guide to moral andethical conduct and they continue to be studied and revered in many parts of the world. Political PhilosophyIn politics Confucius believed in the importance of a virtuous ruler who leads by example. He thought that a ruler should be wise benevolent and just and that their actions should reflect the moral principles of Ren and Li. He also advocated for the selection of government officials based on merit rather than birthright.Influence and LegacyConfuciuss teachings have had a lasting impact on Chinese culture and society. His ideas on morality ethics and governance have influenced the development of Chinese law education and social structure. Confucianism has also spread to other East Asian countries including Korea Japan and Vietnam where it has become an integral part of their cultural identities.Today Confuciuss philosophy continues to be relevant. His emphasis on moral development social harmony and the importance of education resonates with people around the world. Many modern educational institutions and governments look to his teachings for guidance on how to create a more just and harmonious society.In conclusion Confucius was more than just a philosopher he was a visionary whose ideas have transcended time and geography. His teachings on morality education and governance continue to inspire and guide individuals and societies making him one of the most influential figures in world history.。

一件普通人不知道的事英语作文150

一件普通人不知道的事英语作文150Unveiling the Enigma: A Collection of Enigmatic Truths Concealed from the Average Eye.In the tapestry of human knowledge, there exist myriad threads of intricate and elusive truths that remain veiled from the comprehension of the average person. These enigmatic secrets, obscured by layers of societal conditioning and preconceived notions, hold the power to unlock profound insights into the nature of reality and our place within it.1. The Conscious Quantum Observer Effect.Contrary to popular belief, our consciousness may play an active role in shaping the behavior of quantum particles. Studies have shown that the mere act of observing a quantum system can influence its properties, suggesting a fundamental link between our minds and the subatomic realm.2. The Placebo Paradox.The human body possesses an extraordinary capacity for self-healing, even in the absence of conventional medical interventions. The placebo effect demonstrates that our beliefs and expectations can have a tangible impact on our physical and mental well-being.3. The Holographic Principle.The universe we perceive may be a holographicprojection of a higher-dimensional reality. According to this theory, all of spacetime could be encoded on the surface of a distant black hole, resulting in a mind-boggling illusion of a three-dimensional world.4. The Mandela Effect.Shared false memories, known as the Mandela Effect, suggest that collective consciousness may have the power to alter our perception of past events. This phenomenon challenges the stability of our memories and raisesquestions about the nature of reality itself.5. The Anthropic Principle.The existence of life on Earth may not be a coincidence. The Anthropic Principle posits that the universe is fine-tuned for the emergence of conscious beings, implying a deeper purpose or meaning to our existence.6. The Fermi Paradox.Given the vastness of the universe and the likelihoodof other intelligent civilizations, the apparent absence of extraterrestrial life raises a perplexing paradox. Some theories suggest that advanced civilizations may have chosen to remain hidden or may have already reached an evolutionary dead end.7. The Simulation Hypothesis.Our reality may be a sophisticated simulation createdby a vastly advanced civilization. This hypothesis, whilespeculative, challenges our assumptions about the nature of consciousness and the boundaries of our perceived existence.8. The Observer's Paradox.The act of observing a phenomenon can alter its behavior. This fundamental principle of quantum mechanics has implications for particle physics, cosmology, and our understanding of the interconnectedness of the universe.9. The Butterfly Effect.Even the smallest of actions can have far-reaching consequences. The Butterfly Effect illustrates howseemingly insignificant events can ripple through time and space, leading to unpredictable and potentially profound outcomes.10. The Double-Slit Experiment.In this classic quantum physics experiment, electrons exhibit particle-like and wave-like properties, dependingon whether they are observed. The results challenge our classical understanding of matter and energy and hint at the fundamental duality of the universe.These enigmatic truths offer a glimpse into the hidden depths of reality, reminding us of the vastness of our own ignorance and the limitless possibilities that lie beyond our current comprehension. By embracing the unknown and fostering a spirit of intellectual curiosity, we may one day unravel the mysteries that have long tantalized the human mind.。

16版质量、环境、职业健康三体系中英文版本手册

************有限公司CHONGQING TONGYAO CASTING & FORGING CO., LTD.质量、环境、职业健康安全手册Quality，Environmental，Occupational Healthand Safety Manual编号：TY-QEO-2018Document No: TY-QEO-2018版本：Revision:制订：Prepared by:审核：Verified by:批准：Approved by:受控状态：Controlled Condition:分发号:Distribution No.:2018-3-01发布Released on 01/03/20182018-3-01 实施Effected on 01/03/2018体系更改记录表History of RevisionsTY-QR-JZ-021A0.1目录 (3)0.1Content (3)0.2公司概况 (6)0.2Company Profile (6)0.3.1质量管理者代表和质量保证负责人任命书 (7)0.3.1Letter of Appointment for Quality Management Representative & Supervisor (7)0.3.2环境、职业健康安全管理者代表任命书 (9)0.3.2Letter of Appointment for Environmental and Occupational Health and SafetyManagement Representative (9)0.3.3员工职业健康安全事务代表任命书 (10)0.3.3Letter of Appointment for Occupational Health and Safety Representative of Employees100.3.4认证联络工程师任命 (11)0.3.4Appointment of Certification Liaison Engineer (11)0.4手册颁布令 (12)0.4Issue Order of Manual (12)0.6.1组织机构图 (13)0.6.1Organization chart (13)0.6.2检验机构图 (15)0.6.2Inspection organization chart (15)0.7公司质量管理体系运行图 (17)0.7Structure Chart of Company’s Quality Management System (17)0.8.1质量管理体系过程适用范围及职责分配表 (18)0.8.1Quality Management System Process Applicable Scope & Responsibility AssignmentTable (18)0.8.2环境、职业健康安全管理体系过程适用范围及职责分配表 (21)0.8.2Quality Management System Process Applicable Scope & Responsibility AssignmentTable (21)0.9质量管理原则 (24)0.9Quality management principles (24)1范围 (25)1Scope (25)2规范性引用文件 (27)2Normative reference (27)3术语和定义 (28)3Terms and definitions (28)4.1理解组织及其环境 (29)4.1Understanding the organization and its environment; (29)4.2理解相关方的需求和期望 (29)4.2Understanding the needs and expectations of interested parties; (29)4.3确定管理体系的范围 (30)4.3Determine the scope of management system (30)4.4管理体系及其过程 (30)4.4Management system and its process (30)5.1领导作用和承诺 (33)5.1Leadership and commitment (33)5.2方针 (34)5.2Policy (34)5.3组织的岗位、职责和权限 (36)5.3Organizational positions, responsibilities, and authorities (36)6.1应对风险和机遇的措施 (44)6.1Countermeasures for risks and opportunities (44)6.2质量、环境、职业健康安全目标及其实现的策划 (49)6.2Quality, environment, occupational health and safety objectives and planning for theirimplementation (49)6.3变更的策划 (50)6.3Planning of change (50)7.1资源 (51)7.1Resources (51)7.2能力 (54)7.2Competence (54)7.3意识 (55)7.3Awareness (55)7.4沟通 (56)7.4Communication (56)7.5形成文件的信息 (59)7.5Documented information (59)8.1运行策划和控制 (62)8.1Operation planning and control (62)8.2产品和服务的要求 (63)8.2Product and service requirements (63)8.3工艺设计和开发 (66)8.3Process design and development (66)8.4外部提供的过程、产品和服务的控制 (69)8.4Control of externally provided processes, products and services (69)8.5生产和服务提供 (72)8.5Production and service provision (72)8.6产品和服务的放行 (76)8.6Release of products and services (76)8.7不合格输出的控制 (77)8.7Control of nonconforming outputs (77)8.8应急准备和响应 (78)8.8Emergency preparedness and response (78)9.1监视、测量、分析和评价 (82)9.1Monitoring, measurement, analysis and evaluation (82)9.2内部审核 (88)9.2Internal audit (88)9.3管理评审 (89)9.3Management review (89)10持续改进 (92)10Continuous improvement (92)11认证产品的一致性 (95)11Consistency of certified products (95)12安全文明生产 (97)12Safe and well-managed production (97)13对照检索：AAR质量体系对照通耀质量体系 (98)13Cross Reference–AAR Elements to TongYao Manual (98)14程序文件目录 (99)14Procedure Document Content (99)************有限公司是一家大型民营企业，成立于2011年1月7日，注册资金10600万元。

中国社会科学出版社的英文原版影印西学基本经典(共100种)

中国社会科学出版社的英文原版影印西学基本经典(共100种）。

人文经典书籍一、哲学类（25种，22册，1100元)1．理想国（Republic）作者：柏拉图（Plato）2．形而上学（Metaphysics）作者：亚里士多德(Aristotle)3．诗学（On the Art of Poetry）作者：亚里士多德(Aristotle)4．诗艺（On the Art of Poetry）作者：贺拉斯（Horace）5．论崇高（On the Sublime Longinus）作者：朗吉奴斯（Longinus）6．第一哲学沉思录（Meditations on First Philosophy）作者：笛卡尔（Rene Descartes）7．思想录（Pascal’s Penssees）作者：帕斯卡尔（Blaise Pascal）8．人性论（A Treatise of Human Nature）作者：休谟（David Hume）9．纯粹理性批判（Critique of Pure Reason）作者：康德（Kant）10．判断力批判（Critique of Judgment）作者：康德（Kant）11．精神现象学（The Phenomenology of Mind）V ol.1, V ol.2 作者：黑格尔（Hegel）12．小逻辑（The Logic of Hegel）作者：黑格尔（Hegel）13．作为意志和表象的世界（The World as Will and Representation）V ol.1, V ol.2 作者：叔本华（Schopenhauer）14．查拉图斯特拉如是说（Thus Spake Zarathustra）作者：尼采（Friedrich Nietzsche）15．非此即彼（Either/Or）V ol.1, V ol.2 作者：克尔凯郭尔（Kierkegaard）16．普通语言学教程（Course in General Linguistics）作者：索绪尔（F.de Saussure）17．纯粹现象学导论（Ideas: General Introduction to Pure Phenomenology）作者：胡塞尔（Edmund Husserl）18．逻辑哲学论（Tractatus Logico Philosophicus）(德英对照) 作者：维特根斯坦（L.Wittgenstein）19．哲学研究（Philosophical Investigations）(德英对照) 作者：维特根斯坦（L.Wittgenstein）20．存在与时间（Being and Time）作者：海德格尔（Martin Heidegger）21．诗·语言·思（Poetry, Language, Thought）作者：海德格尔（Martin Heidegger）22．存在与虚无（Being and Nothingness）作者：萨特（Jean-Paul Sartre）23．真理与方法（Truth and Method）作者：伽达默尔（Hans-Georg Gadamer）24．科学革命的结构（The Structure of Scientific Revolutions）作者：库恩（T.S.Kuhn）25．性史（The History of Sexuality）作者：福柯（M.Foucault）二、伦理学类(10种，7册，350元)1．尼各马可伦理学（The Nicomachean Ethics of Aristotle）作者：亚里士多德(Aristotle) 2．道德情操论（The Theory of Moral Sentiments）作者：亚当·斯密（Adam Smith）3．论人类不平等的起源和基础（A Discourse on Inequality）作者：卢梭（Jean-Jacques.Rousseau）4．实践理性批判（Critique of Practical Reason）作者：康德（Kant）5．道德形而上学基础（Foundations of the Metaphysics of Morals）作者：康德（Kant）6．功利主义（Utilitarianism）作者：穆勒（Mill）7．伦理学原理（Principia Ethica）作者：摩尔（G.E.Moore）8．正义论（A Theory of Justice）作者：罗尔斯（John Rawls）9．无政府、国家与乌托邦（Anarchy, State and Utopia）作者：诺齐克（Robert Nozick）10．追寻美德（After V irtue）作者：麦金太尔（Alasdair MacIntyre）三、宗教学类(10种，11册，550元)1．忏悔录（Confessions）作者：圣·奥古斯丁（St.Augustine）2．托马斯·阿奎那要籍选（Basic Writings of Saint Thomas Aquinas）V ol.1, V ol.2 作者：阿奎那（St.Thomas Aquinas）3．迷途指津（The Guide for the Perplexed）作者：马蒙尼德（Maimonides）4．路德基本著作选（Basic Theological Writings）作者：马丁·路德（Martin Luther）5．论宗教（On Religion）作者：施莱尔马赫（F.D.Schleiermacher）6．我与你（I and Thou）作者：马丁·布伯（Martin Buber）7．人的本性及其命运（The Nature and Destiny of Man）作者：尼布尔（R.Niebuhr）8．神圣者的观念（The Idea of the Holy）作者：奥托（Rudolf Otto）9．存在的勇气（The Courage to Be）作者：梯利希（Paul Tillich）10．教会教义学（Church Dogmatics）作者：卡尔·巴特（Karl Barth）四、社会学类(5种，6册，300元)1．论自杀（Suicide: A Study in Sociology）作者：杜克海姆（Emilc Durkheim）2．新教伦理与资本主义精神（The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism）作者：韦伯（Max Weber）3．货币哲学（The Philosophy of Money）作者：席美尔（Georg Simmel）4．一般社会学论集（A Treatise on General Sociology）V ol.1, V ol.2 作者：帕累托（Vilfredo Pareto）5．意识形态与乌托邦（Ideology and Utopia）作者：曼海姆（K.Mannheim）五、人类学类(5种，4册，200元)1 ．金枝（The Golden Bough）作者：弗雷泽（James G.Frazer）2．西太平洋上的航海者（Argonauts of the Western Pacific）作者：马林诺夫斯基（B.Malinowski）3．原始思维（The Savage Mind）作者：列维-斯特劳斯（Claude Levi-Strauss）4．原始社会的结构和功能（Structure and Function in Primitive Society）作者：拉迪克里夫-布郎（Brown）5．种族、语言、文化（Race, Language and Culture）作者：鲍斯（Franz Boas）六、政治学类(10种，11册，550元)1．政治学（The Politics of Aristotle）作者：亚里士多德(Aristotle)2．君主论（The Prince）作者：马基雅维里（Niccolo Machiavelli）3．社会契约论（The Social Contract）作者：卢梭（Jean-Jacques.Rousseau）4．利维坦（Leviathan）作者：霍布斯（Thomas Hobbes）5．政府论（上下篇）（Two Treatises of Government）作者：洛克（John Locke）6．论法的精神（The Spirit of the Laws）V ol.1, V ol.2 作者：孟德斯鸠（Montesquieu）7．论美国民主（Democracy in America）V ol.1, V ol.2 作者：托克维尔（Alexis de Tocqueville）8．代议制政府（Considerations on Representative Government）作者：穆勒（Mill）9．联邦党人文集（The Federalist Papers）作者：汉密尔顿（Alexander Hamilton）10．自由秩序原理（The Constitution of Liberty）作者：哈耶克（F.A.Hayek）七、经济学类(10种，12册，600元)1．国民财富的性质和原因的研究（An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations）V ol.1, V ol.2 作者：亚当·斯密（Adam Smith）2．经济学原理（Principles of Economics）V ol.1, V ol.2 作者：马歇尔（Alfred Marshall）3．福利经济学（The Economics of Welfare）V ol.1, V ol.2 作者：庇古（A.C.Pigou）4．就业、利息与货币的一般理论（The General Theory of Employment Interest and Money）作者：凯恩斯（J.M.Keynes）5．经济发展理论（The Theory of Economic Development）作者：熊彼特（Schumpeter）6．人类行为（Human Action: A Treatise on Economics）V ol.1, V ol.2 作者：米塞斯（Mises）7．经济分析的基础（Foundations of Economic Analysis）作者：萨缪尔森（Samuelson）8．货币数量理论研究（Studies in the Quantity Theory of Money）作者：弗里德曼（Friedman）9．集体选择与社会福利（Collective Choice and Social Welfare）作者：阿玛蒂亚·森（A.K.Sen）10．资本主义经济制度（The Economic Institutions of Capitalism）作者：威廉姆森（Williamson）八、心理学类(7种，8册，400元)1．心理学原理（The Principles of Psychology）V ol.1, V ol.2 作者：威廉·詹姆士（William James）2．生理心理学原理（Principles of Physiological Psychology）作者：冯特（W.Wundt）3．梦的解析（The Interpretation of Dreams）作者：弗洛伊德（Sigmund Freud）4．儿童智慧的起源（The Origin of Intelligence in the Child）作者：皮亚杰（Jean Piaget）5．科学与人类行为（Science and Human Behavior）作者：斯金纳（B.F.Skinner）6．原型与集体无意识（The Archetypes and the Collective Unconscious）作者：荣格（C.G.Jung）7．动机与人格（Motivation and Personality）作者：马斯洛（A.H.Maslow）九、法学类(10种，9册，450元)1．古代法（Ancient Law）作者：梅因（H.Maine）2．英国法与文艺复兴（English Law and the Renaissance）作者：梅特兰（F.W.Maitland）3．法理学讲演录（Lectures on Jurisprudence）V ol.1, V ol.2 作者：奥斯丁（J.Austin）4．法律的社会学理论（A Sociological Theory of Law）作者：卢曼（N.Luhmann）5．法律社会学之基本原理（Fundamental Principles of the Sociology of Law）作者：埃利希（E.Ehrlich）6．法律、宪法与自由（Law, Legislation and Liberty）作者：哈耶克（F.A.Hayek）7．纯粹法学理论（Pure Theory of Law）作者：凯尔森（H.Kelsen）8．法律之概念（The Concept of Law）作者：哈特（H.L.A.Hart）9．法律之帝国（Law’s Empire）作者：德沃金（R.Dworkin）10．法律的经济学分析（Economic Analysis of Law）作者：波斯纳（Richard A.Posner）十、历史学类(8种，10册，500元)1．历史（The Histories）作者：希罗多德（Herodotus）2．伯罗奔尼撒战争史（The Peloponnesian War）作者：修昔底德（Thucydides）3．编年史（The Annals of Imperial Rome）作者：塔西陀（Tacitus）4．上帝之城（The City of God）V ol.1, V ol.2 作者：圣·奥古斯丁（St.Augustine）5．历史学：理论和实践（History: its Theory and Practice）作者：克罗齐（B6．历史的观念（The Idea of History）作者：柯林伍德（R.G.Collingwood）7．腓力普二世时代的地中海与地中海世界（The Mediterranean and the Mediterranean World in the Age of Philip II）》V ol.1, V ol.2作者：布罗代尔（F.Braudel）8．历史研究（A Study of History）V ol.1, V ol.2作者：汤因比（A.J.Toynbee）。

法国数学家拉格朗日著作《解析函数论》英文名

法国数学家拉格朗日著作《解析函数论》英文名Analysis of Functions by French mathematician LagrangeAnalysis of Functions, also known as Mémoire sur larésolution des équations numériques, is a groundbreaking work by French mathematician Joseph-Louis Lagrange. This seminal work, published in 1809, laid the foundation for the field of complex analysis and played a pivotal role in shaping modern mathematics.Lagrange's work in Analysis of Functions focused on the study of functions of a complex variable and their properties. He developed new methods for solving equations involving complex numbers, uncovering fundamental principles that would later become the basis of complex analysis. In particular, Lagrange's work on power series and their convergence properties was a major contribution to the understanding of complex functions.One of the key concepts introduced in Analysis of Functions is the concept of a holomorphic function, which is a complex function that is differentiable at every point in its domain. Lagrange's study of holomorphic functions and their propertieshelped lay the groundwork for the development of the theory of analytic functions, a central area of study in complex analysis.Analysis of Functions also includes Lagrange's work on the theory of residues, which are complex numbers associated with singularities of a complex function. Lagrange developed new techniques for calculating residues and applying them to the evaluation of complex integrals, a key tool in the study of complex functions.In addition to his mathematical contributions, Lagrange's Analysis of Functions had a significant impact on the development of mathematics as a whole. His work inspired future generations of mathematicians to explore the rich and diverse field of complex analysis, leading to further advancements in the study of functions of a complex variable.Overall, Analysis of Functions by Joseph-Louis Lagrange is a seminal work in the field of complex analysis that has had a lasting impact on the development of modern mathematics. Lagrange's innovative methods and profound insights continue to influence mathematicians to this day, making his work an essential reference for anyone studying the theory of functions of a complex variable.。

文艺复兴英语作文

The Renaissance was a period of great cultural change and achievement in Europe that spanned the14th to the17th century.It marked the transition from the Middle Ages to the Modern era.The term Renaissance is derived from the French language,meaning rebirth,and it is often associated with the revival of learning based on classical sources, the development of linear perspective in painting,and educational reform.The Origins of the RenaissanceThe Renaissance began in Italy,in cities such as Florence,Venice,and Rome.It was a time when the rediscovery of ancient Greek and Roman texts led to a renewed interest in science,art,and literature.The movement was fueled by the wealth of Italian citystates, which provided patronage for artists and scholars.The Medici family,in particular,were notable patrons of the arts.Art and ArchitectureOne of the most significant aspects of the Renaissance was the transformation of art. Artists such as Leonardo da Vinci,Michelangelo,and Raphael developed techniques that allowed for more realistic and lifelike representations.The use of perspective, chiaroscuro the contrast of light and dark,and anatomical accuracy became hallmarks of Renaissance art.In architecture,the Renaissance saw a return to the principles of classical antiquity. Buildings were designed with symmetry,proportion,and the use of columns and arches. Filippo Brunelleschis dome for the Florence Cathedral is a prime example of Renaissance architecture.Literature and PhilosophyThe Renaissance also had a profound impact on literature and philosophy.Writers such as Dante Alighieri,Petrarch,and Boccaccio explored themes of humanism,which emphasized the potential for human achievement and the importance of individual experience.The works of these authors,along with those of Shakespeare and Cervantes, are considered some of the most important in Western literature. Philosophically,the Renaissance was a time of questioning traditional authority and seeking knowledge through empirical observation.This led to the development of the scientific method,with figures like Galileo Galilei and Francis Bacon making significant contributions to the field.Education and the Printing PressEducational reform was another key feature of the Renaissance.Humanist scholars advocated for a wellrounded education that included the study of the humanities, mathematics,and science.The invention of the printing press by Johannes Gutenberg in the15th century greatly facilitated the spread of knowledge,as books became more accessible and affordable.The Spread of the RenaissanceThe influence of the Italian Renaissance eventually spread throughout Europe,reaching France,England,and the Low Countries.In each region,the Renaissance took on its own unique characteristics,but the emphasis on human potential and the value of secular knowledge remained consistent.Legacy of the RenaissanceThe Renaissance is often seen as the bridge between the medieval and modern worlds.It laid the groundwork for the Enlightenment and the Scientific Revolution,and its emphasis on individualism and secularism has had a lasting impact on Western thought and culture.In conclusion,the Renaissance was a period of profound cultural and intellectual transformation.Its legacy can be seen in the art,literature,philosophy,and scientific achievements that continue to influence our world today.The Renaissance was not just a rebirth of the arts and sciences it was a rebirth of the human spirit,a celebration of human potential,and an exploration of the world around us.。

专门用途英语英文文献

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