教务管理系统毕业设计外文资料翻译
管理系统毕设参考资料
管理系统毕设参考资料(中英文版)System Management Project Reference Materials管理系统毕设参考资料The system management graduation project is a comprehensive study that involves various aspects of system design, implementation, and management.To provide a solid foundation for this project, the following reference materials are recommended:系统管理毕设是一个涉及系统设计、实施和管理多个方面的综合研究。
为了为此项目提供坚实的基础，建议参考以下资料：1."System Analysis and Design" by George and J.Goldstein: This book provides a comprehensive introduction to system analysis and design, covering various methodologies and techniques used in the field.1.《系统分析与设计》乔治和J.戈尔德斯坦著：这本书为系统分析与设计提供了全面的介绍，涵盖了该领域使用的各种方法和技巧。
2."Management Information Systems" by James and D.Power: This text offers an overview of management information systems, focusing on their role in decision-making and strategic planning within organizations.2.《管理信息系统》詹姆斯和D.鲍尔著：这本书提供了管理信息系统的概述，重点关注它们在组织中的决策和战略规划中的作用。
管理系统类毕业设计外文文献翻译
.NET Compact Framework 2.0中的新事物介绍.NET Compact Framework 2.0版在以前版本——.NET Compact Framework1.0版——上提供许多改善。
虽然普遍改善,但他们都集中在共同的目标——改进开发商生产力、以完整的.NET Framwork提供更强的兼容性，以及加大对设备特性的支持。
这篇文章提供一个.NET Compact Framework2.0的变动和改进的高水平的概要。
用户界面相关的灵活的设备显示器的小尺寸要求：应用程序高效率地使用可用空间。
这在过去是要求开发商花费很多时间来设计和实施应用的用户界面。
最近的在灵活的显示能力方面的进步，譬如高分辨率和多方位支持，使得用户界面发展的工作更具挑战性。
为了简化创造应用用户界面的任务，.NET Compact Framework2.0提供许多关于这方面描述的新特性。
窗口形式控制存在于用户界面中心的是控制；.NET Compact Framework2.0提供了很多新的控制。
这些新控制由除了特别针对设备之外的控制组成。
这种控制是.NET Compact Framework有的与.NET Framework一样充分的控制。
MonthCalendarMonthCalendar控制是提供日期显示的可定制的日历控制，而且是有利于为用户提供一个图解方式来精选日期。
DateTimePickerDateTimePicker控制是为显示和允许用户进入日期和时间信息的可定制的控制。
由于它的一个紧凑显示和图解日期选择格式的组合，它特别适用于灵活的设备应用程序。
当显示信息时，DateTimePicker控制与正文框相似；但是，当用户选择了一个日期, 可能显示一个类似于MonthCalendar控制的弹出日历。
WebBrowserWebBrowser控制压缩了设备Web浏览器，并且提供强大的显示能力和暴露很多事件。
这些事件除了允许你的应用程序提供对于这些事件的用户化的行为，还允许你的应用程序追踪用户与Web浏览器内容的互动。
基于web的学生成绩与管理系统计算机毕业设计英文文献及中文翻译
文档从互联网中收集，已重新修正排版，word格式支持编辑，如有帮助欢迎下载支持。
实用文档毕业设计说明书英文文献及中文翻译学专JA V A programming language and JA V A platform The Java programming language and platform have emerged as major technologies for performing e-business functions. Java programming standards have enabled portability of applications and the reuse of application components across computing platforms. Sun Microsystems' Java Community Process continues to be a strong base for the growth of the Java infrastructure and language standards. This growth of open standards creates new opportunities for designers and developers of applications and services .Applications of JavaJava uses many familiar programming concepts and constructs and allows portability by providing a common interface through an external Java Virtual Machine (JVM). A virtual machine is a self-contained operating environment, created by a software layer that behaves as if it were a separate computer. Benefits of creating virtual machines include better exploitation of powerful computing resources and isolation of applications to preventcross-corruption and improve security.The JVM allows computing devices with limited processors or memory to handle more advanced applications by calling up software instructions inside the JVM to perform most of the work. This also reduces the size and complexity of Java applications because many of the core functions and processing instructions were built into the JVM. As a result, software developers no longer need to re-create the same application for every operating system. Java also provides security by instructing the application to interact with the virtual machine, which served as a barrier between applications and the core system, effectively protecting systems from malicious code.Among other things, Java is tailor-made for the growing Internet because it makes it easy to develop new, dynamic applications that could make the most of the Internet's power and capabilities. Java is now an open standard, meaning that no single entity controls its development and the tools for writing programs in the language are available to everyone. The power of open standards like Java is the ability to break down barriers and speed up progress.Today, you can find Java technology in networks and devices that range from the Internet and scientific supercomputers to laptops and cell phones, from Wall Street market simulators to home game players and credit cards. There are over 3 million Java developers and now there are several versions of the code. Most large corporations have in-house Java developers. In addition, the majority of key software vendors use Java in their commercial applications (Lazaridis, 2003).ApplicationsJava on the World Wide WebJava has found a place on some of the most popular websites in the world and the uses of Java continues to grow. Java applications not only provide unique user interfaces, they also help to power the backend of websites. Everybody is probably familiar with eBay and Amazon have been Java pioneers on the World Wide Web.eBayFounded in 1995, eBay enables e-commerce on a local, national and international basis with an array of Web sites.You can find it on eBay, even if you didn't know it existed. On a typical day, more than 100 million items are listed on eBay in tens of thousands of categories. on eBay; the world's largest online marketplace.eBay uses Java almost everywhere. To address some security issues, eBay chose Sun Microsystems' Java System Identity Manager as the platform for revamping its identity management system. The task at hand was to provide identity management for more than 12,000 eBay employees and contractors.Now more than a thousand eBay software developers work daily with Java applications. Java's inherent portability allows eBay to move to new hardware to take advantage of new technology, packaging, or pricing, without having to rewrite Java code.Amazon has created a Web Service application that enables users to browse their product catalog and place orders. uses a Java application that searches the Amazon catalog for books whose subject matches a user-selected topic. The application displays ten books that match the chosen topic, and shows the author name, book title, listprice, Amazon discount price, and the cover icon. The user may optionally view one review per displayed title and make a buying decision.Java in Data Warehousing & MiningAlthough many companies currently benefit from data warehousing to support corporate decision making, new business intelligence approaches continue to emerge that can be powered by Java technology. Applications such as data warehousing, data mining, Enterprise Information Portals and Knowledge Management Systems are able to provide insight into customer retention, purchasing patterns, and even future buying behavior.These applications can not only tell what has happened but why and what may happen given certain business conditions; As a result of this information growth, people at all levels inside the enterprise, as well as suppliers, customers, and others in the value chain, are clamoring for subsets of the vast stores of information to help them make business decisions. While collecting and storing vast amounts of data is one thing, utilizing and deploying that data throughout the organization is another.The technical challenges inherent in integrating disparate data formats, platforms, and applications are significant. However, emerging standards such as the Application Programming Interfaces that comprise the Java platform, as well as Extendable Markup Language technologies can facilitate the interchange of data and the development of next generation data warehousing and business intelligence applications. While Java technology has been used extensively for client side access and to presentation layer challenges, it is rapidly emerging as a significant tool for developing scaleable server side programs. The Java2 Platform, Enterprise Edition (J2EE) provides the object, transaction, and security support for building such systems.Metadata IssuesOne of the key issues that business intelligence developers must solve is that of incompatible metadata formats. Metadata can be defined as information about data or simply "data about data." In practice, metadata is what most tools, databases, applications, and other information processes use to define, relate, and manipulate data objects within their own environments. It defines the structure and meaning of data objects managed by an applicationso that the application knows how to process requests or jobs involving those data objects. Developers can use this schema to create views for users. Also, users can browse the schema to better understand the structure and function of the database tables before launching a query.To address the metadata issue, a group of companies have joined to develop the Java Metadata Interface (JMI) API. The JMI API permits the access and manipulation of metadata in Java with standard metadata services. JMI is based on the Meta Object Facility (MOF) specification from the Object Management Group (OMG). The MOF provides a model and a set of interfaces for the creation, storage, access, Metamodel and metadata interchange is done via XML and uses the XML Metadata Interchange (XMI) specification, also from the OMG. JMI leverages Java technology to create an end-to-end data warehousing and business intelligence solutions framework.Enterprise JavaBeansA key tool provided by J2EE is Enterprise JavaBeans (EJB), an architecture for the development of component-based distributed business applications. Applications written using the EJB architecture are scalable, transactional, secure, and multi-user aware. These applications may be written once and then deployed on any server platform that supportsJ2EE. The EJB architecture makes it easy for developers to write components, since they do not need to understand or deal with complex, system-level details such as thread management, resource pooling, and transaction and security management. This allows for role-based development where component assemblers, platform providers and application assemblers can focus on their area of responsibility further simplifying application development.Data Storage & AccessData stored in existing applications can be accessed with specialized connectors. Integration and interoperability of these data sources is further enabled by the metadata repository that contains metamodels of the data contained in the sources, which then can be accessed and interchanged uniformly via the JMI API. These metamodels capture the essential structure and semantics of business components, allowing them to be accessed and queried via the JMI API or to be interchanged via XML. Through all of these processes, the J2EEinfrastructure ensures the security and integrity of the data through transaction management and propagation and the underlying security architecture.To consolidate historical information for analysis of sales and marketing trends, a data warehouse is often the best solution. In this example, data can be extracted from the operational systems with a variety of Extract, Transform and Load tools (ETL). The metamodels allow EJBs designed for filtering, transformation, and consolidation of data to operate uniformly on data from diverse data sources as the bean is able to query the metamodel to identify and extract the pertinent fields. Queries and reports can be run against the data warehouse that contains information from numerous sources in a consistent, enterprise-wide fashion through the use of the JMI API.Java in Industrial SettingsMany people know Java only as a tool on the World Wide Web that enables sites to perform some of their fancier functions such as interactivity and animation. However, the actual uses for Java are much more widespread. Since Java is an object-oriented language, the time needed for application development is minimal.In addition, Java's automatic memory management and lack of pointers remove some leading causes of programming errors. Most importantly, application developers do not need to create different versions of the software for different platforms. The advantages available through Java have even found their way into hardware. The emerging new Java devices are streamlined systems that exploit network servers for much of their processing power, storage, content, and administration.Benefits of JavaThe benefits of Java translate across many industries, and some are specific to the control and automation environment. Java's ability to run on any platform enables the organization to make use of the existing equipment while enhancing the application.IntegrationWith few exceptions, applications running on the factory floor were never intended to exchange information with systems in the executive office, but managers have recently discovered the need for that type of information. Before Java, that often meant bringingtogether data from systems written on different platforms in different languages at different times. Integration was usually done on a piecemeal basis, once it worked, was unique to the two applications it was tying together. Additional integration required developing a brand new system from scratch, raising the cost of integration.ScalabilityAnother benefit of Java in the industrial environment is its scalability. Even when internal compatibility is not an issue, companies often face difficulties when suppliers with whom they share information have incompatible systems. This becomes more of a problem as supply-chain management takes on a more critical role which requires manufacturers to interact more with offshore suppliers and clients. The greatest efficiency comes when all systems can communicate with each other and share information seamlessly. Since Java is so ubiquitous, it often solves these problems.Dynamic Web Page DevelopmentJava has been used by both large and small organizations for a wide variety of applications beyond consumer oriented websites. Sandia, a multiprogram laboratory of the U.S. Department of Energy's National Nuclear Security Administration, has developed a unique Java application. The lab was tasked with developing an enterprise-wide inventory tracking and equipment maintenance system that provides dynamic Web pages.ConclusionOpen standards have driven the e-business revolution. As e-business continues to develop, various computing technologies help to drive its evolution. The Java programming language and platform have emerged as major technologies for performing e-business functions. the time needed for application development is minimal. Java also encourages good software engineering practices with clear separation of interfaces and implementations as well as easy exception handling. Java's automatic memory management and lack of pointers remove some leading causes of programming errors. The advantages available through Java have also found their way into hardware. The emerging new Java devices are streamlined systems that exploit network servers for much of their processing power, storage, content, and administration.。
毕业设计英文资料翻译
毕业设计英文资料翻译篇一：毕业设计(论文)外文资料与译文大连东软信息学院高等教育自学考试毕业设计（论文）外文资料及译文姓名：准考证号：专业：助学单位：大连东软信息学院Dalian Neusoft University of Information张校辉020*********项目管理大连东软信息学院继续教育学院外文资料和译文格式要求一、装订要求1、外文资料原文（复印或打印）在前、译文在后、最后为指导教师评定成绩。
2、译文必须采用计算机输入、打印。
3、A4幅面打印，于左侧装订。
二、撰写要求1、外文文献内容与所选课题相关。
2、译文汉字字数不少于3000字。
三、格式要求1、译文字号：中文小四号宋体，英文小四号“Times NewRoman”字型，全文统一，首行缩进2个中文字符，1.5倍行距。
2、译文页码：页码用阿拉伯数字连续编页，字体采用“Times New Roman”字体，字号小五，页底居中。
3、译文页眉：眉体使用单线，页眉说明五号宋体，居中“大连东软信息学院高等教育自学考试毕业设计（论文）译文”。
-1--2--3-篇二：毕业设计外文资料翻译毕业设计外文资料翻译题目静压轴承密封件的水压特性水泵和电机学院专业机械工程及自动化班级学生王道国学号指导教师王栋梁二〇一三年六月五日济南大学毕业设计外文资料翻译静压轴承/密封件的水压特性水泵和电机。
第1部分：理论和实验X 王 A山口横滨国立大学工学部，日本横滨240-8501XX年11月26日，在修订后的XX年2月25日收到XX 年3月7日接受摘要在这项研究中，磁盘型静压推力轴承的特性支承同心的负载，模拟的主要水液压泵和马达，轴承/密封件。
该轴承是由不锈钢，钢/不锈钢和不锈钢/塑料组成。
通过研究作为载荷之间的关系的特性进行评估容量，口袋压力，膜厚，泄漏流率。
对于弹性材料的杨氏模量是一个非线性应力作用在密封件上表面和压缩应变之间的关系。
的承载能力所表示的比例流体静力平衡不是只依XXElsevier科学有限公司版权所有关键词：静压推力轴承，喷嘴，不锈钢，热塑性弹性变形，承载能力，水液压泵和马达1介绍近年来，已经引起了水的液压系统主要的兴趣，因为他们的特点是用户友好和环境安全。
毕业设计(论文)外文资料翻译〔含原文〕【范本模板】
南京理工大学毕业设计（论文）外文资料翻译教学点: 南京信息职业技术学院专业：电子信息工程姓名：陈洁学号:014910253034外文出处：《Pci System Architecture 》(用外文写)附件： 1.外文资料翻译译文；2。
外文原文。
附件1：外文资料翻译译文64位PCI扩展1.64位数据传送和64位寻址：独立的能力PCI规范给出了允许64位总线主设备与64位目标实现64位数据传送的机理。
在传送的开始，如果回应目标是一个64位或32位设备，64位总线设备会自动识别.如果它是64位设备,达到8个字节(一个4字）可以在每个数据段中传送。
假定是一串0等待状态数据段。
在33MHz总线速率上可以每秒264兆字节获取(8字节／传送＊33百万传送字／秒），在66MHz总线上可以528M字节／秒获取.如果回应目标是32位设备,总线主设备会自动识别并且在下部4位数据通道上（AD［31:：00］)引导，所以数据指向或来自目标。
规范也定义了64位存储器寻址功能。
此功能只用于寻址驻留在4GB地址边界以上的存储器目标。
32位和64位总线主设备都可以实现64位寻址。
此外，对64位寻址反映的存储器目标（驻留在4GB地址边界上）可以看作32位或64位目标来实现。
注意64位寻址和64位数据传送功能是两种特性,各自独立并且严格区分开来是非常重要的。
一个设备可以支持一种、另一种、都支持或都不支持。
2.64位扩展信号为了支持64位数据传送功能，PCI总线另有39个引脚。
●REQ64＃被64位总线主设备有效表明它想执行64位数据传送操作.REQ64＃与FRAME＃信号具有相同的时序和间隔。
REQ64#信号必须由系统主板上的上拉电阻来支持.当32位总线主设备进行传送时，REQ64#不能又漂移。
●ACK64#被目标有效以回应被主设备有效的REQ64＃(如果目标支持64位数据传送）,ACK64#与DEVSEL＃具有相同的时序和间隔（但是直到REQ64＃被主设备有效，ACK64#才可被有效）.像REQ64＃一样，ACK64#信号线也必须由系统主板上的上拉电阻来支持。
毕业设计(论文)外文资料翻译(学生用)
毕业设计外文资料翻译学院：信息科学与工程学院专业：软件工程姓名： XXXXX学号： XXXXXXXXX外文出处： Think In Java (用外文写)附件： 1.外文资料翻译译文；2.外文原文。
附件1：外文资料翻译译文网络编程历史上的网络编程都倾向于困难、复杂，而且极易出错。
程序员必须掌握与网络有关的大量细节，有时甚至要对硬件有深刻的认识。
一般地，我们需要理解连网协议中不同的“层”（Layer）。
而且对于每个连网库，一般都包含了数量众多的函数，分别涉及信息块的连接、打包和拆包；这些块的来回运输；以及握手等等。
这是一项令人痛苦的工作。
但是，连网本身的概念并不是很难。
我们想获得位于其他地方某台机器上的信息，并把它们移到这儿；或者相反。
这与读写文件非常相似，只是文件存在于远程机器上，而且远程机器有权决定如何处理我们请求或者发送的数据。
Java最出色的一个地方就是它的“无痛苦连网”概念。
有关连网的基层细节已被尽可能地提取出去，并隐藏在JVM以及Java的本机安装系统里进行控制。
我们使用的编程模型是一个文件的模型；事实上，网络连接（一个“套接字”）已被封装到系统对象里，所以可象对其他数据流那样采用同样的方法调用。
除此以外，在我们处理另一个连网问题——同时控制多个网络连接——的时候，Java内建的多线程机制也是十分方便的。
本章将用一系列易懂的例子解释Java的连网支持。
15.1 机器的标识当然，为了分辨来自别处的一台机器，以及为了保证自己连接的是希望的那台机器，必须有一种机制能独一无二地标识出网络内的每台机器。
早期网络只解决了如何在本地网络环境中为机器提供唯一的名字。
但Java面向的是整个因特网，这要求用一种机制对来自世界各地的机器进行标识。
为达到这个目的，我们采用了IP（互联网地址）的概念。
IP以两种形式存在着：(1) 大家最熟悉的DNS（域名服务）形式。
我自己的域名是。
所以假定我在自己的域内有一台名为Opus的计算机，它的域名就可以是。
毕业设计(论文)外文资料翻译【范本模板】
南京理工大学紫金学院毕业设计（论文）外文资料翻译系：机械系专业：车辆工程专业姓名:宋磊春学号:070102234外文出处：EDU_E_CAT_VBA_FF_V5R9(用外文写)附件：1。
外文资料翻译译文；2.外文原文.附件1：外文资料翻译译文CATIA V5 的自动化CATIA V5的自动化和脚本：在NT 和Unix上：脚本允许你用宏指令以非常简单的方式计划CATIA。
CATIA 使用在MS –VBScript中(V5.x中在NT和UNIX3。
0 )的共用部分来使得在两个平台上运行相同的宏。
在NT 平台上：自动化允许CATIA像Word/Excel或者Visual Basic程序那样与其他外用分享目标。
ATIA 能使用Word/Excel对象就像Word/Excel能使用CATIA 对象。
在Unix 平台上:CATIA将来的版本将允许从Java分享它的对象。
这将提供在Unix 和NT 之间的一个完美兼容。
CATIA V5 自动化：介绍（仅限NT）自动化允许在几个进程之间的联系:CATIA V5 在NT 上：接口COM：Visual Basic 脚本(对宏来说)，Visual Basic 为应用（适合前:Word/Excel )，Visual Basic。
COM（零部件目标模型)是“微软“标准于几个应用程序之间的共享对象。
Automation 是一种“微软“技术,它使用一种解释环境中的COM对象。
ActiveX 组成部分是“微软“标准于几个应用程序之间的共享对象,即使在解释环境里。
OLE（对象的链接与嵌入）意思是资料可以在一个其他应用OLE的资料里连结并且可以被编辑的方法(在适当的位置编辑）.在VBScript,VBA和Visual Basic之间的差别：Visual Basic(VB）是全部的版本。
它能产生独立的计划,它也能建立ActiveX 和服务器。
它可以被编辑。
VB中提供了一个补充文件名为“在线丛书“(VB的5。
毕业设计外文翻译_中文版
外文科技文献译文译文题目Socket网络编程的设计与实现(外文题目) A Design and Implementation of ActiveNetwork Socket Programming 学院(系) 机械与能源工程学院专业机械设计制造及其自动化学号071895学生姓名李杰林日期2012年5月27日指导教师签名日期摘要：编程节点和活跃网络的概念将可编程性引入到通信网络中，并且代码和数据可以在发送过程中进行修改。
最近，多个研究小组已经设计和实现了自己的设计平台。
每个设计都有其自己的优点和缺点，但是在不同平台之间都存在着互操作性问题。
因此，我们引入一个类似网络socket编程的概念。
我们建立一组针对应用程序进行编程的简单接口，这组被称为活跃网络Socket编程（ANSP）的接口，将在所有执行环境下工作。
因此，ANSP提供一个类似于“一次性编写，无限制运行”的开放编程模型，它可以工作在所有的可执行环境下。
它解决了活跃网络中的异构性，当应用程序需要访问异构网络内的所有地区，在临界点部署特殊服务或监视整个网络的性能时显得相当重要。
我们的方案是在现有的环境中，所有应用程序可以很容易地安装上一个薄薄的透明层而不是引入一个新的平台。
关键词：活跃网络；应用程序编程接口；活跃网络socket编程1导言1990年，为了在互联网上引入新的网络协议，克拉克和藤农豪斯[1]提出了一种新的设计框架。
自公布这一标志性文件，活跃网络设计框架[2，3，10]已经慢慢在20世纪90年代末成形。
活跃网络允许程序代码和数据可以同时在互联网上提供积极的网络范式，此外，他们可以在传送到目的地的过程中得到执行和修改。
ABone作为一个全球性的骨干网络，开始进行活跃网络实验。
除执行平台的不成熟，商业上活跃网络在互联网上的部署也成为主要障碍。
例如，一个供应商可能不乐意让网络路由器运行一些可能影响其预期路由性能的未知程序，。
因此，作为替代提出了允许活跃网络在互联网上运作的概念，如欧洲研究课题组提出的应用层活跃网络（ALAN）项目[4]。
毕业设计(论文)外文资料及译文(模板
大连东软信息学院
毕业设计（论文）外文资料及译文
系所：
专业：
班级：
姓名：
学号：
大连东软信息学院
Dalian Neusoft University of Information
外文资料和译文格式要求
一、装订要求
1、外文资料原文（复印或打印）在前、译文在后、最后为指导教师评定成绩。
2、译文必须采用计算机输入、打印。
3、A4幅面打印，于左侧装订。
二、撰写要求
1、外文文献内容与所选课题相关。
2、本科学生译文汉字字数不少于4000字，高职学生译文汉字字数不少于2000字。
三、格式要求
1、译文字号：中文小四号宋体，英文小四号“Times New Roman”字型，全文统一，首行缩进2个中文字符，1.5倍行距。
2、译文页码：页码用阿拉伯数字连续编页，字体采用“Times New Roman”字体，字号小五，页底居中。
3、译文页眉：眉体使用单线，页眉说明五号宋体，居中“大连东软信息学院本科毕业设计（论文）译文”。
大连东软信息学院毕业设计（论文）译文
-1-。
外文翻译MBA教务管理系统的设计与开发
毕业设计（论文）外文翻译题目MBA教务管理系统的设计与开发专业信息管理与信息系统班级学号学生指导教师2013 年教师助理:一个基于Web的应用程序使用Java Server Pages，Java数据库连通性计算机科学系加利福尼亚州立大学，富勒顿摘要本文讨论了一种基于网络的应用程序，是联系教育者对社会的主导资源。
本网站提供的是个别教师和学校组织的一种简单而有效的沟通手段的学校/课程相关信息社会对教育也提供了有关各方的课堂互动和反馈给教师的在线工具。
本文使用Java 2企业版的一些新的应用工具开发基于Web的应用程序的可行性和演示了这一新技术的特点。
1、简介一切都是“dot com”的这些天，有很好的理由。
在没有这样一个强大的机制来交换信息之前。
过去，你会派遣一个使者。
然后是电力，允许代码高速传输。
莫里斯代码的发明和信息可以在很短的时间内传输很长的距离，接下来来电话，收音机和电视等。
这些都是非常强大的通信机制，但缺乏一种或另一种方式。
互联网使人们找到特定的信息，他们有比以往任何时候都更快，更大量的信息。
这个项目的特定领域的目标是建立一个应用程序，将协助教师交流信息的一个特定的学生的父母或监护人。
教师助手会成为家长和教师之间的必要的通信路径。
这个技能现在是可能和可行的因特网的出现和个人电脑的。
本文还阐述了有效的使用面向对象的方法设计和编程。
面向对象分析（OOA），该项目使用的“用例”。
用例已经成为在需求收集和了解，需要解决的问题的标准方法。
面向对象设计（OOD），该项目采用统一建模语言（UML）[ 1 ]。
面向对象编程（OOP）[ 2 ]，该项目使用Java编程语言。
2、系统设计教师助理的设计分为三层，最低层是数据层，数据层包含持久性数据存储。
下一层是业务逻辑，业务逻辑层包含业务具体的信息，决定如何将数据格式化。
上面一层是表示层。
数据是使用一个小客户端解决方案使用Web浏览器和标准的HTML文件格式。
毕业生信息管理系统_外文翻译(范文)
外文文献资料Buses and InterfacesThe buses and interfaces are the fabric that connects the CPU to the peripherals that are part of the system. Each bus and interface has its own intricacies, and the level of support provided by Linux to the different buses and interfaces varies accordingly. The following is a rundown of the buses and interfaces found in embedded systems and a discussion of their support by Linux. Linux supports many other buses, such as SBus, NuBus, TurboChannel, and MCA, but these are workstation or server-centric.1. ISAThe Industry Standard Architecture (ISA) bus was designed for and occupied the core of PC-AT architecture. It was odd even for its time, as it did not provide many of the facilities other buses offered, including ease of mapping into normal processor physical address space. Its simplicity, however, favored the proliferation of many devices for the PC, which, in turn, favored the use of PCs in embedded applications.ISA devices are mostly accessed through the I/O port programming already available in the x86's instruction set. Therefore, the kernel does not need to do any work to enable device drivers to use the bus. Instead, the various device drivers access the appropriate I/O ports directly using the in/out assembly functions. Although the kernel provides support for Plug and Play (PNP) devices, this capability is of little use for embedded applications. Instead, embedded systems that do need to support hardware variations will be based on buses that support runtime hardware addition and removal, such as CompactPCI, PCMCIA, and USB. The kernel also supports Extended ISA (EISA) devices, but this bus has not been very popular and has been superseded by the PCI bus.2. PCIThe Peripheral Component Interconnect (PCI) bus, managed by the PCI Special Interest Group (PCI-SIG), is arguably the most popular bus currently available. Designed as a replacement for ISA, it is used in combination with many different architectures, including the PPC and the MIPS, to build different types of systems,including embedded devices.Unlike ISA, PCI requires software support to enable it to be used by device drivers. The first part of this support is required to initialize and configure the PCI devices upon bootup. On PC systems, this is traditionally done by the BIOS. However, the kernel is capable of carrying out this task itself. If the BIOS has carried out the initialization, the kernel will browse the BIOS's table to retrieve the PCI information. In both cases, the kernel provides device drivers with an API to access information regarding the devices on the PCI bus and act on these devices. There are also a number of user tools for manipulating PCI devices. In short, the level of support for PCI in Linux is fairly complete and mature.3.PCMCIAPersonal Computer Memory Card International Association (PCMCIA) is both the common name of a bus and the name of the organization that promotes and maintains related standards. Since the publication of the initial standard, which supported only 16-bit cards, other standards have been published, including the 32-bit CardBus and the USB CardBay specifications. When part of an embedded system, PCMCIA renders it flexible and easy to extend. On the iPAQ, for instance, it enables users to connect to a LAN using a wireless networking card. In other systems, it makes large permanent storage space available through the use of CompactFlash cards.The extent of Linux support for PCMCIA can be confusing. First and foremost, there is the main Linux PCMCIA project, which is hosted on SourceForge at :/// and is maintained by David Hinds. The package made available by this project supports a large number of cards, Linux support for PCMCIA is quite mature for the i386 architecture and available in part for the PPC, but unfortunately, it's still in its infancy for other chips at the time of this writing. Apart from the package maintained by Hinds, the official kernel contains support for a portion of the PCMCIA cards supported by the Hinds' package. The developers' intent is to have the official kernel become the main source for PCMCIA support. Until then, the best choice is to use Hinds' distribution for production systems. It includes the necessary system tools to configure the automatic loading and unloading of the appropriate PCMCIA device drivers when a card is inserted or removed from a PCMCIA slot.4. PC/104Although simple, the ISA bus is not well adapted to the rugged environments where embedded systems are deployed. The PC/104 form factor was introduced toaddress the shortcomings of ISA's mechanical specification. PC/104 provides a bus whose electrical signals are identical to those of the ISA bus, but with a different mechanical specification that is more adapted to embedded system development by providing ease of extensibility and ruggedness. Instead of using slots where cards are inserted, as in a regular ISA setup, PC/104 specifies the use of pin connectors. When PCI became popular, the PC/104+ specification was introduced to provide a PCI-signal-compatible bus as an addition to the PC/104 specification. Both PC/104 and PC/104+ are managed by the PC/104 Consortium, which includes more than a 100 member companies.The PC/104 is identical to ISA and the PC/104+ is identical to both ISA and PCI from the signal perspective and, therefore, from the software's perspective. Therefore, Linux requires no special functionality to support these buses. However, this does not mean that Linux supports all PC/104 and PC/104+ devices. As with any other ISA or PCI device, you should seek exact information about Linux compatibility with the PC/104 device you are evaluating.5. VMEThe VME bus is largely based on Motorola's VERSA backplane bus, which was developed specifically for the 68000 in 1979. At the time, VERSA was competing with buses such as Multibus, STD, S-100, and Q-bus, although it is rarely used today. Striving to provide a new bus that would be microprocessor independent, Motorola, Mostek, and Signetics agreed that the three companies would support a new bus. This came to be the VME bus based on the VERSA's electrical signals and the Eurocard mechanical form factor. In the Eurocard form factor, VME boards are loaded vertically into a VME chassis and connected to its backplane using pin connectors, unlike common computer boards that use edge connectors inserted into slots. Since its introduction, the VME bus has become widely adopted as the preferred bus for building powerful and rugged computers. One factor that has helped the VME bus' popularity is that it is an open standard that isn't controlled by any single organization.As the VME bus can accommodate multiple VME boards, each with its own CPU and OS, no central OS controls the bus. Instead, arbitration is used to permit a board to become bus master momentarily to conduct its operations. The job of Linux on a VME board is therefore to interact properly with its VME hardware interface to obtain the appropriate functionality.pactPCIThe CompactPCI specification was initiated by Ziatech and was developed by members of the PCI Industrial Computer Manufacturer's Group (PICMG), which oversees the specification and promotes the use of CompactPCI. The CompactPCI specification provides an open and versatile platform for high-performance, high-availability applications. Its success is largely based on the technical choices made by its designers. First, they chose to reuse the Eurocard form-factor popularized by VME. Second, they chose to make the bus PCI-compatible, hence enabling CompactPCI board manufacturers to reuse low-cost PCI chips already available in the mainstream market.Technically, the CompactPCI bus is electrically identical to the PCI bus. Instead of using slot connections, as found in most workstations and servers, pin connectors are used to connect the vertically loaded CompactPCI boards to the CompactPCI backplane, much like VME. As with PCI, CompactPCI requires a single bus master, in contrast with VME, which could tolerate multiple bus masters, as explained earlier. Consequently, CompactPCI requires the permanent presence of a board in the system slot. It is this board that arbitrates the CompactPCI backplane, just as a PCI chipset would arbitrate a PCI bus in a workstation or a server.In addition, the CompactPCI specification allows for the implementation of the Hot Swap specification, which describes methods and procedures for runtime insertion and removal of CompactPCI boards. This specification defines three levels of hot swapping. Each level implies a set of hardware and software capabilities. Here are the available levels and their requirements: Basic hot swapThis hot swap level involves console intervention by the system operator. When a new card is inserted, she must manually inform the OS to power it up and then configure and inform the software of its presence. To remove a card, she must tell the OS that the board is about to be removed. The OS must then stop the tasks that are interacting with the board and inform the board to shut down.Full hot swapIn contrast to basic hot swap, full hot swap does not require console intervention by the operator. Instead, the operator flips a microswitch attached to the card injector/ejector to notify the OS of the impending removal. The OS then performs the necessary operations to isolate the board and tell it to shut down. Finally, the OS lights an LED to notify the operator that the board can now be removed. On insertion, the OS carries out the inverse operations when it receives the appropriate insertion signal.High AvailabilityIn this level, CompactPCI boards are under complete software control. A hot swap controller software manages the state of all the boards in the system and can selectively reverse these individual boards according to the system's state. If a board fails, for example, the controller can shut it down and power up a duplicate board that is present within the same chassis for this very purpose. This hot swap level is called "High Availability," because it is mostly useful in what are known as high-availability applications，such as telecommunications, where downtime must be minimal.Linux accommodates the basic CompactPCI specification, through the PCI support it already provides. Support for dynamic insertion and removal of devices in Linux also exists in different forms. Primarily, Version 2.4 of the kernel includes the required kernel functionality.That said, this level of support is insufficient to accommodate all the complexities of CompactPCI systems. In addition, there are few drivers within the main kernel tree for mainstream CompactPCI boards, although CompactPCI board manufacturers may provide Linux drivers. This caveat has led to the emergence of a number of commercial solutions that provide high-availability Linux solutions on CompactPCI, including Availix's HA Cluster and MontaVista's High Availability Framework. The ongoing High-Availability Linux Project, found at :///, aims at providing the open source components needed to build high-availability solutions using Linux. The project isn't restricted to a specific hardware configuration and is, therefore, not centered around CompactPCI.In the future, we may see more open source software accommodating the various complexities of CompactPCI-based systems, both in terms of hot swap capabilities and in terms of software support for communication, resource monitoring, cluster management, and other software components found in high-availability systems. For now, however, if you want to use Linux for a CompactPCI-based high-availability application, you may need to work with one of the existing commercial solutions to obtain all the features described by the CompactPCI specification.7. Parallel PortAlthough not a bus in the traditional sense, the parallel port found in many computers can be used to connect a wide range of peripherals, including hard drives, scanners, and even network adapters. Linux support for parallel port devices is extensive, both in terms of the drivers found in the kernel and the ones providedby supporting projects. There is no central authority or project, however, that directs Linux's support for parallel port devices, since the parallel port is a ubiquitous component of computer systems. Instead, there are good resources that describe which devices are supported. These include the Hardware Compatibility HOWTO found at the LDP and the Linux Parallel Port Home Page found at :// /linux-pp.html. It is worth noting that Linux supports the IEEE1284 standard that defines how parallel port communication with external devices is carried out.As the parallel port can be used for many purposes besides attaching external devices, I will discuss parallel port programming when explaining the use of the parallel port as in an I/O interface in Section 3.3.8. SCSIThe Small Computer Systems Interface (SCSI) was introduced by Shugart Associates and eventually evolved into a series of standards developed and maintained by a series of standard bodies, including ANSI, ITIC, NCITS, and T10. Although mainly thought of as a high-throughput interface for hard drives for high-end workstations and servers, SCSI is a general interface that can be usedto connect various hardware peripherals. Only a small segment of embedded systems ever use SCSI devices, though. These systems are typically high-end embedded systems such as the CompactPCI-based high-availability systems discussed earlier.In those cases, a CompactPCI SCSI controller inserted in the CompactPCI backplane provides an interface to the SCSI devices.If you consider using SCSI in an embedded system, note that although Linux supports a wide range of SCSI controllers and devices, many prominent kernel developers believe that the kernel's SCSI code requires major work or even a complete rewrite. This doesn't mean that you shouldn't use SCSI devices with Linux.It is only a warning so that you plan your project's future updates in light of such possible modifications to the kernel's SCSI layer. At the time of this writing, work on the SCSI code has not yet started. It is expected that such work wouldbe undertaken during the 2.5 development series of the kernel. For now, the SCSI hardware supported by Linux can be found in the Hardware Compatibility HOWTO from the LDP. As with the parallel port, there is no single reference point containingall information regarding Linux's support for SCSI, since the SCSI interface isan established technology with a very large user base.Discussion of the kernel's SCSI device drivers architecture can be foundat :// /sg/, at :// /scsi.html, and in theLinux 2.4 SCSI subsystem HOWTO from the LDP. This should be the starting point for the development of any SCSI driver for Linux, along with the Linux Device Drivers book by O'Reilly. For a broad discussion about SCSI, The Book of SCSI: I/O For The Millennium by Gary Field and Peter Ridge (No Starch Press) is a good start. As with other standards, there are always official standards documents provided by the standard bodies, but again, such documentation often makes for dry reading material.9. USBThe Universal Serial Bus (USB) was developed and is maintained by a group of companies forming the USB Implementers Forum (USB-IF). Initially developed to replace such fragmented and slow connection interfaces as the parallel and serial ports traditionally used to connect peripherals to PCs, USB has rapidly established itself as the interface of choice for peripherals by providing inexpensive ease of use and high-speed throughput. Although mainly a mainstream device-oriented bus, USB is increasingly appearing in hardware used in embedded systems, such as SBCs and SoCs from several manufacturers.USB devices are connected in a tree-like fashion. The root is called the root hub and is usually the main board to which all USB devices and nonroot hubs are connected. The root hub is in charge of all the devices connected to it, directly or through secondary hubs. A limitation of this is that computers cannot be linked in any form of networking using direct USB cabling.There are also USB network adapters, including Ethernet adapters, that can be used to connect the computers to a common network.Support within Linux for behaving as a USB root hubis quite mature and extensive, comparing positively to the commercial OSes that support USB. Although most hardware vendors don't ship Linux drivers with their USB peripherals, many have helped Linux developers create USB drivers by providing hardware specifications. Also, as with other hardware components, many Linux drivers have been developed in spite of their manufacturers' unwillingness to provide the relevant specifications. The main component of Linux's support for USB is provided by the USB stack in the kernel. The kernel also includes drivers for the USB devices supported by Linux. User tools are also available to manage USB devices. The user tools and the complete list of supported devices is available through the Linux USB project web site at :// /.Support within Linux for behaving as a USB device is limited in comparison to its support for behaving as a USB root hub. While some systems running Linux,such as the iPAQ, can already behave as devices, there is no general agreed-upon framework yet for adding USB device capabilities to the Linux kernel.Development of USB drivers is covered by the Programming Guide for Linux USB Device Drivers by Detlef Fliegl, available through the Linux USB project web site. The Linux Device Drivers book also provides guidelines on how to write Linux USB drivers. There are a number of books that discuss USB, which you can find by looking at the various online bookstores. However, the consensus among developers and online book critics seems to indicate that the best place to start, as well as the best reference, is the original USB specification available online from the USB-IF.10. IEEE1394 (FireWire)FireWire is a trademark owned by Apple for a technology they designed in the late 80s/early 90s. They later submitted their work to the IEEE and it formed the basis of what eventually became IEEE standard 1394. Much like USB, IEEE1394 enables devices to be connected using simple and inexpensive hardware interfaces. Because of their similarities, IEEE1394 and USB are often considered together. In terms of speed, however, it is clear that IEEE1394's architecture is much more capable than USB of accommodating throughput-demanding devices, such as digital cameras and external hard drives. Recent updates to the USB standard have reduced the gap, but IEEE1394 still has a clear advantage in regards to currently existing high-throughput devices and future capabilities. Although only a small number of embedded systems actually use IEEE1394, it is likely that the need for such a technology will increase with the demand in throughput.In contrast to USB, IEEE1394 connections do not require a root node. Rather, connections can be made either in a daisy-chain fashion or using an IEEE1394 hub. Also, unlike SCSI, connections do not need any termination. It is also possible to connect two or more computers directly using an IEEE1394, which isn't possible with USB. To take advantage of this capability, there is even an RFC specifying how to implement IP over IEEE1394. This provides an inexpensive and high-speed network connection for IEEE1394-enabled computers.Linux's support for IEEE1394 isn't as extensive as that provided by some commercial OSes, but it is mature enough to enable the practical, every day use of quite a number of IEEE1394 hardware devices. The kernel sources contain the code required to support IEEE1394, but the most up-to-date code for the IEEE1394 subsystem and the relevant user utilities can be found at the IEEE1394 for Linux project web site at :// /. The list of supported devices canbe found in the compatibility section of the web site. The number and types of devices supported by Linux's IEEE1394 can only increase in the future.Support for running an IP network over IEEE1394 in Linux is currently in its infancy. In due time, this may become a very efficient way of debugging embedded Linux systems because of the quantity of data that can be exchanged between the host and the target.Documentation on how to use the IEEE1394 subsystem under Linux with supported hardware can be found on the IEEE1394 for Linux project web site. The web site also includes links to documentation regarding the various specifications surrounding IEEE1394. The main standard itself is available from the IEEE and is therefore expensive for a single individual to purchase. Although the standard will be a must for any extensive work on IEEE1394, the FireWire System Architecture book by Don Anderson (Addison Wesley) is a good place to start.11.GPIBThe General-Purpose Interface Bus (GPIB) takes its roots in HP's HP-IB bus, which was born at the end of the 1960s and is still being used in engineering and scientific applications. In the process of maturing, GPIB became the IEEE488 standard and was revised as late as 1992. Many devices that are used for data acquisition and analysis are, in fact, equipped with a GPIB interface. With the advent of mainstream hardware in this field of application, many GPIB hardware adapters have been made available for such mainstream hardware and for PCs in particular.GPIB devices are connected together using a shielded cable that may have stackable connectors at both ends. Connectors are "stackable" in the sense that a connector on one end of a cable has the appropriate hardware interface to allow for another connector to be attached to it, which itself allows another connector to be attached. If, for instance, a cable is used to connect a computer to device A, the connector attached to A can be used to attach the connector of another cable going from A to device B.12. I2CInitially introduced by Philips to enable communication between components inside TV sets, the Inter-Integrated Circuit (I2C) bus can be found in many embedded devices of all sizes and purposes. As with other similar small-scale buses such as SPI and MicroWire, I2C is a simple serial bus that enables the exchange of limited amounts of data among the IC components of an embedded system. There is a broad range of I2C -capable devices on the market, including LCD drivers, EEPROMs, DSPs, and so on. Because of its simplicity and its hardware requirements, I2C can beimplemented either in software or in hardware.Connecting devices using I2C requires only two wires, one with a clock signal, serial clock (SCL), and the other with the actual data, serial data (SDA). All devices on an I2C bus are connected using the same wire pair. The device initiating a transaction on the bus becomes the bus master and communicates with slaves using an addressing scheme. Although I2C supports multiple masters, most implementations have only one master.The main kernel tree includes support for I2C, a number of devices that use I2C, and the related System Management Bus (SMBus). Due to the heavy use of I2C by hardware monitoring sensor devices, the I2C support pages are hosted on the Linux hardware monitoring project web site at ://www2.lm-sensors.nu/~lm78/. The site includes a number of links, documentation, and the most recent I2C development code. Most importantly, it contains a list of the I2C devices supported along with the appropriate driver to use for each device.中文翻译稿应用技术学院06计算机（0616403062）管玲玲2010年2月总线和接口总线和接口是连接CPU到系统的部分外设的组织。
毕业设计外文资料及译文(模板
一般来说，应选择业务价值贡献大、最容易让企业所有员工都能使用的信息系统作为优先建设的系统，如供销存系统、财务系统和办公自动化系统等。员工体会到信息系统价值贡献，就会主动推进下阶段的信息化建设。
2.怎么选？
以业务战略为指针，避免盲目选型。
信息化不是一个简单的技术问题，它的核心在于，适应和支持业务发展战略而进行的管理模式变革和业务流程优化。因此，企业信息化选型应以业务战略为指导。例如，如果企业战略核心是国际化，那就应优先选择具有国际最佳实践经验的产品。总之，业务战略匹配是信息化选型中最先考虑的因素。
同样，用户与IT厂商的沟通也应当分工明确，业务人员应与IT厂商的业务需求分析人员进行沟通，IT人员与IT厂商的设计和实施人员进行沟通。
5.权衡好一步到位和分步实施的关系
很多企业把信息化理解成为一次性的工程，因而觉得一步建设到位有利于长远发展，但事实上，制造企业信息化的复杂性是不能仅靠一次性投入就到位的，信息系统需要随着商业环境的变化不断进行调整和更新，因此，是一个持续的过程，决不可能一蹴而就，一步到位。当然，初次建设中加大投资力度是可行的。
以业务需求为主导，避免被动选型
制造企业多属于传统产业，对IT技术较为陌生，因此早期的信息化工程基本上是被技术主导的。企业信息化选型始终处于一种被动的地位，这直接导致了很多企业CIMS和ERP应用示范工程的失败。信息化规划和选型应当以业务需求为导向，要选择最能满足业务需求的产品。有些产品尽管技术水平领先、功能完备，但如果它不能很好地满足业务需求，就不能作为首选的对象。
毕业设计外文文献翻译【范本模板】
毕业设计（论文)外文资料翻译系别：专业：班级:姓名：学号:外文出处:附件： 1. 原文; 2。
译文2013年03月附件一：A Rapidly Deployable Manipulator SystemChristiaan J。
J。
Paredis, H. Benjamin Brown，Pradeep K. KhoslaAbstract:A rapidly deployable manipulator system combines the flexibility of reconfigurable modular hardware with modular programming tools，allowing the user to rapidly create a manipulator which is custom-tailored for a given task. This article describes two main aspects of such a system，namely，the Reconfigurable Modular Manipulator System （RMMS)hardware and the corresponding control software。
1 IntroductionRobot manipulators can be easily reprogrammed to perform different tasks, yet the range of tasks that can be performed by a manipulator is limited by mechanicalstructure。
Forexample，a manipulator well-suited for precise movement across the top of a table would probably no be capable of lifting heavy objects in the vertical direction. Therefore，to perform a given task,one needs to choose a manipulator with an appropriate mechanical structure.We propose the concept of a rapidly deployable manipulator system to address the above mentioned shortcomings of fixed configuration manipulators。
教学管理系统设计与实现外文资料翻译
题目名称：Struts And Tiles Aid Component-basedDevelopment译文题目：Struts 和 Tiles 辅助基于组件的开发原文题目：Struts and Tiles aid component-based development 原文出处：Thinking in Java, 3rd ed. Revision 4.0Struts 和 Tiles 辅助基于组件的开发1994 年，当时主流的采用Web 应用程序的开发才刚开始。
由于Web 的不成熟，只有较少的工具能帮助开发人员构建Web 软件。
结果，在特定解决方案中的应用程序混合了HTML 代码与应用程序逻辑。
很显然，UI 设计的更改和业务逻辑的更新在大型应用程序中既困难又昂贵，因为紧耦合的表示和逻辑将这两种元素搅和在一起，进而导致错误和缓慢的进展。
而且，混合的代码要求部分开发人员具备UI 设计知识，或者要求开发人员与图形设计人员之间有紧密的工作关系，这常常会造成时间上的浪费。
JSP 技术和标记的引入稍微改善了这种更改问题，因为能够将逻辑和显示分离。
UI 设计人员能够对显示进行卓有成效的工作，同时开发人员能够专注于逻辑。
然而，这种方法仍存在一些缺陷。
尤其是某些操作（还有公共操作）的开发仍很困难。
验证表单就是典型的例子。
正如很多人所知，表单验证的过程类似于这样：显示表单；等待用户填写然后提交数据。
检查各个域值是否有效；如果有错误，则重新显示表单。
处理用户输入的数据，可能将其存储在一个数据库中。
在新页面上向用户显示处理的结果或下一步（可能是另一个表单）。
如果在这一过程中只使用JSP 页面，那么在需要再次更改代码时，您会发现，按照可管理性这条思路，将控制从一个页面“路由”至另一个页面很难。
您想把第4 步和第 3 步置于同一个页面吗？如果使用多个单独的JSP 页面，那么如何跟踪哪个页面链接至其它页面，以及在要更改一个页面的文件名或位置时该怎么做呢？而且，在第 2 步检测到某个域中的错误时，如何重新显示带有一条错误消息的原始表单，但还要保留用户已填入的值呢？Struts，一种开放源码“模型-视图-控制器”框架，通过帮助解决所有这些问题，从而使开发人员的工作更为轻松。
毕业设计(论文)外文资料及译文(模板)
大连东软信息学院
毕业设计（论文）外文资料及译文
系所：
专业：
班级：
姓名：
学号：
大连东软信息学院
Dalian Neusoft University of Information
外文资料和译文格式要求
一、装订要求
1、外文资料原文（复印或打印）在前、译文在后、最后为指导教师评定成绩。
2、译文必须采用计算机输入、打印。
3、A4幅面打印，于左侧装订。
二、撰写要求
1、外文文献内容与所选课题相关。
2、本科学生译文汉字字数不少于4000字，高职学生译文汉字字数不少于2000字。
三、格式要求
1、译文字号：中文小四号宋体，英文小四号“Times New Roman”字型，全文统一，首行缩进2个中文字符，1.5倍行距。
2、译文页码：页码用阿拉伯数字连续编页，字体采用“Times New Roman”字体，字号小五，页底居中。
3、译文页眉：眉体使用单线，页眉说明五号宋体，居中“大连东软信息学院本科毕业设计（论文）译文”。
大连东软信息学院毕业设计（论文）译文
大连东软信息学院毕业设计（论文）译文
大连东软信息学院毕业设计（论文）译文
大连东软信息学院毕业设计（论文）译文
大连东软信息学院毕业设计（论文）译文。