List of Standards for the Smart Grid
The future of energy Smart grids
The future of energy Smart grids The future of energy is a topic that is constantly evolving, and one of the most exciting developments in this field is the concept of smart grids. Smartgrids are revolutionizing the way we generate, distribute, and consume energy, and they hold the potential to significantly reduce our carbon footprint and make our energy systems more efficient and reliable. However, there are also challenges and concerns associated with the widespread adoption of smart grids, and it is important to consider these as we look towards the future of energy. One of the key benefits of smart grids is their ability to integrate renewable energy sources, such as solar and wind power, into the energy system. This is crucial for reducing our reliance on fossil fuels and mitigating the impacts of climate change. Byusing advanced technologies, smart grids can efficiently manage the variability of renewable energy sources and ensure a stable supply of electricity to consumers. This not only helps to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, but also promotes energy independence and security. In addition to integrating renewable energy, smart grids also enable more efficient energy distribution and consumption. Through the use of sensors, advanced metering, and real-time data analytics, smart grids can optimize the flow of electricity, reduce transmission losses, and enable demand response programs. This means that energy can be delivered to where it is needed most, and consumers can better manage their energy usage, leading to cost savings and a more sustainable energy system. However, the transition to smart grids is not without its challenges. One of the main concerns is the cybersecurity risks associated with the increased connectivity and digitalization of the energy system. As smart grids rely on communication technologies and data exchange, they become more vulnerable to cyber attacks. Ensuring the security and resilience of smart grids is therefore critical to their successful implementation, and this requires significant investment in cybersecurity measures and protocols. Another challenge is the need for significant infrastructure upgrades to support the deployment of smart grids. This includes investments in advanced metering infrastructure, grid automation, and communication networks. While these upgrades have the potential to modernize our energy infrastructure and create jobs, they also require substantial capital and may pose logistical challenges in terms of deployment and integration.Furthermore, the widespread adoption of smart grids raises questions about data privacy and consumer protection. With the collection of real-time energy usage data and the potential for remote control of devices, there are concerns about how this information is used and who has access to it. It is essential to establish clear regulations and standards to safeguard consumer privacy and ensure transparency in the collection and use of energy data. Despite these challenges, the future of smart grids is promising, and the potential benefits far outweigh the risks. By enabling the integration of renewable energy, improving energy efficiency, and enhancing grid reliability, smart grids have the power to transform our energy systems and contribute to a more sustainable and resilient future. It is crucial for policymakers, industry stakeholders, and consumers to work together to address the challenges and seize the opportunities presented by smart grids, as they hold the key to a cleaner, more efficient, and more reliable energy future.。
How-to-Guide for Smart Grids in Distribution Netwo
Network transformation for Telco -Fixed/Mobile convergence, voice to data, move
to IP
Business Process Management
Organization / Technology Transformation ESB Networks telecom
Operations and organizational evolution
Operational effectiveness and efficiency, organization and competence management
OPERATIONS
Sma r t Gr id
“Is there a need to develop people and processes
when upgrading to smart grid?”
TECHNOLOGY
Technology evolution and performance
Technology strategy, planning and design, performance
Smart grid roadmap is not only about technology Energy technology roadmaps
© OECD/IEA 2012
Best practice for ICT transformation process
Strategy to execution : example of telecom network migration
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Transformation Planning
Smart Grid Technologies Communication
Smart Grid Technologies:Communication Technologies and StandardsVehbi C.Güngör,Member,IEEE,Dilan Sahin,Taskin Kocak,Salih Ergüt,Concettina Buccella,Senior Member,IEEE,Carlo Cecati,Fellow,IEEE,andGerhard P.Hancke,Senior Member,IEEEAbstract—For100years,there has been no change in the basic structure of the electrical power grid.Experiences have shown that the hierarchical,centrally controlled grid of the20th Century is ill-suited to the needs of the21st Century.To address the challenges of the existing power grid,the new concept of smart grid has emerged.The smart grid can be considered as a modern electric power grid infrastructure for enhanced efficiency and reliability through automated control,high-power converters, modern communications infrastructure,sensing and metering technologies,and modern energy management techniques based on the optimization of demand,energy and network availability, and so on.While current power systems are based on a solid information and communication infrastructure,the new smart grid needs a different and much more complex one,as its di-mension is much larger.This paper addresses critical issues on smart grid technologies primarily in terms of information and communication technology(ICT)issues and opportunities.The main objective of this paper is to provide a contemporary look at the current state of the art in smart grid communications as well as to discuss the still-open research issues in thisfield.It is expected that this paper will provide a better understanding of the technologies,potential advantages and research challenges of the smart grid and provoke interest among the research community to further explore this promising research area.Index Terms—Advanced metering infrastructure(AMI),com-munication technologies,quality-of-service(QoS),smart grid, standards.I.I NTRODUCTIONT ODAY’S electrical infrastructure has remained un-changed for about100years.The components of the hierarchical grid are near to the end of their lives.While theManuscript received May16,2011;revised August04,2011;accepted Au-gust09,2011.Date of publication September06,2011;date of current version November09,2011.The work of V.C.Gungor,D.Sahin,T.Kocak,and S. Ergüt was supported in part by Türk Telekom under Award Number11316-01 and the work of C.Buccella and C.Cecati was supported by DigiPower s.r.l., L’Aquila,Italy,and the work of G.P.Hancke was supported by Eskom,South Africa.Paper no.TII-11-252.V. C.Güngör, D.S¸ahin,and T.Koçak are with the Department of Computer Engineering,Bahçes¸ehir University,˙Istanbul34353,Turkey (e-mail:cagri.gungor@.tr;dilan.sahin@.tr; taskin.kocak@.tr).S.Ergüt is with Türk Telekom Group R&D Division,˙Istanbul34353,Turkey (e-mail:salih.ergut@.tr).C.Buccella and C.Cecati are with the University of L’Aquila,Department of Industrial and Information Engineering and Economics,L’Aquila67100, Italy,and with DigiPower Ltd.,L’Aquila67100,Italy(e-mail:concettina.buc-cella@univaq.it;carlo.cecati@univaq.it).G.P.Hancke is with the Department of Electrical,Electronic and Computer Engineering,University of Pretoria,Pretoria0002,South Africa(e-mail: g.hancke@).Color versions of one or more of thefigures in this paper are available online at .Digital Object Identifier10.1109/TII.2011.2166794electrical grid has been ageing,the demand for electricity has gradually increased.According to the U.S.Department of En-ergy report,the demand and consumption for electricity in the U.S.have increased by2.5%annually over the last20years[1]. Today’s electric power distribution network is very complex and ill-suited to the needs of the21st Century.Among the deficiencies are a lack of automated analysis,poor visibility, mechanical switches causing slow response times,lack of situational awareness,etc.[2].These have contributed to the blackouts happening over the past40years.Some additional inhibiting factors are the growing population and demand for energy,the global climate change,equipment failures,energy storage problems,the capacity limitations of electricity gen-eration,one-way communication,decrease in fossil fuels,and resilience problems[5].Also,the greenhouse gas emissions on Earth have been a significant threat that is caused by the electricity and transportation industries[6].Consequently,a new grid infrastructure is urgently needed to address these challenges.To realize these capabilities,a new concept of next genera-tion electric power system,the smart grid,has emerged.The smart grid is a modern electric power grid infrastructure for im-proved efficiency,reliability and safety,with smooth integration of renewable and alternative energy sources,through automated control and modern communications technologies[1],[11].Re-newable energy generators seem as a promising technology to reduce fuel consumption and greenhouse gas emissions[7].Im-portantly,smart grid enabling new network management strate-gies provide their effective grid integration in Distributed Gen-eration(DG)for Demand Side Management and energy storage for DG load balancing,etc.[8],[9].Renewable energy sources (RESs)are widely studied by many researchers[10]and the integration of RES,reducing system losses and increasing the reliability,efficiency and security of electricity supply to cus-tomers are some of the advances that smart grid system will in-crease[12].The existing grid is lack of communication capabil-ities,while a smart power grid infrastructure is full of enhanced sensing and advanced communication and computing abilities, as illustrated in Fig.1.Different components of the system are linked together with communication paths and sensor nodes to provide interoperability between them,e.g.,distribution,trans-mission and other substations,such as residential,commercial, and industrial sites.In the smart grid,reliable and real-time information becomes the key factor for reliable delivery of power from the gener-ating units to the end-users.The impact of equipment failures, capacity constraints,and natural accidents and catastrophes, which cause power disturbances and outages,can be largely1551-3203/$26.00©2011IEEEFig.1.Smart grid architecture increases the capacity andflexibility of the net-work and provides advanced sensing and control through modern communica-tions technologies.avoided by online power system condition monitoring,diagnos-tics and protection[1].To this end,the intelligent monitoring and control enabled by modern information and communication technologies have become essential to realize the envisioned smart grid[1],[14].The U.S.,Canada,China,South Korea,Australia,and Eu-ropean Community(EC)countries have started doing research and development on smart grid applications and technologies. For example,the ernment has announced the largest power grid modernization investment in the U.S.history,i.e., $3.4billion in grant awards,funding a broad range of smart grid technologies[2].Local Distribution Companies(LDCs)are in-tegrating advanced metering and two-way communication,au-tomation technologies to their distribution systems[15].In ad-dition to research and development projects,many electric util-ities are also taking incremental steps to make the smart grid technology a reality.Most of them are signing agreements with telecom operators or smart meter vendors to carry out smart grid projects.All these agreements define the main requirements and features of the necessary communications infrastructure to provide online communication between smart meters and the utility’s back-haul system,i.e.,the so-called advanced metering infrastructure(AMI).In general,the AMI is a two-way com-munications network and is the integration of advanced sensors; smart meters,monitoring systems,computer hardware,software and data management systems that enable the collection and dis-tribution of information between meters and utilities[14].In this paper,a comprehensive but brief review on smart grid communications technologies is presented.Section II describes smart grid communications technologies and their advantages and disadvantages.Section III mentions smart grid communi-cations requirements in terms of security,system reliability, robustness,availability,scalability and the quality-of-service (QoS)mechanism.The standardization activities are reviewed in Section IV.Finally,this paper is concluded in Section V.II.C OMMUNICATIONS T ECHNOLOGIES A V AILABLEFOR S MART G RIDSA communications system is the key component of the smart grid infrastructure[1],[14],[16].With the integration of ad-vanced technologies and applications for achieving a smarter electricity grid infrastructure,a huge amount of data from dif-ferent applications will be generated for further analysis,con-trol and real-time pricing methods.Hence,it is very critical for electric utilities to define the communications requirements andfind the best communications infrastructure to handle the output data and deliver a reliable,secure and cost-effective ser-vice throughout the total system.Electric utilities attempt to get customer’s attention to participate in the smart grid system,in order to improve services and efficiency.Demand side manage-ment and customer participation for efficient electricity usage are well understood,furthermore,the outages after disasters in existing power structure also focus the attention on the impor-tance of the relationship between electric grids and communi-cations systems[1].Different communications technologies supported by two main communications media,i.e.,wired and wireless,can be used for data transmission between smart meters and electric utilities.In some instances,wireless communications have some advantages over wired technologies,such as low-cost infrastructure and ease of connection to difficult or unreachable areas.However,the nature of the transmission path may cause the signal to attenuate.On the other hand,wired solutions do not have interference problems and their functions are not dependent on batteries,as wireless solutions often do. Basically,two types of information infrastructure are needed for informationflow in a smart grid system.Thefirstflow is from sensor and electrical appliances to smart meters,the second is between smart meters and the utility’s data centers.As sug-gested in[17],thefirst dataflow can be accomplished through powerline communication or wireless communications,such as ZigBee,6LowPAN,Z-wave,and others.For the second infor-mationflow,cellular technologies or the Internet can be used. Nevertheless,there are key limiting factors that should be taken into account in the smart metering deployment process,such as time of deployment,operational costs,the availability of the technology and rural/urban or indoor/outdoor environment,etc. The technology choice thatfits one environment may not be suitable for the other.In the following,some of the smart grid communications technologies along with their advantages and disadvantages are briefly explained.An overview of smart grid communication technologies can be found in Table I.A.ZigBeeZigBee is a wireless communications technology that is rela-tively low in power usage,data rate,complexity,and cost of de-ployment.It is an ideal technology for smart lightning,energy monitoring,home automation,and automatic meter reading,etc. ZigBee and ZigBee Smart Energy Profile(SEP)have been re-alized as the most suitable communication standards for smart grid residential network domain by the U.S.National Institute for Standards and Technology(NIST)[18].The communica-tion between smart meters,as well as among intelligent home appliances and in home displays,is very important.Many AMI vendors,such as Itron,Elster,and Landis Gyr,prefer smart me-ters,that the ZigBee protocol can be integrated into[37].ZigBee integrated smart meters can communicate with the ZigBee inte-grated devices and control them.ZigBee SEP provides utilitiesGÜNGÖR et al.:SMART GRID TECHNOLOGIES:COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES AND STANDARDS 531TABLE IS MART G RID C OMMUNICATIONS TECHNOLOGIESto send messages to the home owners,and home owners can reach the information of their real-time energy consumption.1)Advantages:ZigBee has 16channels in the 2.4GHz band,each with 5MHz of bandwidth.0dBm (1mW)is the max-imum output power of the radios with a transmission range be-tween 1and 100m with a 250Kb/s data rate and OQPSK mod-ulation [18].ZigBee is considered as a good option for me-tering and energy management and ideal for smart grid imple-mentations along with its simplicity,mobility,robustness,low bandwidth requirements,low cost of deployment,its operation within an unlicensed spectrum,easy network implementation,being a standardized protocol based on the IEEE 802.15.4stan-dard [4].ZigBee SEP also has some advantages for gas,water and electricity utilities,such as load control and reduction,de-mand response,real-time pricing programs,real-time system monitoring,and advanced metering support [18],[19].2)Disadvantages:There are some constraints on ZigBee for practical implementations,such as low processing capabil-ities,small memory size,small delay requirements and being subject to interference with other appliances,which share the same transmission medium,license-free industrial,scientific and medical (ISM)frequency band ranging from IEEE 802.11wireless local area networks (WLANs),WiFi,Bluetooth and Microwave [18].Hence,these concerns about the robustness of ZigBee under noise conditions increase the possibility of corrupting the entire communications channel due to the interference of 802.11/b/g in the vicinity of ZigBee [20].In-terference detection schemes,interference avoidance schemes and energy-efficient routing protocols,should be implemented to extend the network life time and provide a reliable and energy-efficient network performance.B.Wireless MeshA mesh network is a flexible network consisting of a group of nodes,where new nodes can join the group and each node can act as an independent router.The self-healing characteristic of the network enables the communication signals to find an-other route via the active nodes,if any node should drop out of the network.Especially,in North America,RF mesh-based sys-tems are very popular.In PG&E’s SmartMeter system,every smart device is equipped with a radio module and each of them routes the metering data through nearby meters.Each meter acts as a signal repeater until the collected data reaches the elec-tric network access point.Then,collected data is transferred to the utility via a communication network.A private company,SkyPilot Networks uses mesh networking for smart grid appli-cations due to the redundancy and high availability features of mesh technology [37].1)Advantages:Mesh networking is a cost effective solu-tion with dynamic self-organization,self-healing,self-config-uration,high scalability services,which provide many advan-tages,such as improving the network performance,balancing the load on the network,extending the network coverage range [21].Good coverage can be provided in urban and suburban areas with the ability of multihop routing.Also,the nature of a mesh network allows meters to act as signal repeaters and adding more repeaters to the network can extend the coverage and capacity of the network.Advanced metering infrastructures and home energy management are some of the applications that wireless mesh technology can be used for.2)Disadvantages:Network capacity,fading and interfer-ence can be counted as the major challenges of wireless mesh networking systems.In urban areas,mesh networks have been faced with a coverage challenge since the meter density cannot provide complete coverage of the communications network.Providing the balance between reliable and flexible routing,a sufficient number of smart nodes,taking into account node cost,are very critical for mesh networks.Furthermore,a third party company is required to manage the network,and since the metering information passes through every access point,some encryption techniques are applied to the data for security purposes.In addition,while data packets travel around many neighbors,there can be loop problems causing additional overheads in the communications channel that would result in a reduction of the available bandwidth [20].C.Cellular Network CommunicationExisting cellular networks can be a good option for com-municating between smart meters and the utility and between far nodes.The existing communications infrastructure avoids utilities from spending operational costs and additional time for building a dedicated communications infrastructure.Cel-lular network solutions also enable smart metering deployments spreading to a wide area environment.2G,2.5G,3G,WiMAX,and LTE are the cellular communication technologies available to utilities for smart metering deployments.When a data transfer interval between the meter and the utility of typically 15min is used,a huge amount of data will be generated and a high data rate connection would be required to transfer the data to the utility.For example,T-Mobile’s Global System for Mobile532IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRIAL INFORMATICS,VOL.7,NO.4,NOVEMBER2011Communications(GSM)network is chosen for the deployment of Echelon’s Networked Energy Services(NES)system.An embedded T-Mobile SIM within a cellular radio module will be integrated into Echelon’s smart meters to enable the com-munication between the smart meters and the back-haul utility. Since T-Mobile’s GSM network will handle all the communi-cation requirements of the smart metering network,there is no need for an investment of a new dedicated communications net-work by utilities.Telenor,Telecom Italia,China Mobile,V oda-fone have also agreed to put their GSM network into service for dataflow of smart metering communications.Itron’s SEN-ITEL electricity meter is integrated with a GPRS module and communicates with a server running SmartSynch’s Transaction Management System.Code-division multiple-access(CDMA), wideband code-division multiple-access(WCDMA),and Uni-versal Mobile Telecommunications System(UMTS)wireless technologies are also used in smart grid projects.A CDMA smart grid solution for the residential utility market has been introduced by Verizon,and Verizon’s3G CDMA network will be used as the backbone of the smart grid communications with the SmartSynch smart grid solutions[37].UMTS is IP-based and a packet oriented service that is suitable for metering appli-cations[37]Telenor with Cinclus technology is offering UMTS technology for smart grid communications[37].An Australian energy delivery company,SP AusNet,is building a dedicated communications network for smart grid applications and chose WiMAX technology for the commu-nications need of the smart meters.WiMAX chip sets are embedded into the smart meters and wireless communications is dedicated between smart meters and the central system in SP AusNet’s system.A U.S.wireless carrier,Sprint Nextel, had signed a partnership with the smart grid software provider, Grid Net,on a project to provide communication between smart meters and smart routers over its4G wireless network. General Electric(GE)is developing WiMAX-based smart meters with CenterPoint Energy and had collaborated with Grid Net,Motorola,and Intel to focus on WiMAX connectivity solutions.In GE’s smart meter project with CenterPoint En-ergy,it will deploy WiMAX-based MDS Mercury3650radios to connect the utility’s back-haul system to collection points, which will collect data from smart meters that are installed by CenterPoint[37].Furthermore,some major companies,such as Cisco,Silver Springs Network,and Verizon,also implement WiMAX smart grid applications.The world’s largest WiMAX vendor,Alvarion,has announced its partnership with a U.S. utility company,National Grid,for a WiMAX-based smart grid project.Lower deployment and operating costs,proper security protocols,smooth communications,high data speeds(up to75 Mb/s),an appropriate amount of bandwidth and scalability are the advantages of today’s WiMAX technology.1)Advantages:Cellular networks already exist.Therefore, utilities do not have to incur extra cost for building the commu-nications infrastructure required for a smart grid.Widespread and cost-effective benefits make cellular communication one of the leading communications technologies in the market.Due to data gathering at smaller intervals,a huge amount of data will be generated and the cellular networks will provide sufficient bandwidth for such applications.When security comes into dis-cussion,cellular networks are ready to secure the data transmis-sions with strong security controls.To manage healthy commu-nications with smart meters in rural or urban areas,the wide area deployment capability of smart grid becomes a key com-ponent and since the cellular networks coverage has reached al-most100%.In addition,GSM technology performs up to14.4 Kb/s,GPRS performs up to170Kb/s and they both support AMI,Demand Response,Home Area Network(HAN)applica-tions.Anonymity,authentication,signaling protection and user data protection security services are the security strengths of GSM technology[37].Lower cost,better coverage,lower main-tenance costs,and fast installation features highlight why cel-lular networks can be the best candidate as a smart grid com-munications technology for the applications,such as demand re-sponse management,advanced metering infrastructures,HAN, outage management,etc.2)Disadvantages:Some power grid mission-critical appli-cations need continuous availability of communications.How-ever,the services of cellular networks are shared by customer market and this may result in network congestion or decrease in network performance in emergency situations.Hence,these considerations can drive utilities to build their own private com-munications network.In abnormal situations,such as a wind storm,cellular network providers may not provide guarantee pared to public networks,private networks may handle these kinds of situations better due to the usage of a va-riety of technologies and spectrum bands.D.Powerline CommunicationPowerline communication(PLC)is a technique that uses the existing powerlines to transmit high-speed(2–3Mb/s)data sig-nals from one device to the other.PLC has been thefirst choice for communication with the electricity meter due to the direct connection with the meter[20]and successful implementations of AMI in urban areas where other solutions struggle to meet the needs of utilities.PLC systems based on the LV distribution network have been one of the research topics for smart grid ap-plications in China[22].In a typical PLC network,smart meters are connected to the data concentrator through powerlines and data is transferred to the data center via cellular network tech-nologies.For example,any electrical device,such as a powerline smart transceiver-based meter,can be connected to the power-line and used to transmit the metering data to a central loca-tion[37].France has launched the“Linky meter project”that includes updating35million traditional meters to Linky smart meters.PLC technology is chosen for data communication be-tween the smart meters and the data concentrator,while GPRS technology is used for transferring the data from the data con-centrator to the utility’s data center[37].ENEL,the Italian elec-tric utility,chose PLC technology to transfer smart meter data to the nearest data concentrator and GSM technology to send the data to data centers.1)Advantages:PLC can be considered as a promising technology for smart grid applications due to the fact that the existing infrastructure decreases the installation cost of the communications infrastructure.The standardization efforts on PLC networks,the cost-effective,ubiquitous nature,and widely available infrastructure of PLC,can be the reasons forGÜNGÖR et al.:SMART GRID TECHNOLOGIES:COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES AND STANDARDS533its strength and popularity[23].Data transmissions are broad-cast in nature for PLC,hence,the security aspects are critical. Confidentiality,authentication,integrity,and user intervention are some of the critical issues in smart grid communications. HAN application is one of the biggest applications for PLC technology.Moreover,PLC technology can be well suited to urban areas for smart grid applications,such as smart metering, monitoring and control applications,since the PLC infrastruc-ture is already covering the areas that are in the range of the service territory of utility companies.2)Disadvantages:There are some technical challenges due to the nature of the powerline networks.The powerline trans-mission medium is a harsh and noisy environment that makes the channel difficult to be modeled.The low-bandwidth charac-teristic(20kb/s for neighborhood area networks)restricts the PLC technology for applications that need higher bandwidth [37].Furthermore,the network topology,the number and type of the devices connected to the powerlines,wiring distance be-tween transmitter and receiver,all,adversely affect the quality of signal,that is transmitted over the powerlines[37].The sen-sitivity of PLC to disturbances and dependency on the quality of signal are the disadvantages that make PLC technology not suited for data transmission.However,there have been some hy-brid solutions in which PLC technology is combined with other technologies,i.e.,GPRS or GSM,to provide full-connectivity not possible by PLC technology.E.Digital Subscriber LinesDigital Subscriber Lines(DSLs)is a high-speed digital data transmission technology that uses the wires of the voice tele-phone network.It is common to see frequencies greater than 1MHz through an ADSL enabled telephone line[16].The al-ready existing infrastructure of DSL lines reduces installation cost.Hence,many companies chose DSL technology for their smart grid projects.The Current Group,a Smart Grid Solution Company,has collaborated with Qwest to implement a Smart Grid project.Qwest’s existing low latency,secure,high capacity DSL network will be used for data transmissions.Xcel Energy’s “SmartGridCity”project has also proved the interoperability of the technology by utilizing the Current’s intelligent sensors and OpenGrid platform and Qwest’s DSL network.A smart metering project has been carried out for Stadtwerke Emden-Municipal Utilities in Germany by Deutsche Telekom.In the project,Deutsche Telekom is responsible to provide the data communications for electric and gas meters.A communication box will be installed at the customer premises and the consump-tion information will be transmitted over DSL to Stadtwerke Emden[37].Deutsche Telekom offers many services in this project,such as reading consumption data,installation and op-eration,data transmission,etc.However,the throughput of the DSL connection depends on how far away the subscriber is from the serving telephone exchange and this makes it difficult to characterize the performance of DSL technology[16].1)Advantages:The widespread availability,low-cost and high bandwidth data transmissions are the most important rea-sons for making the DSL technology thefirst communications candidate for electricity suppliers in implementing the smart grid concept with smart metering and data transmission smart grid applications.2)Disadvantages:The reliability and potential down time of DSL technology may not be acceptable for mission critical applications.Distance dependence and lack of standardization may cause additional problems.The wired DSL-based commu-nications systems require communications cables to be installed and regularly maintained,and thus,cannot be implemented in rural areas due to the high cost of installingfixed infrastructure for low-density areas.To conclude,wired technologies,such as DSL,PLC,optical fiber,are costly for wide area deployments but they have the ability to increase the communications capacity,reliability and security.On the other hand,wireless technologies can reduce the installation costs,but provide constrained bandwidth and security options.III.S MART G RID C OMMUNICATIONS R EQUIREMENTS The communication infrastructure between energy genera-tion,transmission,and distribution and consumption requires two-way communications,interoperability between advanced applications and end-to-end reliable and secure communi-cations with low-latencies and sufficient bandwidth[25]; Moreover,the system security should be robust enough to pre-vent cyber-attacks and provide system stability and reliability with advanced controls.In the following,major smart grid communication requirements are presented.A.SecuritySecure information storage and transportation are extremely vital for power utilities,especially for billing purposes and grid control[24].To avoid cyberattacks,efficient security mecha-nisms should be developed and standardization efforts regarding the security of the power grid should be made.B.System Reliability,Robustness and Availability Providing the system reliability has become one of the most prioritized requirements for power utilities.Aging power infra-structure and increasing energy consumption and peak demand are some of the reasons that create unreliability issues for the power grid[26].Harnessing the modern and secure communi-cation protocols,the communication and information technolo-gies,faster and more robust control devices,embedded intel-ligent devices(IEDs)for the entire grid from substation and feeder to customer resources,will significantly strengthen the system reliability and robustness[26].The availability of the communication structure is based on preferred communication technology.Wireless technologies with constrained bandwidth and security and reduced installation costs can be a good choice for large-scale smart grid deployments[24].On the other hand, wired technologies with increased capacity,reliability and secu-rity can be costly[24].To provide system reliability,robustness and availability at the same time with appropriate installation costs,a hybrid communication technology mixed with wired and wireless solutions can be used.C.ScalabilityA smart grid should be scalable enough to facilitate the op-eration of the power grid[3].Many smart meters,smart sensor。
list of iec standards -回复
list of iec standards -回复IEC standards are a set of globally recognized standards developed by the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC). These standards cover a wide range of industries and help ensure the safety, efficiency, and compatibility of electrical and electronic devices, systems, and services.In this article, we will dive into the world of IEC standards, exploring their importance, development process, and benefits to various sectors.1. Introduction to IEC StandardsIEC standards are developed by technical experts from around the world who collaborate within IEC technical committees and subcommittees. These committees focus on specific areas such as power generation and transmission, telecommunications, medical devices, or consumer electronics. The primary goal is to establish common guidelines and requirements that facilitate international trade, technological development, and product safety.2. Types of IEC StandardsIEC standards can be broadly categorized into three types:a. Product standards: These dictate the requirements and test methods for specific devices or equipment, ensuring their safety, performance, and compatibility. Examples include IEC 60079 for explosive atmospheres or IEC 61010 for electrical laboratory equipment.b. System standards: These focus on the integration and interoperability of different components within a specific system. These standards facilitate the smooth operation of complex systems, such as IEC 61850 for substation automation or IEC 62351 for smart grid security.c. Management and assessment standards: These address quality management systems, conformity assessment procedures, and best practices for different industries. IEC 9001 for quality management and IEC 27001 for information security management are examples of such standards.3. Development ProcessThe development of an IEC standard involves several steps, including:a. Proposal: The first step is the identification of a need for a new standard or the revision of an existing one. Stakeholders, including governments, industries, or consumer groups, can propose new standards or changes to existing ones.b. Preparatory stage: Once a proposal is accepted, a technical committee or subcommittee is formed to initiate the standardization process. Experts from different countries and industries collaborate to draft the standard's content.c. Committee draft: The committee develops the initial draft, which then undergoes internal review and revision. Comments from experts and interested parties are taken into account during this stage.d. Committee draft for vote: The revised draft is then submitted for voting within the technical committee. Consensus is sought, and if the draft receives the necessary support, it progresses tothe next stage.e. Enquiry draft: The draft is then released for public review and comments. Interested parties, including stakeholders, industry associations, and regulatory bodies, have the opportunity to provide feedback on the proposed standard.f. Approval and publication: After the comments are addressed and revisions made, the standard is approved for publication. It becomes an official IEC standard and is available for use by industries worldwide.4. Benefits of IEC StandardsIEC standards offer numerous benefits to various sectors, including:a. Safety: IEC standards provide guidelines for ensuring the safety of electrical and electronic devices, protecting users and environments from potential hazards. Compliance with these standards helps prevent accidents and ensures the safety of both individuals and property.b. Interoperability and compatibility: By defining common requirements, IEC standards facilitate the interoperability and compatibility of different devices, systems, and technologies. This, in turn, promotes innovation, market growth, and the seamless integration of new technologies.c. Trade facilitation: IEC standards play a critical role in international trade by harmonizing technical regulations and requirements across different countries and regions. Conformity to these standards helps eliminate technical barriers to trade, simplifies market access, and fosters global market integration.d. Efficiency and sustainability: IEC standards contribute to improving the efficiency and sustainability of electrical and electronic technologies. They set energy efficiency requirements, promote the use of renewable energy sources, and support the development of eco-friendly products and systems.e. Consumer protection: Compliance with IEC standards ensures that consumers are provided with safe, reliable, and high-quality products. These standards lay down requirements for productperformance, labeling, and testing, ensuring transparency and empowering consumers to make informed choices.5. ConclusionIEC standards are essential for promoting global harmonization, enhancing safety, and driving technological innovation across various industries. These standards play a crucial role in ensuring the interoperability, efficiency, and sustainability of electrical and electronic devices, systems, and services. By adhering to IEC standards, companies can deliver safe, reliable, and high-quality products while gaining access to global markets.。
Smart Grid and Energy Storage
Smart Grid and Energy Storage The smart grid and energy storage are crucial components of the modern energy infrastructure, playing a pivotal role in ensuring a reliable, efficient, and sustainable supply of electricity. The smart grid encompasses a range of technologies and strategies aimed at optimizing the generation, transmission, and distribution of electricity, while energy storage systems enable the capture and utilization of surplus energy, providing a valuable resource for balancing supply and demand. However, despite their numerous benefits, the integration of smartgrid and energy storage technologies poses various challenges and considerations that must be carefully addressed to realize their full potential. One of the primary benefits of the smart grid is its ability to enhance the overallefficiency and reliability of the electricity system. By leveraging advanced communication and control capabilities, the smart grid enables real-time monitoring and management of electricity flows, facilitating the integration of renewable energy sources, demand response programs, and other distributed energy resources. This enhanced visibility and control empower utilities to optimizetheir operations, reduce system losses, and improve the overall resilience of the grid. Additionally, the smart grid enables more precise billing and consumption data, empowering consumers to make informed decisions about their energy usage and potentially reduce their electricity costs. Energy storage technologies play a complementary role in the smart grid ecosystem, offering a means to capture and store excess energy for later use. This capability is particularly valuable in the context of intermittent renewable energy sources, such as solar and wind, which may produce surplus energy during periods of low demand or low generation. By deploying energy storage systems, utilities can capture this surplus energy and deploy it during peak demand periods, thereby reducing the need for conventional peaking power plants and enhancing the overall flexibility and reliability of the grid. Furthermore, energy storage systems can provide backup power during outages, support critical infrastructure, and enable off-grid electrification in remote or underserved areas. Despite these benefits, the integration of smart grid and energy storage technologies presents various technical, regulatory, and economic challenges. From a technical perspective, the deployment of advanced communicationand control systems, as well as the integration of diverse energy storage technologies, requires careful planning and coordination to ensure compatibility and interoperability. Moreover, the intermittent and variable nature of renewable energy sources introduces additional complexity, requiring sophisticated forecasting and optimization algorithms to maximize the value of energy storage assets. On the regulatory front, the deployment of smart grid and energy storage technologies may raise concerns related to data privacy, cybersecurity, and grid reliability. As the smart grid enables the collection of granular consumption data and the remote control of grid assets, it is essential to establish robust regulations and standards to protect consumer privacy and ensure the secure operation of the grid. Additionally, the integration of energy storage systemsinto the grid may require updates to existing regulations and market structures to accurately value the services provided by these assets and incentivize their deployment. From an economic standpoint, the upfront costs of deploying smartgrid and energy storage technologies can be significant, requiring utilities and policymakers to carefully assess the potential benefits and trade-offs. While energy storage technologies are becoming increasingly cost-competitive, especially for applications such as peak shaving and grid support, the business case fortheir deployment may vary depending on local market conditions, regulatory frameworks, and the specific needs of the grid. Furthermore, the long-term operation and maintenance of these technologies must be carefully considered to ensure their continued performance and value over time. In conclusion, the integration of smart grid and energy storage technologies holds great promise for enhancing the efficiency, reliability, and sustainability of the electricity system. By leveraging advanced communication and control capabilities, the smart grid enables the seamless integration of renewable energy sources and demand-side resources, while energy storage systems provide a valuable means to capture and deploy surplus energy. However, realizing the full potential of these technologies requires careful consideration of technical, regulatory, and economic challenges, as well as ongoing innovation and collaboration among stakeholders. Ultimately, the smart grid and energy storage represent essential building blocks for thefuture of energy, offering a pathway to a more resilient, flexible, and sustainable electricity system.。
IATF16949-2016中英文对照
TABLE OF CONTENTS目录TABLE OF CONTENTS (3)目录 (3)FOREWORD – AUTOMOTIVE QMS STANDARD (14)前言——汽车质量管理体系标准 (14)HISTORY (14)历史 (14)GOAL (15)目标 (15)REMARKS FOR CERTIFICATION (15)有关认证的说明 (15)INTRODUCTION (17)引言 (17)0.1 GENERAL (17)0.1 总则(ISO 9001:2015) (17)0.2 QUALITY MANAGEMENT PRONCIPLES (18)0.2 质量管理原则(ISO 9001:2015) (18)0.3 PROCESS APPROACH (19)0.3 过程方法(ISO 9001:2015) (19)0.3.1 GENERAL (19)0.3.1 总则(ISO 9001:2015) (19)0.3.2 PLAN – DO – CHECK – ACT CYCLE (20)0.3.2 计划-执行-检查-处理循环(ISO 9001:2015) (20)0.3.3 RISK BASED THINKING (22)0.3.3 基于风险的思维(ISO 9001:2015) (22)0.4 RELATIONSHIP WITH OTHER MANAGEMENT SYSTEM STANDARDS (22)0.4 与其他管理体系标准的关系(ISO 9001:2015) (22)QUALITY MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS – REQUIREMENTS (24)质量管理体系——要求 (24)1 SCOPE (24)1 范围(ISO 9001:2015) (24)1.1 SCOPE – AUTOMOTIVE SUPPLEMENTAL TO ISO 9001:2015 (24)1.1 范围——汽车行业对ISO 9001:2015的补充 (24)2 NAORMATIVE REFERENCES (25)2 引用标准(ISO 9001:2015) (25)2.1 NORMATIVE AND INFORMATIVE REFERENCES (25)2.1 规范性应用标准和参考性引用标准 (25)3 TERMS AND DEFINITIONS (25)3 术语和定义(ISO 9001:2015) (25)3.1 TERMS AND DEFINITIONS FOR THE AUTOMOTIVE INDUSTRY (25)3.1 汽车行业的术语和定义 (25)4 CONTEXT OF THE ORGANIZATION (32)4 组织的背景环境(ISO 9001:2015) (32)4.1 UNDERSTANDING THE ORGANIZATION AND ITS CONTEXT (32)4.1 理解组织及其背景环境(ISO 9001:2015) (32)4.2 UNDERSTANDING THE NEEDS AND EXPECTIATIONS OF INTERESTED PARTIES (32)4.2 理解相关方的需求和期望(ISO 9001:2015) (32)4.3 DETERMINING THE SCOPE OF THE QUALITY MANAGEMENTS SYSTEM (32)4.3 确定质量管理体系的范围(ISO 9001:2015) (32)4.3.1 Determinging the scope of the quality management system –suppliemental (33)4.3.1 确定质量管理体系的范围——补充 (33)4.3.2 Customer- specific requirements (33)4.3.2 顾客特定要求 (33)4.4 QUALITY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM AND ITS PROCESSES (34)4.4 质量管理体系及其过程(ISO 9001:2015) (34)4.4.1(ISO 9001:2015) (34)4.4.1(ISO 9001:2015) (34)4.4.1.1 Conformance of products and processes (34)4.4.1.1 产品和过程的符合性 (34)4.4.1.2 Product safety (34)4.4.1.2 产品安全 (34)4.4.2(ISO 9001:2015) (35)4.4.2(ISO 9001:2015) (35)5 LEADERSHIP (36)5 领导作用(ISO 9001:2015) (36)5.1 LEADERSHIP AND COMMITMENT (36)5.1 领导作用与承诺(ISO 9001:2015) (36)5.1.1 GENERAL (36)5.1.1 总则(ISO 9001:2015) (36)5.1.1.1 Corporate responsibility (37)5.1.1.1 公司责任 (37)5.1.1.2 Process effectiveness and efficiency (37)5.1.1.2 过程有效性和效率 (37)5.1.1.3 Process owners (37)5.1.1.3 过程拥有者 (37)5.1.2 CUSTOMER FOCUS (37)5.1.2 以顾客为关注焦点(ISO 9001:2015) (37)5.2 POLICY (38)5.2 方针(ISO 9001:2015) (38)5.2.1 ESTABLISHING THE QUALITY POLICY (38)5.2.1 建立质量方针(ISO 9001:2015) (38)5.2.2 COMMUNICATING THE QUALITY POLICY (38)5.2.2 沟通质量方针(ISO 9001:2015) (38)5.3 ORGANIZATIONAL ROLES, RESPONSIBILITIES AND AUTHORITIES (38)5.3 组织的作用、职责和权限(ISO 9001:2015) (38)5.3.1 Organbizational roles, responsibilities and authorities–suppliemental 395.3.1 组织的作用、职责和权限——补充 (39)5.3.2 Responsibility and authority for product requirements and correctiveactions (39)5.3.2 产品要求和纠正措施的职责和权限 (39)6 PLANNING (40)6 策划(ISO 9001:2015) (40)6.1 ACTIONS TO ADDRESS RISKS AND OPPORTUNITIES (40)6.1 风险和机遇的应对措施(ISO 9001:2015) (40)6.1.1(ISO 9001:2015) (40)6.1.1(ISO 9001:2015) (40)6.1.2(ISO 9001:2015) (40)6.1.2(ISO 9001:2015) (40)6.1.2.1 Risk analysis (41)6.1.2.1 风险分析 (41)6.1.2.2 Preventive actions (41)6.1.2.2 预防措施 (41)6.1.2.3 Contingency plans (41)6.1.2.3 应急计划 (41)6.2 QUALITY OBJECTIVES AND PLANNING TO ACHIEVE THEM (42)6.2 质量目标及其实施的策划(ISO 9001:2015) (42)6.2.1(ISO 9001:2015) (42)6.2.1(ISO 9001:2015) (42)6.2.2(ISO 9001:2015) (43)6.2.2(ISO 9001:2015) (43)6.2.2.1 Quality objectives and planning to achieve them – supplemental.. 436.2.2.1 质量目标及其实施的策划——补充 (43)6.3 PLANNING OF CHANGES (43)6.3 更改的策划(ISO 9001:2015) (43)7 SUPPORT (44)7 支持(ISO 9001:2015) (44)7.1 RESOURCES (44)7.1 资源(ISO 9001:2015) (44)7.1.1 GENERAL (44)7.1.1 总则(ISO 9001:2015) (44)7.1.2 PEOPLE (44)7.1.2 人员(ISO 9001:2015) (44)7.1.3 INFRASTRUCTURE (44)7.1.3 基础设施(ISO 9001:2015) (44)7.1.3.1 Plant, facility, and equipment planning (45)7.1.3.1 工厂、设施及设备策划 (45)7.1.4 ENVIRONMNT FOR THE OPERATION OF PROCESSES (45)7.1.4 过程操作的环境(ISO 9001:2015) (45)7.1.4.1 Environment for the operation of processes – supplemental (46)7.1.4.1 过程操作的环境——补充 (46)7.1.5 MONITORING AND MEASURING RESOURCES (46)7.1.5 监视和测量资源(ISO 9001:2015) (46)7.1.5.1 GENERAL (46)7.1.5.1 总则(ISO 9001:2015) (46)7.1.5.1.1 Measurement system analysis (46)7.1.5.1.1 测量系统分析 (46)7.1.5.2 MEASUREMENT TRACEABILITY (47)7.1.5.2 测量可追溯性(ISO 9001:2015) (47)7.1.5.2.1 Calibration/verification records (47)7.1.5.2.1 校准/验证记录 (47)7.1.5.3 Laboratory requirements (48)7.1.5.3 实验室要求 (48)7.1.5.3.1 Intenal laboratory (48)7.1.5.3.1 内部实验室 (48)7.1.5.3.2 External laboratory (49)7.1.5.3.2 外部实验室 (49)7.1.6 ORGANIZATION KNOWLEDGE (50)7.1.6 组织知识(ISO 9001:2015) (50)7.2 COMPETENCE (50)7.2 能力(ISO 9001:2015) (50)7.2.1 Competence – supplemental (51)7.2.1 能力——补充 (51)7.2.2 Competence – on – the – job training (51)7.2.2 能力——在职培训 (51)7.2.3 Internal auditor competency (51)7.2.3 内部审核员能力 (51)7.2.4 Second party auditor competency (52)7.2.4 第二方审核员能力 (52)7.3 AWARENESS (53)7.3 意识(ISO 9001:2015) (53)7.3.1 Awareness – supplemental (53)7.3.1 意识——补充 (53)7.3.2 Employee motivation and empowerment (53)7.3.2 员工激励和授权 (53)7.4 COMMUNICATION (54)7.4 沟通(ISO 9001:2015) (54)7.5 DOCUMENTED INFORMATION (54)7.5 形成文件的信息(ISO 9001:2015) (54)7.5.1 GENERAL (54)7.5.1 总则(ISO 9001:2015) (54)7.5.1.1 Quality management system documentation (54)7.5.2 CREATIONG AND UPDATING (55)7.5.2 编制和更新(ISO 9001:2015) (55)7.5.3 CONTROL OF DOCUMENTED INFORMATION (55)7.5.3 形成文件的信息的控制(ISO 9001:2015) (55)7.5.3.1(ISO 9001:2015) (55)7.5.3.1(ISO 9001:2015) (55)7.5.3.2(ISO 9001:2015) (56)7.5.3.2(ISO 9001:2015) (56)7.5.3.2.1 Record retemtion (56)7.5.3.2.1 记录保留 (56)7.5.3.2.2 Engineering specifications (57)7.5.3.2.2 工程规范 (57)8 OPERATION (57)8 运行(ISO 9001:2015) (57)8.1 OPERATIONAL PLANNING AND CONTROL (57)8.1 运行策划和控制(ISO 9001:2015) (57)8.1.1 Operational planning and control – supplemental (58)8.1.1 运行策划和控制——补充 (58)8.1.2 Confidentiality (58)8.1.2 保密 (58)8.2 REQUIREMENTS FOR PRODUCTS AND SERVICES (59)8.2 产品和服务要求(ISO 9001:2015) (59)8.2.1 CUSTOMER COMMUNICATION (59)8.2.1 顾客沟通(ISO 9001:2015) (59)8.2.1.1 Customer communication – supplemental (59)8.2.1.1 顾客沟通——补充 (59)8.2.2 DETERMINING THE REQUIREMENTS FOR PRODUCTS AND SERVICES (59)8.2.2 产品和服务要求的确定(ISO 9001:2015) (59)8.2.2.1 Determining the requirements for products and services –supplemental (60)8.2.2.1 产品和服务要求的确定——补充 (60)8.2.3 REVIEW OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR PRODUCTS AND SERVICES (60)8.2.3 产品和服务要求的评审(ISO 9001:2015) (60)8.2.3.1(ISO 9001:2015) (60)8.2.3.1(ISO 9001:2015) (60)8.2.3.1.1 Review of the requirements for products and services –supplemental (61)8.2.3.1.1 产品和服务要求的评审——补充 (61)8.2.3.1.2 Customer – designated special characteristics (61)8.2.3.1.2 顾客指定的特殊特性 (61)8.2.3.1.3 Organization manufacturing feasibility (61)8.2.3.1.3 组织制造可行性 (61)8.2.3.2(ISO 9001:2015) (61)8.2.4 CHANGES TO REQUIREMENTS FOR PRODUCTS AND SERVICES (61)8.2.4 产品和服务要求的更改(ISO 9001:2015) (61)8.3 DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT OF PRODUCTS AND SERVICES (62)8.3 产品和服务的设计和开发(ISO 9001:2015) (62)8.3.1 GENERAL (62)8.3.1 总则(ISO 9001:2015) (62)8.3.1.1 Design and development of products and services – supplemental.. 628.3.1.1 产品和服务的设计和开发——补充 (62)8.3.2 DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT PLANNING (62)8.3.2 设计和开发策划(ISO 9001:2015) (62)8.3.2.1 Design and development planning – supplemental (63)8.3.2.1 设计和开发策划——补充 (63)8.3.2.2 Product design skills (63)8.3.2.2 产品设计技能 (63)8.3.2.3 Development of products with embedded software (63)8.3.2.3 带有嵌入式软件的产品的开发 (63)8.3.3 DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT IMPUTS (64)8.3.3 设计和开发输入(ISO 9001:2015) (64)8.3.3.1 Product design input (64)8.3.3.1 产品设计输入 (64)8.3.3.2 Manufacturing process design input (65)8.3.3.2 制造过程设计输入 (65)8.3.3.3 Special characteristics (66)8.3.3.3 特殊特性 (66)8.3.4 DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT CONTROLS (66)8.3.4 设计和开发控制(ISO 9001:2015) (66)8.3.4.1 Monitoring (67)8.3.4.1 监视 (67)8.3.4.2 Design and development validation (67)8.3.4.2 设计和开发确认 (67)8.3.4.3 Prototyoe programme (67)8.3.4.3 原型样件方案 (67)8.3.4.4 Product approval process (68)8.3.4.4 产品批准过程 (68)8.3.5 DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT OUTPUTS (68)8.3.5 设计和开发输出(ISO 9001:2015) (68)8.3.5.1 Design and development outputs – supplemental (68)8.3.5.1 设计和开发输出——补充 (68)8.3.5.2 Manufacturing process design output (69)8.3.5.2 制造过程设计输出 (69)8.3.6 DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT CHANGES (70)8.3.6 设计和开发更改(ISO 9001:2015) (70)8.3.6.1 Design and development changes – supplemental (71)8.3.6.1 设计和开发更改——补充 (71)8.4 CONTROL OF EXTERNALLY PROVIDED PROCESSES, PRODUCTS AND SERVICES (71)8.4 外部提供的过程、产品和服务的控制(ISO 9001:2015) (71)8.4.1 GENERAL (71)8.4.1 总则(ISO 9001:2015) (71)8.4.1.1 General – supplemental (72)8.4.1.1 总则——补充 (72)8.4.1.2 Supplier selection process (72)8.4.1.2 供应商选择过程 (72)8.4.1.3 Customer–directed sources (also known a s “Directed–Buy”) (73)8.4.1.3 顾客指定的货源（亦称“指向性购买”） (73)8.4.2 TYPE AND EXTENT OF CONTROL (73)8.4.2 控制的类型和程度(ISO 9001:2015) (73)8.4.2.1 Type and extent of control – supplemental (74)8.4.2.1 控制的类型和程度——补充 (74)8.4.2.2 Statutory and regulatory requirements (74)8.4.2.2 法律法规要求 (74)8.4.2.3 Supplier quality management system development (74)8.4.2.3 供应商质量管理体系开发 (74)8.4.2.3.1 Automotive product – related software or automotive productswith embedded software (75)8.4.2.3.1 汽车产品相关软件或带有嵌入式软件的汽车产品 (75)8.4.2.4 Supplier monitoring (75)8.4.2.4 供应商监视 (75)8.4.2.4.1 Second – party audits (76)8.4.2.4.1 第二方审核 (76)8.4.2.5 Supplier development (76)8.4.2.5 供应商开发 (76)8.4.3 INFORMATION FOR EXTERNAL PROVIDERS (77)8.4.3 外部供方的信息(ISO 9001:2015) (77)8.4.3.1 Information for external providers – supplemental (77)8.4.3.1 外部供方的信息——补充 (77)8.5 PRODUCTION AND SERVICE PROVISION (78)8.5 生产和服务提供(ISO 9001:2015) (78)8.5.1 CONTROL OF PRODUCTION AND SERVICE PROVISION (78)8.5.1 生产和服务提供的控制(ISO 9001:2015) (78)8.5.1.1 Control plan (79)8.5.1.1 控制计划 (79)8.5.1.2 Standardised work – operator instructions and visual standards.. 808.5.1.2 标准化作业——操作指导书和目视标准 (80)8.5.1.3 Verification of job set-ups (80)8.5.1.3 作业准备的验证 (80)8.5.1.4 Verification after shutdown (80)8.5.1.4 停工后的验证 (80)8.5.1.5 Total productive maintenance (81)8.5.1.5 全面生产维护 (81)8.5.1.6 Management of production tooling and manufacturing, test, inspectiontooling and equipment (81)8.5.1.6 生产工装及制造、试验、检验工装和设备的管理 (81)8.5.1.7 Production scheduling (82)8.5.1.7 生产排程 (82)8.5.2 IDENTIFICATION AND TRACEABILITY (82)8.5.2 标识和可追溯性(ISO 9001:2015) (82)8.5.2.1 Identification and traceability – supplemental (83)8.5.2.1 标识和可追溯性——补充 (83)8.5.3 PROPERTY BELONGING TO CUSTOMERS OR EXTERNAL PROVIDERS (84)8.5.3 属于顾客或外部供方的财产(ISO 9001:2015) (84)8.5.4 PRESERVATION (84)8.5.4 防护(ISO 9001:2015) (84)8.5.4.1 Preservation – supplemental (84)8.5.4.1 防护——补充 (84)8.5.5 POST – DELIVERY ACTIVITIES (85)8.5.5 交付后的活动(ISO 9001:2015) (85)8.5.5.1 Feedback of information from service (85)8.5.5.1 服务信息的反馈 (85)8.5.5.2 Service agreement with customer (86)8.5.5.2 与顾客的服务协议 (86)8.5.6 CONTROL OF CHANGES (86)8.5.6 更改的控制(ISO 9001:2015) (86)8.5.6.1 Control of changes – supplemental (86)8.5.6.1 更改的控制——补充 (86)8.5.6.1.1 Temporary change of process controls (87)8.5.6.1.1 过程控制的临时更改 (87)8.6 RELEASE OF PRODUCTS AND SERVICES (88)8.6 产品和服务的放行(ISO 9001:2015) (88)8.6.1 Release of products and services – supplemental (88)8.6.1 产品和服务的放行——补充 (88)8.6.2 Layout inspection and functional testing (88)8.6.2 全尺寸检验和功能性试验 (88)8.6.3 Appearance items (89)8.6.3 外观项目 (89)8.6.4 Verification and acceptance of conformity of externally provided productsand services (89)8.6.4 外部提供的产品和服务符合性的验证和接受 (89)8.6.5 Statutory and regulatory conformity (90)8.6.5 法律法规的符合性 (90)8.6.6 Acceptance criteria (90)8.6.6 接收准则 (90)8.7 CONTROL OF NONCONFORMING OUTPUTS (90)8.7 不符合输出的控制(ISO 9001:2015) (90)8.7.1(ISO 9001:2015) (90)8.7.1(ISO 9001:2015) (90)8.7.1.1 Customer authorization for concession (91)8.7.1.1 顾客的让步授权 (91)8.7.1.2 Control of nonconforming product – customer – specified process (91)8.7.1.2 不合格品控制——顾客规定的过程 (91)8.7.1.3 Control of suspect product (91)8.7.1.3 可疑产品的控制 (91)8.7.1.4 Control of reworked product (91)8.7.1.4 返工产品的控制 (91)8.7.1.5 Control of repaired product (92)8.7.1.5 返修产品的控制 (92)8.7.1.6 Customer notification (92)8.7.1.6 顾客通知 (92)8.7.1.7 Nonconforming product disposition (92)8.7.1.7 不合格品的处置 (92)8.7.2(ISO 9001:2015) (93)8.7.2(ISO 9001:2015) (93)9 PERFORMANCE EVALUATION (93)9 绩效评价(ISO 9001:2015) (93)9.1 MONITORING, MEASUREMENT, ANALYSIS AND EVALUATION (93)9.1 监视、测量、分析和评价(ISO 9001:2015) (93)9.1.1 GENERAL (93)9.1.1 总则(ISO 9001:2015) (93)9.1.1.1 Monitoring and measurement of manufacturing processes (93)9.1.1.1 制造过程的监视和测量 (93)9.1.1.2 Identification of statistical tools (94)9.1.1.2 统计工具的确定 (94)9.1.1.3 Application of statistical concepts (95)9.1.1.3 统计概念的应用 (95)9.1.2 CUSTOMER SATISFACTION (95)9.1.2 顾客满意(ISO 9001:2015) (95)9.1.2.1 Customer satisfaction – supplemental (95)9.1.2.1 顾客满意——补充 (95)9.1.3 ANALYSIS AND EVALUATION (96)9.1.3 分析和评价(ISO 9001:2015) (96)9.1.3.1 Prioritization (96)9.1.3.1 优先级 (96)9.2 INTERNAL AUDIT (97)9.2 内部审核(ISO 9001:2015) (97)9.2.1(ISO 9001:2015) (97)9.2.1(ISO 9001:2015) (97)9.2.2(ISO 9001:2015) (97)9.2.2(ISO 9001:2015) (97)9.2.2.1 Internal audit programme (98)9.2.2.1 内部审核方案 (98)9.2.2.2 Quality management system audit (98)9.2.2.2 质量管理体系审核 (98)9.2.2.3 Manufacturing process audit (98)9.2.2.3 制造过程审核 (98)9.2.2.4 Product audit (99)9.2.2.4 产品审核 (99)9.3 MANAGEMENT REVIEW (99)9.3 管理评审(ISO 9001:2015) (99)9.3.1 GENERAL (99)9.3.1 总则(ISO 9001:2015) (99)9.3.1.1 Management review – supplemental (99)9.3.1.1 管理评审——补充 (99)9.3.2 MANAGEMENT REVIEW INPUTS (99)9.3.2 管理评审输入(ISO 9001:2015) (99)9.3.2.1 Management review inputs – supplemental (100)9.3.2.1 管理评审输入——补充 (100)9.3.3 MANAGEMENT REVIEW OUTPUTS (101)9.3.3 管理评审输出(ISO 9001:2015) (101)9.3.3.1 Management review outputs – supplemental (101)9.3.3.1 管理评审输出——补充 (101)10 IMPROVEMENT (101)10 改进(ISO 9001:2015) (101)10.1 GENERAL (101)10.1 总则(ISO 9001:2015) (101)10.2 NONCONFORMITY AND CORRECTIVE ACTION (102)10.2 不符合和纠正措施(ISO 9001:2015) (102)10.2.1(ISO 9001:2015) (102)10.2.1(ISO 9001:2015) (102)10.2.2(ISO 9001:2015) (102)10.2.2(ISO 9001:2015) (102)10.2.3 Problem solving (103)10.2.3 问题解决 (103)10.2.4 Error – proofing (103)10.2.4 防错 (103)10.2.5 Warranty management systems (103)10.2.5 保修管理体系 (103)10.2.6 Customer complaints and field failure test analysis (104)10.2.6 顾客投诉和使用现场失效试验分析 (104)10.3 CONTINUAL IMPROVEMENT (104)10.3 持续改进(ISO 9001:2015) (104)10.3.1 Continual improvement – supplemental (104)10.3.1 持续改进——补充 (104)ANNEX A: CONTROL PLAN (105)附录A：控制计划 (105)A.1 PHASES OF THE CONTROL PLAN (105)A.1 控制计划的阶段 (105)A.2 ELEMENTS OF THE CONTROL PLAN (105)A.2 控制计划的要素 (105)ANNEX B: BIBLIOGRAPHY – SUPPLEMENTAL AUTOMOTIVE (108)附录B：参考书目——汽车行业补充 (108)FOREWORD – AUTOMOTIVE QMS STANDARD前言——汽车质量管理体系标准This Automotive Quality Management System Standard, herein referred to as “Automotive QMS Standard” or “IATF 16949”, along with applicable automotive customer-specific requirements, ISO 9001:2015 requirements, and ISO 9000:2015 defines the fundamental quality management system requirements for automotive QMS Standard cannot be considered a stand –alone QMS Standard but has to be comprehended as a supplement to and used in conjunction with ISO 9001:2015. ISO 9001:2015 is published as a separate ISO Standard.本汽车质量管理体系标准（本文简称为“汽车QMS标准”或“IATF 16949”），连同适用的汽车顾客特定要求，ISO 9001:2015要求以及ISO 9000:2015一起定义了对汽车生产件及相关服务件组织的基本质量管理体系要求。
Smart Grid Technologies
Smart Grid TechnologiesSmart grid technologies have become increasingly important in the modern world as we strive to create more sustainable and efficient energy systems. These technologies encompass a wide range of tools and systems that aim to modernize the existing electrical grid infrastructure, making it more reliable, efficient, and responsive to the changing needs of consumers and the grid itself. However, the implementation of smart grid technologies is not without its challenges and controversies, as it involves significant investment, potential privacy and security concerns, and the need for regulatory and policy changes. In this response, we will explore the various perspectives on smart grid technologies, including their benefits, challenges, and implications for the future of energy management.From an environmental perspective, smart grid technologies hold great promise in helping to reduce energy consumption and carbon emissions. By enabling better integration of renewable energy sources, such as solar and wind power, into the grid, smart technologies can help to reduce our reliance on fossil fuels and mitigate the impacts of climate change. Additionally, smart grid technologies can enable more efficient energy distribution, reducing wastage and overall energy consumption. This has the potential to make a significant impact on global efforts to combat climate change and create a more sustainable energy future for generations to come.On the other hand, from an economic perspective, the implementation of smart grid technologies presents significant challenges and costs. Upgrading the existing grid infrastructure to incorporate smart technologies requires substantial investment, and the benefits may not be immediately apparent. Additionally, there are concerns about the potential for increased electricity prices as a result of these investments, which could have a disproportionate impact on low-income households. Balancing the economic costs and benefits of smart grid technologies is therefore a complex issue that requires careful consideration and planning.Furthermore, from a technological perspective, smart grid technologies raise important questions about privacy and security. The increased connectivity and data collection that come with smart technologies create potential vulnerabilities that could be exploited bymalicious actors. Ensuring the security of the grid and the privacy of consumer data is therefore a critical consideration in the development and implementation of smart grid technologies. Additionally, there are concerns about the potential for technological failures or glitches that could have widespread impacts on the grid and the communities it serves. These technological risks must be carefully managed to ensure the reliability and safety of smart grid technologies.From a regulatory and policy perspective, the implementation of smart grid technologies requires careful planning and coordination among various stakeholders, including government agencies, utilities, and consumers. Policy and regulatory frameworks must be updated to accommodate the new capabilities and challenges that come with smart grid technologies, including issues related to data privacy, cybersecurity, and consumer protection. Additionally, there is a need for clear standards and guidelines to ensure interoperability and compatibility among different smart grid technologies, as well as to promote fair and equitable access to the benefits of these technologies for all consumers.In conclusion, smart grid technologies have the potential to revolutionize the way we produce, distribute, and consume energy, offering significant environmental, economic, and technological benefits. However, their implementation is not without challenges and implications that must be carefully considered and managed. By addressing these challenges and working collaboratively to develop and implement smart grid technologies, we can create a more sustainable, efficient, and resilient energy system that benefits both current and future generations.。
Smart Grid and Renewable Energy
Smart Grid and Renewable Energy The integration of smart grid technology and renewable energy sources is a critical step towards building a more sustainable and efficient energy system. Smart grids are advanced power systems that utilize digital communication technology to detect and react to changes in electricity supply and demand. Renewable energy sources such as solar, wind, and hydro power are essential for reducing greenhouse gas emissions and mitigating the impacts of climate change. By combining these two elements, we can create a more reliable, resilient, and environmentally friendly energy infrastructure. One of the key benefits of smart grids is their ability to accommodate the variability of renewable energy sources. Unlike traditional power systems, which rely heavily on fossil fuels and nuclear energy, smart grids can adjust to the fluctuations in solar and wind power generation. This flexibility allows for a more seamless integration of renewable energy into the grid, reducing the need for backup power and improving overall system efficiency. Furthermore, smart grids enable two-way communication between utilities and consumers, empowering individuals to actively participate in energy management. Through the use of smart meters and home energy management systems, consumers can monitor their energy usage in real-time, adjust their consumption patterns, and even sell excess energy back to the grid. This not only promotes energy conservation but also fosters a sense of empowerment and engagement among consumers, ultimately leading to a more sustainable energy culture. In additionto their technical advantages, smart grids also offer economic benefits for both utilities and consumers. By optimizing the use of renewable energy sources and reducing reliance on traditional power plants, smart grids can lower energy costs and improve overall grid reliability. This can lead to long-term savings for consumers and reduce the financial burden on utilities, ultimately contributing to a more stable and efficient energy market. Despite these benefits, theintegration of smart grids and renewable energy is not without its challenges. One of the primary obstacles is the initial cost of implementing smart grid technology. Upgrading existing infrastructure and deploying advanced communication systems can be a significant investment for utilities and governments. However, it isimportant to recognize that these upfront costs can lead to long-term savings andenvironmental benefits, making it a worthwhile investment in the transition towards a more sustainable energy future. Another challenge lies in the complexity of integrating various renewable energy sources into the grid. Solar, wind, and hydro power each have unique characteristics and require specialized equipment for efficient integration. Smart grid technology must be able to accommodate these differences and ensure a smooth and reliable flow of energy from diverse sources. This requires careful planning, coordination, and investment in grid modernization to ensure that renewable energy can be effectively harnessed to meet growing energy demands. Furthermore, the regulatory and policy landscape can also present barriers to the integration of smart grids and renewable energy. In many regions, outdated regulations and market structures may hinder the adoption of new technologies and impede the growth of renewable energy. Policymakers must work collaboratively with utilities, technology providers, and other stakeholders to develop supportive policies that encourage the deployment of smart grid technology and the expansion of renewable energy capacity. In conclusion, the integration of smart grid technology and renewable energy holds great promise for the future of our energy system. By leveraging advanced communication and control systems, smart grids can effectively manage the variability of renewable energy sources, improve grid reliability, and empower consumers to actively participate in energy management. While there are challenges to overcome, such as upfront costs, technical complexities, and regulatory barriers, the long-term benefits of a more sustainable, efficient, and resilient energy infrastructure make the integration of smart grids and renewable energy a critical priority for the energy sector. It is imperative that stakeholders work together to overcome these challenges and realize the full potential of this transformative combination.。
The Importance of Smart Grids
# The Importance of Smart GridsIn the modern era, the significance of smart grids has emerged as a critical factor in shaping our energy landscape.The primary importance of smart grids lies in their ability to enhance the efficiency and reliability of the power supply. Traditional grids often face challenges such as power losses during transmission and distribution. Smart grids, on the other hand, use advanced technologies and intelligent monitoring systems to minimize these losses. For instance, real-time data analytics allows for optimized power flow, reducing waste and ensuring that electricity reaches its destination with maximum efficiency.Smart grids play a crucial role in integrating renewable energy sources. As the world shifts towards cleaner and more sustainable energy options like solar and wind power, smart grids provide the necessary infrastructure to accommodate these intermittent sources. They can intelligently manage the variable output of renewable energy, balancing supply and demand. A smart grid can automatically adjust when there's an abundance of solar energy during a sunny day or store excess wind power for use during periods of low generation.They also contribute to improved grid security and resilience. With the increasing threat of cyberattacks and natural disasters, smart grids have enhanced security measures and the ability to quickly recover from disruptions. Distributed energy resources and microgrids within a smart grid can operate independently during major outages, ensuring critical services remain functional. For example, after a severe storm, a local microgrid powered by rooftop solar panels and energy storage systems can keep essential facilities like hospitals and emergency shelters running.From an economic perspective, smart grids offer significant benefits. They help reduce operational costs for utilities through better asset management and predictive maintenance. Consumers can also benefit from more accurate billing and potential cost savings through demand response programs that incentivize energy conservation during peak hours.Smart grids enable better energy management at the consumer level. Home energy management systems integrated with the smart grid allow consumers to monitor and control their energy usage in real-time. This empowers them to make informed decisions about their consumption patterns and potentially save on their electricity bills.In conclusion, the importance of smart grids extends beyond mere power distribution. They are essential for efficient energy use, integration of renewables, grid security, economic benefits, and empowering consumers. Embracing smart grid technologies is not only a step towards a more sustainable and reliable energy future but also a catalyst for economic growth and technological innovation in the energy sector.。
美国DMF目录及要求
Drug SubstanceChemistry, Manufacturing, and Controls InformationDRAFT GUIDANCEThis guidance document is being distributed for comment purposes only. Comments and suggestions regarding this draft document should be submitted within 180 days of publication in the Federal Register of the notice announcing the availability of the draft guidance. Submit comments to Dockets Management Branch (HFA-305), Food and Drug Administration, 5630 Fishers Lane, rm. 1061, Rockville, MD 20852. All comments should be identified with the docket number listed in the notice of availability that publishes in the Federal Register.For questions regarding this draft document contact (CDER) Stephen Miller (301) 827-2392, (CBER) Chris Joneckis (301) 435-5681, or (CVM) Dennis Bensley (301) 827-6956.U.S. Department of Health and Human ServicesFood and Drug AdministrationCenter for Drug Evaluation and Research (CDER)Center for Biologics Evaluation and Review (CBER)Center for Veterinary Medicine (CVM)January 2004CMCDrug Substance Chemistry, Manufacturing, and Controls InformationAdditional copies are available from:Office of Training and CommunicationDivision of Drug Information, HFD-240Center for Drug Evaluation and ResearchFood and Drug Administration5600 Fishers LaneRockville, MD 20857(Tel) 301-827-4573/cder/guidance/index.htmorOffice of Communication, Training andManufacturers Assistance, HFM-40Center for Biologics Evaluation and ResearchFood and Drug Administration1401 Rockville Pike, Rockville, MD 20852-1448/cber/guidelines.htm.(Tel) Voice Information System at 800-835-4709 or 301-827-1800orCommunications Staff, HFV-12Center for Veterinary MedicineFood and Drug Administration7519 Standish PlaceRockville, MD 20855(Tel) 301-827-3800/cvm/guidanc/published.htmU.S. Department of Health and Human ServicesFood and Drug AdministrationCenter for Drug Evaluation and Research (CDER)Center for Biologics Evaluation and Review (CBER)Center for Veterinary Medicine (CVM)January 2004CMCTABLE OF CONTENTS1I. INTRODUCTION (1)II. BACKGROUND (3)A. The Common Technical Document — Quality (CTD-Q) Format (3)B. Content of an Application (4)C. Additional Guidance (4)D. References to Other Applications or Master Files (MFs) (5)1. Other Applications (5)2. Master Files (MFs) (6)III. GENERAL INFORMATION (S.1) (8)A. Nomenclature (S.1.1) (8)B. Structure (S.1.2) (8)C. General Properties (S.1.3) (9)IV. MANUFACTURE (S.2) (10)A. Manufacturers (S.2.1) (10)B. Description of Manufacturing Process and Process Controls (S.2.2) (10)1. Flow Diagram (11)2. Description of the Manufacturing Process and Process Controls (12)3. Reprocessing, Reworking, Recycling, Regeneration, and Other Operations (15)C. Control of Materials (S.2.3) (18)1. Starting Materials (18)2. Reagents, Solvents, and Auxiliary Materials (19)3. Diluents (20)D. Controls of Critical Steps and Intermediates (S.2.4) (20)E. Process Validation and/or Evaluation (S.2.5) (23)F. Manufacturing Process Development (S.2.6) (23)V. CHARACTERIZATION (S.3) (24)A. Elucidation of Structure and Other Characteristics (S.3.1) (24)1. Elucidation of Structure (24)2. Physicochemical Characterization (25)3. Biological and Other Relevant Characteristics (26)B. Impurities (S.3.2) (27)VI. CONTROL OF DRUG SUBSTANCE (S.4) (29)1 Alphanumeric designations in parentheses that follow headings show where information should be placed in applications that are submitted in Common Technical Document (CTD) format.A. Specification (S.4.1) (29)B. Analytical Procedures (S.4.2) (34)C. Validation of Analytical Procedures (S.4.3) (35)D. Batch Analyses (S.4.4) (35)1. Batch Analysis Reports (36)2. Collated Batch Analyses Data (36)E. Justification of Specification (S.4.5) (37)VII. REFERENCE STANDARDS OR MATERIALS (S.5) (40)VIII. CONTAINER CLOSURE SYSTEM (S.6) (40)IX. STABILITY (S.7) (41)A. Stability Summary and Conclusions (S.7.1) (41)B. Postapproval Stability Protocol and Stability Commitment (S.7.2) (41)C. Stability Data (S.7.3) (41)1. Primary Stability Studies (41)2. Supporting Stability Studies (42)3. Stress Studies (42)X. APPENDICES (A) (43)A. Facilities and Equipment (A.1) (43)B. Adventitious Agents Safety Evaluation (A.2) (44)1. Nonviral Adventitious Agents (45)2. Viral Adventitious Agents (45)XI. REGIONAL INFORMATION (R) (46)A. Executed Production Records (R.1.S) (46)B. Comparability Protocols (R.2.S) (46)C. Methods Validation Package (R.3.S) (46)XII. LITERATURE REFERENCES (3.3) (47)ATTACHMENT 1: (48)STARTING MATERIALS FOR SYNTHETIC DRUG SUBSTANCES (48)ATTACHMENT 2: (56)STARTING MATERIALS OF PLANT OR ANIMAL ORIGIN (56)GLOSSARY (59)GUIDANCE FOR INDUSTRY2Drug SubstanceChemistry, Manufacturing, and Controls Information12345678910111213If you plan to submit comments on this draft guidance, to expedite FDA review of your14comments, please:15∙Clearly explain each issue/concern and, when appropriate, include a proposed revision and the rationale and/or justification for the proposed revision.1617∙Identify specific comments by line numbers; use the pdf version of the document whenever 18possible.19∙If possible, e-mail an electronic copy (Word) of the comments you have submitted to the20docket to cummingsd@.212223I. INTRODUCTION2425Information on the chemistry, manufacturing, and controls (CMC) for the drug substance must 26be submitted to support the approval of original new drug applications (NDAs), abbreviated new 27drug applications (ANDAs), new animal drug applications (NADAs), and abbreviated new28animal drug applications (ANADAs).3 This guidance provides recommendations on the CMC 29information for drug substances that should be submitted to support these applications. The30guidance is structured to facilitate the preparation of applications submitted in Common31Technical Document (CTD) format.3233This guidance addresses the information to be submitted for drug substances to ensure continued 34drug substance and drug product quality (i.e., the identity, strength, quality, purity, and potency).2 This guidance has been prepared by Drug Substance Technical Subcommittee of the Chemistry Manufacturing andControls Coordinating Committee (CMC CC) in the Center for Drug Evaluation and Research (CDER), the Center for Biologics Evaluations and Research (CBER) and the Center for Veterinary Medicine (CVM) at the FDA.3 See 21 CFR 314.50(d)(1) and 514.1(b)This guidance provides recommendations on the information that should be included for the3536following topics:37∙Nomenclature, structure, and general drug substance properties3839∙Manufacture40∙Characterization41∙Control of drug substance42∙Reference standards or materials43∙Container closure system44∙Stability45The recommendations provided in this guidance apply to the following types of drug substances:464748∙Drug substances manufactured by chemical synthesis49∙Highly purified and well characterized drug substances derived from plants or animals 4 50∙Semisynthetic drug substances manufactured by the chemical modification of a highly 51purified and well characterized intermediate derived from plants or animals52∙The synthetic portion of the manufacturing process for semisynthetic drug substances53manufactured by the chemical modification of an intermediate produced by conventional 54fermentation.5556The guidance does not provide specific recommendations relating to the following:5758∙Monoclonal antibodies59∙Peptides60∙Oligonucleotides61∙Radiopharmaceuticals62∙Medical gases63∙Drug substances that are not well characterized (e.g., botanicals, some proteins) derived 64from plants or animals65∙Drug substances derived using transgenic technology66∙Drug substances derived directly from or manufacturing operations involving67fermentation (conventional fermentation or using rDNA technology) or tissue or cell68culture.6970More detailed guidance on the content of an application may be available in separate guidance 71documents for specific types of drug substances (see section II.C). Applicants with drug72substances not specifically covered by this (Drug Substance guidance) or another guidance can 73apply the content recommendations in this guidance, as scientifically appropriate, and/or can74contact the appropriate chemistry review teams for guidance.754 For purposes of this guidance, d rug substances derived from plants or animals does not include materials producedby plant cell fermentation, animal cell or tissue culture, or through use of transgenic technology (e.g.,biotechnology-derived protein drug products).FDA’s guidance docume nts, including this guidance, do not establish legally enforceable7677responsibilities. Instead, guidances describe the Agency’s current thinking on a topic and should 78be viewed only as recommendations, unless specific regulatory or statutory requirements arecited. The use of the word should in Agency guidances means that something is suggested or7980recommended, but not required.8182This guidance, when finalized, will replace the guidance entitled Submitting Supporting83Documentation in Drug Applications for the Manufacture of Drug Substances (February 1987).848586II. BACKGROUND8788A. The Common Technical Document — Quality (CTD-Q) Format89In November 2000, the International Conference on Harmonisation of Technical9091Requirements for Registration of Pharmaceuticals for Human Use (ICH) issued92harmonized guidance for the format of drug product applications (i.e., Common93Technical Document (CTD)). The CTD describes a format for applications that94(supplemented with regional information) can be used for submission to the regulatory 95authorities in the United States, European Union, and Japan. One focus of this effort was 96harmonizing the format for quality information (i.e., chemistry, manufacturing, and97controls) that will be submitted in an application. FDA’s guidance on M4Q: The CTD —98Quality describes the format for the quality information submitted in Module 3 of an99application and provides additional information on formatting aspects of an application. 100Applicants can submit NDAs, ANDAs, NADAs, and ANADAs using the CTD-Q101format.5Applicants should review FDA’s guidance on M4Q: The CTD — Quality and 102other related CTD guidance documents for detailed formatting recommendations on103preparing an application in CTD format.104105Module 3 of each NDA and ANDA should include the specified CTD sections: Drug 106Substance (3.2.S), Drug Product (3.2.P), Appendices (3.2.A), Regional Information107(3.2.R), and Literature References (3.3). In some cases, the majority of information to 108address the drug substance sections will be incorporated by reference from a master file 109(see section II.D.2). However, an applicant should still provide information to address 110some of the drug substance subsections. Recommendations on the content of the drug 111product section (3.2.P) of Module 3 will be the provided in the guidance Drug Product —112Chemistry, Manufacturing, and Controls Information (Drug Product guidance), when 113finalized.6 The Appendices, Regional Information, and Literature References sections 114include information for both drug substance and drug product, as appropriate.1155 The information in animal drug applications is commonly presented in the order of the required CMC informationspecified under section § 514.1(b)(4) and (5). Although the CTD-Q format was developed for human drugs, thedrug substance information to support NADAs and ANADAs can be formatted according to the CTD-Q format or any alternative format that provides the appropriate information to support the application.6 A draft version of this guidance published on January 28, 2003 (68 FR 4219).116This Drug Substance guidance has been organized in a format conforming to Module 3 of 117the CTD, and it provides CMC content recommendations specific to drug substance,118including recommendations for the Appendices, Regional Information, and Literature 119References sections. Alphanumeric designations in parentheses corresponding to the 120CTD format follow relevant headings and text to show where information is to be placed 121in the CTD.7 Recommendations specific to drug product, including recommendations for 122the Appendices, Regional Information and Literature References sections, will be123provided in the Drug Product guidance.124125Multiple Drug Substances in an Application126127When an application is submitted for a drug product involving two or more drug128substances (e.g., combination drug product, copackaged drug products), information for 129each drug substance should be presented separately in the application. Information130presented separately means one complete S section for one drug substance followed by 131other complete S sections for additional drug substances. All of the information pertinent 132to each one of the drug substances (general information, manufacture, characterization, 133control, standards, container closure system, and stability) should be provided in a single 134section.135136B. Content of an Application137The application should include information in every S subsection for each of the drug 138139substances and manufacturing schemes (e.g., alternative processes, manufacturing site) 140intended for approval under the application. Information should be provided in theAppendices, Regional Information, and Literature References sections for each of the 141142drug substances and manufacturing schemes, as appropriate. If an Appendices or143Regional Information subsection or the Literature References section is not applicable, 144this should be stated in the application.145146C. Additional Guidance147148This Drug Substance guidance and the Drug Product guidance, when finalized, will be 149the primary content guidances for NDA and ANDA applicants. For quality, the general 150format guidance is M4Q: The CTD — Quality. These are the first guidances an applicant 151should consider when preparing the quality section (i.e., chemistry, manufacturing, and 152controls) of an NDA or ANDA (Module 3).153This guidance references ICH guidance documents cited in the CTD-Q and FDA’s154155guidances on general technical topics (i.e., stability, container closure systems, analytical 156procedures and methods validation, sterilization process validation, drug master files, and7 Arabic numbers have been assigned to specific sections of the CTD. For example, the designation 3.2 before S, P,A, and R indicates Module 3, Body of Data section 2. Where this guidance discusses Module 3, Body of Datasection 2, for brevity, the initial designation 3.2 is not repeated throughout the rest of the guidance (e.g., 3.2.S.1.3reads S.1.3).157environmental assessments) rather than incorporating this detailed information. These 158guidances are referenced in the text and/or listed at the end of a section. An applicant159should refer to these guidances for recommendations on the detailed information that160should be included in the application to address the general technical topic.161162Finally, an applicant should consider guidances that are available for specific technical 163issues or type (e.g., synthetic peptides) of drug substance when preparing its application. 164These guidances provide additional recommendations on unique scientific and technical 165aspects of the topic. Some references to these types of guidances are included in this166guidance. However, the references are given only as examples, and the list is not meant 167to be all-inclusive. Some examples of these types of guidance include the following:168∙Submission of Chemistry, Manufacturing, and Controls Information for Synthetic 169170Peptide Substances171∙Submission of Chemistry, Manufacturing and Controls Information for a172Therapeutic Recombinant DNA-Derived Product or a Monoclonal Antibody173Product for In Vivo Use, CBER/CDER (under development)174∙Botanical Drug Products (under development)∙Fermentation Derived Drug Substances and Intermediates and Associated Drug 175176Products (under development)177∙Synthetic Oligonucleotides; Submission of Chemistry, Manufacturing, and178Controls Information (under development)179∙Radiopharmaceutical Drug Products: Chemistry, Manufacturing and ControlsInformation (under development)180181182FDA continues to update existing and publish new guidance documents. An applicant 183should use current guidance when preparing an NDA, ANDA, NADA or ANADA184submission.8185186D. References to Other Applications or Master Files (MFs)1871881. Other Applications189190In some cases, chemistry, manufacturing, and controls information about drug substances 191is provided in one application by reference to pertinent information in another application. 192This situation is less common than inclusion of information by reference to a MF and193usually occurs when the same firm submits both applications.194An applicant must identify in the application all other referenced applications, and each 195reference to information submitted in another application must identify where the196information can be found in the referenced application (21 CFR 314.50(a)(1) and197514.1(a)). If the referenced application was submitted by a firm other than the applicant,the referencing application must contain a written statement that authorizes the reference, 1988Current guidance documents are available on the Internet at /cder/guidance/index.htm,/cber/guidelines.htm, and /cvm/guidance/published.htm.199signed by the holder of the referenced application (21 CFR 314.50(g)(1), 314.420(b). and 200514.1(a)).9 Copies of letters of authorization (LOAs) should be submitted in Module 1 of 201the NDA or ANDA or in the appropriate section of an NADA or ANADA.2022032. Master Files (MFs)204205This guidance describes chemistry, manufacturing, and controls information for drug206substances that should be submitted to the Agency as part of the process of seeking theapproval of an NDA, ANDA, NADA, or ANADA. When a drug substance is207208manufactured by a firm other than the applicant, much of this information is frequently 209provided by reference to one or more Type II MFs rather than directly in an application. 210The CMC information in a Type II MF can be organized in CTD-Q format. Under FDA's 211regulations, an application can incorporate by reference all or part of the contents of any 212MF to address particular drug substance issues if the MF holder provides written213authorization (i.e., LOA) to the applicant and the authorization is included in the214application (Module 1 for an NDA or ANDA or in the appropriate section of an NADAor ANADA). The authorization must specifically identify the material being215216incorporated by reference (21 CFR 314.420 and 514.1(a)). The incorporated material217should be identified by name, reference number, volume and page number of the MF, anddate of submission. See 21 CFR 314.420, CDER’s guidance on Drug Master Files, and 218219CVM’s guidance on Preparation and Submission of Veterinary Master Files for moreinformation.220221222Both the applicant and the drug substance manufacturer (MF holder) contribute to223establishing and maintaining the identity, strength, quality, purity, and potency of the224applicant's drug products by manufacturing and controlling the drug substance in225accordance with the information submitted in the application and, by reference, in the MF. 226The following recommendations pertain to location of information in the MF and/or227application when an applicant and Type II MF holder are different firms.228229∙General Information (S.110): Both the MF and the application should include this 230information. These sections should contain similar, though not necessarily identical, 231information. For example, if an applicant performed screening studies and232established the existence of multiple polymorphs, information concerning these233polymorphs might be present in the application but not in the MF.234235∙Manufacture (S.2): The application should identify in S.2.1 the manufacturers of 236each drug substance with appropriate administrative information (see section IV.A). 237The MF should include this information for its manufacturing operations and any9 CVM discourages the reference of NDAs or ANDAs for drug substance information. In these instances, CVMrecommends that the drug substance information be included in a master file or incorporated in the applicant’sNADA or ANADA.10 Alphanumeric designations in parentheses that follow headings show where information should be placed inapplications that are submitted in Common Technical Document (CTD) format.238contract facilities that are used (e.g., intermediate manufacturers, laboratories). In239general, a MF can be referenced for the information recommended in S.2.2 through240S.2.6. However, the information should be augmented by the applicant, as241appropriate. For example, if the applicant micronizes drug substance purchased from242a MF holder the information on the micronization process should be included in the243application.244245∙Characterization (S.3): In general, a MF can be referenced for this information.However, the information should be augmented by the applicant, as appropriate. For 246247example, characterization information on physical properties critical to the applicant’s248product, such as solid state form or particle size distribution, should be included in249S.3.1 by the applicant under certain circumstances (e.g., applicant manipulates the250physical property (micronizes), the MF holder has not characterized the physical251property). Furthermore, information on an applicant’s studies to characterizeimpurities (S.3.2) can be warranted to support the applicant’s drug substance controls. 252253254∙Control of Drug Substance (S.4): In general, information recommended in S.4 should be provided in both the MF and the application. However, reference to an MF 255256can be appropriate for some of the information in S.4.2 through S.4.5 if the MF257holder and applicant are working together to develop the drug substance controls.Both the MF and the application should include a drug substance specification (S.4.1). 258259The MF could include more than one drug substance specification if the holder sellsdifferent technical grades of the drug substance (e.g., micronized and nonmicronized). 260261262∙Reference Standards (S.5): In general, information should be provided in both the 263MF and the application. However, reference to a MF can be appropriate for some of264the information if the MF holder and applicant are working together to develop the265reference standard.266267∙Container Closure System (S.6): In general, MFs can be referenced for this268information. However, the information should be augmented by the applicant, as269appropriate.270271∙Stability (S.7): In general, MFs can be referenced for this information. However, the information should be augmented by the applicant, as appropriate. For example, 272273an applicant might perform stress studies to support the analytical procedures it used274to control the drug substance.275276∙Appendices (A): In general, MFs can be referenced for this information. However, 277the information should be augmented by the applicant, as appropriate.278279∙Regional Information (R): Comparability protocols can be included in both the MF 280and application (R.2.S). A methods validation package should be included in theapplication (R.3.S).281282∙Literature References (3.3): Both the MF and the application should include283284literature references as warranted.285Type II MFs for drug substance intermediates can also be submitted in the CTD-Q format. 286287However, not all sections of the CTD-Q format would apply (e.g., S.4). The CMC288information provided to support an intermediate should be appropriate for the particularsituation (e.g., process, complexity of the molecule).289290291III. GENERAL INFORMATION (S.1)292293294General information on the nomenclature, structure, and general properties of the drug substance, should be provided in S.1.295296297A. Nomenclature (S.1.1)298299All appropriate names or designations for the drug substance should be provided in S.1.1. 300Any codes, abbreviations, or nicknames used in the application to identify the drug301substance should also be listed, including the following, if they exist or have been302proposed. A name that has not yet been finalized should be identified as proposed in the 303list.304305∙United States Adopted Name (USAN)∙Compendial name11306307∙Chemical names (e.g., Chemical Abstracts Service (CAS), International Union of 308Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC))∙Company names or laboratory codes309310∙Other nonproprietary names (e.g., International Nonproprietary Name (INN),311British Approved Name (BAN), Japanese Accepted Name (JAN))312∙Chemical Abstracts Service (CAS) Registry Number313314B. Structure (S.1.2)315316Information on the chemical structure of the drug substance should be provided in S.1.2. 317This information should include:318319∙one or more drawings to show the overall chemical structure of the drug substance, 320including stereochemistry321∙molecular formula322∙molecular weight323324For a naturally derived protein drug substance, the information should include:11 A compendial name is a name that appears in an official compendium as defined in the Federal Food, Drug, andCosmetic Act (e.g., United States Pharmacopeia (USP)) (§ 201(j) (21 U.S.C. 32(i)).325326∙the schematic amino acid sequence indicating glycosylation sites or other327posttranslational modifications∙ a general description of the molecule (e.g., shape, disulfide bonds, subunit328329composition)330∙number of amino acid residues331∙molecular weight332333C. General Properties (S.1.3)334A list should be provided of the general physicochemical properties of the drug substance. 335336Other relevant properties of the drug substance should also be listed. Relevant properties 337are those physical, chemical, biological and microbiological attributes relating to theidentity, strength, quality, purity, and/or potency of the drug substance and, as338339appropriate, drug product. The information should include, as appropriate:340341∙ A general description (e.g., appearance, color, physical state)342∙Melting or boiling points343∙Optical rotation344∙Solubility profile (aqueous and nonaqueous, as applicable)345∙Solution pH346∙Partition coefficients347∙Dissociation constants348∙Identification of the physical form (e.g., polymorph, solvate, or hydrate) that will 349be used in the manufacture of the drug product350∙Biological activities351352For a naturally derived protein drug substance, additional information should be included, 353such as:354355∙Isoelectric point356∙Extinction coefficient357∙Any unique spectral characteristics358359If the drug substance can exist in more than one physical form, the information included 360in S.1.3 should be for the form (or forms) of the drug substance that will be used in the 361manufacture of the drug product. Detailed information on the characterization (e.g., X-362ray powder diffraction data, thermal analysis curves) of these and other physical forms 363and conditions required to produce one form or another should be provided in S.3.1.364。
坚强智能电网
题目坚强智能电网研究报告专业电气工程及其自动化姓名班级 07 电单指导教师起止日期 2010.11.30 -2010.12.52010年12月5日摘要电网是经济社会发展的重要基础设施，是能源战略布局的重要内容，是能源产业链的重要环节，是国家综合运输体系的重要组成部分。
实现电网的安全稳定运行、提供高效优质清洁的电力供应是全面建设小康社会和构建社会主义和谐社会的重要保障。
为实现未来能源和经济社会可持续发展，近年来，许多国家的政府部门、企业、研究和咨询机构积极开展“智能电网”研究与实践工作。
国家电网内部人士提出，国家电网提出的统一坚强智能电网，是以统一规划、统一标准、统一建设为原则，以特高压电网为骨干网架，各级电网协调发展，具有信息化、自动化、互动化特征的国家电网。
关键词：坚强、自愈、兼容、经济、集成、优化等。
AbstractPower is an important economic and social development of infrastructure, energy strategy is an important part of the layout is an important part of the energy industry chain is a national integrated transport system is an important component. To achieve security and stability of the grid, providing efficient and high quality power supply is clean off society and building a socialist harmonious society protection. For the realization of future energy and economic and social sustainable development, in recent years, many government departments, enterprises, research and consulting firm active in "smart grid" study and practical work.National Grid insiders suggested that a strong unified national grid smart grid proposed, based on unified planning, unified standards and principles of construction to special high voltage power grid as the backbone, the coordinated development of power at all levels with information technology, automation, interactive Characteristics of the national grid.Key words: Strong, self-healing, tolerance, economic, integration and optimization.据了解，在今年5月份国家电网公布智能电网初步建设规划后，有不少设备商对智能电网的概念理解并不清晰，不少公司在根据自己的理解进行智能电网研发的筹备工作，国家电网也并没有统一的指导意见。
HIGHLIGHTS
XCHANGE & COOPERATIONBETTER COMMUNICATION ｜ GREATER VALUEHIGHLIGHTS ｜Tian Shihong meets with the delegation of BSITian Shihong, Vice Minister of State Administration for Market Regulation (SAMR) and Administrator of Standardization Administration of China (SAC), met with Scott Steedman, Director-General of Standards at BSI, the national standards body of the U.K., and his companion on April 12 in Beijing.At the meeting, the two parties had in-depth exchanges of views on cooperation within ISO, governance of IEC, preparations for the 88th IEC General Meeting, and standardization cooperation in specific fields.The standardization cooperation between China and the U.K. has a solid foundation, and the participation of the British Embassy in China in the meeting has fully demonstrated that the U.K. government values the standardization cooperation between the two countries, said Tian.China and the U.K. will continue to strengthen communication within the ISO and IEC frameworks, and deepen standardization cooperation in fields including digital creative design, hydrogen energy, as well as the capture, utilization, and storage of carbon. Joint efforts will be put into the meeting of China-U.K. Standardization Cooperation Committee in 2024.China and Sri Lanka sign a MoU on standardizationWitnessed by Chinese Premier Li Qiang and Sri Lanka Prime Minister Dinesh Gunawardena, Luo Wen, Minister of SAMR, and Anura Dissanayake, Secretary to the Prime Minster of Sri Lanka, signed a MoU on the standardization area on March 26.According to the MoU, the two countries will strengthen the exchanges of standards information, and carry out the cooperation on improving standardization capability building.WDTA releases two standards for LLM securityThe 27th Session of United Nations Commission on Science and Technology for Development (CSTD) was held on April 15-19. The side event “Shaping the Future of AI” on April 16 was hosted by the World Digital Technology Academy (WDTA), an NGO that promotes digital technologies and global cooperation, where breakthrough results including two standards were released.The two standards for the security of large language models (LLMs), “Generative AI Application Security Testing and Validation Standard” and “Large Language Model Security Testing Method”, were the first of their kind published by WDTA, marking the new benchmark for LLM security evaluation and testing around the globe.Multiple experts and scholars from OpenAI, Ant Group, iFLYTEK, Google, Microsoft, NVIDIA, Baidu, Tencent and other enterprises have devoted to the development of the two standards. And Ant Group has contributed to the development of the standard for LLM security testing method with leading efforts.The testing method standard provides a comprehensive and rigorous structural scheme with high operability. It delineates the security risk classification and methods of classification, grading and testing of attacks in LLMs. Also, it puts forward the criterion distinguishing attacks of four different intensities, together with strict assessment indicators and testing procedures, to deal with the inherent complexity of LLMs and fully test their ability to defend against hostile attacks. Thus, developers and organizations can identify and remedy potential vulnerabilities, and improve the security and reliability of LLM-based AI systems.Big tech companies should play a key role in the secure and responsible development of AI, promote best practices by their resources, expertise, and influence, and establish an ecosystem prioritizing security, privacy, and morality, said Wang Weiqiang, General Manager of Machine Intelligence Department at Ant Group.HIGHLIGHTS ｜IEC Promotion Center (Nanjing) signs an agreement with State Grid Fujian Electric PowerThe IEC Promotion Center (Nanjing) signeda development cooperation agreement withState Grid Fujian Electric Power Co., Ltd. onApril 23 in Nanjing city, Jiangsu province.The signing ceremony was witnessedby Shu Yinbiao, the 36th President ofIEC, Academician of Chinese Academy ofEngineering, and President of Chinese Societyfor Electrical Engineering, Ruan Qiantu, Chairof the Board and Party Secretary of State GridFujian Electric Power Co., Ltd., Shan Shewu,Chair of the Board and Party Secretary ofNARI Group, as well as Fan Xiangqian andYu Qing, Director and Deputy Director ofManagement Committee of Nanjing Chilin Technology Innovation Park.The two parties will cooperate in aspects of promoting international standardization of advanced technologies, prompting international layout of energy and power technologies, and building a standardization talent team, in accordance with the agreement. Further efforts will be put into carbon accounting of new-type power system, intelligent power distribution networks, offshore wind power, other emerging and future-oriented industries. Together, the two parties will strive to establish a cradle of international standards innovation, support high-tech innovation with high standards, promote high-level opening up, and lead high-quality development.In recent years, the State Grid Fujian Electric Power Co., Ltd. focuses on building a clean energy hub in southeast China, a high-energy distribution network platform, and a smart digital ecosystem for power grid in Fujian province. By strengthening cooperation with the IEC Promotion Center, it expects to effectively enhance its ability in international standardization, and continuously empower the technological innovation and cultivation of new quality productivity.In the process towards carbon peak and neutrality, China should attach great importance to the construction of international mutual recognition rules for carbon emissions, carbon tariffs, and carbon accounting, said Shu Yinbiao. He encouraged the both sides to make vital technological innovation in fields such as new-type power system and digital transformation of energy, speed up the construction of mutual recognition system of international standardsand certification, and promote China’s participation in global energy and power sector.XCHANGE & COOPERATIONBETTER COMMUNICATION ｜ GREATER VALUEISO releases a standard on braking systems of railway vehiclesISO 24221:2024, Railway applications—Braking system—General requirements, the first of its kind, was recently released. With the leading efforts of National Railway Administration of China, China has made new breakthrough in railway international standardization by the development of the international standard.ISO 24221:2024 lays out the top-level criterion of braking systems of railway vehicles, and specifies the technical requirements of braking systems including design, general safety, braking control, anti-skid protection, wheel-rail adhesion, and rescue braking. Covering high-speed trains, locomotives, passenger trains, freight trains, and urban rail transit vehicles, it is applicable to the life cycle of braking systems for rolling stock including design, manufacturing, and usage.The standard absorbs standards of Europe, Japan and other regions, and integrates internationally accepted control technologies and Chinese braking technologies, to provide technical support for improving the braking ability of rolling stock and guaranteeing the safety of transit, which fills the gap in the top-level system in this field.Hosted by China with the involvement of many experts from locomotive research institutions and relevant companies, the development of ISO 24221:2024 gathered 53 experts from 12 countries, including Germany, France, the U.S., the U.K., Japan, and South Korea.With the support of National Railway Administration and railway-related institutions, China has become one of the most active countries in ISO/TC 269, Railway applications, the sole ISO committee for rail transit. China has participated in the development of 35 current standards within ISO/TC 269, and contributed to 6 of them with leading efforts. The National Railway Administration will continue to take part in international standards development and revision of ISO, to share China’s achievements and experiences in railway development.。
XIRIA Plus Compact和环保版电子环形主机的说明手册说明书
AutomotiveAerospaceElectricalTruckHydraulics1Powering business worldwideNext generation transportationEaton is driving the development of newtechnologies –from hybriddrivetrains and emission control systems to advanced engine components –that reduce fuel consumption and emissions in trucks and cars.Higher expectationsWe continue to expand our aerospace solutions andservices to meet the needs of new aviation platforms,including the high-flying light jet and very light jet markets.Building on our strengths Our hydraulics businesscombines localised service and support with an innovative portfolio of fluid powersolutions to answer the needs of global infrastructure projects,including locks,canals and dams.Powering Greener Buildings and BusinessesEaton’s Electrical Group is a leading provider of powerquality,distribution and control solutions that increase energy efficiency and improve power quality,safety and reliability.Our solutions offer a growing portfolio of “green”products and services,such as energy audits and real-time energy consumption monitoring.Eaton’s Uninterruptible Power Supplies (UPS),variable-speed drives and lighting controls help conserve energy and increase efficiency.Eaton delivers the power inside hundreds of products that are answering the demands of today’s fast changing world.We help our customers worldwide manage the power they need for buildings,aircraft,trucks,cars,machinery and entire businesses.And we do it in a way that consumes fewer resources.Eaton’s range ofSF6free switchgearfor Medium VoltageEaton Corporation is a worldwide leader in thedesign, manufacture, and sale of safe, reliableand high-performance medium voltage powerdistribution equipment in accordance with IEC,ANSI and GB / DL standardsComplete Global Medium Voltage Switchgear SolutionsEaton,a premier leader in designing and manufacturing powerdistribution and protection equipment in the electrical industry,offers a comprehensive range of medium voltage(MV)solutionsto meet the needs of virtually every application.From productsthat feature cutting-edge design that allow for easy access,maintenance and space savings,to arc-resistant products thatenhance safety,Eaton’s medium voltage solutions provide avariety of products for every need.Additionally,Eaton’s globalservice network provides maximum customer support in allregions of the world.As one of the few completely vertically integrated and diversifiedindustrial manufacturers in the world,Eaton designs not only MVassemblies,but also the key components that comprise the MVsolutions–from steel housing and circuit breaker compartmentsto vacuum interrupters,circuit breakers,bus systems and fuses.Eaton’s MV heritage,strengthened by acquisitions such asWestinghouse DCBU,Cutler Hammer,MEM and Holec,hasresulted in breakthrough MV technologies and numerousinternational patents over the years.Part of Eaton’s complete electrical PowerChain Solutions–which help businesses minimize risks while realizing greaterreliability,cost efficiencies,capital utilization and safety–Eaton’s medium voltage equipment meets all applicablestandards and certifications such as IEC,NEMA/ANSI,GB / DL,UL,IEEE,KEMA and CSA.When it comes to medium voltage solutions,you can trust theone name with a long history of proven performance:Eaton.3XIRIA Plus is the name of Eaton's new solid insulated RMU for smart grid applications. The system is characterised by its high level of operational safety and is suitable for applications up to 12kV.The XIRIA Plus RMU is designedaround Eaton's proven vacuuminterrupters, which require nomaintenance and are certified for10,000 operation cycles.All live parts in the available panels aresingle pole insulated. The usedmaterials are shaped specifically toprovide optimum insulation combinedwith excellent thermal characteristics.In addition, the insulation is configuredto provide effective control over electricfields around the used components,thereby minimizing any risk of internalarcing.Within the XIRIA Plus panels both theprimary parts and the mechanisms arehoused in a fully enclosed housingwhich protects the whole systemagainst environmental influences. Theuse of vacuum interrupters and solidinsulation means that the XIRIA Plus isenvironmentally friendly. Thesetechnologies ensure that this system isa conservational alternative toswitchgear systems using SulfurHexafluoride (SF6) gas for insulation. Thecost of ownership is also significantlyreduced, as no regular testing of gaspressure or other routine maintenance isneeded and there is no high end-of-lifecost associated with ultimately disposingof the equipment.With a compact design and a provisionfor cable connection from the front, theXIRIA Plus system is economical in itsuse of valuable floor space, and easy toaccommodate in even the most restrict-ed environments.When it comes to the safety of theoperating personnel the XIRIA Plusdesign leaves nothing to chance.All parts are fully enclosed by an internalarc tested safe metal housing.The panels in the system are providedwith direct visible indication of theintegrated earthing and ON/OFF-positionby means of inspection windows in thefront.XIRIA PlusSolid insulated RMU for smart grid application4XIRIA PlusSafe reliable and efficient solutions for all applications in the medium voltage secondary distribution network.Smart grid readinessDesigned to integrate solutions for sensing, monitoring and remote control for feeder automation and load management purposes.Safe in use•Visible isolation by means of inspection windows in the front •Compartments protected against penetration of objects •Capacitive voltage detection system for verification of safe isolation from supply•Logical mechanical and electrical interlocks prevent misoperationEnvironmentally friendly•Minimized number of components•Environmental-friendly design with respect to the materials used•No use of SF6-gas for switching and insulation•Minimal number of transition points in primary design enable low energy loss during operation•Only re-usable and / or recyclable materials usedUser friendly•Cable connection and user interfaces for operation on the same front side of the panel•Ergonomic cable connection height• A customized low voltage compartment is optional •Clear and simple straightforward operation panelsLow total cost of ownershipLow initial costs due to:•Panels with only 350mm or 450mm width depending on function•Cable connection from the front / wall standing arrangement No costs during service due to:•Robust design with minimum number of parts (routine tested in factory)•Long-life solid insulated components as insulation medium •Maintenance free vacuum circuit-breaker and loadbreak switch •Primary parts and mechanism installed in a fully sealed for life enclosed housing•No SF6 pressure checksLow end of life disposal cost due to:•Vacuum switching technology•Solid insulation with air as isolating medium •Recycling or re-use of materialsOperation•Complete design certified in accordance with GB standards • Arc fault tested according GB 3906-2006• Quality assurance in accordance with ISO 9001• Single pole insulated primary parts within one compartment • Primary parts and mechanism in sealed for life fully enclosed housing• Configurations up to 6 functions in one tank• Field extensible for projectsrequiring more than six functions3-position disconnector All panels are equipped with a disconnector positioned in the same sealed for life enclosure as the circuit-breaker. The disconnector consists of three shafts connected to the busbars or earthing points. Since it is mechanically interlocked the disconnector can only be operated when the circuit breaker is in the open position.•Manual-operated switch with 3-position (service / isolated / earthed)•Maintenance free•Housed in sealed for life enclosure•Auxiliary contacts for service / isolated / earthed•Position indication by means of inspection windows and mechanical indicators•Mechanically interlocked with the vacuum circuit-breaker3-All entocan5Main constructionVacuum technology features•Eaton has an unsurpassed leadership in vacuum technology supported by a strong heritage of innovation from companies such as Westinghouse and Holec•Pioneers in vacuum technology for over 90 years. First vacuum interrupter supplied at 15kV-12kA in 1967•Eaton was the first one to develop and patent copper-chromium alloy content for contacts and center shields•Our vacuum interrupters for contactor applications can perform up to 2.5 million mechanical operations•More than 5 million units delivered worldwide, operating safely and reliably in all types of networks, medium voltage applications and environments•High end certified supplier to almost all major electrical manufacturers worldwideSolid insulation system•More than 60 years experience in solid insulation technology with hundreds ofthousands of functions successfully operating worldwide in all kinds of environment without any ageing concern•Full encapsulation capability in the 1990’s •High thermal conductivity •High electrical resistivity •Low moisture absorption•High creepage current resistance •High mechanical strength•Optimized electrical field control•Fully insulated busbars to prevent any phase to phase and phases to earth faults •Optional extensible busbarsVisible isolation by means of inspection windows in the frontWhen carrying out operational actions and work on the cables, it is vital to have unambiguous status indications. When it comes to the safety of operating personnel Eaton leaves nothing to chance. That is why the XIRIA Plus design is fitted with directly visible isolation by means of inspection windows in the front which makes the isolating distance between the cable and busbar system directly visible. A visible, shortcircuit proof earthing can take place via the load-break switch orcircuit-breaker.Capacitive voltage detection system for verification of safe isolation from supplyEach panel type within the XIRIA Plus family is equipped with a standard three phase Voltage Detection System for voltage testing. The VDS shows the operator if the panel is isolated from supply or not. Logical mechanical and electrical interlocks prevent incorrect operationWithin the XIRIA Plus design misoperation by an operator is prevented by using different interlocks. The interlocks are mechanical and electrical. For example electrical and mechanical interlocks prevent operation of the change-over switch when the circuit-breaker is switched on. All mechanical interlocks are constructed in such a way that they directly block the mechanism. Switching to service position is only possible with closed cable compartmentAs standard, the door of the cable compartment can only be opened when thecircuit-breaker is in the earthed position. After the door isremoved it is possible to switchoff the circuit-breaker for cabletesting. Switching on to serviceposition is only possible withthe door positioned back again.Compartments protectedagainst penetration of objectsWithin the XIRIA Plus design itis not possible to accidentallypenetrate the switchgear bypart of a body or a tool.All high voltage compartmentsare designed according to IP65degree.Smooth contemporary designAll compartments of the XIRIAPlus panels are designed insuch a way that the system issafe to touch from the outside.By using a smooth and smartdesign it is not possible for theoperator to injure himself bymoving parts or by parts thatstick out of the switchgearwhen moving in front of theswitchgear.Routine testsVarious prescribed routine testsare carried out during theproduction of the switchgear.To assure quality, all processesare in accordance with ISO9001. This means that at everystage of production thecomponents, circuit-breakersand current transformers areinspected for correctfunctionality. When the entireinstallation has beenassembled, a thorough visualinspection is carried out,together with mechanical,functional and electrical checks.Philosophy on internal arcsEaton always puts extra focuson creating safe switchgear foroperators at all times. One ofthe biggest potential threats tooperators is an internal arc inswitchgear.Engineers therefore did every -thing necessary in design andconstruction to prevent internalarcs.Eaton supports the philosophythat it is best to avoid internalarcs than to cure, in line withthe relevant standardGB3906-2006. Within the XIRIAPlus design a double preventionphilosophy is used. Firstly, thedesign is constructed in such away that an internal arc isprevented. In the unlikely casethat an internal arc could occur,the XIRIA Plus is equipped toprovide maximum safety to theoperator, and to control andminimise damage to the rest ofthe switchgear and room.Safe in useThe XIRIA Plus design contains some special features that guarantee theoperator to work safely with the different panel types.What you see is what youget!67One of the key strategic initiatives of Eaton is to provide environ-mentally friendly products. Eaton achieves this by looking at the total product chain, from design to dismantling and recycling.The optimal situation is that for each phase there is no damageto the environment and at the end, all materials can be re-used again in the same product (the Cradle-to-Cradle principle). The product chain can be divided into four main blocks. These blocks are the design (materials used) of the product, the assemblyof the product, the usage phase of the product and finally the dismantling of the product.Environmentally friendlyLike all Eaton medium voltage switchgear,XIRIA Plus is designed to be an environmentally friendly product throughout the whole value chain.With respect to the design of switchgear,the vision "the less number of components the better"applies.This because every part must be manu -factured and therefore impacts on the environment.Next,applies the affect of different materials on the environment. Use of minimized number of componentsXIRIA Plus is designed to use the minimum of materials and resources,without affecting the strength of the system. For example,Eaton reduced the number of components dramatically,compared to conventional switchgear,by using a simple spring charging mechanism and integrated compartments.This also ensures straight forwardassembly with low labor cost.Materials with no/lessimpact on the environment Eaton selects materials with care.It is essential that they are safe for personnel and the environment -not just during use,but at the end of service life too.Within XIRIA Plus a combination of solid (cast resin)insulation and air as insulation medium is used.The solid insulationtechnology,in combination with electrical field calculations,provides a very compact,environmentally friendly design for the switchgear.As theswitching medium,vacuum technology is used within the interrupters of the XIRIA Plus circuit-breakers.XIRIA Plus can be completely recycled at the end of its life.No use of SF 6gas for insulation or switching Emissions switchgear contribute of SF 6-gas from significantly to the threat of the greenhouse effect and associated climate change.SF 6is on the list of greenhouse gasses in the Kyoto protocol.SF 6is the most potent of the six main greenhouse gasses,with a Global Warming Potential (GWP)of 23,000.Eaton made a fundamental choice not to use SF as 6a switching and insulation medium for medium voltage equipment. The main reason for not using anySF 6in medium voltage equip -ment was the complexity of the treatment required for the toxicity of the gasses that have been in contact with an arc,and the need for additional safety measures when used in public locations such asresidential areas and shopping centers.Besides the energy sources,special focus was placed on the efficient use of material during assembly.For example,sheet steel plates are cut with as little waste material as possible.Residual material is used within other product components.Environmentally friendly designEfficient use of materialsTo prevent energy loss by the system itself,XIRIA Plus uses a minimum number of primary change-over points.All the available change-over points use optimal surface contacts and by this,prevent extra energy losses over these points.Minimal energy loss during operationDuring dismantling,XIRIA Plus switchgear is demounted into parts and thereafter categorized per material.Next the parts will be recycled or re-used.Because XIRIA uses no SF 6,there is no loss of this gas during dismantling of the switchgear.Re-use or recycling of materialsBecause XIRIA Plus is designed for a lifetime of at least 30years,the system needs no energy usage for maintenance activities during this long period.Due to the green insulation and switching technology,there is also no leakage of the SF 6-gas during its lifetime and no need for extra maintenance activities on SF 6pressure checks.No service checks on site8Features and benefitsThe benefit of a sealed for life tankA “sealed for life” steel enclosure contains all primary parts and driving mechanisms • Maintenance free • Internal arc proofThe benefit of a compact design•Minimal floor space •Low building costs •Easy to install•Up to 6 feeders in one tankExtensibility• Safe and reliable field extensible solution for projects requiring more than six functions •Epoxy extensible busbar bushing •Single phase insulating•Self-pluggable contacts design •Easy to install on siteProduct range for highest flexibility in use•Flexible combination to build configurations up to 6 functions in one tank.•Any combination of load break switches and circuit-breakers can be placed in a 2- 3- 4- 5 or 6 panel unit.Smart grid readinessAutomation upgrading •Remote close/open•Auxiliary contacts for each position local or remote indications•Measuring CT and current signal Option•Trip indicator with auxiliary contacts •Fault indicator •Current meterLoad break switch “C”Fuse-switch combination“F”Circuit breaker “T”Bus coupler “B”Metering panel “M1”Direct connection“D”Busbar PT panel “M2”Disconnector PT panel “Cv”Cable connectionPT panel “PT”OptionwConfiguration information LBS function, type C panelStandard630A vacuum LBSThree-position disconnector Voltage indicator630A bushing Options Motor operation Fault indicator Current meterType D panelStandardVoltage indicator630A bushingPadlock for cable compartment cover Options Fault indicator Current meter910Fuse-switch function, type F panelThe guide for fuse selectionGeneral type XRN-T/12Fuse selection and transformer application Rated voltage (12kV)Preferred type SDLDJ SF(K)LDJRated voltage (kV)1212Rated fuse current (A)3.15、 6.3、 7.5、 10、 16、 20、 25、 31.5、 4050、 63、 80100、 125Transformer rated capacity (kVA)Fuse rated current (A)Length A (mm)292292292Diameter D (mm)516676The fuse dimensionStandard 630A vacuum LBS Three-position disconnector Voltage indicator Type C bushing Fuse blown indicationOptions Motor operation Fault indicator Current meter Fuse Type A bushingFuse striker:Medium type (according GB15166.2, alternating current switch-fuse combinations).50100125160200250315400500630800100012506.31016162025324050638010012511CB function, type T panelTLF protection for circuit breaker function design• Time limit fuse “TLF” protection is an alternativefor the standard electronic protection relay.• It ensures tripping of the circuit-breaker through a patented electronic circuit in the event of phase short-circuit and earth fault currents • High reliability • Compact design• Fully enclosed housing• Easy accessible fuses on the front • Easy selection of current setting• Compliance with ENA specification 12-6 issue 1:1973• Fully certifiedProtection CT Type WIC1-WE2WIC1-W2WIC1-W3Primary current scope 16-56A 16-56A 32-112AType WIC1-W4WIC1-W5WIC1-W6Primary current scope 64-224A 128-448A 256-896AOptionsProtection relay and CT WIC1-2PE (Standard)WIC1-1PE (Optional)Motor operation Fault indicator Current meterWI1-SZ5 trip indicator with auxiliary switches WIC1-PC2 adapter for relay settingStandard630A vacuum CBThree Voltage indicator 630A bushingWI1-position disconnector -SZ4 trip indicatorType B panel Type M1 panelStandardTwo 0.2s single phase metering PTs Two 0.2s single phase metering CTs The 500mm height low voltage compartment OptionsMoisture sensor and heater Electrical locking of energized cable compartment cover Voltage meterA A A StandardVoltage indicator630A LBS630A bushingThree-position disconnectorOptions630A CBMotor operation1213GeneralRated voltageImpulse withstand voltagePower frequency withstand voltage Rated frequencyInternal arc classification (IAC)Degree of protection in serviceDegree of protection with doors/covers open Ambient air temperature range Busbar systemRated normal currentRated short-time withstand current Rated peak withstand current Load break switches Rated normal currentRated short-circuit making current Rated short-time withstand current Rated cable charging breaking current Mechanical endurance classMechanical endurance class as 3-position disconnector Electrical endurance class Circuit-breakersRated normal current Rated breaking currentRated short-circuit making currentRated capacitive switching current class Rated cable charging breaking current Mechanical endurance classMechanical endurance class as 3-position disconnector Electrical endurance classRated short-time withstand current Mechanism type Fuse-switch panel Rated normal currentMax. rated current of the optional fuse Rated breaking currentRated short-circuit making current Rated transfer currentFor others, please contact local Eaton sales representative.ItemXIRIA Plus ratingskV kV kV-1m Hz kA-s°C A kA-s kA A kA kA-s AA kA kA AkA-sA A kA kA ARatings1295 (phase to phase/earth), 110 (Isolation gap)42 (phase to phase/earth), 48 (Isolation gap)50AFLR 20-1IP4X IP2X -25 - +4063020-4, 25-250, 6363050, 6320-4, 25-231.5M2 10000 x M1 3000 x E2 100 x6302050C231.5M2 10000 x M1 3000 x E220-4O - 180S - CO - 180S - CO 100125501253150XIRIA Plus designed to GB standardsXIRIA Plus compiles with the following standards:GB/T 11022-2011 Common specifications for high-voltage switchgear and controlgearGB 3804-2004 High voltage alternating-current switches for rated voltages above 3.6kV and up to and including 40.5kVGB 311.1-1997 Insulation co-ordination for high voltage transmission and distribution equipmentGB 1985-2004 High-voltage alternating-current disconnectors and earthing switchesGB 3906-2006 Alternating-current metal-enclosed switchgear and controlgear for rated voltages above 3.6 kV and up to and including 40.5 kV GB 1984-2003 High-voltage alternating-current circuit breakersGB 16926-2009 High-voltage alternating current switch-fuse combinations14XIRIA Plus dimensionType C panel dimensionType F panel dimensionType T panel dimensionMetering panel and extension dimension (C+M+F)Example for combination dimension Width Depth Height=25mm+350mm+450nn+350mm+25mm =1200mm =720mm =1400mmCFT block type=35mm+420mm+750mm+500mm+35mm =1740mm =720mm=1400mm(M1=1900mm)1400168635720351400298420(Extensible type )635720350(Block type )420(Extensible type )350(Block type )351400148500(Extensible type )370720750500420140019003535450(Block type )2515CFC floor planCable type ：3X1 35-630MM2Cable cone type ：C630A C (Load-break switch)Cable type ：3X1 16-95MM2Cone type ：A200AF (fuse combination unit)Pressure relief16CTC floor planPressure reliefCable type ：3X1 35-630MM2Cable cone type ：C630A C (Load-break switch)Cable type ：3X1 35-630MM2Cable cone type ：C630A T (Circuit break)17Electrical powermanagement by EatonFoundation for successElectrical power.The most significant and pervasive energy source on earth. It runs businesses, fuels innovations and keeps the lights on.When the power system is not designed or managed properly, it compromises success, resulting in lower productivity and increased costs.Eaton takes the complexity out of power management with industry-leading innovation, expert services and holistic solutions.And our customers realize powerful benefits: improved reliability,increased efficiency and enhancedsafety.Customer criticalIf it’s critical to our customers,it’s critical to us.In fact,we view it all as mission critical.ExpertiseWith unparalleled knowledge of power management across industries,we provide the know-how for every application.SupportOur people makethe difference.Support is not just an extra benefit;it’s at the heart of how we do business.For energy challenges big and small, if it matters to you, it matters to us. Our missionis to ensure your success, however you define it.++全球商业动力之源提供动力。
智能电网欧洲标准
Eur ropean Standardizatio Expe for China on ertSmart Grid – Standards in the EUThe 2nd China Smart Grids 2010 International Conference Shanghai Rainbow Hotel, 2-3 November 2010 Hotel 2 31Eur ropean Standardizatio Expe for China on ertContent C1. 1 Quick Review of European Standardization System 2. Smart Grids – the ICT Perspective p 3. Europe and Smart Grids 4. EU Mandates for Smart Grids 5. EU Joint Working Group on Smart Grids 6. Europe China 6 Europe-China Cooperation on Smart Grid Standards2Eur ropean Standardizatio Expe for China on ertQuick Review of European f p Standardization System33Eur ropean Standardizatio Expe for China on ertEuropean Standardization Organizations– CEN European Committee for Standardization• Covers a lot of sectors– CENE EC CENELEC European Committee for Electro-Technical Standardization• Covers mainly the electro-technical sector– ETSI European Telecommunications Standards Institute• Covers mainly telecommunication and electronic communication networks and services i ti t k d i4Eur ropean Standardizatio Expe for China on ertEuropean Standards ENCEN & CENELEC → 27 EU Members → 3 EFTA Countries → 1 Neighbourhood g Total: 31 Members ETSI → CEPT Countries (40+) → Over 700 MembersCEN/CENELEC MEMBERS55Eur ropean Standardizatio Expe for China on ertWhy European Standards?• • Soft regulation on a voluntary basis– Co-regulation, supporting authorities on technical requirementsFree trade throughout the European Economic Area– Almost 500 million customers – Support for accession of new member states• •Key for market access– Interoperability, compatibility, functionalityTo help competitiveness and technical innovation– – – – State of the art and transfer of research results Strengthen regional influence in global economy IPR policies of relevance for process Tool for benchmarking within industry•Impartial result serving the industry needs6Eur ropean Standardizatio Expe for China on ertMarket Integration in EuropeSingle Market: driving force of European integration500 million consumers7Eur ropean Standardizatio Expe for China on ertStandardization: Networking on a Global Level gInternational level European levelISOViennaIECDresdenITUCENCENELECETSINational levelNational Standards Bodies Industry and other stakeholders8Eur ropean Standardizatio Expe for China on ertETSI: Global Standards Collaboration(China ) ARIB (Japan)ISACC (Canada)TTC (Japan) (J p n)TIA (USA)TTA (Korea)ATIS ( SA) A S (USA)ITU (International)ACIF 9 (Australia)Eur ropean Standardizatio Expe for China on ertWhat is a Mandate?• • • • • • A well-established Commission tool to obtain technical specifications that support European legislation and/or policy A request to the European Standardization Organization ESOs for standardisation work A reference framework Indispensable in cases where standards support New Approach p pp pp legislation A mean for Member States to give political and technical endorsement NOT linked directly to financing of standardisation work – but essential where financing is envisaged10h i n ar t f o r C Smart Grids ICT Perspectiven E x p e the r d i z a t i o S t a n d a o p e a n ETSI SecretariatFuture Internet Assembly E u r 11© ETSI 2010. All rights reserved15-16 April 2010, Valenciah i n aICT Standardization –Core of ETSI Activitiesr t f o r C •ICT Standardization–Future internet and Machine to Machine communication in n E x p e the center –Merging technologies e.g. between telecoms and classical l t t h i l i d t i dd d r d i z a t i o electro-technical industry are core issues addressed •Pre-standardization and the link to researchS t a n d a Pre standardization and the link to research –Industry Specification Groups (ISG), several relate to the ‘Future Internet’o p e a n –Partnerships with EU FP7 Projects and Universities (e.g. CASGRAS2, SENSEI)E u r 12h i n aSmart Grid related ETSI Activitiesr t f o r C •M2M, Smart Metering (within the "Connecting Things“ cluster)–Use cases: Smart Metering, eHealth, … for M2M requirements ifi ti n E x p e specification – A flexible Reference Architecture to address the requirements –Application #1: Smart Metering r d i z a t i o pp g •Security is a major issue in M2M •Evolution of Mobile Networks (in 3GPP)S t a n d a –Enhancements to the 3G/4G networks to support the M2M traffic •Next Generation Networks (in TISPAN)Adapting powerline protocols to meet smart grid requirements o p e a n •Adapting powerline protocols to meet smart grid requirements •Smart Card Platform (SCP) –the M2M SIM and other developments •Testing and Interoperability expertise in CTIE u r 1313h i n aEU and US -Similar Goals but Different Pathsr t f o r C EUBackground:A fragmented electricity market plus deregulation of electricity in USBackground: an aging power grid Vision:n E x p e plus deregulation of electricity in some member states Vision:Start with a smart metering Smart meters and AMI are part of the toolbox that allows to build a smart grid infrastructurer d i z a t i o Start with a smart metering infrastructure then extend to a smart grid networkSmart GridsS t a n d a AMIDistributionGridt ElectricalTrans t ti Wide AreaSituational A …Remote Meter Management Smart Smart Consumption AwarenessDemand Smart Gridso p e a n Need for a global (architecture)approach and for regional implementationmanagement portation AwarenessAMI: Advanced Metering InfrastructureMeteringHomeResponseE u r 1414Need for a global (architecture) approach and for regional implementation ETSI, as a global and EU based ICT standards organization, is ideally placedh i n ar t f o r C n E x p e Europe and Smart Gridsr d i z a t i o S t a n d a o p e a n E u r 15h i n aEurope and the Smart Gridr t f o r C •EU: 20-20-20 Targets by 2020¾cutting greenhouse gases by 20%d i ti b 20%th h i d n E x pe ¾reducing energy consumption by 20% through increased energy efficiency¾meeting 20% of our energy needs from renewable sources r d i z a t i o •Consequences for the electricity grid ¾Smart Grid is the answerS t a n d a •European Task Force on Smart Grids (European Commission, Nov. 2009)¾to advise on policy and regulatory directions at European levelt di t th fi t t t d th i l t ti f S t G id o p e a n ¾to coordinate the first steps towards the implementation of Smart Grids under the provision of the Third Energy Package ¾standardization requirements are part of the remitE u r 16h i n aThe EU Perspective on Smart GridsS t G id Di ti 2009/72/EC f 13J l 2009r t f o r C Smart Grids Directive 2009/72/EC of 13 July 2009–"Member States should encourage the modernisation of distribution networks, such as through the introduction of smart grids, which should be built in a way that encourages decentralised generation n E x p e y g g and energy efficiency.“r d i z a t i o S M i M d (M/441)S t a n d a Smart Metering Mandate (M/441)–Issued in March 2009 and accepted by CEN, CENELEC and ETSI Charging of Electrical Vehicle Mandate (M/468)o p e a n –Issued June 2010 and accepted by CEN, CENELEC and ETSI Smart Grid Mandate–Presently under drafting by Joint Working Group E u r 17y g y g p (CEN/CENELEC/ETSI)17h i n aThe EU Smart Grid Task ForceA St i C itt d 3E t Gr t f o r C •A Steering Committee and 3 Expert Groups –EG1 –Functionalities of Smart Grids and Smart Meters.•State of the artn E x p e State of the art •Functionalities–EG 2 –Regulatory issues for data safety, data handling & data protection•Who owns the data? Who has access to the data? Need for one data model Cybersecurityr d i z a t i o •Cybersecurity –EG 3 –Responsibilities of actors involved in the deployment of Smart Grids.•Includes a section on Role of standardsFirst set of recommendations delivered on June 22S t a n d a •First set of recommendations delivered on June 22nd 2010•The TF will continue and issue a new document on January 2011o p e a n –EG1 will be in charge of producing a contribution to the EU mandate on standards•The work of the EU Standards Organizations will serve a inputE u r 1818h i n ar t f o r Cn E x p er d i z a t i oS t a n d ao p e a nE u r 19h i n ar t f o r C n E x p e EU Mandates for Smart Gridsr d i z a t i o S t a n d a o p e a n E u r 20h i n a M/411 Smart Metering Mandate r t f o r C ¾EC Mandate issued in March 2009 by DG ENERGY and sent to: CEN, CENELEC, ETSI n E x p e ¾Main objective: to build standards for European smart meters, allowing interoperability and Consumer actual consumption awareness.r d i z a t i o consumption awareness.¾Time schedule : •March 2009 + 9 months : state of the f i i d d l i S t a n d a art of existing standards, gap analysis, and first Work Program •March 2009 + 30 months : Develop new o p e a n p smart metering standardsE u r 21h i n a M/468 Charging of Electric Vehicles C f r t f o r C ¾Mandate issued in July 2010, title: Charging of Electric Cars, Scooters, and Bicycles n E x p e ¾Joint mandate for CEN / CENELEC / ETSI ¾Focus on safety, interoperability, and performance of r d i z a t i o electric vehicles chargers ¾Request to produce a “standards work programme” by S t a n d a q p p g y spring 2011, and the necessary standards within 18 months o p e a n ¾This is fast –but many of the necessary standards are under way internationally…E u r 22h i n a Electrical Vehicles: Legal Issues in Europe r t f o r C Two different legal instruments are relevant:n E x p e •a) Vehicle type approval legislation •b) Low Voltage Directive –electrical installations r d i z a t i o Proposal to rely on UN-ECE Standards in EU vehicle S t a n d a type-approval (UNECE 100 for electrical safety)o p e a n New EU Regulation to specify other technical requirements for Electrical VehiclesE u r 23h i n a M/468: Likely Outputs (1/2)r t f o r C ¾March 2011, a set of proposals for (at least) which connector/charger standards are needed at European level for:n E x p e charging from the AC mains with standard voltages available in Europe h i f th hi l b tt f t l DC b tt r d i z a t i o charging of the vehicle battery from an external DC battery charger charging of small electric vehicles such as scooters and S t a n d a g g bicycles ¾Information on EMC and electrical safety aspects of these o p e a n ¾NO proposals for European Standards work unless specifically justifiedE u r 24h i n a M/468: Likely Outputs (2/2)r t f o r C ¾Information on issues related to smart-charging, communication, and battery standards:n E x p e Not of immediate importance for interoperability Not all within the mandate r d i z a t i o But still these are relevant standard aspects Some issues related to smart grids, next section A set of recommendations either as to adopt IEC standards into S t a n d a ¾ A set of recommendations either as to adopt IEC standards into European standards EN, or to develop EN standards if absolutely necessary o p e a n ¾Recommendations to regulators –namely if national legal barriers exist in EuropeE u r 25h i n a r t f o r C n E x p e The EU Joint Working Group Gridsr d i z a t i o on Smart S t a n d a o p e a n E u r 26h i n a The EU Joint Working Group on Smart Grids r t f o r C •Formed by CEN, CENELEC and ETSI •Kickoff 31.05.2010n E x p e •Participation by approx. 40-50 organizations •11 National Standardization Organizations 13European Associations r d i z a t i o •13 European Associations •European Electricity Grid Initiative (EEGI) •Smart Meter Co-ordination Group S t a n d a • 3 Technical Bodies in CEN, CENELEC and ETSI; • 3 European Commission DG •ISO, IEC, ITU, UN/CEFACT, JISC, NIST, China o p e a n ,,,,,,•Main Tasks •Report on European Status of Standardization of Smart Grid E u r 27•Consult on upcoming Mandate on Smart Grid27h i n a Tasks of Smart Grids JWG (1/2)r t f o r C 1.Refine its scope in order to ensure that it complements and not duplicates the work already done under the Smart Meter and n E x p e duplicates the work already done under the Smart Meter and Electrical Vehicles activities, and other groups within Europe 2Advise the EU Task Force on Smart Grids and its Expert Groups r d i z a t i o 2.Advise the EU Task Force on Smart Grids and its Expert Groups on the current standardization landscape, including work in progress S t a n d a 3.Taking due account of the emerging European Task Force recommendations; prepare an overview of specific European standardization requirements concerning the Smart Grid o p e a n standardization requirements concerning the Smart GridE u r 28h i n a Tasks of Smart Grids JWG (2/2)r t f o r C 4.Match requirements against existing international standards and all relevant work in progress in standards bodies; and build on existing international and European standardization work n E x p e existing international and European standardization work 5.Make recommendations as to how missing issues should be covered by standardization,by whom,and on what timescale r d i z a t i o covered by standardization, by whom, and on what timescale (noting the primacy of international standardization e.g. using the IEC-CENELEC Dresden agreement). S t a n d a 6.Propose to the European Standardization Organizations how to respond to an European Commission Mandate o p e a n 7.Liaise with other European initiatives, including the Smart Grids ETPE u r 29h i n a Smart Grids JWG –Timetable r t f o r C ¾Kick-off meeting of JWG: 31 May 2010n E x p e ¾First full draft report V1 under discussion ¾Report V1 to be agreed in JWG by end of the year then sent for broader consultation in Europe r d i z a t i o sent for broader consultation in Europe ¾Comments received will lead to V2 by June 2011 V2will contain concrete proposals for additional specific S t a n d a ¾V2 will contain concrete proposals for additional specific standards work needed (what? where? by when?)¾Commission Mandate to be issued in 2011o p e a n E u r 30h i n aContent of Future Smart Grid JWG Report1E ti S r t f o r C 1.Executive Summary 2.Introduction–Basic idea of a smart grid P liti l b k d i E 5.1 Cross cutting Topics5.1.1 Terminology / Glossary 5.1.2 Reference architecture n E x p e –Political background in Europe –Aim of a European Roadmap –Activities around the world3Description of the overall5.1.3 System Aspects 5.1.4 Communication 5.1.5 Information SecurityOr d i z a t i o 3.Description of the overall concept4.European S&R landscape–General recommendation 5.1.6 Other cross-cutting issues 5.2 Domain specific topics521G tiS t a n d a General recommendation –ESO Organisation5.Recommendations 6Further Activities 5.2.1 Generation 5.2.2 Transmission 5.2.3 Distribution 524Smart Metering o p e a n 6.Further Activities–Organizational Activities and Projects to be started –Mandate5.2.4 Smart Metering 5.2.5 Industry5.2.6 Home & Building AutomationE u r 31–Roadmap 2.07.Attachments5.3 Markets and Actors31h i n ar t f o r C Europe Cooperation n E x p e ‐China Grid Standardsr d i z a t i o on Smart S t a n d a o p e a n E u r 32h i n aEurope and China are Working Togetherr t f o r C –Regulatory Dialogue between European Commission and AQSIQ:12+Working Groups,incl.Standardization n E x p e AQSIQ: 12 Working Groups, incl. Standardization –CEN, CENELEC, ETSI and SAC (Standardization Administration of China) signed a MoU in 2008r d i z a t i o )g•SESEC (since 2006) promote European system and values •Inform about development in China (as in Europe)Help sector and industryS t a n d a •Help sector and industry –China –Europe Standards Information Platform (CESIP)Website:www eu china standards euo p e a n •Website: www.eu-china-standards.eu –Bilateral activities between member states / European national standardization bodies and Chinese side E u r 33national standardization bodies and Chinese sideh i n aEU-China Cooperation on Smart Grid Standards:the Tools r t f o r C the Toolsn E x p e •European industry participation in Chinese standardization work, r d i z a t i o p y p p ,including participation of EuropElectro Beijing office•Chinese industry participation in ETSI (e.g. Huawei, ZTE) and in national standard bodies in Europe S t a n d a national standard bodies in Europe•ETSI signed an MoU with CESI (China Electronic Standardization Institute) on Internet of Thingso p e a n •Joint EU-China expert group on IoT (with CESI, DG Infso, ETSI)•Informal exchange of experts between Europe and China on Smart Grid related standardization E u r 34Grid related standardization•Exchange of standard related information between Europe and Chinah i n aContact points at CCMC(CEN-CENELEC Management Center)r t f o r C (CEN-CENELEC Management Center)•Mr John Ketchell, Director Innovationjketchell@cencenelec eun E x p e –jketchell@cencenelec.eu •Mr Luc Van den Berghe,Programme Manager Innovation department r d i z a t i o Programme Manager Innovation department–lvandenberghe@cencenelec.euS t a n d a Contact points at ETSI Secretariat•Mr David Boswarthicko p e a n Mr David Boswarthick, ETSI Smart Grid Champions Group–david.boswarthick@E u r 35h i n ar t f o r C Klaus ZieglerEuropean Standardization Expert for China CEN –CENELEC –ETSI –EU –EFTAn E x p e r d i z a t i o Websites –SESEC: Standards Information Platform: www.eu-china-standards.euCEN: www.cen.eu / CENELEC: www.cenelec.eu / ETSI: S t a n d a o p e a n E u r 36。
Smart Grids for Energy Management
Smart Grids for Energy ManagementAs the world's population continues to grow and our reliance on technology increases, finding innovative ways to manage our energy consumption becomes increasingly important. Smart grids offer a solution to this problem by utilizing digital technology to optimize energy distribution and consumption. In this article, we will delve into what smart grids are, how they work, and their benefits.Smart grids are essentially an upgraded version of traditional energy grids. They use advanced sensors, communication networks, and software to monitor and control theflow of electricity in real-time. Traditional grids were designed to distribute power from centralized sources to homes and businesses, but smart grids allow for more efficient energy management by enabling two-way communication between energy providers and consumers.One of the main benefits of smart grids is their ability to balance energy supply and demand in real-time. This means that energy can be generated and distributed based on actual usage, rather than relying on estimates. Additionally, smart grids enable the integration of renewable energy sources, such as solar and wind, which can be unpredictable and intermittent. With smart grids, excess energy can be stored and used when needed, reducing waste and increasing efficiency.Furthermore, smart grids offer benefits to consumers in terms of cost savings. By providing real-time information on energy usage and pricing, consumers can make informed decisions about their energy consumption and adjust their usage accordingly. Additionally, smart grids allow for the implementation of time-of-use pricing, which incentivizes consumers to use energy during off-peak hours when prices are lower. Smart grids also offer benefits in terms of reliability and resiliency. With traditional grids, power outages can occur due to equipment failures or extreme weather conditions. Smart grids, however, have built-in redundancies and the ability to automatically reroute power in the event of an outage. This helps ensure uninterrupted service to consumers and reduces the impact of power outages on businesses and the economy.In conclusion, smart grids represent a significant advancement in energy management and offer a range of benefits to both energy providers and consumers. They provide real-time monitoring and control, enable the integration of renewable energy sources, offer cost savings to consumers, and enhance reliability and resiliency. As the world continues to seek sustainable solutions to energy management, smart grids will undoubtedly play a crucial role in shaping the future of energy distribution.。
防腐中英文对照
1.1.SupplementedStandards补充标准.....................................................................................2REFERENCE引用...................................................................................................................2.1.××××HSERIESSTANDARDSANDMODIFICATIONS............................................................××××H系列标准和修改.............................................................................................2.2.IndustryCodesandStandards工业码和标准......................................................................3.CONTRACTORSRESPONSIBILITY承包商责任.......................................................................3.1.ExtentofSupply供应的范围............................................................................................4.QUALITYREQUIREMENTS质量要求...................................................................................4.1.GeneralRequirements通用要求....................................................................................5.SURFACESTOBECOATED防腐前的表面处理.......................................................................5.1.General通用......................................................................................................................6.SURFACESNOTTOBECOATED无需防腐的表面............................................................6.1.General通用.......................................................................................................................7.PROTECTIONOFSURFACES保护的面...................................................................................7.1.TemporaryCoverings临时的覆盖........................................................................................8.COATINGSYSTEMSANDMATERIALS防腐系统和材料.......................................................8.1.General通用.........................................................................................................................9.COATINGSCHEDULE防腐计划表............................................................................................10.COLOR颜色........................................................................................................................... 10.1.ColorCode颜色代码..........................................................................................................10.2.PipingIdentificationColorCode管道识别颜色编码.........................................................11.SURFACEPREPARATION表面准备......................................................................................11.1.AbrasiveMaterials研磨用的材料......................................................................................... 11.2.Pre-BlastCheck预吹扫检查.............................................................................................. 11.3.Cleaning清扫....................................................................................................................11.4.Equipment设备...................................................................................................................12.COATINGAPPLICATION防腐程序步骤..................................................................................13.INSPECTION检查....................................................................................................................14.FIELD-ERECTEDEQUIPMENT现场立式设备..........................................................................16.GALVANIZING电镀..............................................................................................................17.REPAIROFGALVANIZEDSURFACES修复的镀锌面........................................................ AppendixA:CoatingSystem附录一:防腐系统.....................................................................1.SCOPE范围1.1.SupplementedStandards补充标准ThisProjectSpecificationsupplementsthecoatingrequirementsof××××××××公司EngineeringStandards×××××××001,CoatingSelection&ApplicationRequirementsforIndustrialPlants &Equipmentand××××××××××,Internal&ExternalCoatingsforSteelPipelines&Piping.沙特××××××公司为本工程补充了防腐详细说明，×××××××001工业厂房和设备的防腐选择及步骤要求，××××××××××管线和管道的内防腐和外防腐2.REFERENCE引用Thefollowingreferencesarepartofthisspecification.下列参考文献是这份详细说明的一部分.2.1.××××HSERIESSTANDARDSANDMODIFICATIONS×××××××001CoatingsSelection&ApplicationReq uirementsforIndustrialPlants&Equipment-21February2010.为工业厂房和设备进行防腐选择及程序要求××××H系列标准和改版的×××××××001，2010年2月21.××××××××××Approved××××××××公司DataSheets-19April2009.××××××××××××××××××公司审批单，2009年4月19日××××××××××InternalandExternalCoatingsforSteelPipelinesandSteelPipelinesandPiping-1June2010. ××××××××××钢制管线和钢制管道的内防腐和外防腐，2010年6月1日.××××××××××VApproved××××××××公司DataSheets-30May2009.××××××××××V××××××××公司审批单，2009年5月30日.××××××××××ProtectiveCoatingSelection&ApplicationRequirementsforOffshoreStructureandFaciliti es.××××××××××离岸结构和设施的防腐蚀防护选择及程序步骤要求.××××××××××SafetyIdentificationandSafetyColors-17February2010.××××××××××安全识别和安全颜色，2010年二月17日.×××××××006FireproofingforPlants×××××××006工厂消防2.2.IndustryCodesandStandards工业识别码和标准PIPCTSE1000Applicationofexternalcoating-February2005.PIPCTSE1000外防腐的程序步骤，2005年2月.×××××SteelStructuresPaintingCouncil-Thirdedition.×××××第三版的钢结构油漆评议SIS05-5900PictorialSurfacePreparationStandardforPaintingSteelSurfaces-1988.SIS05-5900防腐前钢表面预处理图片1988.ISO8501-1PreparationofSteelSubstratebeforeApplicationofPaintsandRelatedProducts-VisualAsses smentofSurfaceCleanliness-Edition3.ISO8501-1进行油漆及相关产品前的钢材表面预处理——表面清洁度的视觉评估版本3 ASTMAmericanSocietyforTestingandMaterials.ASTM美国测试和材料协会.ASTMA123StandardSpecificationforZinc(Hot-DipGalvanized)CoatingsonIronandSteelProducts. ASTMA123在钢铁和钢构件上进行锌粉(热电镀-镀锌)防腐的标准说明NACERP0198-2×××TheControlofCorrosionUnderThermalInsulationandFireproofingMaterials-ASys temsApproachNACERP0198-2×××在有热保温和耐火材料时的防腐蚀：一系列步骤3.CONTRACTORSRESPONSIBILITY承包商责任3.1.ExtentofSupply供应的范围AllitemsthatarespecifiedtobecoatedorgalvanizedshallbecompletelycoatedorgalvanizedbytheCONT pletecoatingshallmeanallsurfacepreparationhasbeenperformedandallcoatsofpainth avebeenproperlyappliedasspecifiedin×××××××001or××××××××××,fortheapplicablecoatingsystem,a ndtheapplicable09-×××××seriesspecifications.Galvanizingshouldbecompletelygalvanizedinaccorda ncewithASTMA123StandardSpecificationforZinc(Hot-DipGalvanized)CoatingonIronandSteelProdu cts.所有被描述为需要防腐和镀锌的项目将被承包商完全防腐或电镀.完整的防腐将意味执行完所有的表面预处理，及所有油漆防腐是按照×××××××001或××××××××××的指定油漆系统说明恰当的实施，并适用于09-×××××的系列详细说明。
未中标通知书英文模板
未中标通知书英文模板【篇一：未中标通知书】未中标通知书( 招标单位名称 )：xxxx( 招标单位 )的 xxxx 项目经年月日公然开标，评标委员会评定和招标工作小组定标，贵单位未被确立为中标单位，但贵单位在本项目招标中做出的努力及显示出的优秀技术、管理水平已给招标单位留下了深刻的印象。
对此深表感谢 !希望下次合作成功。
请贵单位收到本通知书后，在年月日前持招标保证金收条到 (地址 )取回退还的招标保证金 (无息 )。
感谢 !招标单位： (盖印 )负责人： (署名、盖印 )日期：年代日【篇二： 08 版国际招标范本 (中英文 )】机电产品采买国际竞争性招标文件 the bidding documents for icbprocurement ofmechanic electronic products（第一册）(volume one)目录table of contents第一册volume one第 1 章招标人须知 ....................................................................................................... ........................ 1-5 section oneinstructions tobidders .............................................................................................. ... 1-5一、说明 ....................................................................................................... ..................................... 1-5aexplanation .......................................................................................1-5资本根源 source of.................................................1.funds ......................................................................................................... 1-52. 招标机构及合格的招标人 tendering agent for icb procurement of mechanic and electronic products and eligiblebidders ............................................................................................................... 1-53. 合格的货物和服务 eligible goods andservices ...................................................................... 1-64. 招标花费 cost ofbid........... .....................................................................................................1-6二、招标文件..................................................................................................................................... 1-6b the biddingdocuments ........................................................................................1-6............................5. 招标文件的编制依照与构成basis and content of bidding documents............................. 1-66. 招标文件的澄清 clarification of biddingdocuments .............................................................. 1-77. 招标文件的改正 amendment of biddingdocuments ............................................................... 1-7三、招标文件的编制 ......................................................................................................................... 1-88. 招标的语言 language ofbid .....................................................................................................1-89. 招标文件的构成 content comprising the bid........................................................................... 1-810.招标文件的编写 bidform ................................................................................................... ..... 1-911. 招标报价 bidprices ................................................................................................ ................... 1-912. 招标钱币 bidcurrency ............................................................................................ ................ 1-1013. 证明招标人合格和资格的文件 documents establishing bidder ’ s eligibility and qualifications1-1014 证明货物的合格性和切合招标文件规定的文件documents establishing goods, eligibility and conformity to bidding documents .............................................................................................. 1-11 15 招标保证金 bidsecurity ............................................................................................. ............. 1-12 16 招标有效期 period of validity ofbids .....................................................................................format and signing of 1-13 17招标文件的款式和签订bids ............................................................. 1-14四、招标文件的递交 ....................................................................................................... ................ 1-14d submission ofbids ................................................................................................... ....................... 1-14 18 招标文件的密封和标志sealing and marking of bids ............................................................ 1-14 19 投标截止期 deadline for submission ofbids ......................................................................... 1-15 20 迟交的招标文件 late bids 招标机构将拒绝并原封退回在本须知第19 条规定的截止期后收到的任何招标文件。
Smart Grid and Energy Systems
Smart Grid and Energy Systems The Smart Grid is a modern and innovative system that is transforming the way we generate, distribute, and consume energy. It is an advanced technology that uses digital communication and automation to improve the efficiency, reliability, and sustainability of energy systems. The Smart Grid is a critical component of the energy transition, and it is essential for achieving the goals of reducing carbon emissions, enhancing energy security, and ensuring affordable energy for all. One of the main benefits of the Smart Grid is its ability to integrate renewable energy sources into the grid. Renewable energy sources such as solar, wind, and hydroelectric power are becoming increasingly popular as a way to reduce carbon emissions and combat climate change. However, these sources of energy are intermittent, meaning that they are not always available when needed. The Smart Grid can help to address this challenge by enabling the integration of renewable energy sources into the grid and balancing the supply and demand of energy inreal-time. Another benefit of the Smart Grid is its ability to improve the reliability and resilience of energy systems. The traditional energy grid is vulnerable to disruptions and outages, which can have severe consequences for homes, businesses, and critical infrastructure. The Smart Grid uses advanced sensors, communication networks, and automation to detect and respond to disruptions quickly. This can help to prevent or minimize the impact of power outages and ensure that energy is available when it is needed most. The Smart Grid also has the potential to empower consumers and increase their participation in the energy system. With the Smart Grid, consumers can monitor their energy usage in real-time and make informed decisions about how to use energy more efficiently. They can also participate in demand response programs, which incentivize consumers to reduce their energy usage during peak periods when energy demand is high. This can help to reduce the need for expensive and polluting peaker plants, which are typically used to meet peak demand. However, there are also challenges associated with the Smart Grid and its implementation. One of the main challenges is the cost of upgrading the existing energy infrastructure to support the Smart Grid. The Smart Grid requires significant investments in new technologies, such as sensors, communication networks, and automation systems.These investments can be costly, and it may take years or even decades to recoup the investment. Another challenge is the need for cybersecurity measures to protect the Smart Grid from cyber threats. The Smart Grid relies on digital communication and automation, which can be vulnerable to cyber attacks. These attacks can result in disruptions to the energy system, data breaches, and even physical damage to critical infrastructure. Therefore, it is essential to implement robust cybersecurity measures to protect the Smart Grid from cyber threats. In conclusion, the Smart Grid is a critical technology that has the potential to transform the energy system and accelerate the transition to a more sustainable and resilient energy future. It offers numerous benefits, including the integration of renewable energy sources, improved reliability and resilience, and increased consumer participation. However, there are also challenges associated with its implementation, including the cost of upgrading the existing infrastructure and the need for robust cybersecurity measures. Overall, the Smart Grid is a promising technology that requires careful planning, investment, and collaboration to realize its full potential.。
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See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at:https:///publication/275408226Smart Grid Standards: Specifications, Requirements, and TechnologiesBOOK · APRIL 2015DOI: 10.1002/9781118653722.indexREADS3368 AUTHORS, INCLUDING:Daniel M. KammenUniversity of California, Berkeley312 PUBLICATIONS 8,191 CITATIONSSEE PROFILEMuhammad TariqPrinceton University24 PUBLICATIONS 24 CITATIONSSEE PROFILEAvailable from: Muhammad TariqRetrieved on: 21 March 2016List of Standards for the Smart Grid Smart Grid Standards:Specifications,Requirements,and Technologies,First Edition.Takuro Sato,Daniel M.Kammen,Bin Duan,Martin Macuha,Zhenyu Zhou,Jun Wu,Muhammad Tariq and Solomon Abebe Asfaw.©2015John Wiley&Sons,Ltd.Published2015by John Wiley&Sons,Ltd.T y p e o f S t a n d a r d :A :P o w e r g e n e r a t i o n B :P o w e r c o n s u m p t i o n C :P o w e r d e l i v e r y D :D a t a e x c h a n g e E :S e c u r i t y o r s a f e t y F :E l e c t r i c S t o r a g eA p p l i c a t i o n o r s e r v i c e a r e a sS t a n d a r dB r i e f d e s c r i p t i o n sT y p e I s s u e r P r o g r e s s s t a t e I s s u i n g d a t e L o c a t i o n i n t h i s b o o kR e n e w a b l e E n e r g y G e n e r a t i o n (B i o m a s s )B S E N 14774-1T h e s t a n d a r d d e a l s w i t h t h e d e t e r m i n a t i o n o f m o i s t u r e c o n t e n t (o v e n d r y m e t h o d )A B r i t i s h S t a n d a r d I n s t i t u t i o n (B S I )P u b l i s h e d 2009C h a p t e r 2P a r t 1e x p l a i n s t h e t o t a l m o i s t u r e r e f e r e n c e m e t h o d P a r t 2e x p l a i n s t h e m o i s t u r e s i m p l i fi e d m e t h o d P a r t 3e x p l a i n s t h e m o i s t u r e i n g e n e r a l a n a l y s i s s a m p l e R e n e w a b l e E n e r g y G e n e r a t i o n (B i o m a s s )B S E N 14775T h e s t a n d a r d i s r e l a t e d t o e x t r a c t i n g o f a s h c o n t e n t AB S IP u b l i s h e d2009C h a p t e r 2R e n e w a b l e E n e r g y G e n e r a t i o n (B i o m a s s )B S E N 14918T h e s t a n d a r d i s r e l a t e d t o e x t r a c t i n g o f c a l o r i fi c v a l u e AB S IP u b l i s h e d2009C h a p t e r 2R e n e w a b l e E n e r g y G e n e r a t i o n (B i o m a s s )B S E N 14961-1T h e s t a n d a r d i s r e l a t e d t o s p e c i fi c a t i o n a n d c l a s s e s o f b i o f u e l (g e n e r a l s p e c i fi c a t i o n s )AB S IP u b l i s h e d2010C h a p t e r 2R e n e w a b l e E n e r g y G e n e r a t i o n (B i o m a s s )B S E N 15103T h e s t a n d a r d i s r e l a t e d t o b i o f u e l b u l k d e n s i t y AB S IP u b l i s h e d2009C h a p t e r 2R e n e w a b l e E n e r g y G e n e r a t i o n (B i o m a s s )B S E N 15148T h e s t a n d a r d d e a l s w i t h e x t r a c t i n g o f t h e c o n t e n t o f v o l a t i l e m a t t e rAB S IP u b l i s h e d2009C h a p t e r 2R e n e w a b l e E n e r g y G e n e r a t i o n (B i o m a s s )B S E N 15210T h e s t a n d a r d d e a l s w i t h e x t r a c t i n go f m e c h a n i c a l d u r a b i l i t y o f p e l l e t s a n d b r i q u e t t e s A B S I P u b l i s h e d C h a p t e r 2P a r t 1i s a b o u t t h e d e t e r m i n a t i o n o f t h e m e c h a n i c a l d u r a b i l i t y o f p e l l e t s a n d b r i q u e t t e s 15210-1(2009)P a r t 2i s a b o u t s o l i d b i o f u e l s15210-2(2010)R e n e w a b l e E n e r g y G e n e r a t i o n (B i o m a s s )C E N /T S 14588T h e s t a n d a r d i s r e l a t e d t o v a r i o u s t e r m i n o l o g y ,d e fi n i t i o n s ,a n d d e s c r i p t i o n s o f b i o f u e l sAE u r o p e a n C o m m i t t e e f o r S t a n d a r d i z a t i o n (C E N )P u b l i s h e d 2004C h a p t e r 2R e n e w a b l e E n e r g y G e n e r a t i o n (B i o m a s s )C E N /T S 14778T h e s t a n d a r d i s r e l a t e d t o b i o f u e l s a m p l i n g AC E N P u b l i s h e d 2005C h a p t e r 2P a r t 1i s a b o u t t h e m e t h o d s f o r b i o m a s s s a m p l i n g P a r t 2i s a b o u t m e t h o d s f o r s a m p l i n g p a r t i c u l a t e m a t e r i a l t r a n s p o r t e d i n l o r r i e s R e n e w a b l e E n e r g yG e n e r a t i o n (B i o m a s s )C E N /T S 14779T h e s t a n d a r d i s r e l a t e d t o b i o f u e l s a m p l i n g (m e t h o d s f o r p r e p a r i n g s a m p l i n g p l a n s a n d s a m p l i n g c e r t i fi c a t e s )A C E N P u b l i s h e d 2005C h a p t e r 2R e n e w a b l e E n e r g y G e n e r a t i o n (B i o m a s s )C E N /T S 14780T h e s t a n d a r d i s r e l a t e d t o t h e m e t h o d s f o r s a m p l e p r e p a r a t i o n AC E NP u b l i s h e d 2006C h a p t e r 2R e n e w a b l e E n e r g y G e n e r a t i o n (B i o m a s s )C E N /T S 15104T h e s t a n d a r d d e a l s w i t h t h e d e t e r m i n a t i o n o f t o t a l c o n t e n t o f c a r b o n ,h y d r o g e n ,a n d n i t r o g e n (i n s t r u m e n t a l m e t h o d s )AC E NP u b l i s h e d 2005C h a p t e r 2A p p l i c a t i o n o r s e r v i c e a r e a sS t a n d a r dB r i e f d e s c r i p t i o n sT y p e I s s u e rP r o g r e s s s t a t e I s s u i n g d a t e L o c a t i o n i n t h i s b o o kR e n e w a b l e E n e r g yG e n e r a t i o n (B i o m a s s )C E N /T S 15105T h e s t a n d a r d d e a l s w i t h t h e d e t e r m i n a t i o n o f t h e w a t e r s o l u b l e c o n t e n t o f c h l o r i d e ,s o d i u m ,a n d p o t a s s i u m A C E N P u b l i s h e d 2005C h a p t e r 2R e n e w a b l e E n e r g y G e n e r a t i o n (B i o m a s s )C E N /T S 15149T h e s t a n d a r d d e a l s w i t h t h e m e t h o d s f o r t h e d e t e r m i n a t i o n o f p a r t i c l e s i z e d i s t r i b u t i o n A C E N P u b l i s h e d 2006C h a p t e r 2P a r t 1i s r e l a t e d t o t h e o s c i l l a t i n g s c r e e n m e t h o d u s i n g s i e v e a p e r t u r e s o f 3.15m m a n d a b o v e P a r t 2i s b a s i c a l l y r e l a t e d t o t h e v i b r a t i n g s c r e e n m e t h o d u s i n g s i e v e a p e r t u r e s o f 3.15m m a n d b e l o w P a r t 3i s r e l a t e d t o t h e p a r t i c l e d e n s i t y o f b i o f u e l s R e n e w a b l e E n e r g y G e n e r a t i o n (B i o m a s s )C E N /T S 15210I t i s r e l a t e d t o t h e d e t e r m i n a t i o n o f m e c h a n i c a l d u r a b i l i t y A C E NP u b l i s h e d 2005C h a p t e r 2R e n e w a b l e E n e r g y G e n e r a t i o n (B i o m a s s )C E N /T S 15234T h i s s t a n d a r d i s r e l a t e d t o q u a l i t y o f b i o f u e l s AC E NP u b l i s h e d 2006C h a p t e r 2R e n e w a b l e E n e r g y G e n e r a t i o n (B i o m a s s )C E N /T S 15289T h e s t a n d a r d i s r e l a t e d t o t h e t o t a l c o n t e n t o f s u l f u r a n d c h l o r i n e t h a t a r e u s e d i n b i o f u e l s AC E NP u b l i s h e d 2006C h a p t e r 2R e n e w a b l e E n e r g y G e n e r a t i o n (B i o m a s s )C E N /T S 15290T h e s t a n d a r d d e a l s w i t h t h e d e t e r m i n a t i o n o f m a j o r e l e m e n t s o f b i o f u e l AC E N P u b l i s h e d 2006C h a p t e r 2R e n e w a b l e E n e r g y G e n e r a t i o n (B i o m a s s )C E N /T S 15296T h e s t a n d a r d i s r e l a t e d t o t h e a n a l y s i s o f d i f f e r e n t b a s e s i n b i o f u e l sA C E N P u b l i s h e d 2006C h a p t e r 2R e n e w a b l e E n e r g y G e n e r a t i o n (B i o m a s s )C E N /T S 15297T h e s t a n d a r d i s r e l a t e d t o t h e d e t e r m i n a t i o n o f m i n o r e l e m e n t s i n b i o f u e l A C E N P u b l i s h e d 2006C h a p t e r 2R e n e w a b l e E n e r g y G e n e r a t i o n (B i o m a s s )C E N /T S 15370-1T h e s t a n d a r d i s r e l a t e d t o t h e d e t e r m i n a t i o n o f a s h m e l t i n g b e h a v i o r o f b i o f u e l A C E N P u b l i s h e d 2006C h a p t e r 2R e n e w a b l e E n e r g y G e n e r a t i o n (F u e l C e l l )I E C 60079-29P a r t 1o f I E C 60079i s r e l a t e d t o e x p l o s i v e a t m o s p h e r e s ,g a s d e t e c t o r s ,t h a t i s ,p e r f o r m a n c e r e q u i r e m e n t s o f d e t e c t o r s f o r fl a m m a b l e g a s e s AI n t e r n a t i o n a l E l e c t r o -t e 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n a r y f u e l c e l l p o w e r s y s t e m s d e s i g n e d f o r r e s i d e n t i a l ,c o m m e r c i a l ,a n d a g r i c u l t u r e s y s t e m s AI E CP u b l i s h e d 2011C h a p t e r 2R e n e w a b l e E n e r g y G e n e r a t i o n (F u e l C e l l )I E C 62282-3-3I t i s r e l a t e d t o i n s t a l l a t i o n o f s t a t i o n a r y f u e l c e l l p o w e r s y s t e m sA I E C P u b l i s h e d 2007C h a p t e r 2A p p l i c a t i o n o r s e r v i c e a r e a sS t a n d a r dB r i e f d e s c r i p t i o n sT y p e I s s u e rP r o g r e s s s t a t e I s s u i n g d a t e L o c a t i o n i n t h i s b o o kR e n e w a b l e E n e r g yG e n e r a t i o n (F u e l C e l l )I E C 62282-5-1I t i s r e l a t e d t o s a f e t y o f p o r t a b l e f u e l c e l l a p p l i a n c e s AI E C P u b l i s h e d 2007C h a p t e r 2R e n e w a b l e E n e r g y G e n e r a t i o n (F u e l C e l l )I E C 62282-6-100I t i s r e l a t e d t o s a f e t y o f m i c r o f u 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l e c e l l t e s t m e t h o d f o r p o l y m e r e l e c t r o l y t e f u e l c e l l s A I E CP u b l i s h e d 2010C h a p t e r 2R e n e w a b l e E n e r g y G e n e r a t i o n (F u e l C e l l )I S O 23273I t i s r e l a t e d t o f u e l c e l l r o a d v e h i c l e s s a f e t y s p e c i fi c a t i o n sAI n t e r n a t i o n a l O r g a n i z a t i o n f o r S t a n d a r d i z a t i o n (I S O )P u b l i s h e d 2006C h a p t e r 2P a r t 1i s r e l a t e d t o v e h i c l e f u n c t i o n a l s a f e t y P a r t 2i s r e l a t e d t o t h e p r o t e c t i o n a g a i n s t h y d r o g e n h a z a r d s f o r v e h i c l e s f u e l e d w i t h c o m p r e s s e d h y d r o g e n g a s P a r t 3i s r e l a t e d t o p r o t e c t i o n o f p e r s o n s a g a i n s t e l e c t r i c s h o c kR e n e w a b l e E n e r g y G e n e r a t i o n (F u e l C e l l )I S O 23828I t i s r e l a t e d t o f u e l c e l l r o a d v e h i c l e ’s e n e r g y c o n s u m p t i o n m e a s u r e m e n t .P a r t 1d e a l s w i t h v e h i c l e s f u e l e d w i t h c o m p r e s s e d h y d r o g e n g a s )A I S O P u b l i s h e d 2008C h a p t e r 2R e n e w a b l e E n e r g y G e n e r a t i o n (F u e l C e l l )I S O /T R 11954I t d e a l s w i t h f u e l c e l l b a s e d v e h i c l e ’s m a x i m u m s p e e d m e a s u r e m e n t A I S O P u b l i s h e d 2008C h a p t e r 2R e n e w a b l e E n e r g y G e n e r a t i o n (F u e l C e l l )I S O 6469-1I t d e a l s w i t h s a f e t y s p e c i fi c a t i o n s o f e l e c t r i c a l l y p r o p e l l e d r o a d v e h i c l e s A I S O P u b l i s h e dC h a p t e r 2P a r t 1d e a l s w i t h o n -b o a r d r e c h a r g e a b l e e n e r g y s t o r a g e s y s t e m s (R E S S s )6469-1(2009)P a r t 2o f t h i s s t a n d a r d i s r e l a t e d t o v e h i c l e o p e r a t i o n a l s a f e t y m e a n s a n d p r o t e c t i o n a g a i n s t f a i l u r e s 6469-2(2009)P a r t 3s p e c i fi e s m e t h o d s f o r p r o t e c t i o n o f p e r s o n s a g a i n s t e l e c t r i c s h o c k 6469-3(2011)R e n e w a b l e E n e r g y G e n e r a t i o n (F u e l C e l l )I S O /T R 8713I t d e a l s w i t h v o c a b u l a r y o f e l e c t r i c a l l y p r o p e l l e d r o a d v e h i c l e s A I S O P u b l i s h e d 2012C h a p t e r 2R e n e w a b l e E n e r g y G e n e r a t i o n (F u e l C e l l )I S O 13985I t d e a l s w i t h l i q u i d h y d r o g e n i n l a n d v e h i c l e f u e l t a n k s AI S OP u b l i s h e d 2006C h a p t e r 2R e n e w a b l e E n e r g y G e n e r a t i o n (F u e l C e l l )I S O /T R 14687-2I t d e a l s w i t h t h e p r o d u c t s p e c i fi c a t i o n (P a r t 2–P E M f u e l c e l l a p p l i c a t i o n s f o r r o a d v e h i c l e s )AI S OP u b l i s h e d 2012C h a p t e r 2A p p l i c a t i o n o r s e r v i c e a r e a sS t a n d a r dB r i e f d e s c r i p t i o n sT y p e I s s u e rP r o g r e s s s t a t e I s s u i n g d a t e L o c a t i o n i n t h i s b o o kR e n e w a b l e E n e r g yG e n e r a t i o n (F u e l C e l l )I S O /P A S 15594I t d e a l s w i t h t h e a i r p o r t h y d r o g e n f u e l i n g f a c i l i t y o p e r a t i o n AI S O P u b l i s h e d 2004C h a p t e r 2R e n e w a b l e E n e r g y G e n e r a t i o n (F u e l C e l l )I S O 17268I t d e a l s w i t h t h e c o m p r e s s e d h y d r o g e n s u r f a c e v e h i c l e (r e f u e l i n g c o n n e c t i o n d e v i c e s )A I S O P u b l i s h e d 2006C h a p t e r 2R e n e w a b l e E n e r g y G e n e r a t i o n (F u e l C e l l )I S O /T S 15869I t d e a l s w i t h t h e g a s e o u s h y d r o g e n b l e n d s a n d h y d r o g e n f u e l s (l a n d v e h i c l e s f u e l t a n k s )A I S O P u b l i s h e d 2009C h a p t e r 2R e n e w a b l e E n e r g y G e n e r a t i o n (F u e l C e l l )I S O T R 15916I t d e a l s w i t h t h e b a s i c c o n s i d e r a t i o n s f o r t h e s a 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r 2R e n e w a b l e E n e r g y G e n e r a t i o n (F u e l C e l l )I S O 22734-1I t d e a l s w i t h h y d r o g e n g e n e r a t o r s u s i n g w a t e r e l e c t r o l y s i s p r o c e s sAI S OP u b l i s h e d 2008C h a p t e r 2P a r t 1d e a l s w i t h i n d u s t r i a l a n d c o m m e r c i a l a p p l i c a t i o n s P a r t 2o f t h i s s t a n d a r d i s r e l a t e d t o t h e r e s i d e n t i a l a p p l i c a t i o n s R e n e w a b l e E n e r g y G e n e r a t i o n (F u e l C e l l )I S O 26142I t d e a l s w i t h t h e h y d r o g e n d e t e c t o r a p p a r a t u s (s t a t i o n a r y a p p l i c a t i o n s )A I S O P u b l i s h e d 2010C h a p t e r 2R e n e w a b l e E n e r g y G e n e r a t i o n (F u e l C e l l )O I M L R 81I t i s r e l a t e d t o d y n a m i c m e a s u r i n g d e v i c e s a n d s y s t e m s f o r c r y o g e n i c l i q u i d sA I n t e r n a t i o n a l O r g a n i z a t i o n o f L e g a l M e t r o l o g y (O I M L 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