直接成本法与利量分析
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Chapter 20 直接成本法與利量分析
Direct Costing, CVP Analysis
Chapter 3 CVP Analysis(Horngren 12/e)
Chapter 10 Determining How Costs Behave (Horngren 12/e)
●影響成本習性的因素Factors Influencing Cost Behavior
1.產生量的大小V olume
2.成本本身的特性Inherent Nature of Cost Itself(Own or Rent , Piece Work Wages)
3.提供的產能Provision of Capacity
4.管理政策與決策Managerial Policies and Decision
5.成本控制Cost Control
6.投入生產因素的價格Price Paid for Input Items
7.會計方法的選擇Accounting Method
●固定成本的再分類Further Classification of Nonvariable Costs
1.既定成本Committed Costs
2.計劃成本Programmed(Managed Costs)
●成本估計的方法Cost Estimation Approaches
1.工程法Industrial Engineering Method
2.研討會法Conference Method
3.高低點法High-Low Method
4.最小平方法Method of Least Squares
●傳統成本法Conventional Costing
1.定義Definition
2.成本分攤的問題Cost Allocation Problem : High-Tech , Robotics Tech,
Overhead Cost有增加之趨勢
3.困擾與誤導Confusion & Misleading
(1) P≠S時參閱p20-9(Carter)
(2) Planned Production≠Actual Production
Idle Capacity Variance的問題
4.Internal Users內部使用者的困擾
(1) 損益兩平金額Break-Even Point
(2) 利潤規劃Profit Planning
(3) Price>Variable Cost,但小於Average Cost時的Decision
(4) 特殊訂單的決定Special Order
(5) 自製或外包Make or Outsourcing
(6) 放棄產品或部門的決策Drop Product or Department
●直接成本法Direct Costing
1定義Definition
2克服傳統成本法(Overcome Conventional Costing)的缺失
3特點沒有數量差異
●直接成本法(Direct Costing)如何轉換成吸收成本法(Absorption
Costing)
●利量分析的假設CVP Assumption
1.TC可分為Fixed及Variable Cost
2.VC , Price在Relevant Ranging是Linear
3.邊際貢獻(Contribution Margin)是直線
4.固定成本(FC)是常數
5.銷售組合(Sales Mixed)不變
6.生產力Productivity ,生產技術Production Tech,市場狀況Market
Condition不變
●邊際貢獻與銷貨毛利(Comparison of Contribution Margin and Gross
Margin)
●損益兩平圖與利量圖Break Even Chart and Cost-Volume-Profit
Chart
●安全邊際Margin of Safety
●Use of “What if analysis”
1. Changes in Selling Price
2. Changes in Sales V olume
3. Changes in Sales Mix
4. Changes in Variable Cost
5.Changes in Fixed Cost
●Sensitivity to Volume Changes
●直接成本法補充資料(P20-7) QST公司
Fixed Cost 每年$1,200,000 每季$300,000
Variable Cost 每年$60 (直接材料$30,直接人工$22,變動製造費用$8)
變動銷管費用@$5
固定銷管費用每年$800,000 每季$200,000
銷售價格@$100
Normal Capacity每年80,000台
2008年產銷資料如下:
1 2 3 4 Total
Budget 20,000台20,000台20,000台20,000台80,000台
生產20,000台18,000台20,000台22,000台80,000台
銷售20,000台20,000台18,000台18,000台76,000台
假設採標準成本,沒有材料和人工的差異及製造費用的預算差異。
採Direct Costing及Absorption Costing各季的淨利多少?請解釋差異的原因。
※答案 1 2 3 4
Direct $200,000 $200,000 $130,000 $130,000
Absorption $200,000 $170,000 $160,000 $190,000
計算式如下:
Direct Costing
1. ($100 -$60 -$5 ) × 20,000台-$30,000 -$200,000 =$20,000
2.$35 × 20,000台-$500,000 =$200,000
3.$35 × 18,000台-$500,000 =$130,000
4.$35 × 18,000台-$500,000 =$130,000
Absorption Costing
1.($100 -$75) × 20,000台-$5 × 20,000台-$200,000 =$200,000
2.$25 × 20,000台-$5 × 20,000台-$200,000 -$30,000 (不利的數量差異)
=$170,000
3.$25 × 18,000台-$5 × 18,000台-$200,000 =160,000
4.$25 × 18,000台-$5 × 18,000台-$200,000 +$30,000 (有利的數量差異)
=$190,000
請計算2008年QST公司每季和每年的損益兩平點(BEP)
1. 每季的BEP
$500,000 ÷$35 =14,285.7143台即$1,428,571.43
2. 每年的BEP
$2,000,000 ÷ 0.35=$5,714,285.7143
假設QST公司稅前淨利$800,000,則應銷貨多少?
($500,000+$800,000) ÷ 0.35=$3,714,285.7143
假設QST公司售價降至@$80,則BEP應多少?
$500,000 ÷$15 =33,333.33台即$80 × 33,333.33台=$2,666,666.4
Sales Mix (P20-21~P20-23)
FC=$1,600,000
A B Sales Mix
P $180 $110 1台
VC 100 70 2台
MC $80 $40
1.A銷售1台,B銷售2台的損益兩平點?
A1+B2
收入$400
VC 240
MC $160
$1,600,000 ÷$160 =10,000組
∴ A$180 × 10,000台=$1,800,000
B $110 × 2 × 10,000台=$2,200,000
2.如果A銷售1台,B銷售3台的損益兩平點?
A1+B2
收入180+110 × 3=$510
VC 100+70 ×3 =310
MC $200
$1,600,000 ÷$200=8,000組
3.如果A及B銷售各佔50%,則BEP各多少?
A50%+B50%
收入100 =100
VC 27.8 +31.8 =59.6
MC 22.22*+18.18** =40.4
BEP=$1,600,000 ÷ 0.404 =$3,960,396.0396
A應售11,001.1台,B應售18,001.8台
*50 × 80/180=22.22
** 50 × 40/110=18.18。