Green Products DO NOT Necessarily Make Us Better People
欧阳英文翻译
Interaction DesignWhat is Interaction DesignEvery moment of every day, millions of people send e-mail, talkon mobile phones, instant message each other, record TV showswith TiVo, and lis-ten to music on their iPods. All of these thingsare made possib le by good engineering. But it’s interactiondesign that makes them usable, useful, and fun.You benefit from good interaction design every time you:. Go to an automatic teller machine (ATM) and withdraw cashin a few simple touches on a screen.. Become engrossed in a computer game.. Share photos on the Web.. Text message a friend from your mobile phone.. Are treated quickly and well in an emergency room.. Post to your blog (Figure 1.1).Figure 1.1Blogging toolLiveJournal enablesone-to-manyinteractions.WHAT IS INTERACTION DESIGN?3But the reverse is often also true. We suffer from poor interactiondesign all around us. Thousands of interaction design problemswait to be solved— such as when you:. Try to use self-checkout at a grocery store and it takes youhalf an hour.. Can’t get your car to tell you what’s wrong with it when itbreaks down.. Wait at a bus stop with no idea when the next bus will arrive.. Struggle to synchronize your mobile phone to yourcomputer.. Stand in line for hours at the Department of Motor Vehicles.Any time you communicate with people through a device like amobile phone or computer or through a service like the DMV,interaction designers could be involved. Indeed, for the bestexperience, they should be involved.Back in 1990, Bill Moggridge, a principal of the design firm IDEO,real-ized that for some time he and some of his colleagues hadbeen creating a very different kind of design. It wasn’t productdesign exactly, but they were definitely designing products. Norwas it communication design, although they used some of thatdiscipline’s tools as well. It wasn’t computer science either,although a lot of it had to do with computers and software. No,this was something different. It drew on all those disciplines, butwas something else, and it had to do with connecting peoplethrough the products they used. Moggridge called this newpractice interaction design.In the years since then, interaction design has grown from a tiny,special-ized discipline to one practiced by tens of thousands ofpeople all over the world, many of whom don’t call themselvesinteraction designers and may not even be aware of thediscipline. Universities now offer degrees in it, and you’ll find practitioners of interaction design at every major software and design firm, as well as in banks such as Wells Fargo, hospitals such as the Mayo Clinic, and appliance manufacturers such as Whirlpool.The rise of the commercial Internet in the mid 1990s and the widespread incorporation of microprocessors into machines such as cars, dishwashers, and phones where previously they hadn’t been used led to this explosive growth in the number of interaction designers because suddenly a multitudeit’s not a science. Although best practices have emerged over the past three decades, the discipline has yet to arrive at hard and fast rules that can be proven via scientific methods and that are true in all instances. Interaction design is by its nature contextual: it solves specific problems under a particular set of cir-cumstances. For example, even though a 1994 Mosaic browser (Figure 1.2) is an excellent piece of interaction design, you wouldn’t install it on your com-puter now. It served its purpose for its time and context.of serious interaction problems needed to be solved. Our gadgets became digital, as did our workplaces, homes, transportation, and communica-tion devices. Our everyday stuff temporarily became unfamiliar to us; the confusion we once collectively had about how to set the clock on the VCR spread to our entire lives. We had to relearn how to dial a phone number and work the stereo and use our computers. It was the initial practitioners of interaction design—mostly coming from other disciplines—who helped us begin to make sense of our newly digitized world, and these same people now, aided by new interaction designers, continue to refi ne and practice the craft as our devices, and our world, grow ever more complex.What Are Interactions and Interaction Design?Although we experience examples of good and bad interaction design every day, interaction design as a discipline is tricky to define. In part, this is the result of its interdisciplinary roots: in industrial design, human factors, and human-computer interaction. It’s a lso because a lot of interaction design is invisible, functioning behind the scenes. Why do Windows and Mac OS X, which basically do the same thing and can, with some tinkering, even look identical, feel so different? It’s because interaction design is about behavior, and behavior is much harder to observe and understand than appearance. It’s much easier to notice and discuss a garish color than a subtle transac-tion that may, over time, drive you crazy.Interaction design is the art of facilitating interactions between humans through products and services. It is also, to a lesser extent, about the inter-actions between humans and those products that have some sort of ―aware-ness‖—that is, products with a microprocessor that are able to sense and respond to humans. Let’s break this definition down.Interaction design is an art—an applied art, like furniture making;WHAT ARE INTERACTIONS AND INTERACTION DESIGN?5Figure 1.2The Mosaicbrowserwas a fantastic piece ofinteractiondesign…for1994. Youwouldn’t useit now.Like other arts such as painting, interaction design involves manymethods and methodologies in its tasks, and ways of working goin and out of vogue and often compete for dominance. Currently,a very user-centered design methodology in which products areresearched and tested with users (see Chapter 4) is in style, butthis hasn’t always been the case, and recently these methodshave been challenged (see Chapter 2)—Microsoft performsexten-sive user testing and research; Apple, known for itsinnovative interaction design, does none.Interaction design is an applied art; its usefulness comes in its application to real problems, such as figuring out the best way to send e-mail. Its purpose is to foster communication—an interaction—between two or more human beings or, to a lesser degree, between a human and an artificial entity capa-ble of responding in some manner, such as a computer, mobile phone, or digital appliance. These communications can take many forms; they can be one-on-one as with a telephone call, one-to-many as with a blog, or many-to-many as with the stock market. Whenpeople communicate through or with something—a phone, a blog, the stock market—they need those products and services designed to pro-vide an optimal experience that facilitates interaction. Those products are the rich soil in which interaction design grows, and thanks to the Internet, wireless devices, mobile phones, and a host of other technologies, the soil is richer than ever.Note that these products do not necessarily involve a computer screen. They can be digital (software) or analog (robots), physical (PDAs) or incorporeal (workfl ows), or some combination thereof. There are interaction designers (called imagineers) working at Disney theme parks, for instance, who work in all these realms when creating a single attraction. Interaction design tal-ents are also employed to create systems such as the Netflix movie rental service or City CarShare, a service for sharing cars, which involve nondigi-tal components, as we’ll discuss in Chapter 8.Since technology frequently changes, good interaction design doesn’t align itself to any one technology or medium in particular. Interaction design should be technologically agnostic, concerned only with the right tech-nologies for the task at hand, be it a complex software application or a simple sign.Interaction design is concerned with the behavior of products and services, with how products and services work. Interaction designers should spend a great deal of time defining these behaviors (see Chapter 5), but they should never forget that the goal is to facilitate interactions between humans. Cer-tainly, many interaction designers work with products that have ―aware-ness‖—the ability to sense and respond to human input—such as computers, mobile phones, and many so-called smart environments. But interaction design isn’t about interaction with computers (that’s the discipline of human-computer interaction) or interaction with machines (that’s industrial design). It’s about making connections between people through these products, not connecting to the product itself.Why Interaction Design?The term design can be difficult to get a handle on. Consider this infamous sentence by design history scholar John Heskett: ―Design is to design a design to produce a design.‖Challenges of Interaction DesignInteraction designers must deal with five basic challenges inherent to the form. These challenges are faced by all interaction designers no matter what type of technology or devices they are designing.When interaction designers have done their job well, the final product will balance the challenges faced with both the ability of human users and the limitations of the technology. The designer must be able to mesh both human and computer languages into a design that is as seamless and responsive as possible. To overcome the challenges of interaction design, the designer must not only balance the respective limitations of user and computer, but must also balance comfort and efficiency.The five challenges of interaction design are as follows:∙Communication– The fundamental goal of interaction design istwo-way communication between the user and the computer. In this respect, the designers can be thought of as translators, converting the respective languages and modes so they are understandable to both parties. This can often mean more than simple translation in that even the subtleties of communication, such as colloquialisms, must be taken into account.∙Action and Reaction– Every instance of communicating involves action and reaction. The action and reaction aspect of interaction design is thought of as the heart of the process. A good designer must anticipate the possible and probable reactions to each action for both sides.∙Condition– For communication to be effective, the designer must allow for each party to understand the current condition or state of the other party. When people communicate to each other, part of the communication is assessing the condition of the other, such as emotional state, alertness and readiness to respond. Inhuman-computer relations, the user must understand the condition or state of the device in order to understand if the communication is occurring. In turn, the device must be aware of the conditionof the user so it can predict how to reaction to each action orinstance of inaction.Flow– The flow of the communication is mostly centred on the computer side of the interaction. The flow allows the computer to efficiently follow steps and multi-task various operations to make the user experience efficient and easy-to-follow. As a user browses, selects options or activates features, the computer must process the commands and display results while preparing to predict the next possible actions. In most cases, the flow of the computer operation is designed around the flow of human operation.Errors– All forms of communication inherently involve the risk of miscommunication. The hallmark of effective communication is reducing the risk of miscommunication and efficiently resolving miscommunication that occurs. An interaction designer must predict all forms of miscommunication, mistakes and errors that can occur so they can be effectively handled with minimal disruption in the communication as they occur.First Principles of Interaction DesignT he following principles are fundamental to the design and implementation of effective interfaces, whether for traditional GUI environments, the web, or mobile devices. Of late, many web applications and mobile device apps and even operating systems have reflected a lack of understanding of many of these principles of interaction design, to their detriment. Because an application or service appears on the web or mobile device, the principles do not change. If anything, applying these principles becomes even more important.• Belorussian Version:/edu/designedtogivefitts-be/• Deutsche (Ger man) Version:/de/publications/translations//firstprinciples/• Italian Version:/tutorial/interaction_design-ask_tog/pricipi_di_interaction_design.html• Nederlands (Dutch) Version:/nl/translations/000187.html• Polish Version:http://offline.pl/blog/podstawy-projektowania-interakcji.html• Portuguese Version:/principios.html• Spanish Version:/es/articulos/principios-diseno-de-interaccion.htmlEffective interfaces are visually apparent and forgiving, instilling in their users a sense of control. Users quickly see the breadth of their options, grasp how to achieve their goals, and do their work.Effective interfaces do not concern the user with the inner workings of the system. Work is carefully and continuously saved, with full option for the user to undo any activity at any time.Effective applications and services perform a maximum of work, while requiring a minimum of information from users.This work is copyright 2003 by Bruce Tognazzini. Permission to make copies for personal use is granted without reservation, provided this copyright notice remains on the copy. Please contact the author for permission to republish on a web site, to publish in bound form, or to make multiple copies, except that educators andin-house corporate trainers may make sufficient copies for their own students. No commerical use may be made of the work beyond this in-house exception. This notice must be retained together with any version of the work.AnticipationApplications should attempt to anticipate the user’s wants and needs. Do not expect users to search for or gather information or evoke necessary tools. Bring to the user all the information and tools needed for each step of the process.AutonomyThe computer, the interface, and the task environment all "belong" to the user, but user-autonomy doesn’t mean we abandon rules.Give users some breathing room. Users learn quickly and gain a fast sense of mastery when they are placed "in charge." Paradoxically, however, peopledo not feel free in the absence of all boundaries (Yallum, 1980). A little child will cry equally when held too tight or left to wander in a large and emptywarehouse. Adults, too, feel most comfortable in an environment that isneither confining nor infinite, an environment explorable, but not hazardous.∙Use status mechanisms to keep users aware and informed.No autonomy can exist in the absence of control, and control cannot beexerted in the absence of sufficient information. Status mechanisms are vital to supplying the information necessary for workers to respond appropriately to changing conditions. As a simple example, workers, failing statusinformation, will tend to maintain heightened pressure on themselves during slow periods, until the moment the work actually runs out. This will stressand fatigue them unnecessarily, so that when the next rush occurs, theymay be lacking the physical and mental reserves to handle it.∙Keep status information up to date and within easy viewUsers should not have to seek out status information. Rather, they should be able to glance at their work environment and be able to gather at least a first approximation of state and workload. Status information can be quite subtle: the inbox icon could be switched to show an empty, somewhat full, or stuffed state. This, however, should not be overdone. The Macintosh, for years,showed an icon of a trashcan of imminent danger of explosion if a singledocument was placed therein. Users quickly formed the habit of emptyingthe trashcan as soon as the first document hit. This not only turned asingle-step operation into a two-step operation (drag to the trash, thenempty the trash), it negated the entire power of the trashcan, namely, undo.As another positive example, a search field icon can change color andappearance to indicate that the search is in progress or has been completed with too many matches, too few matches, or just enough. (Like any element of the interface, just color is not enough; 10% of males show some indication of color blindness. Even a higher percentage may have temporaryalterations in perception of blue under varying conditions.)∙Color Blindness Any time you use color to convey information in the interface, you should also use clear, secondary cues to convey the information to those who won't be experiencing any color coding today.Most people have color displays nowadays, but they are not universal. In addition, approximately 10% of human males, along with a rare sprinkling of females, have some form of color blindness.The cones in the eye are the source of color vision. We have cones separately sensitive to red, green, and blue. If the red ones are not functioning that is called protanopia. If the green are not functioning, that is called deuteranopia. Absence of blue, extremely rare, is called tritanopia.Protanopia and deuteranopia are the most popular forms of color blindness, collectively called red/green blindness. (There are, in fact, significant differences in their effects, but those differences have no real effect on interaction design.) While tritanopia is far more rare, it nonetheless rules out dependence on yellow-blue differentiation without secondary cues.Secondary cues can consist of anything from the subtlety of gray scale differentiation to having a different graphic or different text label associated with each color presented.ConsistencyThe following principles, taken together, offer the interaction designer tremendous latitude in the evolution of a product without seriously disrupting those areas of consistency most important to the user.Levels of consistency: The importance of maintaining strict consistency varies. The following list is ordered from those interface elementsdemanding the most faithful consistency effort to those demanding the least.Paradoxically, many people assume that the order of items one through five should be exactly the reverse, leading to applications that look alike, but act completely different in unpredictable ways:1.Interpretation of user behavior, e. g., shortcut keys maintaintheir meanings.2.Invisible structures.3.Small visible structures.4.The overall "look" of a single application or service--splashscreens, design elements.5.A suite of products.6.In-house consistency.7.Platform-consistency."Invisible structures" refers to such invisible objects as Microsoft Word'sclever little right border that has all kinds of magical properties, if you ever discover it is there. It may or may not appear in your version of Word. And if it doesn't, you'll never know for sure that it isn't really there, on account of it's invisible. Which is exactly what is wrong with invisible objects and whyconsistency is so important. Other objects are, strictly speaking, visible, butdo not appear to be controls, so users, left to their own devices, might never discover their manipulability. The secret, if you absolutely insist on one,should be crisp and clean, for example, "you can click and drag the edges of current Macintosh windows to size them," not, "You can click and dragvarious things sometimes, but not other things other times.""Small visible structures" refers to icons, size boxes, scroll arrows, etc. The appearance of such objects needs to be strictly controlled if people are not to spend half their time trying to figure out how to scroll or how to print.Location is only just slightly less important than appearance. Where it makes sense to standardize location, do so.∙Inconsistency: It is just important to be visually inconsistent when things must act differently as it is to be visually consistent when things act thesame.Avoid uniformity. Make objects consistent with their behavior. Make objects that act differently look different.∙The most important consistency is consistency with user expectations.The only way to ascertain user expectations is to do user testing. No amount of study and debate will substitute.Defaults∙Defaults should be easy to "blow away:" Fields containing defaults should come up selected, so users can replace the default contents with newmaterial quickly and easily.∙Defaults should be "intelligent" and responsive.∙Do not use the word "default" in an application or service. Replace with "Standard," "Use Customary Settings," "Restore Initial Settings," or someother more specific terms describing what will actually happen.∙Efficiency of the User Look at the user's productivity, not the computer's.People cost a lot more money than machines, and while it might appear that increasing machine productivity must result in increasing humanproductivity, the opposite is often true. In judging the efficiency of a system, look beyond just the efficiency of the machine.For example, which of the following takes less time? Heating water in amicrowave for one minute and ten seconds or heating it for one minute and eleven seconds?From the standpoint of the microwave, one minute and ten seconds is the obviously correct answer. From the standpoint of the user of the microwave, one minute and eleven seconds is faster. Why? Because in the first case, the user must press the one key twice, then visually locate the zero key, move the finger into place over it, and press it once. In the second case, the user just presses the same key–the one key–three times. It typically takes more than one second to acquire the zero key. Hence, the water is heated faster when it is "cooked" longer.Other factors beyond speed make the 111 solution more efficient. Seeking out a different key not only takes time, it requires a fairly high level ofcognitive processing. While the processing is underway, the main task the user was involved with–cooking their meal–must be set aside. The longer it is set aside, the longer it will take to reacquire it.Additionally, the user who adopts the expedient of using repeating digits for microwave cooking faces fewer decisions. They soon abandon figuring out, for example, whether bacon should be cooked for two minutes and tenseconds or two minutes and twenty-three seconds. They do a fast estimate and, given the variability of water content and bacon thickness, end up with as likely a successful result with a lot less dickering up front, again increasing human efficiency.∙Keep the user occupied.Since, typically, the highest expense in a business is labor cost. Any time the user must wait for the system to respond before they can proceed, money is being lost.∙To maximize the efficiency of a business or other organization you must maximize everyone’s efficiency, not just the efficiency of a single group.Large organizations tend to be compartmentalized, with each group looking out for its own interests, sometimes to the detriment of the organization asa whole. Information resource departments often fall into the trap ofcreating or adopting systems that result in increased efficiency and lowered costs for the information resources department, but only at the cost oflowered productivity for the company as a whole.For example, one large California corporation used floppy disks as themedium for collecting benefit enrollment information. At the beginning of open enrollment, each employee would receive a disk with the enrollment applications on which he or she would insert into their computer and run.After asking for the employee’s name, address, phone number, department name, etc., the employee would be permitted to step through all the variousbenefits, ultimately returning the disk which now contained all their answers and decisions. The IR department then sucked the data off each disk and entered it into their system, all automatically. The IR department saved a great deal of money over the old system, where they had to key in the employee’s decisions from a paper form.What was the problem? Instead of the IR department bearing the burden of keying in the employees’ decision s, each and every employee now bore the burden of typing in his or her name, address, phone number, department name, etc. The system was just as inefficient as before, but now the cost was borne by all departments, rather than having it concentrated in the IRdepartment’s budget.∙The great efficiency breakthroughs in software are to be found in the fundamental architecture of the system, not in the surface design of the interface.This simple truth is why it is so important for everyone involved in a software project to appreciate the importance of making user productivity goal one and to understand the vital difference between building an efficient system and empowering an efficient user. This truth is also key to the need for close and constant cooperation, communication, and conspiracy betweenengineers and human interface designers if this goal is to be achieved.∙Write help messages tightly and make them responsive to the problem: good writing pays off big in comprehension and efficiency.∙Menu and button labels should have the key word(s) first.Example from a fictitious word processor:Wrong:∙Insert page break∙Add Footnote∙Update Table of ContentsRight:Insert:∙Page break∙Footnote∙Table of contentsHere, the first example, with its leading words, is actually more informative and more accurate: one does not "insert" a footnote if it is to be placed after all the other footnotes. And one does not insert a table of contents if there is already a table of contents there. Instead, one updates it. Still, the second example will prove much more efficient in time-trials. Why? Because theextra information the first example offers does not outweigh the advantage of being able to scan only the first word in each menu item to find the specific menu item you are after.Explorable Interfaces∙Give users well-marked roads and landmarks, then let them shift into four-wheel drive.Mimic the safety, smoothness, and consistency of the natural landscape.Don’t trap users into a single path through a service, but do offer them a line of least resistance. This lets the new user and the user who just wants to get the job done in the quickest way possible and "no-brainer" way through,while still enabling those who want to explore and play what-if a means to wander farther afield.∙Sometimes, however, you have to provide deep ruts.The closer you get to the naive end of the experience curve, the more you have to rein in your users. A single-use application for accomplishing anunknown task requires a far more directive interface than a habitual-useinterface for experts.∙Offer users stable perceptual cues for a sense of "home."Stable visual elements not only enable people to navigate fast, they act as dependable landmarks, giving people a sense of "home."∙Make Actions reversiblePeople explore in ways beyond navigation. Sometimes they want to find out what would happen if they carried out some potentially dangerous action.Sometimes they don’t want to find out, but they do anyway by accident.By making actions reversible, users can both explore and can "get sloppy"with their work.。
新疆石河子第一中学2024-2025学年高一上学期9月月考英语试题
新疆石河子第一中学2024-2025学年高一上学期9月月考英语试题一、阅读理解Paris is one of the most-visited destinations in the world. A relaxing trip to Paris takes a little bit of planning. Here are some tips for you to make your trip smooth.Planning your tripHave a passport for international travel. A passport costs $110 and takes 6-8weeks to arrive after you apply.Booking FlightsThe cheapest month to fly is March, especially if you can leave on a Monday, Tuesday, or Wednesday. You’ll save even more money by booking around 90 days in advance. In the summer months, tickets will be more expensive no matter when you book.Enjoying Your Time●Visit the Eiffel TowerThe Eiffel Tower is the most recognizable symbol of Paris. To avoid the crowds, go to the Eiffel Tower early in the morning. It costs €25 to go to the top, or €10 to climb to the first 2 levels on foot.● See the Notre Dame CathedralAt present, the Notre Dame Cathedral is closed to tourists due to the fire that destroyed parts of the cathedral. However, you can still visit the outside of the cathedral.● Go to the Louvre to see world-famous artThe Louvre hosts the Mona Lisa along with 35, 000 other pieces of art. If you’re pressed for time, visit the highlights. The Louvre costs €15 at the museum or €17 in advance (to skip most of the line).● Take a day trip to VersaillesIf you have a day to spare, head to the palace of Versailles, around 14 miles southwest of the city. Take a tour to see King Louis XVI’s palace and gardens. It costs €20 to visit the palace and grounds.1．When can we book plane tickets to save the most money?A．In March.B．In June.C．In August.D．In December.2．Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage?A．You can climb to the top of the Eiffel Tower free of charge.B．Visitors can pay an extra to save the queue time in visiting the Louvre.C．The Notre Dame Cathedral was completely destroyed in a fire.D．Visiting the palace of Versailles is the most expensive among the four attractions. 3．Where is the text probably taken from?A．A travel brochure B．A course plan.C．A research paper.D．An encyclopedia.When I learned that my 71-year-old mother was playing Scrabble—a word game—against herself, I knew I had to do something. My husband suggested we give her a computer to play against.I wasn’t sure my mother was ready for it. After all, it had taken 15 years to persuade her to buy an electric cooker. Even so, we packed up our old computer and delivered it to my parents’ home. And so began my mother’s adventure in the world of computers.It also marked the beginning of an unusual teaching task for me. I’d taught people of all ages, but I never thought I would be teaching my mother how to do anything. She had been the one teaching me all my life: to cook and sew, to enjoy the good times and put up with the bad. Now it was my turn to give something back.It wasn’t easy at the beginning. There was so much to explain and to introduce. Slowly but surely, my mother caught on, making notes in a little notebook. After a few months of Scrabble and other games, I decided it was time to introduce her to word processing. This proved to be a bigger challenge to her, so I gave her some homework. I asked her to write me a letter, using different letter types, colors and spaces.“Are you this demanding with your kindergarten pupils?” she asked.“No, of course not,” I said. “They already know how to use a computer.”My mother isn’t the only one experiencing a fast personal growth period. Thanks to the computer, my father has finally got over his phone allergy. For as long as I can remember, any time I called, my mother would answer. Dad and I have had more phone conversations in the last two months than we’ve had in the past 20 years.4．Why did the author decide to give her mother a computer?A．To help her through the bad times.B．To make her life more enjoyable.C．To support her in doing her homework.D．To let her have more chances to write letters.5．What does the author do according to the text?A．She is a teacher.B．She is a cook.C．She is a housewife.D．She is a computer engineer.6．Why did the author ask her mother to write her a letter?A．To keep in touch with her mother.B．To free her mother from heavy housework.C．To practice what her mother had learned.D．To prevent her mother from using the telephone.7．What happened to the author’s father after the computer was brought home?A．He played even more games.B．He became skilled at it.C．He lost interest in cooking.D．He took more phone calls.According to new research from the University of Cambridge in England, sheep are able to recognize human faces from photographs.The farm animals, which are social and have large brains, were previously known to be able to recognize one another, as well as familiar humans. However, their ability to recognize human faces from photos alone is novel (新奇的).The recent study, the results of which were published in the journal Royal Society: Open Science, shows the woolly creatures could be trained to recognize still images of human faces, including those of former President Barack Obama and actress Emma Watson.First, the sheep were trained to get close to certain images by being given food rewards. Later, they were able to recognize the images for which they had been rewarded. The sheep could even recognize images of faces shown at an angle.“Anyone who has spent time working with sheep will know that they are smart, individual animals who are able to recognize their handlers,” said Professor Jenny Morton, who led theCambridge study. “We’ve shown with our study that sheep have advanced face-recognition abilities, comparable with those of humans and monkeys.”Recognizing faces is one of the most important social skills for human beings, and some disorders of the brain, including Huntington’s disease, have a bad effect on this ability.“Sheep are long-lived and have brains that are similar in size and complexity to those of some monkeys. That means they can be useful models to help us understand disorders of the brain, such as Huntington's disease, which develop over a long time and influence cognitive (认知的) abilities. Our study gives us another way to study how these abilities change.” Morton said. 8．According to the new research, what’s unusual about sheep?A．They have large brains.B．They can recognize their owners.C．They can recognize human faces from photographs.D．They know the differences between animals and humans.9．How did the researchers train the sheep?A．By giving food rewards.B．By showing photos of famous people.C．By guiding them to follow their handlers.D．By showing photos of humans and monkeys by turns.10．What can be inferred from the last two paragraphs?A．Sheep are more clever than monkeys.B．The new discovery is helpful to study cognitive ability changes.C．The sheep’s face-recognition ability may prevent brain disorders.D．The face-recognition ability is the most important skill for sheep.11．What’s the main idea of the passage?A．It discusses the life of sheep.B．It’s about a wonderful scientist.C．It tells us a new discovery about sheep.D．It shows how sheep recognize human faces.E-wasteThe Republic of Korea is dealing with increasing totals of waste from electronic products -“e-waste”.Now, some local governments in the Republic of Korea are starting special e-waste recycling programs. The city of Seoul throws out about 10 tons of e-waste each year. About 20 percent of that goes to the Seoul Resource (资源) Center, also known as the SR Center. There, electronic products are taken apart so that valuable metals like gold or copper can be extracted (提取) and reused. Korean officials say it is a $3.8 billion-dollar industry.Ji Un-geun is the CEO of the SR Center. He says reusing electronic parts is not only about making money and the final goal of this program is to protect the environment. He says, “our planet has a limited total of natural resources. Our company contributes to an eco-friendly society by saving these materials.”The Seoul city government partnered with the SR Center to collect e-waste. Lee Tae-hong lives in the city of Seoul. He says reusing electronic parts is also about protecting personal information from attack. He says, “If electronic products like phones are not taken apart and reused, then they could illegally end up in other countries, and personal information could be stolen.”Koreans keep buying more and more electronic products. And in general, every Korean buys a new mobile phone every 18 months. Lee Joo-hong is with Green Consumers (消费者) Net-work. He says, “People change their phones so quickly partially because companies offer special deals to buy new products. And Korean consumers do not want to feel left out by not having the latest model.”Ji Un-geun says that consumer behavior is a big reason why old phones continue to appear at the recycling center. But he says he is doing his part to reduce that. He says, “I have had this same phone for 10 years. It is what I can do to help protect our natural resources.”12．We can learn that the final aim of the SR Center’s program is to ________.A．extract valuable metals from e-wasteB．make more money from reusing metalsC．recycle natural resources at a lower priceD．protect the environment from being polluted13．According to Lee Joo-hong, Koreans like to buy new phones to ________.A．experience a green life B．keep up with the latest fashionC．show off their wealth to neighbors D．get more money from the companies14．Ji Un-geun has used the same phone for ten years because ________.A．he can’t afford to buy a new one B．he has a habit of using old thingsC．he tries to help save natural resources D．he stores all his information in the phone 15．What is the main idea of the passage?A．Koreans collect metals from e-waste.B．Koreans attempt to reuse more e-waste.C．Koreans change their phones many times.D．Koreans waste too many electronic products.Maybe you are an average boy or girl. You probably think you will never be a top student. This is not necessarily so, however. Anyone can become a better student if he or she wants to. Here’s how:16 . When planning your work, you should make a list of things that you have to do. After making this list, you should make a schedule of your time. First set your time for eating, sleeping, dressing, etc. Then decide a good, regular time for studying. Don’t forget to set aside enough time for entertainment. A weekly schedule may not solve all your problems, but it will force you to realize what is happening to your time.Find a good place to study. 17 . Keep this space, which may be a desk or simply a comer of your room, free of everything but study materials. Do stay away from games, radios, or television. When you sit down to begin, concentrate on the subject.Make full use of your time in class. 18 . Focusing on each class means less work later. Taking notes will help you remember what the teacher says.Study regularly. When you get home from school, go over your notes. Review the important points that your teacher is going to discuss the next day, read that material. 19 . If you do these things regularly, the material will become more meaningful, and you’ll remember it longer.Develop a good attitude towards tests. The purpose of a test is to show what you have learned about a subject. They help you remember your new knowledge. The world won’t end if you don’t pass a test, so don’t be overly worried.20 . You will probably discover many others after you have tried these.A．Have confidence in yourself.B．Arrange your time carefully and wisely.C．This will help you understand the next class.D．Look around the house for a good study area.E．There are other methods that might help you with your study.F．No one can become a top student unless he or she works hard.G．Take advantage of class time to listen to everything the teacher says.二、完形填空Many years ago, we came across a dog at an animal shelter ( 收容所) while looking for a companion (同伴) for our dog, Bear. This dog seemed to be meant for us and we 21 him, so we took him home. We thought the 22 name for the new dog was Bear Junior, and so it was.Bear Junior would wake me up every morning at 4: 30 a.m. to go for a 23 . He’d touch my face with his nose and I would soon 24 . I once had to 25 for two days after an illness. My wife got up to 26 him for his morning walk. He held a sit-down strike (罢工) next to me and 27 to move. It worked.Bear Junior felt it was his 28 to help all who needed it, no matter where he went.One day, I took Bear Junior to the dog park. We had just started our walk when a small dog was barking (吠叫) for 29 . We could see a big dog cornering him. Bear Junior went into 30 , placing himself between the two, facing the big dog. I shouted, “Bear Junior! This is not your 31 !” But he refused to let anything 32 until the owners were able to take control.One winter, I was playing with Bear Junior in the snow. Across the street, an elderly lady 33 on a block of ice. Bear Junior 34 me, ran across the street, and sat right against her side. She used his collar (项圈) to pull herself up. Two days later, she came to our door with dog goodies to 35 Bear Junior.21．A．lost B．saved C．remembered D．loved22．A．popular B．perfect C．real D．short 23．A．walk B．show C．test D．swim 24．A．awake B．worry C．return D．change 25．A．stay B．wait C．rest D．practice 26．A．ask B．meet C．punish D．take 27．A．forgot B．feared C．refused D．continued 28．A．chance B．responsibility C．promise D．ability 29．A．help B．food C．praise D．reply 30．A．training B．game C．action D．treatment 31．A．mistake B．business C．answer D．question 32．A．happen B．disappear C．stop D．follow 33．A．worked B．stood C．played D．fell 34．A．accepted B．left C．saw D．protected 35．A．attract B．catch C．guide D．thank三、语法填空阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。
绿色包装外文翻译
ENVIRONMENT-FRIENDLY products are likely to find increasing favor as environmental awareness and sustainability are increasingly linked to health, organic and natural foods and beverages. Products will be scrutinized for sustainable materials and packaging. In fact, the most recent Pira survey of the World Packaging Organization membership ranks health awareness as the single most important driver to growth in the packaging industry with 63.6% of its membership rating this factor as "very important".
The influence of the supply chain also cannot be underestimated. In recent years, there has been a shift in "power" in the supply chain. It used to be that manufacturer called the shots, but these days, supermarket chains are using their power in the chain to influence how food products get to the shelves. One obvious example is the retailing giant, Wal-Mart, whose packaging sustainability scorecard for its product suppliers to make their packaging more sustainable has been influential in driving changes in the packaging industry.
英语科普环保类阅读试题答案及解析
英语科普环保类阅读试题答案及解析1. February 16, 2014（VOA）JAKARTA — The United States and China say they recognize the need for "urgent action" to address the twin challenges of climate change and the air pollution caused by burning fossil fuels. U.S. Secretary of State John Kerry called for greater political will to address a warming planet.China is the leading producer of greenhouse gases and joins the United States as the largest consumers of energy. So U.S. officials say the world's two biggest economies agreeing to limit emissions and promote energy efficiency in buildings and industry "sends a strong message to the world" that this is an issue that needs to be addressed now.Following that agreement with Chinese leaders, Secretary Kerry told an audience in Indonesia that Washington hopes this "unique partnership" with Beijing will help set an example for global leadership and global seriousness on climate change.Kerry Warns About Global Climate Change"Together we account for roughly 40 percent of the world’s emissions. But this is not just about China and the United States," Kerry said. "It is about every country on Earth doing whatever it can to pursue cleaner and healthier energy sources.Kerry said scientific evidence compels the world to act."It is not a lack of ability that is the problem," Kerry said. "It is a lack of political resolve that is standing in our way.The European Union is calling for a 40 percent cut in carbon emissions by 2030. European Commission President Jose Manuel Barroso says that target is ambitious and affordable."It shows that we are beyond debate where we either have to be green or a defender of industry," Barroso said. "We believe these two issues are not contradictory, but can perfectly go together if handled smartly.Some European parliamentarians and some environmentalists believe the carbon reduction goals do not do enough to encourage cleaner energy. Jason Anderson heads European climate and energy policy for the World Wildlife Fund."We want to make sure that they do not put the brakes on the energy transition that we are seeing now," Anderson said. "Their ambitions for renewable energy would actually slow down the pace of change, which it is completely senseless as it is one of those areas of the economy that is growing right now.Kerry's climate speech was the first in a series of events meant to focus on cutting carbon emissions before talks in Paris next year on coming up with a successor to the 1997 Kyoto Protocol, which was never ratified by the United States. （）419【1】European Commission President Jose Manuel Barroso believes that________.A．The European Union accounts for 40 percent of the world’s emissions.B．we either have to be green or a defender of industry.C．we have to be green and a defender of industry if handled smartly.D．the carbon reduction goals do not do enough to encourage cleaner energy.【答案】C【解析】考查细节理解。
新视野第三版1 section A Words and Expressions
Words in useUnit 11、Given the chance to show his ability,he regained confidence(n.信任信赖，自信心) and began to succeed in school.2、It is so difficult to explore(v.勘探，探测)the bottom of the ocean because some parts are very deep.3、It was about 30 seconds before Alex emerged(v.出现，为···所公认) from the water;we were quite scared.4、We often assume(v.认为，假定，假设) that when other people do the same things as we do, they do them for the same reasons; but this assumption is not always reasonable.5、There is widespread concern that the rising unemployment may pose(v.摆姿势，导致)a threat to social stability.6、After a(n) comprehensive(a.综合的，多方面的) physical exam, my doctor said I was in good condition except that my blood pressure was a little high.7、It is well known that China is a country with rich natural resources(n.资源) and a very big population.8、Some people believe that the earth can yield(v.产生,出产,屈从,让步)enough food to support at least twice its present population.9、Sam inherited(v.沿袭，秉承，继承)the gift of imagination from his family, but he lacked the driving power to take action.10、A bee that has found honey is able to transmit(v.传送，传递，传播) to other bees the information they need in order to collect the honey.Unit21、He has a special feeling for the brilliant birds, and each spring he eagerly awaits（等待）their return.2、Thanks to the efficiency（效率，效能）of air transport, everyone is free to go anywhere at any time.3、John believes that the donation（捐助）of food to the hungry is more helpful than giving money.4、Mary was a careful speaker; every word seemed to have been polished（擦光，擦亮，修改，上润光剂）before it was allowed to escape through her lips.5、When she heard it was snowing in the city they were going to, she stuffed（装满，填满）two more sweaters into her bag.6、During our stay in Europe we visited many places of historical（有关历史的）interest, including several castles.7、The wedding ceremony of my sister was a very emotional（情绪上的，情感上的）experience for our family.8、He was embarrassed（使尴尬，使窘迫）when he discovered that he didn't have enough money to pay for the red wine he had ordered.9、The local government is pressed to find new places dump（丢弃，扔掉）to waste.10、The new system designed to curb（控制，抑制）harmful emissions (排放物)fromfactories will be put into use soon.Unit 31、To make our companies competitive竞争性强的，有竞争力的in the market, we have to be more creative and productive.2、People are beginning to realize that to transform使改观，使变形nature at will is the biggest mistake that man has ever made.3、It is difficult to conclude what a(n) typical典型的有代表student does in his spare time because every student has different interests.4、A month ago I wrote to the store complaining about its bad service, but I haven't gotten a(n) response反应，响应yet.5、Some of your suggestions have been adopted采用采纳收养, but others have been turned down as they are not workable.6、All of a sudden, he lost his interest in engineering, and focused焦点重点，集中于···his attention on learning a foreign language.7、If a company decreases health benefits for its employees, they should increase salaries to compensate补偿，弥补the workers.8、I failed to pass the exam although I had worked very hard. I should analyze 分析，剖析the causes of my failure.9、When you do yoga, try to regulate调整校准调your breathing. Don't breathe too fast and make sure you breathe only through your nose.10、It was difficult to estimate 估计，估算how many people had been wounded in the earthquake.Unit 41、Fortunately, the accident didn't involve包含，使参与many people, for there was little traffic at that hour.2、She fulfilled履行，执行her ambition of becoming a fashion designer after years of hard work.3、They kept on trying their best to develop their business, but in such Intense热烈的，强烈的market competition, they had no idea if success would come along one day.4、As music plays an important role in our life, many music teachers and educators advocate提倡，拥护taking up a musical instrument at a young age.5、This rule should be entirely clear in the minds of everyone and should not be misunderstood under any circumstance环境，境遇.6、My daughter was shy; she was afraid to ask questions, respond回答，响应to questions in class, or talk with other children.7、I got from him only a letter, which was put on my office desk;Subsequent后来的，随后的to the receipt of this letter I have never heard from him.8、The duties to provide services for children in need are not confined限制，局限于，禁制to the local social services department.9、We pray that all nations be reconciled使和好and that all people around the world live in peace.10、He suggested a small but distinct明显的，清楚的improvement on our former plan;I really appreciate it.Unit 51、The annual一年一度的，每年的conference which I attend every year is going to be held in London in January next year.2、According to the terms of your contract契约，合同, you must give three months' notice if you intend to leave this company.3、We were honored that so many people of distinction优秀，差别，卓越and talent were present to discuss the issues.4、The local government has been providing substantial大量的多的，物质的support to them, without which they couldn't have been so successful.5、The secret agent promised that the information he furnished提供，供应was obtained from reliable sources.6、Whether amateur业余爱好者，业余爱好的or professional, American football is perhaps the most popular sport in the US. It attracts a total attendance of over 40 million and is watched by many more millions on television each year.7、Shops try to meet the DIY (do-it-yourself) fashion by offering consumers parts and hardware which they can assemble集合收集，组装装配at home.8、I wonder how she will react作出反应to the news if I tell her she is not going to get a raise this year.9、It was apparent表面的，可看见的that the professor's lecture failed to impress the students as some of them had left before it was over.10、We all admitted that the trip was worthwhile after we saw a(n) magnificent宏伟的，壮观的，华丽的palace and a fantastic museum.Unit 61、Studies indicate 表明，指示that children who often take part in cooperative programs benefit a lot more than other children.2、They are such a(n) conventional 常例的，传统的family —they must have been shocked when their son dyed (染) his hair pink.3、Testing students by examinations has long been regarded as a reliable way to assess评价，评定students' ability.4、Many power stations have been modernized to give off less pollution, or they were moved further away from the living areas in order to decrease减少the damage.5、Unemployment has come down slightly, but this does not alter使变化the fact that it is still a major problem.6、Mr. Smith is not doing well; the doctor told us that several colds has undermined逐渐削弱，逐渐损害his health.7、The best way to deal with problems at home is to talk things out calmly and honestly and try to reach a(n) compromise危及，损害。
泛读1-5课自测与答案
Lesson 11. Tell whether each of the following statements is true or false based on the text.1) The author’s neighbor didn’t realize he was a house father when he took his son on their daily hike.2) The author got the idea of being a house father after he had read some articles on house fatherhood on newspapers and magazines.3) The author’s friends envied him because he had excelled all of them in his job.4) After he had decided to quit his job, the author informed his boss in advance.5) The author’s father was once a soldier and his mother a housewife.6) Although the author enjoyed doing the house chores, he couldn’t find a sense of purpose.7) The author’s father expressed disbel ief in his son’s decision, but the father respected the son’s choice.8) After quitting his job, the author developed a much better relationship with his son due to the time they spent together.9) Through this article, the author intends to tell us how to keep balance between our family life and work.10) Although the author didn’t know whether he had made a wise choice of quitting his job, he did find that being a house father paid off.2. Select one word for each blank in the passage from the list of choices given in the word bank following the passage. Use the chosen words in the bank only once.When it comes to development, apart from the economic dimension, we must not lose ___1___ of the ecological and socio-cultural dimensions. Although conservation finds itself in ___2___ with urban life, the ___3____ to a green economy generally benefits Brazil in various ways. In terms of the ecological dimension, the energy sector requires a ___4____ of investments in carbon intensive energy sources to clean energy. Many of these investments would be ____5___ in the future. In terms of socio-cultural aspect, the green economy demands greater social equity. For Brazil which is among the ten countries that has the worst income ____6___ on the planet, the transition could, thus, serve as a platform for poverty eradication. Meanwhile, Brazil has greatly favorable natural conditions that would give it a competitive ___7____. Moreover, in a green economy, sustainable development could render the state the confidence ___8___ by the international financial crisis.Actually economy and environment do not necessarily clash. There is also another way to classify the economic value of an environmental resource, as was established in the “Millennium Ecosystem Assessment Report”that categorizes or ____9___ environmental services in provision, regulation and support. The transition to a green economy ____10____, according to the report, a series of desirable results3. Put the Chinese in the parentheses into English.1) The climber ____________(是不会轻易冒险攀登的) until he gets to know the mountain.2) ____________________(妈妈和四个孩子如何度日) on such low wages?3) When the enemy __________(出现在镇子时), the women and children made their flight.4) The factory was going to introduce a set of new machines; _____________(与此同时，决策者也打算改进管理机制).5) Better options __________(之后可能会出现), and taking the first option will preclude them.6) Americans fear___________( 战争会拖延下去), and the economy would go from bad to worse.7) It was only later and gradually that father’s words had seemed to _______(显露出意义).8) The intensity of his rage _________(超出了他忍耐的限度).9) Critical demand has come from a huge government stimulus plan that ___________(短期计划的).10) Now molecular biologists have a technique that permits them to _____________(把来自不同有机体的基因联在一起).Lesson 21. Tell whether each of the following statements is true or false based on the text.1) The author was surprised to find that his family had developed a strong passion for exercise.2) The author’s pet hamster cranked out revolutions on an exercise wheel because it wanted to get out of the cage.3) The author’s family was just one example of the many westerners that were crazy about fitness programs.4) It was mentioned in the text that the author was a student of physics.5) The author approved the ancient people’s way of exercising—not for exercise’s sake, but to get what they needed.6) According to the author, it was ridiculous for people to do exercise in a health club.7) The author was a big fan of Richard Simmons.8) When the author said “I think Simmons might find a tearful video in it”, he really meant it.9) The purpose of this essay is to raise people’s awareness of environmentalprotection .10) The author made his point clear to his family so that they all awakened from their exercise mania.2. Select one word for each blank in the passage from the list of choices given in the word bank following the passage. Use the chosen words in the bank only once.There are a multitude of parameters that can be ordered from sick to well to fit. These include but are not limited to blood pressure, heart ___1___, body fat, muscle mass, and strength. The fitness community has you believe that leg extensions, sit-ups and the like combined with 20-40 minutes on the ___2___ bike or treadmill are going to lead to some kind of great fitness, regardless of whether your goals are to speed up your___3___, increase strength, burn more ___4___, or maintain functional independence as a senior.In a gym or club, rather than doing anaerobic activities such as running a 100-meter ___5__, you may have extended ___6___ sessions such as running on the treadmill for twenty minutes or swimming a mile. It is true that sports and games like soccer, martial arts, baseball, and basketball have more __7___ and less predictable movements, but to consider activities like climbing, yoga, and dance easy is totally wrong. In fact, the trunk flexion work in gymnastics is ___8___ anything you’ll see anywhere else. Even the beginning gymnastic trunk movements ___9___ bodybuilders, weightlifters, and martial artists. If you don’t believe it, try the “L” hold. The “L” hold is to hold your trunk straight, supported by locked arms, hands on bench, floor, or ___10__ bars, and hips at 90 degrees with legs straight held out in front of you. When you can hold an “L” for three minutes all the other work will be silly easy.3. Put the Chinese in the parentheses into English.1) I try to _________(至少健身三次) a week.2) If you fold your letter in two, it will ___________(装进信封了).3) I think I'll go for a swim and ________(消耗掉一些热量).4) They _________(大量制造汽车) faster than they can sell them5) The development programme had to be abandoned when the company _________(资金全部用完).6) How could they ________(那样大吃大喝) when we're starving?7) With a click of mouse, you can _________(连接到万维网) called the Internet.8) With the motorized ice cream cone, you just need to _________(伸出舌头), and let the ice cream lick you!9) ________(更棒的是), it introduces the reader to a wealth of economics concepts without being mind-numbingly dull.10) Since my job is a dead-end, ulcer-producing affair that had dragged on endlessly, I _________(不妨辞职) and be a house father.Lesson 31. Tell whether each of the following statements is true or false based on the text.1) The manufactures made an advertisement in The Washington Post, stating they intended to make the customers dumber.2) When the author gave an imaginary dialogue between the boss and the employee, the tone is sarcastic.3) According to the author, the idea of having a dishwasher to be turned from afar is silly.4) The author is worried that the so called smart scale may leak people’s personal information.5) According to the author, the present features of the appliances are already over-packed.6) It is implied by the author that the appliances should be practical and easy to use.7) As suggested in this article, the author’s son and the younger generation find it hard to catch up with the new features of the appliances too.8) In this article the author exhibits his worry that his life might be messed up by technologies.9) The intended audience of this article is housewives who are the potential users of the new appliances.10) This article is a piece of expository essay.2. Select one word for each blank in the passage from the list of choices given in the word bank following the passage. Use the chosen words in the bank only once.This Guide was to create a user-friendly, comprehensive guide to assist food companies in the development of food labels. The Guide will provide the reader with a useful tool to ___1__ and understand those requirements that shape the food label, which is important to food companies and ___2___ alike. A ___3___’s most direct way to communicate with the customer is via the food label.The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) is charged with assuring that meat and poultry products are properly marked, ___4___ and packaged. It establishes specific labeling requirements governing statements of the net quantity of the food package offered for sale to the consumer in a retail ___5___. All labels on food sold at retail must bear an accurate statement of the quantity of the package content. ___6___ weight products may be declared as “varied” provi ded the nutrition information is based on the reference amount expressed in ounces.If a product label bears a nutrient content claim, nutrition labeling is ___7___.And any non-misleading symbols, statements, or logos to inform consumers of the presence of ingredients of public health ___8___ in meat, poultry, or egg products will also be considered by the agency.The name or trade name and place of business of the manufacturer, ___9___, or distributor for whom the product is prepared should be included in the labels of meat and poultry.As to meat or poultry product containers, USDA regulations require a prominently displayed inspection legend and plant number on the main panel. A product will be considered “misbranded” if it fails to bear these ___10___ on its containers.3. Put the Chinese in the parentheses into English.1) He is out of work, and ___________(更糟的是, 他的太太病得很重).2) Whenever you ___________(打开电脑), you'll hear a happy, welcoming tone.3) __________(恕我直言), you might be asking too much of these children.4) Even the repairman couldn't ___________( 弄明白这洗碗机出了什么毛病).5) Americans are often affectionate people ____________(论及家庭、亲密的朋友).6) I don't have a present. ____________(如果别人都带了怎么办)?7) We can neither _________(出卖我们的国格) nor betray our people.8) On my first day at work I____________( 面对着主持会议的任务).9) The chairman ____________(随便选出两个销售员的报告).10) He __________(正要离开) when his secretary called him back.Lesson 41. Tell whether each of the following statements is true or false based on the text.1) Many people are surprised that black people want not as much from life as the white do.2) The author is criticized by the black militants because she has believed in some old ideologies.3) The author feels heartbroken because she come to know that the black could livea better life。
英语翻译预测
四六级段落翻译20个预测1.狮舞（Lion Dance）是中国最广为流传的民间舞蹈之一。
狮为百兽之首，在中国传统中，狮子被视为是能带来好运的吉祥物（mascot）。
古人将狮子视作是勇敢和力量的化身，能驱赶邪恶、保护人类。
据记载，狮舞已拥有了2,000多年的历史。
在唐代（the Tang Dynasty），狮舞就已经被引入了皇室。
因此，舞狮成为元宵节（the Lantern Festival）和其他节日的习俗，人们以此来祈祷好运、平安和幸福。
The Lion Dance is one of the most widespread folk dances in China.The lion is the king of animals. In Chinese tradition, the lion is regarded as a mascot, which can bring good luck.Ancient people regarded the lion as a symbol of braveness and strength, which could drive away evil and protect humans. The dance has a recorded history of more than 2,000 years. During the Tang Dynasty, the Lion Dance was already introduced into the royal family of the dynasty. Therefore, performing the lion dance at the Lantern Festival and other festive occasions became a custom where people could pray for good luck, safety and happiness.2.中国将进一步发展经济、扩大开放，这对海外企业（enterprises）意味着更多的商机。
有机食品的好处和坏处英语作文
全文分为作者个人简介和正文两个部分：作者个人简介：Hello everyone, I am an author dedicated to creating and sharing high-quality document templates. In this era of information overload, accurate and efficient communication has become especially important. I firmly believe that good communication can build bridges between people, playing an indispensable role in academia, career, and daily life. Therefore, I decided to invest my knowledge and skills into creating valuable documents to help people find inspiration and direction when needed.正文：有机食品的好处和坏处英语作文全文共3篇示例，供读者参考篇1The Pros and Cons of Organic FoodOrganic food has become a huge trend in recent years, with more and more people choosing to buy organic fruits, veggies, meat, and other products. Advocates say organic food ishealthier, better for the environment, and tastier. Critics argue it's expensive, no more nutritious than conventionally grown food, and that the organic label is just a clever marketing ploy. As a student, I've spent a lot of time researching and thinking about the pros and cons of organic food to decide if it's worth it. Here's my take on the Great Organic Debate.The Pros of Organic FoodAvoiding Pesticides and Other ChemicalsThis is probably the biggest benefit touted by organic advocates. Conventional farmers use all sorts of synthetic pesticides, herbicides, and fertilizers to maximize crop yields. These chemicals can leave residues on produce that we end up ingesting. Some have been linked to health issues like cancer, cognitive issues, and reproductive problems. Organic farming avoids these synthetic substances entirely or uses natural pest deterrents that are less toxic.More Nutritious and FlavorfulNumerous studies have shown organic produce contains more antioxidants, vitamins, and minerals than conventionally grown fruits and veggies. The idea is that organic farming enriches the soil with natural fertilizers like manure and compost,instead of stripping it with synthetic fertilizers. Organic foods also have to meet strict standards to earn the label, preventing stuff like irradiation that some say degrades flavor. To me, organic strawberries and tomatoes just taste better!Environmental BenefitsOrganic farming is better for the planet in so many ways. It doesn't pollute groundwater with chemical runoff or erode soil health over time. It sustains and encourages biodiversity of insects, birds, and wildlife instead of killing them off. It also uses sustainable farming methods that reduce emissions and preserve precious resources like water. Buying certified organic products supports these eco-friendly practices.Higher Animal Welfare StandardsFor meat and dairy to be certified organic, strict animal welfare rules must be followed. Organic livestock must have access to the outdoors, be grass-fed, not receive growth hormones or antibiotics, and generally be raised in more humane conditions than industrial factory farms allow. From an ethical standpoint, this is a strong argument for choosing organic animal products.No Genetically Modified IngredientsThere's still a lot of uncertainty around the long-term impacts of genetically engineered crops and foods. By going organic, you're guaranteed not to consume any lab-created GMO Frankenfoods. The organic movement opposes genetic engineering for health and environmental reasons.The Cons of Organic FoodIt's More ExpensiveThis is the biggest drawback for cost-conscious shoppers like most students. Organic food simply costs more due to the labor-intensive farming practices used and the lack of economy of scale. A 2015 Consumer Reports analysis found organic fruits and veggies were around 47% more expensive, on average, and organic chicken and eggs cost twice as much as conventional. On a student's tight budget, that premium is hard to swallow.Not Necessarily More NutritiousWhile some studies suggest organics have slightly higher levels of nutrients, the difference is pretty minimal. A 2012 study by Stanford University concluded there was little significant difference in vitamin and mineral content between organics and non-organics. If you eat a balanced diet with plenty of fruits andveggies, the negligible nutritional edge of organics may not matter much.Yield IssuesBecause organic farmers can't use synthetic fertilizers, their crop yields tend to be lower than large industrial farms using those chemical boosters. This makes organic agriculture overall less efficient and unable to be scaled up to feed a growing global population without converting tons more land to farmland."Organic" Doesn't Mean Chemical-FreePeople often assume organic farming is completely free of chemicals. Not true! While synthetic pesticides are prohibited, organic farmers can still use "natural" pesticides and herbicides derived from natural sources like plants, minerals, and microorganisms. These can be toxic too if overused. Organic also allows the use ofcertain synthetic substances like soaps, oils, and biopesticides. The "organic = chemical-free" idea is a myth.Lack of Solid RegulationWhile the USDA does have standards that organic food must meet to earn the certified label, these regulations have been criticized as being too lax and having loopholes big enough to drive a tractor through. Foreign countries have different, oftenless stringent organic standards. There have been cases of organic fraud where non-organic foods were sold as organic. The whole certification system could be more rigorous and transparent.The VerdictFrom weighing the pros and cons, I believe organic food is the way to go when possible. While more expensive, I think the health, environmental, and ethical benefits are worth it in the long run. But strictly buying organic isn't realistic for students and others on tight budgets. My strategy is to focus on buying the organic version of foods I eat a lot of, where residues tend to concentrate more. For other items, I don't sweat the non-organic option to save money.At the end of the day, eating more fruits, veggies, and whole foods in general is most important, whether officially labeled "organic" or not. I'd rather have a non-organic apple than a bag of chips! Being an educated consumer and seeking out sustainably grown local foods can capture many of the upsides without the premium organic price tag. It's a complex issue, but I hope this gives a balanced look at the Great Organic Debate from a student's perspective.篇2The Pros and Cons of Organic FoodOrganic food has been a hot topic of debate for years now. On one side, you have people who swear by organic products and claim they are healthier and better for the environment. On the other hand, critics argue that organic food is no more nutritious than conventionally grown food and that the organic industry is just a marketing scheme. As a student trying to make sense of this complex issue, I've done extensive research to understand the real pros and cons of organic food.Let's start with the pros. One of the biggest advantages of organic food is that it does not contain synthetic pesticides, herbicides, or fertilizers. Conventional farming relies heavily on these chemicals to protect crops from pests and diseases and boost productivity. However, studies have linked pesticide exposure to various health issues, including cancer, reproductive problems, and neurological disorders. By avoiding these toxic substances, organic farming reduces our exposure to harmful chemicals through the food we eat.Additionally, organic farming practices are generally better for the environment. The lack of synthetic fertilizers means lessnutrient runoff into water bodies, which can lead to algal blooms and the depletion of oxygen in aquatic ecosystems. Organic farms also tend to have higher levels of biodiversity, providing habitats for various species of plants and animals. Moreover, organic farming methods help preserve soil health by promoting the use of natural fertilizers and crop rotation, which prevents soil erosion and nutrient depletion.From a personal standpoint, I find that organic produce often tastes better than its conventional counterparts. This is likely due to the absence of growth hormones and genetic modifications, which can alter the natural flavor of fruits and vegetables. Organic meat and dairy products are also free from antibiotics and growth hormones, which are commonly used in conventional livestock farming.Now, let's examine the cons of organic food. One of the most significant drawbacks is the higher cost. Organic farming is generally more labor-intensive and yields lower crop outputs, resulting in higher prices for consumers. As a student on a tight budget, the premium prices of organic food can be a barrier to entry. However, it's important to note that the cost gap between organic and conventional products has been narrowing in recent years.Critics also argue that organic food is not necessarily more nutritious than conventionally grown food. While organic produce may contain slightly higher levels of certain nutrients, the differences are often negligible. Additionally, the absence of synthetic pesticides does not inherently make organic food safer, as organic farming still uses natural pesticides, which can also be harmful if not used properly.Another concern is the lower crop yields associated with organic farming. With the global population increasing and the demand for food rising, some experts argue that organic farming methods may not be sustainable enough to feed the world's growing population. However, proponents of organic farming counter that sustainable farming practices, such as crop rotation and the use of natural fertilizers, can help improve yields over time.Despite these cons, I believe that the benefits of organic food outweigh the drawbacks. While the cost may be higher, I view it as an investment in my health and the health of the planet. Additionally, as consumer demand for organic products continues to rise, economies of scale may help bring prices down further.In conclusion, the debate surrounding organic food is complex, with valid arguments on both sides. As a student, I believe that organic food offers significant advantages in terms of personal health, environmental sustainability, and flavor. However, I also acknowledge the potential drawbacks, such as higher costs and lower yields. Ultimately, the decision to choose organic or conventional food is a personal one, influenced by individual priorities, budgets, and values. My advice would be to educate yourself on the issue, weigh the pros and cons, and make an informed decision that aligns with your lifestyle and beliefs.篇3The Benefits and Drawbacks of Organic FoodWe've all heard the buzz about organic foods lately. Stores are devoting entire aisles to organic products, restaurant menus are highlighting organic dishes, and celebs are endorsing organic brands left and right. With all this hype, you might be wondering - what's the big deal? Is organic food really better for you? Or is it just an overpriced marketing ploy?As a student trying to eat healthy on a tight budget, I've done quite a bit of research on the organic food debate. Afterweighing the pros and cons, I've reached the conclusion that organic foods do offer some legitimate benefits over conventionally grown products. However, the organic label alone doesn't automatically make something nutritious or good for you. Let me break it down.What Makes Food "Organic"?First, it's important to understand what the term "organic" really means when it comes to food production. According to the U.S. Department of Agriculture, organic crops must be grown without the use of synthetic pesticides, fertilizers, genetic engineering, sewage sludge, or ionizing radiation. Organic livestock must be raised without antibiotics or growth hormones.Additionally, organic food can't be processed using industrial solvents, artificial food additives, or other artificial ingredients. The organic seal certifies that at least 95% of a product's ingredients were organically produced.The Pros of Organic FoodsFewer Pesticides and ChemicalsThis is one of the biggest pros that convinced me to opt for organic foods when possible. Conventional farmers rely heavily on synthetic pesticides and fertilizers to protect crops and boostproduction. While these chemicals do serve important purposes, they also leave residues that we end up ingesting.Multiple studies have linked pesticide exposure to increased risks of certain cancers, brain/nervous system toxicity, hormone disruption, and other health problems. With organic farming methods, these toxic chemicals are avoided entirely.More Nutritious and FlavorfulYou've probably noticed that organic fruits and veggies just seem to taste better. Researchers have found that organically grown plants tend to contain higher levels of vitamin C, antioxidants, and other nutrients compared to conventionally grown varieties.The reason? Without synthetic fertilizers, organic crops are better able to fully develop their nutritional compositions. The rich, flavorful taste comes from the fruits and veggies being allowed to ripen naturally and develop more nutrients.Eco-Friendly PracticesOrganic farming places a strong emphasis on sustainable, environmentally-friendly practices. This includes crop rotation to reduce erosion and replenish soil nutrients, using naturalfertilizers like manure, and avoiding toxic chemicals that can contaminate groundwater and harm local ecosystems.Additionally, organic livestock are given more space to move around freely and engage in natural behaviors, unlikefactory-farmed animals kept in cramped, dirty conditions. So by choosing organic, you're supporting farming methods that are easier on the planet.No GMOsYou won't find any genetically modified organisms (GMOs)in certified organic foods since genetic engineering is prohibited. While the science is still emerging, many experts are concerned about the potential negative health impacts of consuming GMO foods. Going organic allows you to avoid GMOs entirely.The Cons of Organic FoodsHigher CostsLet's be real - one of the biggest downsides of buying organic is the higher price tag. Organic foods typically cost 10-40% more than conventionally grown products. The increased labor requirements, more sustainable materials used, and generally lower crop yields make organic farming more expensive.As a cash-strapped student, I have to be mindful of my budget and can't always afford to pay premium prices for organic items. The higher costs can make eating an all-organic diet difficult for families with lower incomes.Slightly More Food WasteSince organic farming prohibits certain modern preservation methods like radiation and modified atmosphere packaging, organic produce may spoil a bit faster than its conventional counterparts. However, the difference in shelf life is pretty negligible if the foods are properly stored.Not Necessarily Healthier ProductsJust because something is labeled "organic" doesn't automatically make it a healthy option. Sure, organic fruits, veggies, meat, and dairy tend to be more nutritious. But you can find plenty of organic junk foods loaded with fat, sugar, and calories - organic cookies, chips, and soda, for instance.The organic label simply means the ingredients were organically produced, not that the final product is low-calorie or nutrient-dense. You still need to read nutrition labels and make smart choices when buying organic processed foods.Bacterial Contamination RisksSome studies have found higher instances of bacterial contamination like E. coli or salmonella in organic produce compared to conventionally grown varieties. Researchers think this could be because organic farmers use manure-based fertilizers, while non-organic products are treated withanti-bacterial rinses.The takeaway? Always wash organic produce thoroughly and cook meat to recommended safe temperatures. While bacterial risks exist with any type of food, it's an issue to be aware of with organics.The VerdictWhen it comes down to it, I believe the benefits of eating organic foods outweigh the potential drawbacks - as long as you make smart choices and don't break the bank buying organic snacks and processed foods. I try to allocate my limited student budget to buy organic versions of the fruits, veggies, dairy, and meat that I consume most often.For other lower-risk items I don't eat frequently, like crackers or condiments, I'll sometimes opt for the cheaper non-organic options to save money. It's all about finding a balanced approach that maximizes my intake of nutritious, chemical-free organic foods while being financially realistic.I'd encourage everyone to do their own research, consider their dietary needs and budget constraints, and then make informed decisions about when to choose organic. Just don't assume that the organic label alone makes something healthy or unhealthy. Read those nutrition facts carefully and eat a balanced, real-food based diet for maximum health benefits.。
高二英语外研版选修7：3-1Introduction
Module 3 第1课时Ⅰ.单词拼写1．There were a lot of sad s________ when the war ended.2．Don't be c________ to anyone.3．She's s________ herself to try to lose weight.4．After his parents died, he became an o________ and went to a w________ in London.5．She's a productive n________ and has written many n________ so far.答案：1.scenes 2.cruel 3.starving 4.orphan, workhouse 5.novelist, novelsⅡ.单项填空1．________and happy, Tony stood up and accepted the prize.A．Surprising B．SurprisedC．Being surprised D．To be surprising答案：B解析：考查形容词作伴随状语的用法。
题意：托尼又惊又喜地站起来领奖。
所填选项与happy并列，应为形容词，说明主语的状态，A、D两项都表示主动意义，意为“(物)令人吃惊的”，C项表示原因，意义不当。
surprised为形容词，表示“(人)吃惊的”。
2．Green products are becoming more and more popular because they are environmentally________.A．friendly B．variousC．common D．changeable答案：A解析：考查形容词辨析。
句意为：绿色产品正变得越来越受欢迎，因为它们非常环保。
备战2023年高考英语话题通关精准练词汇 阅读 写作08环境保护(含答案)
高考英语话题通关精准练词汇阅读写作：专题08环境保护—备战2023高考英语话题通关精准练（词汇+阅读+写作）一：话题词汇过关1.ecosystem n.生态系统2.habitat n.栖息地3.vegetation n.植被4.energy n.能源5.resource n.资源6.surroundings n.环境7.pollution n.污染8.rubbish n.垃圾9.extinct adj.灭绝的10.endangered adj.濒危的11.deforestation n.森林采伐ndslide n.山体滑坡13.damage vt.破坏14.recycle vt.回收利用15.reserve n.保护区16.alternative adj.可替代的17.popularize vt.普及18.protect vt.保护19.beatify vt.美化20.save vt.节省21.area n.地区,面积22.ocean n.海洋23.ancient adj.古代的24.forest n.森林25.mountain n.山脉26.grow vi.生长27.balance n.& vt.平衡28.maintain vt.维持29.irreplaceable adj.不可替代的30.protect vt.保护31.well-managed adj.管理有方的32.observe vt.遵守33.reduce vt.减少34.recycle vt.循环35.long-lasting adj.持久的36.harmony n.和谐37.harmonious adj.和谐的38.forecast vt.预报;预告39.fuel n.燃料40.irrigate v.灌溉41.steady adj.稳固的;平稳的42.endanger vt.危害,使遭危险43.fearsome adj.令人恐惧的44.development n.开发45.pollution n.污染46.damaging adj.破坏性的47.drop vi.下降48.awful adj.可怕的,糟糕的49.smelly adj.有臭味的50.extinct adj. 灭绝的51.extinction n. 灭绝52.phenomenon n. 现象53.conservation n. 保护；保存54.enormous/massive adj. 巨大的55.catastrophe n. 大灾难56.preserve vt.保护;保存;保留57.prevent vt.防止;预防58.recycle vt.回收;再循环59.reserve n.& v.储备;预定60.rubbish n.垃圾;废物61.ruin vt.毁坏62.burden v.(使)担负n.重担;负担63.meanwhile adv.同时64.poverty n. 贫穷65.emission n. 排放66.exposure n. 暴露；显露plicated/complex adj. 复杂的68.postpone vt.&vi. 推迟；延期69.dirty adj.脏的70.dust n.灰尘;尘土71.decline v.减少;下降;衰退;谢绝72.decrease v.减少;变小73.deliberately adv.蓄意地;审慎地74.dustbin n.垃圾箱75.threaten v.威胁76.litter vt.乱扔77.energy n.能源;能量78.resource n.资源二：话题短语表达过关seize the opportunity抓住机遇1．make policies制定政策2．take measures采取措施3．have an interview with采访4．carbon dioxide二氧化碳5．fossil fuel化石6．environmental problems环境问题7．greenhouse effect温室效应8．climate change气候变化9．set up regulations制定制度10．cut down砍倒;削减11．find the solution找到解决办法12．be thankful for对……心存感激13．at an unbelievable speed以令人难以置信的速度14．environmental protection环境保护15．have an impact on对……产生影响16．put...in danger置……于危险的境地17．large amounts of大量,许多18．draw one’s attention to 引起某人的注意19．play a major role起主导作用20．on the rise 在上升21．take the example of 例如22．advocate a low－carbon life 提倡低碳生活23．be faced with/face/come across/meet with all kinds of difficulties面对各种困难24．appeal to/call on people to make donations 呼吁人们捐赠25．be in danger of extinction/becoming extinct/dying out 处于灭绝的危险26．fight against pollution 与污染做斗争27．keep/break ecological balance 保持/破坏生态平衡28．environment-friendly products环保产品29．Only One Earth,Care and Share只有一个地球——一齐关心,共同分享30．sort the garbage 分类垃圾31．deal with rubbish properly正确处理垃圾32．make proper use of water resources 合理利用水资源33．raise the awareness of 提高……的意识三：话题句型练笔1：There is little doubt that Earth is getting warmer and warmer毫无疑问,地球正在变得越来越温暖2：Without this process,Earth could not sustain life.没有这个过程,地球就无法维持生命。
雅思写作句子改错(参考答案)
雅思写作常用语法错误分析1．We are frequently confronted with statement about the alarming rate of loss of language diversity.错因：statement是可数名词，在这里要么加冠词，要么变复数。
改正：We are frequently confronted with statements about the alarming rate of loss of language diversity．大意：我们经常听到关于语言多元性快速丧失的言论。
2．Globalization will always have supporters who are blind on the destruction it can cause．错因：惯用法。
介词使用错误，blind后面常加to.改正：Globalization will always have supporters who are blind to the destruction it can cause.大意：全球化总有一些支持者，他们对由全球化造成的破坏视而不见。
3．One problem that has not yet been addressed is the existing infrastructure and facilities fail to meet the demand posed by increased arrivals of tourists．错因：句子结构。
有两个谓语动词，分别是is和fail，需要将其中一个改成从句。
改正：One problem that has not yet been addressed is that the existing infrastructure and facilities fail to meet the demand posed by increased arrivals of tourists．大意：一个仍然还没有被解决的问题是现有的基础设施和设备不能够满足越来越多的游客的需要.4．Children，if grown up in a multicultural society，are more likely to embrace different cultures and values．错因：从句部分不能用过去分词，小孩与grow up之间是主动关系。
9正反翻译法
9正反翻译法正反翻译法B练习一（1）If the weather holds a couple of days, the team of the explorers will set off.假如天气三两天里保持不变，探险队就出发。
(2) The Foreign Minister doubted the desirability of a negotiation to be held at this time.外交部长认为此时举行谈判并无必要。
(3) John dived into the water fully clothed and rescued the old lady.约翰没有脱衣服就跳入水中并救出了那个老太太。
(4) The soldiers would rather fight to death before they surrendered.战士们宁愿战斗到死而决不投降。
(5) While trade is good, money is very tight at present.尽管生意不错，但目前资金仍然十分紧张。
(6) The rocket traveling in space is free from the earth’s gravity.在太空飞行的火箭不受地球引力的控制。
(7) In the event of any contingencies beyond our control, we shall not be held responsible for the late delivery of the goods.如果发生我们无法控制的意外事故，我方对迟交货物不负责任。
(8) Cowards die many times before their death; the valiant never taste of death but once.怕死鬼还没死就死了许多次，而勇敢者只死一回。
九年级英语绿色制造单选题50题
九年级英语绿色制造单选题50题1. In green manufacturing, the use of ____ materials is highly encouraged.A. recyclableB. expensiveC. harmfulD. rare答案：A。
解析：本题考查绿色制造相关词汇。
在绿色制造中，鼓励使用可回收的材料。
选项A“recyclable”可回收的，符合绿色制造理念；选项B“expensive”昂贵的，昂贵与否不是绿色制造重点关注的内容；选项C“harmful”有害的，与绿色制造相悖；选项D“rare”稀有的，稀有材料不一定与绿色制造直接相关。
2. Green manufacturing aims to reduce ____ emissions during the production process.A. carbonB. waterC. oxygenD. nitrogen答案：A。
解析：绿色制造的目的之一是减少生产过程中的碳排放。
选项A“carbon”碳，“carbon emissions”碳排放是绿色制造中的重要概念；选项B“water”水，虽然水资源也与制造相关，但这里强调的是碳排放；选项C“oxygen”氧，不是绿色制造重点针对的排放物；选项D“nitrogen”氮，同理也不是重点关注的排放物。
3. One of the key aspects in green manufacturing is the ____ of energy.A. wasteB. conservationC. productionD. discovery答案：B。
解析：在绿色制造中，能源的节约是一个关键方面。
选项B“conservation”节约，符合绿色制造理念；选项A“waste”浪费，与绿色制造相悖；选项C“production”生产，不是这里强调的重点；选项D“discovery”发现，与能源在绿色制造中的关系不大。
《跨境电商实用英语》全套教学课件Unit 4-Chapter 3 Price Negotiation
PART 2 Passage Reading
In addition, there are some small wholesale customers on the Cross-border E-commerce platform. Many foreign small buyers favor online orders because of the delivery speed, payment after arrival of products, low risk and relatively high security etc. For them, the seller should give special attention and actively follow up with the inquiry. They should negotiate about the wholesale price according to the quantity and try to retain these small wholesale customers, which will bring great advantages to the positive cycle of online stores. On the one hand, the seller can set the wholesale price when publish the product, so that the buyer can click on the Bulk Price button to see the product's default wholesale price.
《高级职业英语》(第二版)读写教程2—课后练习句子翻译
《高级职业英语》(第二版)读写教程2—课后练习句子翻译Unit 1 Understanding Cultural Differences1.对于那些想体验英国生活和文化的人来说，这本《酒吧礼仪指南》(A Guide to Pub Etiquette)非常有用。
For those who want to experience British life and culture, the Guide to Pub Etiquette is very useful。
对于那些想在海外开拓(open up)市场的商人来说，了解当地的文化很有必要。
For those who want to open up new markets overseas, an understanding of local culture is necessary.2.我们为新同事举办了一个聚会，以示友善。
We hold a party for our new colleagues as a gesture of friendship.他送她一束花以示同情。
He sent her a bunch of flowers as a gesture of sympathy.3.没有有效的沟通，这件事情很难办成。
Without effective communicati on, it’s hard to get this done.没有共同的文化背景，人们很容易产生误解。
Without shared/common culture, it’s very eas y for people to misunderstand each other.4.在一个国家是良好的礼仪，在另一个国家也许就不适用了。
Good manners in one country may not apply in another.这项规则不是所有情况都适用。
This rule cannot be applied/apply to all cases.5.如果你现在放弃，这桩生意就会泡汤。
英语A2期中考试
英语A2期中考试阅读理解Directions:In this section there are some passages. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements with four choices marked A), B), C), and D). You are supposed to read the passage and make the best choice to complete each question or unfinished statement. Then type the answer in the blank on the web page.[题数：15；分数：30分；参考时间：30分0秒] Passage 1Libraries have traditionally been the public's access to the important sources of information that are necessary to function in today's highly technical world. That function has been called into question by the fast-paced development of digital media over the past several decades. In order to continue to fulfill the public interest, libraries everywhere are forced to develop means of granting access to these expensive new services to average citizens.In the past, the publishing industry maintained the rights of the libraries to freely distribute published materials because the libraries bought so many of their books. Because the new electronic publications can easily be copied in their entirety by the patrons of the library, the publishing industry is reconsidering its former advocacy of the library system. There have even been attempts to stop libraries from distributing digital media.In addition to waning (衰落的) cooperation of the publishing industry, there is the problem that the newer forms of information are much more specialized than those which they replace. Deciding how to divert already limited resources is increasingly difficult as the options multiply. Whereas a single reference index may have covered an entire field in the past, now there are frequently several specialized indexes available in electronic form. In order to continue to make use of the newer technology, the libraries must decide which materials are most useful to the majority of their patrons. There are many different solutions being applied, but only the process of trial and error will determine the most effective strategy. 26. The best title for this text would be ____.[A] The Challenge for Today's Libraries[B] Information Technology and the Consumer[C] The Benefits of the Digital Revolution[D] Changes in Information Technology27. It can be inferred that the problem with the new technology is that ____.[A] it is not intended for use by libraries[B] it is too complicated[C] it is not as useful as traditional books[D] it is used as a political tool28. In the second paragraph, the word "maintained" most closely means ____.[A] taken care of[B] supported[C] used[D] announced29. Why did publishers cooperate with the libraries in the past? ____[A] The libraries offered a tax exemption.[B] The libraries bought books.[C] The libraries were more useful.[D] The libraries were under contract to the publishers.30. How will the most effective decision be determined? ____[A] A special commission will study the task.[B] The government will examine the situation.[C] It will be decided by experimentation.[D] The voters will decide.Passage 2Every day, we are all influenced by the mass media (television, movies, radio, magazines, newspapers, and the like). Although some critics of the media claim that these means of communication are used primarily to control our thinking and get us to buy products that we don't need, the media also contribute to keeping people informed. In other words, while dangers do exist, the benefits of the media far outweigh the disadvantages. Most of the messages brought to viewers, listeners, and readers are designed either to inform or to entertain — and neither of these goals can be considered dangerous or harmful.If consumers of the media could be taught at an early age to examine messages critically, i.e., to think carefully about what is being communicated — they would be able to take advantage of the information and enjoy the entertainment without being hurt by it. The key to critical thinking is recognizing the purposes of the news or scriptwriters, the advertisers, and so on. Are both sides of an issue being presented? Is the amount of violence and killing shown necessary to the point of a story? Have enough facts about a product being advertised been presented?Furthermore, in a country with a democratic form of government, the people can be kept informed by the mass media. To be able to express their views and vote intelligently, citizens need the opportunity to hear news, opinions, and public affairs programming. Information about current events is presented in depth on publicly funded TV channels and radio stations as well as in newspapers. In addition, the public broadcasting media can help viewers and listeners to complete or further their education. Recent immigrants, for example, can improve their command of English through TV and radio, and, in addition, some college courses are taught on educational television.Another recognized advantage of the media is that it gives people the information they need in their daily lives: weather and traffic reports are good examples. While commercials and advertising do not necessarily present accurate information, they do make people aware of the availability of products that could improve their lives. In addition, they create a larger demand for some items, which may lead to a reduction in their price.While the media can be a valuable means of educating the public, when most people turn on the TV set or the radio, they want to be entertained. As a result most programming consists of movies, plays, music, comedies, game shows, and sports events. Some of these offerings are of low quality, but, on the other hand, many are fun to watch and interesting, written and presented well.Even though the mass media can be misused, most of its effects are positive. We are all influenced by television, movies, radio, magazines, and newspapers, and — if we are careful to examine their message critically — these can all be benefit to our lives. 31. The main point the author tries to make in this passage is most probably that ____.[A] advertising is harmful when it presents inaccurate information[B] the positive effects of the mass media outweigh the negative ones[C] people should learn to take advantage of the media's benefits[D] television is more useful as a means of entertainment than as a means of providing information32. According to the author, the two main purposes of the mass media are to ____.[A] control our thinking and get us to buy useless products[B] provide people with information and entertainment[C] make people aware of the availability of products and create a large demand for some items[D] express the views of the public and help improve recent immigrants' English33. The author feels that consumers of the mass media should be taught at an early age to ____.[A] bring their imagination into full play when watching programs of low quality[B] buy products advertised in commercials so that the demand increases[C] turn off the TV set when a ridiculous program comes on[D] think critically about the messages brought to them34. It can be learned from paragraph 3 that citizens will be in a better position to express their views and make their choices if they are ____.[A] highly educated through TV and radio[B] well protected by the government[C] highly paid by the employers[D] well informed by the media35. Which of the following statements is true according to the text? ____[A] The mass media offers information needed in our daily lives.[B] Publicly funded broadcasting does not present information about current wants in depth.[C] Information provided by commercials and advertising is always accurate.[D] Many TV and radio programs are not interesting.Passage 3Culture is the sum total of all the traditions, customs, beliefs, and ways of life of a given group of human beings. In this sense, every group has a culture, however savage, undeveloped, or uncivilized it may seem to us.To the professional anthropologist (人类学), there is no intrinsic (内在的) superiority of one culture over another, just as to the professional linguist there is no intrinsic hierarchy (等级) among languages.People once thought of the languages of backward groups as savage, undeveloped forms of speech, consisting largely of grunts and groans. While it is possible that language in general began as a series of grunts and groans, it is a fact established by the study of "backward" languages that no spoken tongue answers that description today. Most languages of uncivilized groups are, by our most severe standards, extremely complex, delicate, and ingenious pieces of machinery for the transfer of ideas. They fall behind our Western languages not in their sound patterns or grammatical structures, which usually are fully adequate for all language needs, but only in their vocabularies, which reflect the objects and activities known to their speakers. Even in this department, however, two things are to be noted: 1. All languages seem to possess the machinery for vocabulary expansion, either by putting together words already in existence or by borrowing them from other languages and adapting them to their own system. 2. The objects and activities requiring names and distinctions in "backward" languages, while different from ours, are often surprisingly numerous and complicated. A Western language distinguishes merely between twodegrees of remoteness ("this" and "that"); some languages of the American Indians distinguish between what is close to the speaker, or to the person addressed, or removed from both, or out of sight, or in the past, or in the future.This study of language, in turn, casts a new light upon the claim of the anthropologists that all cultures are to be viewed independently, and without ideas of rank or hierarchy. 36. The languages of uncivilized groups as compared to Western languages are limited in ____.[A] sound patterns[B] grammatical structures[C] vocabularies[D] both B and C37. The author says that professional linguists recognize that ____.[A] Western languages are superior to Eastern languages[B] all languages came from grunts and groans[C] the hierarchy of languages is difficult to understand[D] there is no hierarchy of languages38. The article states that the languages of most uncivilized people are ____.[A] extremely complex[B] most severely standardized[C] "backward"[D] understandable39. According to the author, anthropologists would have all cultures viewed ____.[A] comparatively[B] independently[C] intrinsically[D] hierarchically40. Which is implied in the passage?____[A] The study of languages has discredited anthropological studies.[B] The study of languages has reinforced anthropologists in their view that there is no hierarchy among cultures.[C] The study of language is the same as the study of anthropology.[D] The study of languages casts a new light upon the claims of anthropologists.阅读做题Directions:In this section you are supposed to read some passages and do the exercises according to the following requirement.[题数：5；分数：10分；参考时间：5分0秒] Read the texts from a survey in which five persons were asked about what they think of themselves. Match the name of each person (①to ⑤) to each of the statements (A to G) given below.Jane Smith:Well, I know I'm good at my job, at least my boss calls me hard-working, conscientious, efficient. As for when I look at myself in a mirror as you sometimes do in the privacy of your own bedroom... then I see someone a bit different. And that's probably my main fault I should say... My office is always in order, but my flat! Well, you'd have to see it to believe it.Iris Bonner:I think the question is irrelevant. You shouldn't be asking what I think of myself, but what Ithink of the state of this country. And this country is in a terrible mess. It's law and order that we need I say, get rid of these things who call themselves Socialist Workers. I'm the sort of ordinary decent person who wants to bring law and order back to this country.Tommy Finrh:Well I'm an easy-going person really... unless of course you wind me up. You know, I mean you have to live for yourself, don't you? And think of your mates. I don't get much sympathy with those who are always thinking of causes, civil rights and all that. I mean... this is a free country, isn't it? What do we want to fight for civil rights for! We've got them.Charles Dimmak:I'm retired, you know. Used to be an army officer. And I think we've kept myself respectable and dignified the whole of my life. I've tried to help those who depended on me. I've done my best. Maybe I'm a bit unreasonably enthusiastic about organization and discipline —self-discipline comes first —and all that sort of thing. But basically I'm a good man... fond of my wife and family.Arthur Fuller:Well... when I was young I was very shy. At times I was very unhappy, especially when I was sent to boarding school at seven. I didn't make close friends till quite late in life ... till I was about fifteen. Then I became quite good at being by myself. I had no one to rely on and no one to ask for advice. That made me independent...Now match each of the persons to the appropriate statement.Note: there are two extra statements.①Jane Smith [41]②Iris Bonner | [42]③Tommy Finrh | [43]④Charles Dimmak | [44]⑤Arthur Fulle | [45](A) Everyone lives for himself, so leave the other things to God(B) Socialist Workers should fight for the civil rights.(C) I live a double life.(D) The lonely childhood made me a self-reliant person.(E) Social problems should be given more concern than a citizen's self-criticism.(F) Self-discipline and a kind heart make an honorable life.(G) People with sense of organization and discipline are unreasonable.完形填空Directions:In this section, you will read a passage with some blanks. For each blank there are four choices marked A), B), C) and D). You should choose the ONE answer that best fits into the passage. Then type the corresponding letter on the web page.[题数：20；分数：20分；参考时间：Animals have been kept as pets by people in all parts of the world for thousands of years. The most 46 pets are dogs, cats, birds, and fish. But many people 47 unusual pets, 48 snakes, crocodiles, and monkeys. Many Japanese children 49 mice and teach 50 to dance 51 music. The people of India 52 pets of snakes.Pets can make interesting, playful 53 . People enjoy teaching them to do 54 and to 55 commands. Pet owners often 56 their pet to be a member of the family. Many children spend more time with their pets than they do with adults. 57 caring for pets,children learn responsibility. They must 58 that their pets have food, exercise, and a proper place to live. Most children like 59 to and even telling secrets to their pets.Pets also can 60 to a person's general well-being. Research shows that 61 with animals can improve a person's morale, and that the presence of pets can lower 62 blood pressure. Many people look and feel more relaxed 63 with their pet. Many people living 64 in nursing homes or in hospitals enjoy community programs that bring pets to visit. Today, many such institutions keep cats, birds, fish, and other pets for their 6546. [A] ordinary [B] familiar [C] usual [D] common47. [A] take [B] keep[C] adopt [D] feed48. [A] such as [B] like [C] example[D] for instance49. [A] training [B] calm [C] tame [D] domesticated50. [A] them [B] it[C] that [D] what51. [A] for [B] after[C] to [D] with52. [A] keep [B] bring [C] let [D] make53. [A] company [B] camp [C] colony [D] companions54. [A] games [B] tricks [C] play[D] the game55. [A] obey [B] comply [C] submit[D] carry56. [A] consider [B] reflect [C] think[D] bear in mind57. [A] Through [B] With[C] By [D] Without58. [A] think [B] sure [C] assure [D] see59. [A] chatting [B] talking [C] discussing [D] expressing60.[A] promote [B] supply [C] donate[D] contribute61. [A] is [B] is being [C] being [D] are62. [A] its [B] someone's [C] their [D] one's63. [A] during [B] by [C] at the time [D] while64. [A] alone [B] lonely[C] aloneness [D] assisted65[A] tenants [B] residents [C] citizens [D] residency。
2022年北京中考英语试卷(含答案解析)
2022年北京市中考英语试卷一、单项填空（每题0.5分，共6分）从下面各题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选择可以填入空白处的最佳选项。
1．My sister is only six，but ________can already help with some housework.（）A．he B．she C．it D．they2．We have history class ________three o'clock every Friday afternoon.（）A．at B．on C．in D．to3．—_________I take photos here？—Sorry，you can't.It's not allowed in the museum.（）A．Must B．Need C．Can D．Will4．After taking tennis classes，Tim is much ________than last year.（）A．strong B．stronger C．strongest D．the strongest 5．—_________will Liu Yang stay in the space station this time？—For six months.（）A．How long B．How often C．How much D．How soon 6．Mr.Smith has helped me a lot，_______ I'm thankful to him.（）A．or B．but C．for D．so7．The workers_________ the community center now.（）A．cleaned B．were cleaningC．will clean D．are cleaning8．Don't lose heart.If you keep working hard，you_____ some day.（）A．will succeed B．succeedC．succeeded D．have succeeded9．I ______about my sister when my phone rang.It was her!（）A．think B．will think C．was thinking D．am thinking 10．Jim______a lot about Chinese culture since he began to study in our school.（）A．learns B．learned C．will learn D．has learned11．On our farm，the tea leaves ________by hand when they are ready.（）A．pick B．picked C．are picked D．were picked12．—Do you know _________the new national park？—Yes，I do.To protect wildlife and benefit the local people.（）A．why did China set up B．why China set upC．when did China set up D．when China set up二、完形填空（每题1分，共8分）阅读下面的短文，掌握其大意，然后从短文后各题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选择最佳选项。
当代大学生花销越来越多英语作文
当代大学生花销越来越多的英语作文1In recent years, it has become increasingly evident that contemporary college students are spending more and more. This phenomenon deserves our in-depth analysis.One of the main reasons for the increase in spending is the frequent social activities. College students nowadays often participate in various gatherings and dinners. These events not only require them to spend on food and beverages but also on appropriate clothing and accessories to fit the occasion.Another factor contributing to the rising expenditures is the pursuit of fashionable brands and electronic products. With the development of technology and the influence of media and advertising, students are more inclined to own the latest smartphones, laptops, and trendy clothing brands. This pursuit often leads to significant financial outlays.In addition, the increase in spending on travel and entertainment cannot be ignored. Many students choose to travel during holidays to broaden their horizons and experience different cultures. Meanwhile, they also spend a considerable amount on movies, concerts, and other forms of entertainment to relax and enjoy their college life.To sum up, the escalating spending among contemporary collegestudents is a complex issue. It is a result of a combination of factors such as the need for social interaction, the desire for fashionable items, and the pursuit of leisure and entertainment. However, it is crucial for students to manage their finances wisely and strike a balance between enjoying life and being financially responsible.2In recent years, it has become increasingly evident that the expenditure of contemporary college students is on the rise. This phenomenon has brought about a series of significant impacts on both individuals and society.One of the notable consequences is the mounting financial pressure on students themselves. With the increase in spending, many students find themselves struggling to make ends meet and are thus forced to resort to borrowing, which may lead to a heavy burden of debt in the long run. This not only affects their current studies and life but also poses potential risks to their future financial stability.The changing consumption concepts of college students have also placed a burden on their families' economies. Parents, who often strive to provide the best for their children, may find it challenging to cope with the escalating demands for funds. This could potentially strain family relationships and cause financial hardships within the household.However, on the other hand, the increased spending by collegestudents has also stimulated the development of related industries. For instance, the demand for various consumer goods, such as electronics and fashion items, has driven the growth of these markets. The expansion of the service industry, including catering and entertainment, has also been fueled by the spending habits of college students.In conclusion, the growing expenditure of contemporary college students is a complex issue with both positive and negative implications. It is crucial for students to develop a rational consumption concept and for society to provide appropriate guidance and support to ensure a healthy and sustainable economic environment for the younger generation.3Nowadays, it is a common phenomenon that the spending of contemporary college students is increasing continuously. This trend brings about various problems and deserves our attention.One of the main reasons for this is the influence of consumerism. Many students are easily attracted by new products and fashionable items, leading to unnecessary purchases. To control their spending, it is essential for them to make a reasonable budget. They should list their necessary expenses such as tuition, textbooks, and accommodation fees first. Then, set aside a certain amount for entertainment and other discretionary spending.Another important aspect is to establish a correct consumptionconcept. College students should understand the value of money and avoid wasteful consumption. They need to be aware that luxurious items do not necessarily bring true happiness and satisfaction.In addition, seeking part-time jobs can be an effective way to increase income. For instance, they can work as tutors, waiters, or interns in companies. This not only helps them earn some money but also enables them to gain valuable work experience and improve their skills.In conclusion, controlling the spending of contemporary college students requires a combination of making a reasonable budget, establishing a correct consumption concept, and finding part-time jobs. Only in this way can they manage their finances well and lay a solid foundation for their future.4In the past, the spending patterns of college students were relatively simple and focused mainly on essential items. They would allocate a significant portion of their budgets to purchasing books and stationery, which were crucial for their studies. The concept of entertainment or personal grooming was not as prominent as it is today.However, in contemporary times, a remarkable shift has occurred in the spending habits of college students. Nowadays, they are spending more on various forms of entertainment such as movies, concerts, and online gaming. Additionally, there is a notable increase in expenditures onpersonal care and beauty products. The pursuit of a fashionable appearance and self-enhancement has become an important aspect for many.This change can be attributed to several factors. Firstly, with the development of technology and the rise of the digital age, there are more diverse and attractive entertainment options available. Secondly, society's emphasis on personal image and self-expression has influenced students' spending decisions.While this increase in spending may bring more enjoyment and self-confidence to college students, it also poses certain challenges. It requires them to manage their finances carefully and develop a rational consumption concept to avoid unnecessary financial burdens.In conclusion, the spending of college students has undergone significant changes from the past to the present. It is essential for them to strike a balance between enjoying life and being financially responsible.5In recent years, it has become increasingly evident that contemporary college students are spending more. This phenomenon can be attributed to several underlying factors from the perspectives of social development and the economic environment.The rapid economic growth has led to an upgrading of consumption. With people's living standards improving, college students are demanding higher-quality products and services. For instance, they are more inclinedto purchase brand-name clothing and electronic devices, which often come with a higher price tag.The convenience offered by internet finance has also played a significant role. Online payment platforms and credit facilities make it extremely easy for students to make purchases at any time. They can obtain loans or use credit cards with just a few clicks, which might encourage impulsive spending.Another contributing factor is the changing social values. In a society that emphasizes material possessions and experiences, college students are often under pressure to keep up with the latest trends and maintain a certain lifestyle. This can lead to unnecessary expenses.In conclusion, the increase in spending among contemporary college students is a complex issue influenced by multiple factors. It is essential for students to develop a rational consumption concept and manage their finances wisely to ensure a stable and sustainable future.。
green growth阅读答案
green growth阅读答案Directions:In this section,you are going to read a pass age with ten statements attached to it.Each statement conta ins information given in one of the paragraphs.Identify the paragraph from which the information is derived.You may choose a para'graph more than once.Each paragra ph is marked with a letter.Answer the questions by marking the corresponding letter on Answer SheetA.The enrichment of previously poor countries is the mo st inspiring development of our time.It is also worrying.Th e environment is already under strain.What willhappen when the global population rises from 7 billion today to 9.3 bil lion in 2050,as demographers(人口统计学家)expect,and a grow ing proportion of these people can'afford goods that were o nce reserved for the elite?Can the planet support so much e conomic activity?B.Many policymakers adopt a top-down and Western-centfi c approach to such planetary problems.They discuss ambitiou s regulations in global forums,or look to giant multination als and well-heeled(富有的)NGOs to set an example.But since most people live in the emerging world,it makes sense to look at what successful companies there are doing to make gr owth more sustainable.C.A new study by the World Economic Forum(WEF)and the B oston Consulting Group(BCG)identifies 16 emerging-market fi rms that they say are turning eco-consciousness into a sour ce of competitive advantage.These highly profitable compani es(which the study calls"the new sustainability champions") are using greenery to reduce costs,motivate workers and for ge relationships.Their home-grown ideas will probably be ea sier for their peers to copy than anything cooked up in the West.D.The most outstanding quality of these companies is th at they turn limitationsof resources,labor and infrastructu re)into opportunities.Thus,India's Shree Cement,which has t ong suffered from water shortages,developed the world's mos t water-efficient method for making cement,in part by using air-cooling rather than water-cooling.Manila Water,a utili ty in the Philippines,reduced the amount of water it was lo sing,through wastage and illegal tapping,from 63%in 1997 to 12%in 2010 by making water affordable for the poor.Broad Group,a Chinese maker of air conditioners,taps th e waste heat from buildings to power its machines.Zhangzidao Fishery Group,a Chinese aquaculture(水产养殖)company,recy cles uneaten fish feed to fertilize crops.E.Setting green goals is a common practice.Sekem,an Egy ptian food producer,set itself the task of reclaiming(开垦) desert land through organic farming.Florida Ice&Farm,a Cost a Rican food and drink company,has adopted strict standards for the amount of water it can consume in producing drink s.F.These firms measure themselves by their greenery,too. Florida Ice&Farm,for example,links 60%of its boss's pay to the triple bottom line of"people,planet and profit".The sus tainability champions also encourage their workers to come up with green ideas.Natura,a Brazilian cosmetics company,gi ves bonuses to staff who find ways to reduce the firm's imp act on the environment.Masisa,a Chilean forestry company,in vites employees to"imagine unimaginable businesses"aimed at poorer consumers.Woolworths,a South African retailer,claim s that many of its best green ideas have come from staff,no t bosses.G.In emerging markets it is hard for companies to stick to one specialism,because they have to worry about so many wider problems,from humble infrastructure to unreliable supply chains.So the sustainability champions seek to shape t he business environment in which they operate.They lobby(游说)regulators:Grupo Balbo,a Brazilian organic-sugar produce r,is working with the Brazilian government to establish a c ertification system for organic products.They form partners hips with governments and NGOs.Kenya's Equity Bank has form ed an alliance with groups such as The International Fund f or Agricultural Development to reduce its risks when lendin g to smallholders.Natura has worked with its suppliers to p roduce sustainable packaging,including a new"green"plastic derived from sugar cane.H.The firms also work hard to reach and educate poor co nsumers,often sacrificing short-term profits to create futu re markets.Masisa organizes local carpenters into networks and connects them to low-income furniture buyers.Broad Grou p has developed a miniature device for measuring air pollut ion that can fit into mobile phones.Jain Irrigation,an Indi an maker of irrigation systems,uses dance and song to expla in the benefits of drip irrigation to farmers who can't rea d.Suntech,a Chinese solar-power company,has established a l ow-carbon museum to celebrate ways of reducing carbon-dioxi de emissions.Rich became green,or green became rich?I.One could quibble(争辩)with BCG's analysis.Phil Rosen zweig of Switzerland's IMD business school has argued that management writers are prone to"the halo effect":they treat the temporary success of a company as proof that it has di scovered some eternal principle of good management.The fact that some successful companies have embraced greenery does not prove that greenery makes a firm successful.Some firms, having prospered,find they can afford to splurge(挥霍)on gr eenery.Some successful firrns pursue greenery for public-re lations purposes.And for every sustainable emerging champio n,there are surely 100 firms that have prospered by belchin g(喷出)fumes into the air or pumping toxins into rivers.J.Nonetheless,the central message of the WEF-BCG study--that some of the best emerging-world companies are combini ng profits with greenery--is thought-provoking.Many critics of environmentalism argue that it is a rich-world luxury:t hat the poor need adequate food before they need super-clea n air.Some even see greenery as a rich-world conspiracy(阴谋):the West grew rich by industrializing(and polluting),bu t now wants to stop the rest of the world from following su it.The WEF-BCG report demonstrates that such fears are overblown.Emerging-world companies can be just as green as thei r Western rivals.Many have found that,when natural resource s are scarce and consumers are cash-strapped(资金短缺的),gr eenery can be a lucrative(利润丰厚的)business strategy.46.An air-conditioner manufacturer uses the waste heat from buildings to supply its machines with power.47.Many critics of environmentalism hold the view that greenery is a rich-world luxury because that's not what the poor people badly want.48.Workers of the sustainability champions are motivated to bring forward green ideas.49.It is meaningful to study what successful companies in the emerging world are doing to achieve more sustainable growth,since most people live there.50.It's difficult for companies in emerging markets to keep focusing on one specific problem because they have man y wider problems to worry about.51.Although some successful firms have embraced greener y,it doesn't mean that greenery will lead to the success ofa firm.52.It will probably be easier for companies to follow t he home-grown ideas than those invented in the West.53.It has been found that greenery can be profitable wh en natural resources are scarce and consumers are short of cash.54.Sekem,which produces food in Egypt,set a goal to rec laim desert land through organic farming.55.To create future markets,the firms also make effort to reach and educate poor consumers,often at the cost of sh ort-term profits.【答案解析】46.D解析：题干意为，一家空调制造商利用建筑物中的废热来为机器提供动力。
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Green Products DO NOT Necessarily Make Us Better People.In the past few decades consumers have become increasingly attentive to social andethical considerations such as energy consumption, animal husbandry, and fair trading (Chen, 2001; Crane, 2001; Torjusen, Lieblein, Wandel, & Francis, 2001). This increased concern and feeling of responsibility for society has led to remarkable growth in the global market for environment-friendly products (Hunt & Dorfman, 2009). At the heart of this trend, which is often referred to as ethical consumerism or green consumption (Anderson & Cunningham, 1972; Kinnear, Taylor, & Ahmed, 1974), lies the assumption that purchasing choices not only express price and quality preferences (Monroe, 1976) but also norms, values, and beliefs (Caruana, 2007; Irwin & Baron, 2001). This assumption has motivated a stream of research focusing on identifying the “green consumer” by socio-demographic variables, personality measures, or values that are directly related to environmental consciousness (e.g., Schlegelmilch, Bohlen, & Diamantopoulos, 1996; Shrum, McCarty, & Lowrey, 1995).What has not been sufficiently understood is how green consumption fits into our global sense of social responsibility and morality and affects behaviors outside of the consumption domain. Based on recent theories in behavioral priming and moral regulation, we argue that mere exposure to green products versus purchasing them will have markedly different effects on subsequent behaviors. While mere exposure can activate concepts related to social responsibility and ethical conduct and induce corresponding behaviors, purchasing green products may produce the counterintuitive effect of licensing asocial and unethical behaviors by establishing moralcredentials. Thus, green products do not necessarily make us better people.Mere Exposure to Green ProductsA large literature on priming has found that social behaviors can be primed by subtle environmental cues. For example, exposure to exclusive restaurant-pictures can improve manners in a subsequent eating task (Aarts & Dijksterhuis, 2003). Similarly, priming “loyalty” through a benign verbal task can increase in-group favoritism and identification (Hertel & Kerr, 2001). These results are often interpreted as an activation of norms and goals associated with environmental cues that solicit consistent behaviors. Recent research in the field of consumer behavior has demonstrated similar effects. Fitzsimons, Chartrand, and Fitzsimons (2008), for instance, showed that exposure to the Apple logo increased creativity. Given that green products are manifestations of higher ethical standards and humanitarian considerations, we expect that mere exposure to green products will activate norms of social responsibility and ethical conduct and increase corresponding behaviors.Purchase of Green ProductsUnlike early studies that tend to examine individuals’ moral reasoning and reactions to isolated events, recent developments in moral psychology emphasize the importance of a global sense of morality (e.g., Zhong, Liljenquist, & Cain, 2009). These theories suggest that our moral behaviors are figured into an implicit calculation of self-perception where virtuous behaviors boost moral self-image while transgressions dampen it. Although people prefer to have a positive moral self, maintaining it often comes at a cost because social and ethical dilemmas usually involve conflicts of interest. Thus, people tend to be strongly motivated to engage in pro-social and ethical behaviors if their moral self is threatened by a recent transgression; they are least likely toscrutinize moral implications and regulate their behaviors right after their moral self experienced a boost from a good deed. This implies that virtuous acts can license subsequent asocial and unethical behaviors.Several studies have demonstrated this licensing effect. For example, Monin and Miller (2001) found that a previous gender-egalitarian act licensed subsequent gender-discriminatory behavior. Similarly, Sachdeva, Iliev, and Medin (2009) found that reminding people of their humanitarian traits reduced charitable donations. Because purchasing green products affirms individuals’ values of social responsibility and ethical consciousness, we predict that purchasing green products will establish moral credentials, ironically licensing selfish and morally questionable behavior.Three experiments examine the effects of green products. Experiment 1 establishes that people attach higher social and ethical values to green than conventional consumerism. Experiment 2 demonstrates the opposing effects of mere exposure to green products and purchasing green products on altruistic behavior. Finally, Experiment 3 extends the licensing effect of purchasing green products to clear ethical violations: cheating and stealing money. Together these studies suggest that consumption is more tightly connected to our social and moral self than previously thought.Experiment 1: Impressions of Green ConsumersFifty-nine students (32 female) from the University of Toronto volunteered for a 5-minute survey. They were randomly assigned to either rate a person who purchases organic foods and environmentally friendly products or a person who purchases conventional foods and products on how cooperative, altruistic, and ethical they thought such a person to be using a 7-point scale (1 – Not at all, 7 – Very).As expected, participants rated a person who purchases green products to be more cooperative (M = 4.75, SD = 1.37 vs. M = 3.62, SD = 1.76, t(57) = 2.76, p = .008, prep = .956), altruistic (M = 5.07, SD = 1.01 vs. M = 3.36, SD = 1.23, t(57) = 5.81, p < .001, prep > .986), and ethical (M = 5.55, SD = 1.44 vs. M = 3.36, SD = 1.70, t(57) = 5.35, p < .001, prep > .986) than a person who purchases conventional products.Experiment 2: Priming and LicensingExperiment 1 confirmed that people attach higher social and moral values to green than conventional consumerism. This leads to two markedly different predictions: Based on research on behavioral priming, we predict that mere exposure to green products will increase subsequent altruistic conducts; however, based on recent theories on moral regulation, we predict that purchasing green products will reduce subsequent altruism because it establishes moral credentials. Experiment 2 tests these predictions using a one-shot anonymous Dictator Game. One hundred fifty-six students (95 female) from the University of Toronto volunteered for an hour-long experiment in exchange for class credit. Participants were randomly assigned to one condition of a 2 (store: conventional vs. green) × 2 (action: mere exposure vs. purchase) between-participants design.Upon arrival participants were led to a cubicle equipped with a computer and informed that they were going to engage in a number of unrelated tasks. They were first assigned to one of two online stores that carried a mix of green and conventional products but differed in the ratio of these two types of products: the green store carried nine green and three conventional products; the conventional store carried nine conventional and three green products (see Figures 1a and1b). There was no difference in number of products, product categories, or price. Participants in the mere exposure condition were asked to rate each of the products on the aesthetics of design and the informativeness of description. Participants in the purchase condition were invited to select products that they would like to purchase. Participants were offered to fill their baskets (maximum one item per product) up to $25 and were told that one out of 25 students would be randomly chosen to actually receive their purchased products 1 .Participant then engaged in an ostensibly unrelated “interpersonal interaction” task in which they were led to belief that they had been randomly paired with another person in a different room; in actuality, there was none. Participants were assured that their identity would be kept confidential. They were explained the rules of an anonymous Dictator Game that includes one initiator and recipient. The initiator has money ($6) to allocate between the self and the recipient. Initiators keep whatever they do not offer; recipients can choose to accept or reject the offer, but their choice only affects their own payoff. Participants were told that they had been randomly assigned to the initiator’s role (even though they all played that role) and ensured that they would walk away with any amount of money they kept for themselves.Neither store type (conventional vs. green) nor action (mere exposure vs. purchase) had a significant main effect on giving money, F(1, 152) = .06, p = .806, prep = .271 and F(1, 152) = 27, p = .603, prep = .427, respectively, but there was a significant interaction, F(1, 152) = 4.45, p.= .037, prep = .897. Participants who were merely exposed to the green store shared more money (M = 2.12, SD = 1.40) than those exposed to the conventional store (M = 1.59, SD = 1.29), F(1, 152) = 2.85, p = .094, prep = .824. However, the result flipped in the purchasing conditions: participants who had purchased in the green store shared less money (M = 1.76, SD = 1.40) than those in the conventional store (M = 2.18, SD = 1.54), F(1, 152) = 1.69, p = .195, prep = .728.The significant interaction supports our predictions. Green products e mbody social considerations such that mere exposure to them increases subsequent pro-social behavior. However, acting upon one’s values establishes moral credential that can subsequently license deviating behavior. Given the growth of the green product market and the interconnectedness of our everyday behavior it is an important question what are the limits of such a licensing effect. Experiment 2 showed a decrease in altruistic behavior, which can be undesirable from a welfare perspective but is not necessarily immoral. Next, we tested whether purchasing green products can establish enough moral credential to encourage clear transgressions such as lying and stealing.Experiment 3: Licensing Lying and StealingNinety undergraduate students (56 female) from the University of Toronto volunteered for this experiment in exchange for five Canadian Dollars. Participants were randomly assigned to one of two conditions (store: conventional vs. green). Upon arrival they were seated at desks equipped with a computer and one envelope containing $5 in different denominations. Participants were informed that they were going to engage in a number of unrelated tasks.In the first task, they were randomly assigned to make purchases in either the conventional or green product store as in Experiment 2. Afterwards, they engaged in an ostensibly unrelated visual perception task in which they saw a box divided by a diagonal line on the computer screen (Mazar & Ariely, 2009). Participants were told that on each trial they would see a pattern of 20 dots scattered inside the box. The pattern would stay on the screen for one second, and participants had to press a key to indicate whether there were more dots on the left or right sideof the diagonal line. Participants were paid 0.5 cent for each trial identified as having more dots on the left and 5 cents for each trial identified as having more dots on the right. The dots were always arranged such that one side clearly had more dots than the other side (15/14/13 vs. 5/6/7); thus it was fairly easy to identify the correct answer. We emphasized that it was important to be as accurate as possible because the results would help design future experiments.Before the actual task participants were given a 30 trials-practice round (without pay) in which they could see their cumulative hypothetical earnings at the top of the screen updated after each trial. This was to let participants experience that the program would pay based on the keypresses, regardless of the answers being correct. Thus, once real pay was involved there would be a clear dilemma between reporting the correct answer and lying to earn more money. The round with real pay consisted of 90 trials. Forty percent of trials had more dots on the right side (36 trials). Consequently, if 100% accurate, participants could make $2.07 in a task that lasted about 5 minutes. At the end of the 90th trial, participants saw a summary screen showing the total amount of money they had earned and instructing them to pay themselves by taking out the corresponding amount from the provided envelope. Thus, in addition to having the opportunity to lie, participants could also steal to increase their payoff2.We found a significant difference in performance in the dots task, t (79) = 2.26, p = .027, prep = .913. Participants who had purchased in the conventional store identified 42.5% (SD = 2.9%) of trials as having more dots on the right side, which was not significantly different from the actual 40% (t (37) = 1.66, p = .106, prep = .811). Participants who had purchased in the green store, however, identified 51.4% (SD = 2.67%) of trials as having more dots on the right side –suggesting they were lying to earn more money. Consequently, participants in the green store condition earned on average $0.36 more money than those in the conventional store. In addition, independent of the decision to lie, participants could steal by taking out more money from the envelope than shown on the summary screen. Consistent with the previous finding, participants in the green store stole $0.48 more money from the envelope than those in the conventional store (M = $0.56, SD = $0.13 vs. M = $0.08, SD = $0.14), t (79) = 2.55, p = 013, prep = .942. Together, they left the experiment with on average $0.83 (SD = $0.23) more in. their pockets than participants in the conventional store condition, t (70) = 3.55, p < .001, prep > 0.986.General DiscussionPeople do not make decisions in a vacuum; their decisions are embedded in a history of behaviors. Across three studies we consider pro-social and ethical decision-making in the context of past consumer behaviors and demonstrate that the halo associated with green consumerism has to be taken with reservations. While mere exposure to green products can have a positive societal effect by inducing pro-social and ethical acts, purchasing green products may license indulgence in self-interested and unethical behaviors.Our findings extend previous research on priming and licensing in two important ways. First, we explore the relationship be tween priming as “mere exposure” and other more deliberative processes (Bargh, 2006). Specific to the case of green products, people can be primed by green products in many occasions, for example, while watching a green product advertisement, walking by an organic store, or actually purchasing green products. Do all of these encounters have the same effect? By explicitly contrasting mere exposure with purchasing, we explored the compex interaction between two possible processes (priming and licensing). Our findings suggest that not all exposures have the same priming effect and that other processes (i.e. licensing) can negate oreven substitute the priming effect.Second, in previous research moral credentials and the behaviors they licensed were typically in the same domain (e.g., gender-egalitarian acts licensed gender-discriminatory behaviors, Monin & Miller, 2001; reminders of humanitarian traits reduced charitable donations, Sachdeva, Iliev, & Medin, 2009). We examine the licensing effect across seemingly unrelated domains (i.e. purchasing, altruism, and honesty). Together, our studies suggest that social and ethical acts may contribute to a more general sense of moral self than previously thought, licensing socially undesirable behaviors in distant domains.。