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sat机考评分标准

sat机考评分标准SAT（Scholastic Aptitude Test）是一项起源于美国的学术能力测验，它对考生的阅读、写作和数学等方面进行考核，追求公正、客观、科学的评分标准。

本文将探讨SAT机考评分标准，旨在详细介绍这一标准的要求与执行。

一、SAT评分体系的基本概述SAT考试总分为1600分，分为阅读、写作和数学三个部分。

其中，阅读和写作分为Evidence-Based Reading and Writing（阅读和写作）和Essay（作文），占总分的800分；数学部分分为两个部分，分别为无计算器和有计算器，同样占总分的800分。

下面将分别介绍这四个部分的评分标准。

二、Evidence-Based Reading and Writing阅读和写作1. 阅读（Reading）：这部分主要考核考生的阅读理解和分析能力。

相关题型包括短文理解、文本证据理解和写作与语言技能。

评分标准主要根据考生对文本主旨的理解、信息细节的把握、推理与解释的能力以及文本结构和语言表达等方面进行评估。

2. 写作与语言（Writing and Language）：这部分主要考核考生的语法、修辞和句子结构等基本写作能力。

相关题型主要有对文章中错误部分的改正、句子改写和编辑文章等。

评分标准根据考生对语言使用的准确性、连贯性和得体性进行评估。

三、Essay作文SAT Essay部分是可选项，但推荐参加。

这部分要求考生根据给定的文本材料撰写一篇分析性作文。

评分标准主要考察考生的论证能力、表达技巧和语言运用。

评分标准主要包括作文的主旨清晰度、论证逻辑性、证据支持性和语言表达准确性等。

四、数学1. 无计算器（No Calculator）：这部分主要考核考生在不依赖计算器的情况下解决问题的能力。

相关题型主要涉及数字和运算、代数与函数、几何和数据分析等数学内容。

评分标准主要考察考生的解题能力、数学思维和推理能力。

2. 有计算器（Calculator）：这部分主要考核考生在使用计算器的情况下解决问题的能力。

sat是什么

sat是什么
SAT是指学术能力评估测试（Scholastic Assessment Test），它是美国高中学生申请大学入学时所需参加的一项标准化考试。

SAT考试由美国大学理事会（College Board）主办，旨在评估学生的学术能力和准备程度，帮助大学招生委员会进行综合评估和选拔合适的学生。

SAT考试通常包括阅读理解、语法及写作技巧和数学三个部分。

阅读理解部分考察考生对于文章的理解、分析和推理能力；语法及写作技巧部分则涉及语法知识、写作技巧和修辞能力的运用；数学部分则考察考生对数学概念和解题能力的掌握。

考试形式一般为选择题，其中涵盖多项选择和填空等不同题型。

SAT考试的成绩对于学生申请高等教育机构并获得奖学金等方面具有重要影响。

高分的SAT成绩通常被认为是学生学术水平和适应能力的体现，也被用作大学招生的参考依据之一。

很多大学会以SAT成绩作为筛选学生的重要标准之一，还有一些大学还会要求申请者提交SAT科目考试中的高级选项成绩，如SAT数学科目考试的数学Ⅰ和数学Ⅱ。

无论是国内还是国外，SAT考试都被广泛接受并使用。

对于打算申请进入美国高校的学生来说，参加SAT考试是必不可少的一环。

SAT考试评估的是学生的核心学术能力，所以在备
考时需要学生全面提升自己的学术水平和综合能力，以取得一个好的成绩。

总之，SAT是一项用于评估学生学术能力和大学准备程度的标准化考试。

通过参加SAT考试，学生可以展示自己的学术
实力，提高申请进入理想大学的机会。

备考SAT需要学生全面提升自己的学术水平，掌握各科目的知识和解题技巧，以获得理想的成绩。

physicsformula

This document is a concise but comprehensive guide to the facts and formulas typically used in the material covered by the SAT Subject physics test.The test is designed to determine how well you have mastered the physics concepts taught in a typical one-year college-prep high school course.This guide is mainly intended as a reference,as opposed to a full tutorial(which would probably be book-length),and so the explanatory material is pretty brief.You can use the guide as a simple formula reference,or as a quick review of the material that you’ve already studied elsewhere.Either way,good luck on your Subject Test!Math StuﬀAlthough this guide is for the SAT Subject test in Physics,you’ll need to know quite a bit of math.If you’re thinking that you’ll just use your calculator to do the math,don’t forget that calculators are not allowed on the SAT Subject Physics test.Here is a summary of the really important math facts and formulas.Exponentsx a·x b=x a+b (x a)b=x a·bx0=1x a/x b=x a−b (xy)a=x a·y a √x·√Basic Metric PreﬁxesCommon powers of ten(both positive and negative)have names that come before the metric unit of measurement,i.e.,they are preﬁxes.The most typically used ones are given below.Preﬁx Symbol Power of Ten Common Examplenano n10−9nanometermicroµ10−6microsecondmilli m10−3milligramcenti c10−2centimeterkilo k103kilogrammega M106megawattBasic Trigonometrya bcadjacent oppositeh y p ot e nu s eθIn theﬁrst triangle above,a2+b2=c2(pythagorean theorem)Referring to the second triangle,there are three important functions which are deﬁned for angles in a right triangle:sinθ=oppositehypotenuse“CAH”tanθ=opposite更多资料访问老郑博客SAT Subject Physics Facts&FormulasFor example,velocity is a vector(represented by a boldface v)and is given by a number (say,50m/sec)along with a direction(say,30◦north of east).Mass(m)is just a number (say,80kg),for which a direction doesn’t make any sense,so it is a scalar.We can deﬁne components of a vector as the projection(or“shadow”)of the vector on thebelow.x and y axes,as in theﬁgure ArrayUsing basic trigonometry,v x=v·cosθ(the x-component of v)v y=v·sinθ(the y-component of v)Note from theﬁgure that v(which is sometimes denoted explicitly by|v|,which means the length of the vector v)is given by v2=v2x+v2y,using the pythagorean theorem.In the example above,v=50m/sec andθ=30◦,so that v x=43m/sec and v y=25m/sec. In this case,the x-component of v is greater than the y-component of v since the direction of v is closer to the x-axis(east)than it is to the y-axis(north).The easiest way to add two vectors is to add their x components to get a total x component, and separately do the same thing for the y components.Then,a new total vector can be made with the two total x and y components,using v2tot=v2x,tot+v2y,tot andθ= tan−1(v y,tot/v x,tot).Graphically,this is the same as the“tip-to-tail”method,as in thebelow.ﬁgure ArrayHere,vectors A and B are added by moving B so that its tail is at the tip of A,and thendrawing the vector from the origin to the new tip of B.It should be clear from theﬁgure that the x components of A and(the shifted)B add up to the x component of the new vector,and similarly for the y components./tutor pg.3SAT Subject Physics Facts&FormulasKinematicsThe following formulas for position x,velocity v,and acceleration a are valid when the acceleration of the object is constant.The initial value of a variable,such as position for example,is given by x i,and theﬁnal value is given by x f.The change in the variable, such as velocity for example,is given by∆v=v f−v i.There areﬁve main equations for kinematics which are all valid,but the one or two that you use will depend on the variable that you need and the information that you have.When you don’t have Equation to Use1a∆x=v ave∆t=a(∆t)221v i∆x=v f∆t−更多资料访问老郑博客SAT Subject Physics Facts&Formulasresting on a table is zero:the weight of the book and the force of the table pushing up on the book add to zero.Note that the weight of an object(which is a force)due to gravity is:W=mgwhere W is the weight,m is the mass,and g is the acceleration due to gravity(g is approximately10m/s2at or near the surface of the earth).Friction is a force due to the contact of two rough surfaces against one another.The direction of the friction force is always opposite to the direction of motion(or,in the case of static friction,opposite to the motion that would occur if there were no friction).The magnitude of the friction force is proportional to the normal force holding the two surfaces together.The constant of proportionality is called the coeﬃcient of friction,and is denoted byµ(this symbol is the Greek letter mu).In formula form:f=µNwhere f is the friction force,µis the coeﬃcient of friction,and N is the normal force. If there is no motion between the surfaces,the friction is static,andµ=µs,the static coeﬃcient of friction.In the case of the two surfaces moving against one another,µ=µk, the kinetic coeﬃcient of friction.Generally,µs is larger thanµk;however,the basic formula f=µN remains the same for both cases.MomentumMomentum is deﬁned to be the product of mass and velocity:p=m vwhere p is the momentum,m is the mass,and v is the velocity.Note that the momentum p and velocity v are both vectors,and they are in the same direction,since the mass m is just a positive number.The net force F acting on a mass m for an amount of time∆t produces a change in momentum given by∆p=F∆t.The product F∆t is often called the impulse.Here,the change in momentum is just ∆p=m∆v=m(v f−v i),where v i is the initial velocity and v f is theﬁnal velocity. Conservation of momentum:if there are no external forces on a system(or,the forces add to zero),then the momentum of a system is conserved,i.e.,the momentum is constant. For example,consider when a riﬂeﬁres a bullet(in which case the“system”consists of the riﬂe plus the bullet).Beforeﬁring,p=0.Since the external forces on the system add to zero(the weight of the riﬂe is balanced by the person holding it),then p=0afterﬁring, also.Therefore,m b v b+m r v r=0and the recoil velocity of the riﬂe is v r=−(m b/m r)·v b. /tutor pg.5In collisions,momentum is also conserved.For example,suppose two cars(masses m1and m2)collide at velocities v1and v2.Then,their velocities after colliding(v 1and v 2)satisfy the equation m1v1+m2v2=m1v 1+m2v 2.To solve a problem like this for the individual ﬁnal velocities,more information must be given.For example,if the cars stick together, then theﬁnal velocity v f can be found by solving m1v1+m2v2=(m1+m2)·v f for v f. Work,Energy,and PowerWork has a very speciﬁc meaning in physics.Work is done when a force is applied to an object as it moves a distance.The amount of work done is given by:W=F d cosθwhere W is the work done,in joules(1J=1newton-meter),d is the distance,andθis the angle between the direction of the force and the direction of motion.If the force is in direction of motion,θ=0◦,so cosθ=1and the work is just force times distance, W=F d.If there is no displacement at all(i.e.,d=0),then no work is done.Also,if the force is at right angles to the direction of motion(θ=90◦),again no work is done,since cos90◦=0. Note that work can be negative,for example,ifθ=180◦,then W=−F d and W<0 (cos180◦=−1).The work done by kinetic friction,for example,is always negative since the force of friction is always directed opposite to the direction of motion.The energy of an object can be thought of as the ability of that object to do work.Or, conversely,work must be done by or on an object to change the object’s energy.There are two main kinds of energy.Theﬁrst is called kinetic energy and is associated with objects that are moving(v=0).The amount of kinetic energy is given by1KE=velocity.The work done by the person is the force applied(mg,to counteract gravity) times the distance(h),which gives W=mgh.This work is“stored”as potential energy in the mass at height h.The mass now has the ability to do work.For example,if the mass is a large boulder at the top of a cliﬀ,the boulder could be used to make a crater in the ground below(by pushing it oﬀthe cliﬀ).The amount of work done by the boulder on the ground would be W=mgh.We can combine the potential and kinetic energy to get the total energy:E=KE+PE.In the absence of forces such as friction,the total energy of an object remains constant(is conserved).For example,suppose the boulder from before is100kg and is on a cliﬀ10m high.The total energy of the boulder is E=KE+PE=0+(100kg)(10m/s2)(10m)= 10000J.Now the boulder is pushed oﬀthe cliﬀ.Just before it hits the ground,E is still10000J.But now,PE=0and KE=10000J.Halfway down the cliﬀ,PE= (100kg)(10m/s2)(5m)=5000J.Since E is still10000J,then we know that KE=5000J. In each case,the velocity could be found by using KE=0.5·m·v2.Power is the rate at which work is done:if a certain amount of work W is done in an elapsed time∆t,the power isWP=on the circle.This mass is under constant acceleration,not because the speed is changing (it isn’t)but because the direction of the velocity is changing(remember that velocity is a vector,and so it has both a magnitude(speed)and a direction).In theﬁgure above,the force on the mass(F c)along with its acceleration(a c)are shown at eight snapshots in time during the motion of the mass around the circle.Both F c and a c always point directly toward the center of the circle,so in either circle in the above ﬁgure,a c could be replaced by F c,and vice versa.The acceleration a c,called“centripetal”acceleration,is given byv2a c=.rThe period T is the time it takes for the object to make one revolution.Given T,the velocity can be found using2πrv=Ifθis the angle between the radial direction and F,then F⊥=F sinθ,so that the torque equation can also be written as:torque=rF sinθ.The perpendicular force F⊥will tend to rotate the wheel in theﬁgure in the counter-clockwise direction.Angular momentum is the circular equivalent of linear momentum(p=mv),and is given by:L=mvr.For example,L=mvr is the angular momentum of the rotating object in the diagram at the beginning of the section on circular motion.Similarly to regular(linear)momentum,if there are no external torques on a system(or, the torques add to zero),then the angular momentum of a system is conserved,i.e.,the angular momentum is constant.For example,could the Earth just stop spinning in the middle of the night?The biggest force on the Earth is due to the Sun(see the Gravity section below),but that force eﬀectively acts at the center of the Earth,where r=0.This means that the torque due to the force is zero,so there are no external torques on the Earth,and therefore it will just keep on spinning.A little more complicated example is the system of the Earth and the Moon.The Moon (which has a large mass)moves roughly in a circle about the Earth,and so it has angular momentum.The Earth has angular momentum since it is spinning about its own axis once per day(and this includes you,since you are on the surface of the Earth,rotating about the axis).The Moon causes the tides on the Earth,but the drag of the sea sloshing about is gradually slowing down the spin rate of the Earth.The conservation of angular momentum in the Earth-Moon system implies that the angular momentum of the moon must be increasing,namely,the r in the angular momentum(mvr)of the Moon must be getting bigger.In fact,the distance to the moon has been measured to be increasing at roughly4.5cm per year.SpringsA spring is a metal coil which,when stretched,pulls back on the object attached to the end of the spring.When compressed,the spring pushes against the object at the end of the spring.When not stretched or compressed,the spring is at its“natural length”and it doesn’t exert a force on the object at all.The restoring force F s of a spring is proportional to the amount(distance)that the spring is stretched or compressed.If this distance is x,then the restoring force isF s=kx.The formula above is often called“Hooke’s Law”.When a spring is stretched or com-pressed,it has a(stored)potential energy of1PE s=GravityGravity is a force that occurs between objects that have mass.If two masses m1and m2 are separated by a distance r,then the force of gravity between them ism1m2F g=G。

上实剑桥国际高中部课程设置

上实剑桥国际高中部课程设置摘要：上实剑桥国际高中部按照英美高中学制，共设四个年级G1、G2、A1、A2(由低到高)。

我校采用自主招生、公开招考制度，申请入读的学生须参加由我校组织的入学考试，通过测评后方可入学。

上实剑桥国际高中部课程设置 1上实剑桥国际高中部按照英美高中学制，共设四个年级G1、G2、A1、A2(由低到高)。

我校采用自主招生、公开招考制度，申请入读的学生须参加由我校组织的入学考试，通过测评后方可入学。

上实剑桥国际高中部课程设置 2IGCSE & A-LEVEL课程英语类/English Language ESL英语 English as Second LanguageEFL英语 English as First Language英语文学 English Literature雅思课 IELTS数学类/Mathematics 高中数学 Mathematics高中附加数学 Additional Math进阶数学 Mathematics Further剑桥数学 STEP科学类/Science 物理 Physics化学 Chemistry生物 Biology计算机科学 Computer Science语言类/Language 中文 Chinese法语 French德语 German人文与社会/Humanities and Social 经济学 Economics地理 Geography全球视野 Global Perspectives戏剧 Drama技术与职业/Technology and Occupation 艺术与设计 Art and Design商学研究 Business Studies会计 Accounting通信技术 ICT思维技巧 Thinking SkillsSAT课程 I & IISAT阅读 ReadingSAT写作 Writing托福课 TOEFL数学 Mathmatics Level I数学II Mathmatics Level II物理 Physics化学 Chemistry生物 Biology美国历史 US HistoryAP课程微积分AB Calculus AB微积分BC Calculus BC统计学 Statistics物理B Physics B物理C 力学 Physics C: Mechanics物理C 电与磁 Physics C: Electricity and Magnetism 生物学 Biology化学 Chemistry美国历史 United States History世界历史 World History艺术史 Art History微观经济学 Microeconomics宏观经济学 Macroeconomics人文地理学 Human Geography中文和中国文化 Chinese Language and Culture英语文学 English Literature and Composition 注：以上个别科目可能按不同学年教学计划增减。

SAT物理考试题(2套)

SAT物理考试－Inclined Planeswe know that when people are placed on slippery inclines, they slide down the slope. We also know that slides can sometimes be sticky, so that when you are at the top of the incline, you need to give yourself a push to overcome the force of static friction. As you descend a sticky slide, the force of kinetic friction opposes your motion. In this section, we will consider problems involving inclined planes both with and without friction. Since they’re simpler, we’ll begin with frictionless planes.Suppose you place a 10 kg box on a frictionless 30º inclined plane and release your hold, allowing the box to slide to the ground, a horizontal distance of d meters and avertical distance of h meters.Before we continue, let’s follow those three important preliminary steps for solving problems in mechanics:1. Ask yourself how the system will move: Because this is a frictionless plane,there is nothing to stop the box from sliding down to the bottom. Experience suggests that the steeper the incline, the faster an object will slide, so we can expect the acceleration and velocity of the box to be affected by the angle of the plane.2. Choose a coordinate system: Because we’re interested in how the box slidesalong the inclined plane, we would do better to orient our coordinate system to the slope of the plane. The x-axis runs parallel to the plane, where downhill is the positive xdirection, and the y-axis runs perpendicular to the plane, where up is the positive ydirection.3. Draw free-body diagrams: The two forces acting on the box are the force ofgravity, acting straight downward, and the normal force, acting perpendicular to theinclined plane, along the y-axis. Because we’ve oriented our coordinate system to the slope of the plane, we’ll have to resolve the vector for the gravitational force, mg, into its x- and y-components. If you recall what we learned about vector decomposition inChapter 1, you’ll know you can break mg down into a vector of magnitude cos 30º in the negative y direction and a vector of magnitude sin 30º in the positive x direction. The result is a free-body diagram that looks something like this:Decomposing the mg vector gives a total of three force vectors at work in this diagram: the y -component of the gravitational force and the normal force, which cancel out; and the x -component of the gravitational force, which pulls the box down the slope. Note that the steeper the slope, the greater the force pulling the box down the slope.Now let’s solve some problems. For the purposes of these problems, take the acceleration due to gravity to be g = 10 m/s 2. Like SAT II Physics, we will give you the values of the relevant trigonometric functions: cos 30 = sin 60 = 0.866, cos 60 = sin 30 = 0.500.1. What is the magnitude of the normal force?2. What is the acceleration of the box?3. What is the velocity of the box when it reaches the bottom of the slope?4.What is the work done on the box by the force of gravity in bringing it to the bottom of the plane?1. What is the magnitude of the normal force?The box is not moving in the y direction, so the normal force must be equal to the y -component of the gravitational force. Calculating the normal force is then just a matter of plugging a few numbers in for variables in order to find the y -component of the gravitational force:2. ?We know that the force pulling the box in the positive x direction has a magnitude of mg sin 30. Using Newton’s Second Law, F = ma , we just need to solve for a :3. What is the velocity of the box when it reaches the bottom of the slope?Because we’re dealing with a frictionless plane, the system is closed and we can invoke the law of conservation of mechanical energy. At the top of the inclined plane, thebox will not be moving and so it will have an initial kinetic energy of zero ().At the bottom of the slope, all the box’s potential energy will have been converted into kinetic energy. In other words, the kinetic energy, 1⁄2 mv2, of the box at the bottom of the slope is equal to the potential energy, mgh, of the box at the top of the slope. Solving for v, we get:4. What is the work done on the box by the force of gravity in bringing it to the bottom of the inclined plane?The fastest way to solve this problem is to appeal to the work-energy theorem, which tells us that the work done on an object is equal to its change in kinetic energy. At the top of the slope the box has no kinetic energy, and at the bottom of the slope its kinetic energy is equal to its potential energy at the top of the slope, mgh. So the work done on the box is:Note that the work done is independent of how steep the inclined plane is, and is only dependent on the object’s change in height when it slides down the plane.Frictionless Inclined Planes withLet’s bring together what we’ve learned about frictionless inclined planes and pulleys on tables into one exciting über-problem:Assume for this problem that —, wNow let’s tackle a couple of questions:1. What is the acceleration of the masses?2. What is the velocity of mass m after mass M has fallen a distance h?1. What is the acceleration of the masses?First, let’s determine the net force acting on each of the masses. Applying Newton’s Second Law we get:Adding these two equations together, we find that . SBecause , th. S. T. BFinally, note that the velocity of mass m is in the uphill direction.As with the complex equations we encountered with pulley systems above, you needn’t trouble yourself with memorizing a formula like this. If you understand the principles at work in this problem and would feel somewhat comfortable deriving this formula, you know more than SAT II Physics will likely ask of you.Inclined Planes With FrictionThere are two significant differences between frictionless inclined plane problems and inclined plane problems where friction is a factor:1. There’s an extra force to deal with. The force of friction will oppose the downhillcomponent of the gravitational force.2. We can no longer rely on the law of conservation of mechanical energy.Because energy is being lost through the friction between the mass and the inclined plane, we are no longer dealing with a closed system. Mechanical energy is not conserved.Consider the 10 kg box we encountered in our example of a frictionless inclined plane.This time, though, the inclined plane has a coefficient of kinetic friction of . HNow let’s ask some questions about the motion of the box.1. What is the force of kinetic friction acting on the box?2. What is the acceleration of the box?3. What is the work done on the box by the force of kinetic friction?What is the force of kinetic friction acting on the box?The normal force acting on the box is 86.6 N, exactly the same as for the frictionless inclined plane. The force of kinetic friction is defined as , sand N:Remember, though, that the force of friction is exerted in the negative x direction, so the correct answer is –43.3 N.What is the acceleration of the box?The net force acting on the box is the difference between the downhillgravitational force and the force of friction: . UBecause , th. RNote that the amount of work done is negative, because the force of friction acts in the opposite direction of the displacement of the box.we know that when people are placed on slippery inclines, they slide down the slope. We also know that slides can sometimes be sticky, so that when you are at the top of the incline, you need to give yourself a push to overcome the force of static friction. As you descend a sticky slide, the force of kinetic friction opposes your motion. In this section, we will consider problems involving inclined planes both with and without friction. Since they’re simpler, we’ll begin with frictionless planes.Suppose you place a 10 kg box on a frictionless 30º inclined plane and release your hold, allowing the box to slide to the ground, a horizontal distance of d meters and a vertical distance of h meters.Before we continue, let’s follow those three important preliminary steps for solving problems in mechanics:1. Ask yourself how the system will move: Because this is a frictionless plane,there is nothing to stop the box from sliding down to the bottom. Experience suggests that the steeper the incline, the faster an object will slide, so we can expect the acceleration and velocity of the box to be affected by the angle of the plane.2. Choose a coordinate system: Because we’re interested in how the box slidesalong the inclined plane, we would do better to orient our coordinate system to the slope of the plane. The x-axis runs parallel to the plane, where downhill is the positive xdirection, and the y-axis runs perpendicular to the plane, where up is the positive ydirection.3. Draw free-body diagrams: The two forces acting on the box are the force ofgravity, acting straight downward, and the normal force, acting perpendicular to theinclined plane, along the y-axis. Because we’ve oriented our coordinate system to the slope of the plane, we’ll have to resolve the vector for the gravitational force, mg, into its x- and y-components. If you recall what we learned about vector decomposition inChapter 1, you’ll know you can break mg down into a vector of magnitude cos 30º in the negative y direction and a vector of magnitude sin 30º in the positive x direction. The result is a free-body diagram that looks something like this:Decomposing the mg vector gives a total of three force vectors at work in this diagram: the y-component of the gravitational force and the normal force, which cancel out; and the x-component of the gravitational force, which pulls the box down the slope.Note that the steeper the slope, the greater the force pulling the box down the slope.Now let’s solve some problems. For the purposes of these problems, take the acceleration due to gravity to be g = 10 m/s2. Like SAT II Physics, we will give you the values of the relevant trigonometric functions: cos 30 = sin 60 = 0.866, cos 60 = sin 30 =0.500.SAT物理考试－SpringsThe that springs exhibit applies equally to objects moving in a circular path and to the various wave phenomena that we’ll study later in this book. So before we dig in to the nitty-gritty of your typical SAT II Physics spring questions, let’s look at some generalfeatures of harmonic motion.and Harmonic MotionConsider the following physical phenomena:•When you drop a rock into a still pond, the rock makes a big splash, which causes ripples to spread out to the edges of the pond.•When you pluck a guitar string, the string vibrates back and forth.•When you rock a small boat, it wobbles to and fro in the water before coming to rest again.•When you stretch out a spring and release it, the spring goes back and forth between being compressed and being stretched out.There are just a few examples of the widespread phenomenon of oscillation.Oscillation is the natural world’s way of returning a system to its equilibrium position, the stable position of the system where the net force acting on it is zero. If you throw a systemoff-balance, it doesn’t simply return to the way it was; it oscillates back and forth about the equilibrium position.A system oscillates as a way of giving off energy. A system that is thrown off-kilter has more energy than a system in its equilibrium position. To take the simple example of a spring, a stretched-out spring will start to move as soon as you let go of it: that motion is evidence of kinetic energy that the spring lacks in its equilibrium position. Because of the law of conservation of energy, a stretched-out spring cannot simply return to its equilibrium position; it must release some energy in order to do so. Usually, this energy is released as thermal energy caused by friction, but there are plenty of interesting exceptions. For instance, a plucked guitar string releases sound energy: the music we hear is the result of the string returning to its equilibrium position.The movement of an oscillating body is called harmonic motion. If you were to graph the position, velocity, or acceleration of an oscillating body against time, the result would be a sinusoidal wave; that is, some variation of a y = a sin bx or a y = a cos bx graph. This generalized form of harmonic motion applies not only to springs and guitar strings, but to anything that moves in a cycle. Imagine placing a pebble on the edge of a turntable, and watching the turntable rotate while looking at it from the side. You will see the pebble moving back and forth in one dimension. The pebble will appear to oscillate just like a spring: it will appear to move fastest at the middle of its trajectory and slow to a halt and reverse direction as it reaches the edge of its trajectory.This example serves two purposes. First, it shows you that the oscillation of springs is just one of a wide range of phenomena exhibiting harmonic motion. Anything that moves in a cyclic pattern exhibits harmonic motion. This includes the light and sound waves without which we would have a lot of trouble moving about in the world. Second, we bring it up because SAT II Physics has been known to test students on the nature of the horizontal or vertical component of the motion of an object in circular motion. As you can see, circular motion viewed in one dimension is harmonic motion.Though harmonic motion is one of the most widespread and important of physical phenomena, your understanding of it will not be taxed to any great extent on SAT II Physics. In fact, beyond the motion of springs and pendulums, everything you will need toknow will be covered in this book in the chapter on Waves. The above discussion is mostly meant to fit your understanding of the oscillation of springs into a wider context.The Oscillation of a SpringNow let’s focus on the harmonic motion exhibited by a spring. To start with, we’ll imagine a mass, m, placed on a frictionless surface, and attached to a wall by a spring. In its equilibrium position, where no forces act upon it, the mass is at rest. Let’s label this equilibrium position x = 0. Intuitively, you know that if you compress or stretch out the spring it will begin to oscillate.Suppose you push the mass toward the wall, compressing the spring, until the mass isin position .When you release the mass, the spring will exert a force, pushing the mass back until itreaches position , w.By that point, the spring will be stretched out, and will be exerting a force to pull the mass back in toward the wall. Because we are dealing with an idealized frictionless surface, the mass will not be slowed by the force of friction, and will oscillate back andforth repeatedly between an.This is all well and good, but we can’t get very far in sorting out the amplitude, the velocity, the energy, or anything else about the mass’s motion if we don’t understand the manner in which the spring exerts a force on the mass attached to it. The force, F, that the spring exerts on the mass is defined by Hooke’s Law:Simple Harmonic OscillationA mass oscillating on a spring is one example of a simple harmonic oscillator. Specifically, a simple harmonic oscillator is any object that moves about a stable equilibrium point and experiences a restoring force proportional to the oscillator’s displacement.For an oscillating spring, the restoring force, and consequently the acceleration, are greatest and positive at . Tan.There are a number of important properties related to the motion of a mass on a spring, all of which are fair game for SAT II Physics. Remember, though: the test makers have no interest in testing your ability to recall complex formulas and perform difficult mathematical operations. You may be called upon to know the simpler of these formulas, but not the complex ones. As we mentioned at the end of the section on pulleys, it’s less important that you memorize the formulas and more important that you understand what they mean. If you understand the principle, there probably won’t be any questions that will stump you.Period of OscillationThe period of oscillation, T, of a spring is the amount of time it takes for a spring to complete a round-trip or cycle. Mathematically, the period of oscillation of a simple harmonic oscillator described by Hooke’s Law is:) isis defined by:The potential energy of a spring is greatest when the coil is maximally compressed or stretched, and is zero at the equilibrium position.Kinetic EnergySAT II Physics will not test you on the motion of springs involving friction, so for the purposes of the test, the mechanical energy of a spring is a conserved quantity. As we recall, mechanical energy is the sum of the kinetic energy and potential energy.At the points of maximum compression and extension, the velocity, and hence the kinetic energy, is zero and the mechanical energy is equal to the potential energy, U s=1/.2You won’t need to know this equation, but it might be valuable to note that the velocity increases with a large displacement, a resistant spring, and a small mass.SummaryIt is highly unlikely that the formulas discussed above will appear on SAT II Physics. More likely, you will be asked conceptual questions such as: at what point in a spring’s oscillation is the kinetic or potential energy maximized or minimized, for instance. The figure below summarizes and clarifies some qualitative aspects of simple harmonic oscillation. Your qualitative understanding of the relationship between force, velocity, and kinetic and potential energy in a spring system is far more likely to be tested than your knowledge of the formulas discussed above.In this figure, v represents velocity, F represents force, KE represents kinetic energy, and represents potential energy.Vertical Oscillation of SpringsNow let’s consider a mass attached to a spring that is suspended from the ceiling. Questions of this sort have a nasty habit of coming up on SAT II Physics. The oscillation ofthe spring when compressed or extended won’t be any different, but we now have to take gravity into account.Equilibrium PositionBecause the mass will exert a gravitational force to stretch the spring downward a bit, the equilibrium position will no longer be at x = 0, but at x = –h, where h is the vertical displacement of the spring due to the gravitational pull exerted on the mass. The equilibrium position is the point where the net force acting on the mass is zero; in other words, the point where the upward restoring force of the spring is equal to the downward gravitational force of the mass.Combining the restoring force, F = –kh, and the gravitational force, F = mg, we can solve for h:an.Throughout the motion of the mass, the force of gravity is constant and downward. The restoring force of the spring is always upward, because even atthewoan.where is g is the spring’s (elastic) potential energy.Note that the velocity of the block is zero at an, aan angreatest when the spring is maximally extended at anexceptions. For instance, a plucked guitar string releases sound energy: the music we hear is the result of the string returning to its equilibrium position.The movement of an oscillating body is called harmonic motion. If you were to graph the position, velocity, or acceleration of an oscillating body against time, the result would be a sinusoidal wave; that is, some variation of a y = a sin bx or a y = a cos bx graph. This generalized form of harmonic motion applies not only to springs and guitar strings, but to anything that moves in a cycle. Imagine placing a pebble on the edge of a turntable, and watching the turntable rotate while looking at it from the side. You will see the pebble moving back and forth in one dimension. The pebble will appear to oscillate just like a spring: it will appear to move fastest at the middle of its trajectory and slow to a halt and reverse direction as it reaches the edge of its trajectory.This example serves two purposes. First, it shows you that the oscillation of springs is just one of a wide range of phenomena exhibiting harmonic motion. Anything that moves in a cyclic pattern exhibits harmonic motion. This includes the light and sound waves without which we would have a lot of trouble moving about in the world. Second, we bring it up because SAT II Physics has been known to test students on the nature of the horizontal or vertical component of the motion of an object in circular motion. As you can see, circular motion viewed in one dimension is harmonic motion.Though harmonic motion is one of the most widespread and important of physical phenomena, your understanding of it will not be taxed to any great extent on SAT II Physics. In fact, beyond the motion of springs and pendulums, everything you will need to know will be covered in this book in the chapter on Waves. The above discussion is mostly meant to fit your understanding of the oscillation of springs into a wider context.。

物理学专业英语

华中师范大学物理学院物理学专业英语仅供内部学习参考！2014一、课程的任务和教学目的通过学习《物理学专业英语》，学生将掌握物理学领域使用频率较高的专业词汇和表达方法，进而具备基本的阅读理解物理学专业文献的能力。

通过分析《物理学专业英语》课程教材中的范文，学生还将从英语角度理解物理学中个学科的研究内容和主要思想，提高学生的专业英语能力和了解物理学研究前沿的能力。

培养专业英语阅读能力，了解科技英语的特点，提高专业外语的阅读质量和阅读速度；掌握一定量的本专业英文词汇，基本达到能够独立完成一般性本专业外文资料的阅读；达到一定的笔译水平。

要求译文通顺、准确和专业化。

二、课程内容课程内容包括以下章节：物理学、经典力学、热力学、电磁学、光学、原子物理、统计力学、量子力学和狭义相对论三、基本要求1.充分利用课内时间保证充足的阅读量（约1200~1500词/学时），要求正确理解原文。

2.泛读适量课外相关英文读物，要求基本理解原文主要内容。

3.掌握基本专业词汇（不少于200词）。

4.应具有流利阅读、翻译及赏析专业英语文献，并能简单地进行写作的能力。

四、参考书目录1 Physics 物理学 (1)Introduction to physics (1)Classical and modern physics (2)Research fields (4)V ocabulary (7)2 Classical mechanics 经典力学 (10)Introduction (10)Description of classical mechanics (10)Momentum and collisions (14)Angular momentum (15)V ocabulary (16)3 Thermodynamics 热力学 (18)Introduction (18)Laws of thermodynamics (21)System models (22)Thermodynamic processes (27)Scope of thermodynamics (29)V ocabulary (30)4 Electromagnetism 电磁学 (33)Introduction (33)Electrostatics (33)Magnetostatics (35)Electromagnetic induction (40)V ocabulary (43)5 Optics 光学 (45)Introduction (45)Geometrical optics (45)Physical optics (47)Polarization (50)V ocabulary (51)6 Atomic physics 原子物理 (52)Introduction (52)Electronic configuration (52)Excitation and ionization (56)V ocabulary (59)7 Statistical mechanics 统计力学 (60)Overview (60)Fundamentals (60)Statistical ensembles (63)V ocabulary (65)8 Quantum mechanics 量子力学 (67)Introduction (67)Mathematical formulations (68)Quantization (71)Wave-particle duality (72)Quantum entanglement (75)V ocabulary (77)9 Special relativity 狭义相对论 (79)Introduction (79)Relativity of simultaneity (80)Lorentz transformations (80)Time dilation and length contraction (81)Mass-energy equivalence (82)Relativistic energy-momentum relation (86)V ocabulary (89)正文标记说明：蓝色Arial字体（例如energy）：已知的专业词汇蓝色Arial字体加下划线（例如electromagnetism）：新学的专业词汇黑色Times New Roman字体加下划线（例如postulate）：新学的普通词汇1 Physics 物理学1 Physics 物理学Introduction to physicsPhysics is a part of natural philosophy and a natural science that involves the study of matter and its motion through space and time, along with related concepts such as energy and force. More broadly, it is the general analysis of nature, conducted in order to understand how the universe behaves.Physics is one of the oldest academic disciplines, perhaps the oldest through its inclusion of astronomy. Over the last two millennia, physics was a part of natural philosophy along with chemistry, certain branches of mathematics, and biology, but during the Scientific Revolution in the 17th century, the natural sciences emerged as unique research programs in their own right. Physics intersects with many interdisciplinary areas of research, such as biophysics and quantum chemistry,and the boundaries of physics are not rigidly defined. New ideas in physics often explain the fundamental mechanisms of other sciences, while opening new avenues of research in areas such as mathematics and philosophy.Physics also makes significant contributions through advances in new technologies that arise from theoretical breakthroughs. For example, advances in the understanding of electromagnetism or nuclear physics led directly to the development of new products which have dramatically transformed modern-day society, such as television, computers, domestic appliances, and nuclear weapons; advances in thermodynamics led to the development of industrialization; and advances in mechanics inspired the development of calculus.Core theoriesThough physics deals with a wide variety of systems, certain theories are used by all physicists. Each of these theories were experimentally tested numerous times and found correct as an approximation of nature (within a certain domain of validity).For instance, the theory of classical mechanics accurately describes the motion of objects, provided they are much larger than atoms and moving at much less than the speed of light. These theories continue to be areas of active research, and a remarkable aspect of classical mechanics known as chaos was discovered in the 20th century, three centuries after the original formulation of classical mechanics by Isaac Newton (1642–1727) 【艾萨克·牛顿】.University PhysicsThese central theories are important tools for research into more specialized topics, and any physicist, regardless of his or her specialization, is expected to be literate in them. These include classical mechanics, quantum mechanics, thermodynamics and statistical mechanics, electromagnetism, and special relativity.Classical and modern physicsClassical mechanicsClassical physics includes the traditional branches and topics that were recognized and well-developed before the beginning of the 20th century—classical mechanics, acoustics, optics, thermodynamics, and electromagnetism.Classical mechanics is concerned with bodies acted on by forces and bodies in motion and may be divided into statics (study of the forces on a body or bodies at rest), kinematics (study of motion without regard to its causes), and dynamics (study of motion and the forces that affect it); mechanics may also be divided into solid mechanics and fluid mechanics (known together as continuum mechanics), the latter including such branches as hydrostatics, hydrodynamics, aerodynamics, and pneumatics.Acoustics is the study of how sound is produced, controlled, transmitted and received. Important modern branches of acoustics include ultrasonics, the study of sound waves of very high frequency beyond the range of human hearing; bioacoustics the physics of animal calls and hearing, and electroacoustics, the manipulation of audible sound waves using electronics.Optics, the study of light, is concerned not only with visible light but also with infrared and ultraviolet radiation, which exhibit all of the phenomena of visible light except visibility, e.g., reflection, refraction, interference, diffraction, dispersion, and polarization of light.Heat is a form of energy, the internal energy possessed by the particles of which a substance is composed; thermodynamics deals with the relationships between heat and other forms of energy.Electricity and magnetism have been studied as a single branch of physics since the intimate connection between them was discovered in the early 19th century; an electric current gives rise to a magnetic field and a changing magnetic field induces an electric current. Electrostatics deals with electric charges at rest, electrodynamics with moving charges, and magnetostatics with magnetic poles at rest.Modern PhysicsClassical physics is generally concerned with matter and energy on the normal scale of1 Physics 物理学observation, while much of modern physics is concerned with the behavior of matter and energy under extreme conditions or on the very large or very small scale.For example, atomic and nuclear physics studies matter on the smallest scale at which chemical elements can be identified.The physics of elementary particles is on an even smaller scale, as it is concerned with the most basic units of matter; this branch of physics is also known as high-energy physics because of the extremely high energies necessary to produce many types of particles in large particle accelerators. On this scale, ordinary, commonsense notions of space, time, matter, and energy are no longer valid.The two chief theories of modern physics present a different picture of the concepts of space, time, and matter from that presented by classical physics.Quantum theory is concerned with the discrete, rather than continuous, nature of many phenomena at the atomic and subatomic level, and with the complementary aspects of particles and waves in the description of such phenomena.The theory of relativity is concerned with the description of phenomena that take place in a frame of reference that is in motion with respect to an observer; the special theory of relativity is concerned with relative uniform motion in a straight line and the general theory of relativity with accelerated motion and its connection with gravitation.Both quantum theory and the theory of relativity find applications in all areas of modern physics.Difference between classical and modern physicsWhile physics aims to discover universal laws, its theories lie in explicit domains of applicability. Loosely speaking, the laws of classical physics accurately describe systems whose important length scales are greater than the atomic scale and whose motions are much slower than the speed of light. Outside of this domain, observations do not match their predictions.Albert Einstein【阿尔伯特·爱因斯坦】contributed the framework of special relativity, which replaced notions of absolute time and space with space-time and allowed an accurate description of systems whose components have speeds approaching the speed of light.Max Planck【普朗克】, Erwin Schrödinger【薛定谔】, and others introduced quantum mechanics, a probabilistic notion of particles and interactions that allowed an accurate description of atomic and subatomic scales.Later, quantum field theory unified quantum mechanics and special relativity.General relativity allowed for a dynamical, curved space-time, with which highly massiveUniversity Physicssystems and the large-scale structure of the universe can be well-described. General relativity has not yet been unified with the other fundamental descriptions; several candidate theories of quantum gravity are being developed.Research fieldsContemporary research in physics can be broadly divided into condensed matter physics; atomic, molecular, and optical physics; particle physics; astrophysics; geophysics and biophysics. Some physics departments also support research in Physics education.Since the 20th century, the individual fields of physics have become increasingly specialized, and today most physicists work in a single field for their entire careers. "Universalists" such as Albert Einstein (1879–1955) and Lev Landau (1908–1968)【列夫·朗道】, who worked in multiple fields of physics, are now very rare.Condensed matter physicsCondensed matter physics is the field of physics that deals with the macroscopic physical properties of matter. In particular, it is concerned with the "condensed" phases that appear whenever the number of particles in a system is extremely large and the interactions between them are strong.The most familiar examples of condensed phases are solids and liquids, which arise from the bonding by way of the electromagnetic force between atoms. More exotic condensed phases include the super-fluid and the Bose–Einstein condensate found in certain atomic systems at very low temperature, the superconducting phase exhibited by conduction electrons in certain materials,and the ferromagnetic and antiferromagnetic phases of spins on atomic lattices.Condensed matter physics is by far the largest field of contemporary physics.Historically, condensed matter physics grew out of solid-state physics, which is now considered one of its main subfields. The term condensed matter physics was apparently coined by Philip Anderson when he renamed his research group—previously solid-state theory—in 1967. In 1978, the Division of Solid State Physics of the American Physical Society was renamed as the Division of Condensed Matter Physics.Condensed matter physics has a large overlap with chemistry, materials science, nanotechnology and engineering.Atomic, molecular and optical physicsAtomic, molecular, and optical physics (AMO) is the study of matter–matter and light–matter interactions on the scale of single atoms and molecules.1 Physics 物理学The three areas are grouped together because of their interrelationships, the similarity of methods used, and the commonality of the energy scales that are relevant. All three areas include both classical, semi-classical and quantum treatments; they can treat their subject from a microscopic view (in contrast to a macroscopic view).Atomic physics studies the electron shells of atoms. Current research focuses on activities in quantum control, cooling and trapping of atoms and ions, low-temperature collision dynamics and the effects of electron correlation on structure and dynamics. Atomic physics is influenced by the nucleus (see, e.g., hyperfine splitting), but intra-nuclear phenomena such as fission and fusion are considered part of high-energy physics.Molecular physics focuses on multi-atomic structures and their internal and external interactions with matter and light.Optical physics is distinct from optics in that it tends to focus not on the control of classical light fields by macroscopic objects, but on the fundamental properties of optical fields and their interactions with matter in the microscopic realm.High-energy physics (particle physics) and nuclear physicsParticle physics is the study of the elementary constituents of matter and energy, and the interactions between them.In addition, particle physicists design and develop the high energy accelerators,detectors, and computer programs necessary for this research. The field is also called "high-energy physics" because many elementary particles do not occur naturally, but are created only during high-energy collisions of other particles.Currently, the interactions of elementary particles and fields are described by the Standard Model.●The model accounts for the 12 known particles of matter (quarks and leptons) thatinteract via the strong, weak, and electromagnetic fundamental forces.●Dynamics are described in terms of matter particles exchanging gauge bosons (gluons,W and Z bosons, and photons, respectively).●The Standard Model also predicts a particle known as the Higgs boson. In July 2012CERN, the European laboratory for particle physics, announced the detection of a particle consistent with the Higgs boson.Nuclear Physics is the field of physics that studies the constituents and interactions of atomic nuclei. The most commonly known applications of nuclear physics are nuclear power generation and nuclear weapons technology, but the research has provided application in many fields, including those in nuclear medicine and magnetic resonance imaging, ion implantation in materials engineering, and radiocarbon dating in geology and archaeology.University PhysicsAstrophysics and Physical CosmologyAstrophysics and astronomy are the application of the theories and methods of physics to the study of stellar structure, stellar evolution, the origin of the solar system, and related problems of cosmology. Because astrophysics is a broad subject, astrophysicists typically apply many disciplines of physics, including mechanics, electromagnetism, statistical mechanics, thermodynamics, quantum mechanics, relativity, nuclear and particle physics, and atomic and molecular physics.The discovery by Karl Jansky in 1931 that radio signals were emitted by celestial bodies initiated the science of radio astronomy. Most recently, the frontiers of astronomy have been expanded by space exploration. Perturbations and interference from the earth's atmosphere make space-based observations necessary for infrared, ultraviolet, gamma-ray, and X-ray astronomy.Physical cosmology is the study of the formation and evolution of the universe on its largest scales. Albert Einstein's theory of relativity plays a central role in all modern cosmological theories. In the early 20th century, Hubble's discovery that the universe was expanding, as shown by the Hubble diagram, prompted rival explanations known as the steady state universe and the Big Bang.The Big Bang was confirmed by the success of Big Bang nucleo-synthesis and the discovery of the cosmic microwave background in 1964. The Big Bang model rests on two theoretical pillars: Albert Einstein's general relativity and the cosmological principle (On a sufficiently large scale, the properties of the Universe are the same for all observers). Cosmologists have recently established the ΛCDM model (the standard model of Big Bang cosmology) of the evolution of the universe, which includes cosmic inflation, dark energy and dark matter.Current research frontiersIn condensed matter physics, an important unsolved theoretical problem is that of high-temperature superconductivity. Many condensed matter experiments are aiming to fabricate workable spintronics and quantum computers.In particle physics, the first pieces of experimental evidence for physics beyond the Standard Model have begun to appear. Foremost among these are indications that neutrinos have non-zero mass. These experimental results appear to have solved the long-standing solar neutrino problem, and the physics of massive neutrinos remains an area of active theoretical and experimental research. Particle accelerators have begun probing energy scales in the TeV range, in which experimentalists are hoping to find evidence for the super-symmetric particles, after discovery of the Higgs boson.Theoretical attempts to unify quantum mechanics and general relativity into a single theory1 Physics 物理学of quantum gravity, a program ongoing for over half a century, have not yet been decisively resolved. The current leading candidates are M-theory, superstring theory and loop quantum gravity.Many astronomical and cosmological phenomena have yet to be satisfactorily explained, including the existence of ultra-high energy cosmic rays, the baryon asymmetry, the acceleration of the universe and the anomalous rotation rates of galaxies.Although much progress has been made in high-energy, quantum, and astronomical physics, many everyday phenomena involving complexity, chaos, or turbulence are still poorly understood. Complex problems that seem like they could be solved by a clever application of dynamics and mechanics remain unsolved; examples include the formation of sand-piles, nodes in trickling water, the shape of water droplets, mechanisms of surface tension catastrophes, and self-sorting in shaken heterogeneous collections.These complex phenomena have received growing attention since the 1970s for several reasons, including the availability of modern mathematical methods and computers, which enabled complex systems to be modeled in new ways. Complex physics has become part of increasingly interdisciplinary research, as exemplified by the study of turbulence in aerodynamics and the observation of pattern formation in biological systems.Vocabulary★natural science 自然科学academic disciplines 学科astronomy 天文学in their own right 凭他们本身的实力intersects相交，交叉interdisciplinary交叉学科的，跨学科的★quantum 量子的theoretical breakthroughs 理论突破★electromagnetism 电磁学dramatically显著地★thermodynamics热力学★calculus微积分validity★classical mechanics 经典力学chaos 混沌literate 学者★quantum mechanics量子力学★thermodynamics and statistical mechanics热力学与统计物理★special relativity狭义相对论is concerned with 关注，讨论，考虑acoustics 声学★optics 光学statics静力学at rest 静息kinematics运动学★dynamics动力学ultrasonics超声学manipulation 操作，处理，使用University Physicsinfrared红外ultraviolet紫外radiation辐射reflection 反射refraction 折射★interference 干涉★diffraction 衍射dispersion散射★polarization 极化，偏振internal energy 内能Electricity电性Magnetism 磁性intimate 亲密的induces 诱导，感应scale尺度★elementary particles基本粒子★high-energy physics 高能物理particle accelerators 粒子加速器valid 有效的，正当的★discrete离散的continuous 连续的complementary 互补的★frame of reference 参照系★the special theory of relativity 狭义相对论★general theory of relativity 广义相对论gravitation 重力，万有引力explicit 详细的，清楚的★quantum field theory 量子场论★condensed matter physics凝聚态物理astrophysics天体物理geophysics地球物理Universalist博学多才者★Macroscopic宏观Exotic奇异的★Superconducting 超导Ferromagnetic铁磁质Antiferromagnetic 反铁磁质★Spin自旋Lattice 晶格，点阵，网格★Society社会，学会★microscopic微观的hyperfine splitting超精细分裂fission分裂，裂变fusion熔合，聚变constituents成分，组分accelerators加速器detectors 检测器★quarks夸克lepton 轻子gauge bosons规范玻色子gluons胶子★Higgs boson希格斯玻色子CERN欧洲核子研究中心★Magnetic Resonance Imaging磁共振成像，核磁共振ion implantation 离子注入radiocarbon dating放射性碳年代测定法geology地质学archaeology考古学stellar 恒星cosmology宇宙论celestial bodies 天体Hubble diagram 哈勃图Rival竞争的★Big Bang大爆炸nucleo-synthesis核聚合，核合成pillar支柱cosmological principle宇宙学原理ΛCDM modelΛ-冷暗物质模型cosmic inflation宇宙膨胀1 Physics 物理学fabricate制造，建造spintronics自旋电子元件，自旋电子学★neutrinos 中微子superstring 超弦baryon重子turbulence湍流，扰动，骚动catastrophes突变，灾变，灾难heterogeneous collections异质性集合pattern formation模式形成University Physics2 Classical mechanics 经典力学IntroductionIn physics, classical mechanics is one of the two major sub-fields of mechanics, which is concerned with the set of physical laws describing the motion of bodies under the action of a system of forces. The study of the motion of bodies is an ancient one, making classical mechanics one of the oldest and largest subjects in science, engineering and technology.Classical mechanics describes the motion of macroscopic objects, from projectiles to parts of machinery, as well as astronomical objects, such as spacecraft, planets, stars, and galaxies. Besides this, many specializations within the subject deal with gases, liquids, solids, and other specific sub-topics.Classical mechanics provides extremely accurate results as long as the domain of study is restricted to large objects and the speeds involved do not approach the speed of light. When the objects being dealt with become sufficiently small, it becomes necessary to introduce the other major sub-field of mechanics, quantum mechanics, which reconciles the macroscopic laws of physics with the atomic nature of matter and handles the wave–particle duality of atoms and molecules. In the case of high velocity objects approaching the speed of light, classical mechanics is enhanced by special relativity. General relativity unifies special relativity with Newton's law of universal gravitation, allowing physicists to handle gravitation at a deeper level.The initial stage in the development of classical mechanics is often referred to as Newtonian mechanics, and is associated with the physical concepts employed by and the mathematical methods invented by Newton himself, in parallel with Leibniz【莱布尼兹】, and others.Later, more abstract and general methods were developed, leading to reformulations of classical mechanics known as Lagrangian mechanics and Hamiltonian mechanics. These advances were largely made in the 18th and 19th centuries, and they extend substantially beyond Newton's work, particularly through their use of analytical mechanics. Ultimately, the mathematics developed for these were central to the creation of quantum mechanics.Description of classical mechanicsThe following introduces the basic concepts of classical mechanics. For simplicity, it often2 Classical mechanics 经典力学models real-world objects as point particles, objects with negligible size. The motion of a point particle is characterized by a small number of parameters: its position, mass, and the forces applied to it.In reality, the kind of objects that classical mechanics can describe always have a non-zero size. (The physics of very small particles, such as the electron, is more accurately described by quantum mechanics). Objects with non-zero size have more complicated behavior than hypothetical point particles, because of the additional degrees of freedom—for example, a baseball can spin while it is moving. However, the results for point particles can be used to study such objects by treating them as composite objects, made up of a large number of interacting point particles. The center of mass of a composite object behaves like a point particle.Classical mechanics uses common-sense notions of how matter and forces exist and interact. It assumes that matter and energy have definite, knowable attributes such as where an object is in space and its speed. It also assumes that objects may be directly influenced only by their immediate surroundings, known as the principle of locality.In quantum mechanics objects may have unknowable position or velocity, or instantaneously interact with other objects at a distance.Position and its derivativesThe position of a point particle is defined with respect to an arbitrary fixed reference point, O, in space, usually accompanied by a coordinate system, with the reference point located at the origin of the coordinate system. It is defined as the vector r from O to the particle.In general, the point particle need not be stationary relative to O, so r is a function of t, the time elapsed since an arbitrary initial time.In pre-Einstein relativity (known as Galilean relativity), time is considered an absolute, i.e., the time interval between any given pair of events is the same for all observers. In addition to relying on absolute time, classical mechanics assumes Euclidean geometry for the structure of space.Velocity and speedThe velocity, or the rate of change of position with time, is defined as the derivative of the position with respect to time. In classical mechanics, velocities are directly additive and subtractive as vector quantities; they must be dealt with using vector analysis.When both objects are moving in the same direction, the difference can be given in terms of speed only by ignoring direction.University PhysicsAccelerationThe acceleration , or rate of change of velocity, is the derivative of the velocity with respect to time (the second derivative of the position with respect to time).Acceleration can arise from a change with time of the magnitude of the velocity or of the direction of the velocity or both . If only the magnitude v of the velocity decreases, this is sometimes referred to as deceleration , but generally any change in the velocity with time, including deceleration, is simply referred to as acceleration.Inertial frames of referenceWhile the position and velocity and acceleration of a particle can be referred to any observer in any state of motion, classical mechanics assumes the existence of a special family of reference frames in terms of which the mechanical laws of nature take a comparatively simple form. These special reference frames are called inertial frames .An inertial frame is such that when an object without any force interactions (an idealized situation) is viewed from it, it appears either to be at rest or in a state of uniform motion in a straight line. This is the fundamental definition of an inertial frame. They are characterized by the requirement that all forces entering the observer's physical laws originate in identifiable sources (charges, gravitational bodies, and so forth).A non-inertial reference frame is one accelerating with respect to an inertial one, and in such a non-inertial frame a particle is subject to acceleration by fictitious forces that enter the equations of motion solely as a result of its accelerated motion, and do not originate in identifiable sources. These fictitious forces are in addition to the real forces recognized in an inertial frame.A key concept of inertial frames is the method for identifying them. For practical purposes, reference frames that are un-accelerated with respect to the distant stars are regarded as good approximations to inertial frames.Forces; Newton's second lawNewton was the first to mathematically express the relationship between force and momentum . Some physicists interpret Newton's second law of motion as a definition of force and mass, while others consider it a fundamental postulate, a law of nature. Either interpretation has the same mathematical consequences, historically known as "Newton's Second Law":a m t v m t p F ===d )(d d dThe quantity m v is called the (canonical ) momentum . The net force on a particle is thus equal to rate of change of momentum of the particle with time.So long as the force acting on a particle is known, Newton's second law is sufficient to。

sat物理知识点总结

sat物理知识点总结SAT Physics is a subject test designed to assess students' knowledge and understanding of various physics concepts and principles. It covers a wide range of topics, including mechanics, electricity and magnetism, waves, optics, heat and thermodynamics, and modern physics. This knowledge summary will provide an overview of the key concepts and principles tested on the SAT Physics exam.MechanicsMechanics is the branch of physics that deals with the motion of objects and the forces that cause or influence that motion. It is a fundamental topic in physics and is tested extensively on the SAT Physics exam. Some of the key concepts and principles in mechanics include:1. Kinematics: Kinematics is the study of motion without considering the forces that cause it. It includes concepts such as displacement, velocity, acceleration, and equations of motion.2. Newton's laws of motion: Newton's laws of motion are fundamental principles that describe the behavior of objects in response to forces. They include the first law (inertia), the second law (F = ma), and the third law (action and reaction).3. Work, energy, and power: These concepts are related to the transfer and transformation of energy in mechanical systems. They include the work-energy theorem, kinetic and potential energy, and power.4. Linear momentum and collisions: Linear momentum is the product of an object's mass and velocity, and it is conserved in isolated systems. Collisions between objects involve the transfer of momentum and kinetic energy.5. Circular motion and gravitation: Circular motion is the motion of an object along a curved path, and it involves centripetal acceleration and centripetal force. Gravitation is the force of attraction between objects with mass, and it is described by the law of universal gravitation. Electricity and MagnetismElectricity and magnetism are closely related phenomena that are fundamental to many aspects of modern technology. The SAT Physics exam covers a range of topics related to electricity and magnetism, including:1. Electric fields and forces: Electric fields are regions of space around charged objects where electric forces are exerted on other charged objects. The strength and direction of the electric field can be calculated using Coulomb's law.2. Electric potential and capacitance: Electric potential is a measure of the potential energy per unit charge in an electric field. Capacitance is a measure of an object's ability to store electric charge.3. Electric circuits: Electric circuits are systems of conductors and components through which electric current can flow. They can be analyzed using principles such as Ohm's law and Kirchhoff's laws.4. Magnetic fields and forces: Magnetic fields are regions of space around magnets or current-carrying conductors where magnetic forces are exerted on other magnetic or current-carrying objects. The strength and direction of the magnetic field can be calculated using the right-hand rule.5. Electromagnetic induction: Electromagnetic induction is the process by which a changing magnetic field induces an electric current in a conductor. It is the principle behind generators and transformers.Waves and OpticsWaves and optics are important topics in physics that describe the behavior of light and other types of waves. The SAT Physics exam covers a range of topics related to waves and optics, including:1. Wave properties: Waves are disturbances that propagate through a medium or space, and they can be described in terms of properties such as wavelength, frequency, amplitude, and speed.2. Interference and diffraction: Interference is the interaction of two or more waves, leading to the reinforcement or cancellation of their amplitudes. Diffraction is the bending of waves around obstacles and through apertures.3. Ray optics: Ray optics describes the behavior of light as it interacts with lenses, mirrors, and other optical components. It can be used to understand phenomena such as reflection, refraction, and image formation.4. Wave optics: Wave optics describes the behavior of light as a wave, including phenomena such as interference, diffraction, and polarization.Heat and ThermodynamicsHeat and thermodynamics are important topics in physics that describe the behavior of thermal energy and the principles underlying processes such as heat transfer and thermodynamic cycles. The SAT Physics exam covers a range of topics related to heat and thermodynamics, including:1. Temperature and thermal equilibrium: Temperature is a measure of the average kinetic energy of the particles in a substance, and thermal equilibrium is the condition in which two objects have the same temperature.2. Heat transfer: Heat can be transferred between objects through conduction, convection, and radiation. These processes depend on factors such as temperature difference, material properties, and surface area.3. Laws of thermodynamics: The laws of thermodynamics describe the behavior of energy in thermodynamic systems, including principles such as conservation of energy, entropy, and the second law of thermodynamics.4. Ideal gases and the ideal gas law: Ideal gases are theoretical gases that obey the ideal gas law, which relates the pressure, volume, and temperature of a gas.Modern PhysicsModern physics is a branch of physics that deals with phenomena that cannot be explained by classical physics, including topics such as quantum mechanics and relativity. The SAT Physics exam covers a range of topics related to modern physics, including:1. Quantum mechanics: Quantum mechanics is the branch of physics that describes the behavior of matter and energy at the atomic and subatomic scales. It includes concepts such as quantization, wave-particle duality, and the uncertainty principle.2. Atomic and nuclear physics: Atomic and nuclear physics describe the behavior of atoms and atomic nuclei, including topics such as atomic structure, radioactivity, and nuclear reactions.3. Special relativity: Special relativity is a theory describing the behavior of objects moving at high speeds, including principles such as time dilation, length contraction, and the equivalence of mass and energy.4. Particle physics: Particle physics is the study of the fundamental particles and forces that make up the universe, including topics such as elementary particles, the standard model, and the properties of forces and interactions.In addition to these key topics, the SAT Physics exam also covers a range of practical skills related to experimental design, data analysis, and mathematical problem-solving. It is important for students to develop a strong understanding of the fundamental concepts and principles of physics, as well as the ability to apply this knowledge in various contexts. By mastering the key topics and skills tested on the SAT Physics exam, students can improve their performance and achieve success on the test.。

SAT资料汇总

SAT资料汇总临沂大学2012年8月8日目录一、概述 (3)1.名称 (3)2.名称变更 (3)3.现状 (3)4.地位 (4)5.作用 (4)二、考试结构和科目 (4)1.时长 (4)2.科目分配 (5)1) 批判性阅读Critical Reading (5)2) 数学Mathematics (6)3) 写作Writing (6)3.分数算法 (7)三、具体事项 (8)1.时间 (8)2.考点 (8)3.费用 (8)4.报名步骤 (9)5.SAT科目测试 (10)四、附： (12)1．新东方SAT培训 (12)1) SAT强化班 (12)2) SAT基础班 (12)3) SAT基础强化全程班 (12)4) SAT考前点题班 (12)5) SAT全英文班 (13)6) SAT2化学精品班 (13)7) SAT2物理精品班 (13)8) SAT2数学精品班 (14)9) SAT2美国历史精品班 (14)2．部分SAT考点汇总 (14)一、概述SAT，全称Scholastic Assessment Test，中文名称为学术能力评估测试。

由美国大学委员会（College Board）主办，SAT成绩是世界各国高中生申请美国名校学习及奖学金的重要参考。

1.名称SAT推理测验（SAT Reasoning Test）是美国大学录取中的一个标准化测试。

SAT考试隶属于由非盈利性机构美国大学理事会（College Board），并由美国大学理事会出版、完善。

之前由教育考试服务（ETS：Educational Testing Service）进行命题、印刷和评分。

现在，ETS仍然承担SAT的命题工作。

SAT推理测验旨在考察学生的能力是否足够适应大学教育。

2.名称变更SAT在1926年首次出现，从此以后，这个考试的名字有过几次的变更。

最开始，SAT 是“学术倾向测试”（“Scholastic Aptitude Test”）,后来又改称“学术评估测试”（“Scholastic Assessment Test”）。

SAT2物理常用公式总结pdf版

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更多 SAT 考试资料，请访问
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speed of light in vacuum(or air) speed of light in the substance n2 sin 1 n1 sin 2
heat required for vaporization=mass H V heat gianed(or lost)=mass sp.ht.temp.change +mass melted heat of fusion +mass vaporized heat of vaporization
Vector and Forces
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torque=force length of moment arm the sum of the clockwise moments=the sum of the counterclockwise moments
Motion and Forces
distance covered time required displacement average velocity= time distance covered=average speed time S=vavt average speed= acceleration= a v f vi change in velocity time required for change
work force distance gravitational potential energy=wh=mgh 1 kinetic energy= mv 2 2 energy produced=mc 2
force of friction during motion normal work against friction=friction distance object moves 1 elastic potential energy= kx 2 2 work power time force distance power time coefficient of sliding friction=

什么是SAT考试

什么是SAT考试一、什么是SAT?SAT（Scholastic Assessment Test）是美国的一种考试。

美国大学在招生时会要求申请人出具SAT考试成绩。

也可以说是美国大学招生时所使用的一个标准化考试，考试时间为3小时45分，题型主要为选择题，参加SAT考试的人基本上是高中生。

SAT考试又称为SATI，与被称为SAT2的学科（数学、物理、化学、生物等科目）考试区别开来，大多数著名大学也要求申请学生提供SAT 2的成绩。

1．SATⅠ:推理测验（Reasoning Test）主要考验学生的语文，数学推理能力，由阅读（Critical Reading）,数学（Math）和作文（Writing）三部分组成，各部分最低为200分，满分800分，总分2400分。

阅读部分：考试时间70分钟，包括阅读理解和完成句子两种题型。

分为3个section，1个20分钟，2个各25分钟，共有67道题。

其中sentence completions(完成句子)19道，passage-based reading(段落阅读)48道。

考试内容重点考察学生的阅读能力，包含词汇阅读理解，整句的阅读理解，及段落的阅读理解。

数学部分：考试时间为70分种，包括多项选择和主观作答两种题型。

3个section,时间同上。

共有54道题，其中multiple-choice questions (选择题)44道，Student-produced responses (grid-ins) (填空题)10道。

内容涵盖数字及其运算、代数与函数、几何、统计、概率、和数据分析。

作文部分：考试时间为60分钟，包括Essay写作和多项选择两种题型，分为3个Section （1个25分钟的Essay写作; 2个多项选择部分，分别为25和10分钟）。

共有49道题和一个Student-written Essay（短文），49道题中分别有18道Identifying Sentence Errors (句子找错)，25道Improving Sentences (改句)，6道Improving Paragraphs (改段落)。

SAT 介绍

SAT是Scholastic Aptitude Test，是美国高中生的所谓“高考”，但能否读四年制大学并不取决于一个SAT分数。

SAT由美国的College Board举办，在美国领土上每年举办7次，其它地方每年6次。

考试用英语。

1、阅读其实不仅有阅读，还有填句子等题型，主要考察学生的阅读和完成句子的能力，主要题目类型包括阅读理解、段落阅读和完成句子。

总共70分钟，三个小章节，两个章节各25分钟，一个章节20分钟。

2、数学考察各种数学计算和思维能力，主要题目类型包括五选一的选择题和要求填写步骤过程的解答题。

总共70分钟，三个小章节，两个章节各25分钟，一个章节20分钟。

一般SAT的数学试题很简单，只有高一水平难度，中国学生有很多学生在数学部分得到满分成绩。

3、写作考察学生的写作能力，主要题型包括选择题和一篇作文，选择题主要是挑错之类考察你是否能够改进句子和文章，一篇作文要求有头有尾并且有自己的观点看法。

总共60分钟，两个小章节，选择题章节35分钟，写作部分25分钟。

每个SAT的考试部分都是800分满分，写一个名字就能得200，总分2400分，以25分钟作文开头。

SAT还有一个部分是不计分的，25分钟，可能是三个部分中的任何一个，但是提前不会告诉你，所以你必须要做完所有部分。

客服要了解的东西：SAT是英文Scholastic Assessment Test（以前的名字，现叫做Scholastic Aptitude Test）力评估考试,是由总部位于美国新泽西州普林斯顿市的美国教育考试服务中心（Educational Testing Service，简称ETS)举办的。

SAT成绩是世界各国高中生申请美国名校学习及奖学金的重要参考。

目前，如果高中生要申请美国的顶尖大学，除了要提供TOEFL这样的语言能力考试成绩以外，90% 的学校要求参考学生的SAT 成绩，因为它是美国大学所能够得到的唯一可以比较来自不同地区和学校学生能力的成绩。

高中物理竞赛的知识与分类

高中物理竞赛的知识与分类“数学是物理的基础”，事实上数学是物理的载体，而物理模型的数学描述，是数学的应用，这两者在历史上是互相促进的关系。

如何才能学好物理呢?小编在这里整理了相关资料，快来学习学习吧!物理竞赛需要哪些知识?物理竞赛力学部分需要哪些数学?首先，为了理解力学一开始的匀加速直线运动和变加速直线运动，对于一元函数的简单微积分是必不可少的，当然主要集中在多项式函数的求导和积分上，实际操作起来十分容易。

此后，当运动范围被拓展到二维，运动形式成为曲线时，矢量代数、解析几何、参数方程、斜率、曲率半径等数学概念被融入到物理模型中，用来理解抛体、圆周、一般曲线运动。

这时微积分的应用也被拓展到更为复杂的函数范围，例如三角函数。

随着运动和力的关系——牛顿第二定律的引入，我们逐渐意识到光理解运动是不够的，运动背后的机理——力的作用，以及力的效果，才是我们要研究的。

动量定理、动能定理的引入，实际上反映了力在时空的积累效果，而牛顿方程本身，也是物理学家特别喜欢的形式——微分方程。

对于矢量和微积分更综合的运用体现在一种伴随物理学发展史的特殊运动形式——简谐振动当中。

而振动在介质当中的扩散效应——波动，又引出了波动方程、波函数这一时空函数的概念。

总结下来，力学部分所需要的数学是一元函数的微积分、矢量代数、解析几何、常微分方程、对二元函数的运用。

物理竞赛热学部分需要哪些数学?虽然高中热学部分涉及气体定律和热力学第一定律的内容比较容易，一般不需要微积分，但如果深入学习，热力学过程、各种态函数(内能、熵)、热力学第二定律，那么由于热力学体系变量多，适当的偏微分基础知识是必要的。

热力学是宏观的理论，而其背后有着分子动理论作为基础，它们之间的联系是通过对大量粒子系统的统计来实现的，因此，概率统计的知识就显得十分必要了。

总结下来，热学部分所需要的数学是简单的偏微分和概率统计。

物理竞赛电磁学部分需要哪些数学?依照往年的经验，电磁学是最容易让高考学生放弃物理、竞赛学生放弃物理竞赛的困难内容。

SAT物理词汇

SAT 物理词汇汇总absolute acceleration 绝对加速度absolute error 绝对误差absolute motion 绝对运动absolute temperature 绝对温度absolute velocity 绝对速度absolute zero 绝对零度absorption 吸收absorptivity 吸收率accelerated motion 加速运动acceleration of gravity 重力加速度acceleration 加速度accidental error 偶然误差acoustics 声学acting force 作用力adjustment 调节aether 以太air pump 抽气机air table 气垫桌air track 气垫导轨alternating current circuit 交流电路alternating current generator 交流发电机alternating current 交流电altimeter 测高仪ammeter 安培计amperemeter 电流计ampere 安培Ampere's experiment 安培实验Ampere's force 安培力Ampere's law 安培定律amperemeter 安培计amplitude 振幅angle of rotation 自转角，转动角angular acceleration 角加速度angular displacement 角位移angular velocity 角速度anion 负离子anisotropy 各向异性annihilation 湮没anode 阳极antenna 天线applied physics 应用物理学Archimedes principle 阿基米德原理area 面积argumentation 论证argument 辐角astigmatoscope 散光镜atomic nucleus 原子核atomic physics 原子物理学atomic spectrum 原子光谱atomic structure 原子结构atom 原子Atwood ' s machine 阿特伍德机average power 平均功率average velocity 平均速度Avogadro constant 阿伏加德罗常数Avogadrolaw 阿伏加德罗定律balance 天平ballistic galvanometer 冲击电流计band spectrum 带状谱barometer 气压计basic quantity 基本量basic units 基本单位tre of gravity 重心centre of mass 质心centrifugal force 离心力centripetal acceleration 向心加速度centripetal force 向心力chain reaction 链式反应chaos 混沌characteristic spectrum 特征光谱ct current, DC 直流direct impact 正碰direct measurement 直接测量discharge 放电disorder 无序dispersion 色散displacement 位移divergent lens 发散透镜Doppler effect 多普勒效应double slit diffraction 双缝衍射driving force 驱动力dry cell 干电池echo 回声eddy current 涡流effective value 有效值elastic body 弹性体elastic force 弹[性]力elasticity 弹性electric charge 电荷electric circuit 电路electric corona 电晕electric energy 电能electric field 电场electric field intensity 电场强度electric field line 电场线electric flux 电通量electric leakage 漏电electric neutrality 电中性electric potential 电位，电势electric potential difference 电位差，电势差electric potential energy 电位能electric power 电功率electric quantity 电量electrification 起电electrification by friction 摩擦起电electrified body 带电体electrode 电极electrolysis 电解electrolyte 电解质electromagnetic damping 电磁阻尼electromagnetic induction 电磁感应electromagnetic radiation 电磁辐射electromagnetic wave 电磁波electromagnetic wave spectrum 电磁波谱electromagnetism induction phenomenon 电磁感应现象electromagnet 电磁体electrometer 静电计electromotive force 电动势electron 电子electron beam 电子束electron cloud 电子云electron microscope 电子显微镜electron volt 电子伏特electroscope 验电器electrostatic equilibrium 静电平衡electrostatic induction 静电感应electrostatic screening 静电屏蔽elementary charge 基本电荷，元电荷energy 能量energy level 能级equilibrium 平衡equilibrium condition 平衡条件equilibrium of forces 力的平衡equilibrium position 平衡位置equilibrium state 平衡态equivalent source theorem 等效电源定理erect image 正像error 误差ether 以太evaporation 蒸发excitation 激发excitation state 激发态experiment 实验experimental physics 实验物理学external force 外力eyepiece 目镜far sight 远视Faraday cylinder 法拉第圆筒Faraday law of electromagnetic induction 法拉第电磁感应定律charged body 带电体charged particle 带电粒子charge 充电circular hole diffraction 圆孔衍射circular motion 圆周运动classical mechanics 经典力学classical physics 经典物理学cloud chamber 云室coefficient of maximum static friction 最大静摩摩系数coefficient of restitution 恢复系数coefficient of sliding friction 滑动摩擦系数coefficient 系数coherent light 相干光源coil 线圈collision 碰撞component force 分力component velocity 分速度composition of forces 力的合成composition of velocities 速度的合成compression 压缩concave lens 凹透镜concave mirror 凹面镜density 密度concurrent force 共点力derived quantity 导出量condensation 凝结derived unit 导出单位condenser 电容器dielectric 电介质conducting medium 导电介质diffraction pattern 衍射图样conductor 导体diffraction 衍射conservative force field 保守力场diffuse reflection 漫反射conservative force 保守力digital timer 数字计时器constant force 恒力dimensional exponent 量纲指数constant 常量dimension 量纲continuous spectrum 连续谱diode 二级管convergent lens 会聚透镜diopter 屈光度convex lens 凸透镜isothermal 等温线convex mirror 凸面镜isothermal process 等温过程coordinate system 坐标系isotope 同位素coplanar force 共面力isotropy 各向同性Corolis force 科里奥利力joule 焦耳(功的单位)corpuscular property 粒子性Joule heat 焦耳热corpuscular theory 微粒说Joule law 焦耳定律Coulomb force 库仑力Joule' law 焦耳定律coulomb 库仑Kepler law 开普勒定律Coulomb's law 库仑定律kinematics 运动学counter 计数器kinetic energy 动能creation 产生Laplace's equation 拉普拉斯方程creepage 漏电laser 激光，激光器crest 波峰law 定律critical angle 临界角law of conservation of angular momentum角critical resistance 临界电阻动量守恒定律critical temperature 临界温度law of conservation of energy 能量守恒定律crystal 晶体law of conservation of mass 质量守恒定律current density 电流密度law of conservation of mechanical energy机current element 电流元械能守恒定律current source 电流源law of conservation of momentum 动量守恒current strength 电流强度定律curvilinear motion 曲线运动law of electric charge conservation 电荷守恒cyclotron 回旋加速器定律damped vibration 阻尼振动Le Système International d ` Unit è s 国际单damping 阻尼位制(SI)Daniell cell 丹聂耳电池lead 导线data processing 数据处理length 长度data 数据lens 透镜decay 衰变lens formula 透镜公式definition of ampere 安培的定义Lenz's law 楞次定律defocusing 散集lepton 轻子Light ray 光线light source 光源light wave 光波lightning rod 避雷针light 光line spectrum 线状谱lines of current 电流线lines of force of electric field 电力线liquefaction 液化liquefaction point 液化点liquid 液体longitudinal wave 纵波loop 回路Lorentz force 洛仑兹力luminous intensity 发光强度magnetic field 磁场magnetic field intensity 磁场强度magnetic field line 磁场线magnetic induction flux 磁感应通量magnetic induction 磁感应强度magnetic induction line 磁感应线magnetic material 磁性材料magnetic needle 磁针magnetic pole 磁极magnetics 磁学magnetism 磁学magnetization 磁化magnet 磁体magnification 放大率magnifier 放大镜，放大器manometer 流体压强计mass 质量mass defect 质量亏损mass-energy equation 质能方程matter 物质matter wave 物质波Maxwell's equations 麦克斯韦方程组mean speed 平均速率mean velocity 平均速度measurement 测量mechanical energy 机械能mechanical motion 机械运动mechanical vibration 机械振动mechanics 力学medium 介质melting fusion 熔化melting point 熔点metre rule 米尺microdetector 灵敏电流计micrometer caliper 螺旋测微器microscope 显微镜microscopic particle 微观粒子mirror reflection 镜面反射mirror 镜mixed unit system 混合单位制modern physics 现代物理学molar volume 摩尔molecular spectrum 分子光谱molecular structure 分子结构moment of force 力矩momentum of electromagnetic field 电磁场的动量momentum 动量motor 电动机multimeter 多用[电]表musical quality 音色N pole 北极natural frequency 固有频率natural light 自然光negative charge 负电荷negative crystal 负晶体negative ion 负离子negative plate 负极板network 网络neutralization 中和neutron 中子newton 牛顿(力的单位) Newton first law 牛顿第一定律Newton second law 牛顿第二定律Newton third law 牛顿第三定律nonequilibrium state 非平衡态north pole 北极nucleus force 核力nucleus of condensation 凝结核object 物object distance 物距object height 物高objective 物镜observation 观察Oersted's experiment 奥斯特实验ohm 欧姆Ohm law 欧姆定律ohmmeter 欧姆计Ohm's law 欧姆定律open circuit 开路optical bench 光具座optical centre of lens 透镜光心optical fiber 光导纤维optical glass 光学玻璃optical instrument 光学仪器optical lever 光杠杆optical path difference 光程差optical path 光程(路)optically denser medium 光密介质optically thinner medium 光疏介质optics 光学orbit 轨道order 有序oscillograph 示波器output 输出overweight 超重parallel connection of condensers 电容器的并联parallelogram rule 平行四边形定律parallel-resonance circuit 并联谐振电路parameter 参量particle 质点，粒子Pascal law 帕斯卡定律path 路程peak 峰值pendulum 摆penumbra 半影perfect conductor 理想导体perfect elastic collision 完全弹性碰撞perfect inelastic collision 完全非弹性碰撞 periodicity 周期性period 周期periscope 潜望镜permanent magnet 永磁体permittivity of vacuum 真空介电常数permittivity 电容率phase 位相phenomenon 现象photocurrent 光电流photoelectric cell 光电管photoelectric effect 光电效应photoelectron 光电子photography 照相术photon 光子physical balance 物理天平physical quantity 物理量physics 物理学piezometer 压强计pitch 音调Planck constant 普朗克常量plasma 等离子体point charge 点电荷polarization 偏振polarized light 偏振光polycrystal 多晶体poor conductor 不良导体positive charge 正电荷positive crystal 正晶体positive ion 正离子positive plate 正极板positron 正电子potential energy 势能potentiometer 电位差计power 功率pressure 压强，压力primary coil 原线圈principle of constancy of light velocity 光速不变原理prism 棱镜projectile 抛体projectile motion 抛体运动projector 投影仪proton 质子pulley 滑轮pulley block 滑轮组quantity of heat 热量quantization 量子化quantum 量子quantum mechanics 量子力学quantum number 量子数radar 雷达radioactive source 放射源radius of gyration 回旋半径random motion 无规则运动range 量程rated voltage 额定电压reacting force 反作用力real image 实像real object 实物reasoning 推理recoil 反冲rectilinear motion 直线运动reference frame. 参考系，坐标系reference system 参考系reflected angle 反射角reflected ray 反射线reflection coefficient 反射系数reflection law 反射定律reflectivity 反射率refracted angle 折射角refracted ray 折射线refraction law 折射定律refraction coefficient 折射系数refractive index 折射率relative acceleration 相对加速度relative error 相对误差relative motion 相对运动relative velocity 相对速度relativity 相对论resistance 电阻resistance box 电阻箱resistivity 电阻率resistor 电阻[器]resolution of force 力的分解resolution of velocity 速度的分解resonance 共振，共鸣resonant frequency 共振频率resultant force 合力resultant velocity 合速度reversibility of optical path 光路可逆性 reversible process 可逆过程rheostat 变阻器right-hand screw rule 右手螺旋定则rocker 火箭rotating magnetic field 旋转磁场rotation 自转，转动Rutherford scattering 卢瑟福散射Rutherford [ α-particle scattering ] experiment 卢瑟福[α 散射]实验S pole 南极saturation 饱和scalar 标量scalar field 标量场scanner 扫描器second cosmic velocity 第二宇宙速度selective absorption 选择吸收self-induced electromotive force 自感电动势self-inductance 自感semiconductor 半导体semi-transparent film 半透膜sensitive galvanometer 灵敏电流计sensitivity 灵敏度sensitometer 感光计sensor 传感器series connection of condensers 电容器的串联series-resonance circuit 串联谐振电路short circuit 短路short sight 近视shunt resistor 分流电阻significant figure 有效数字simple harmonic motion (SHM) 简谐运动simple harmonic wave 简谐波simple pendulum 单摆single crystal (monocrystal) 单晶体single slit diffraction 单缝衍射sinusoidal alternating current 简谐交流电sinusoidal current 正弦式电流sliding friction 滑动摩擦slit 狭缝solar cell 太阳能电池solenoid 螺线管solidification 凝固solidifying point 凝固点solid 固体solution 溶液solvation 溶解sonar 声纳sound source 声源sound velocity 声速sound wave 声波sound 声[音]source 电源south pole 南极space 空间spark discharge 火花放电special relativity 狭义相对论specific heat capacity 比热容spectacles 眼镜spectral analysis 光谱分析spectral line [光]谱线spectrograph 摄谱仪spectrography 摄谱学spectroscopy 光谱学spectrum 光谱speed 速率spherical mirror 球面镜spontaneous radiation 自发辐射spring balance 弹簧秤stability 稳定性stabilized current supply 稳流电源stabilized voltage supply 稳压电源standard atmospheric pressure 标准大气压standard cell 标准电池standing wave 驻波static friction 静摩擦stationary state 定态steady current 恒定电流steady current source 恒流源steady voltage source 恒压源steam point 汽点stiffness 劲度[系数]stimulated radiation 受激辐射stop watch 停表sublimation 升华superconductivity 超导[电]性superconductor 超导体superposition principle of electric field 电场强度叠加原理superposition theorem 叠加定律supersaturation 过度饱和supersonic speed 超声速supersonic wave 超声波supply transformer 电源变压器surface resistance 表面电阻switch 开关system of concurrent forces 共点力系system of particles 质点系system of units 单位制systematic error 系统误差。

SAT官方学习指南说明书

CHAPTER 1Introducing the SATWelcome to the Official SAT Study Guide! This guide is designedfor you. Return to it again and again in the coming weeks andmonths. Reading it is an excellent way to become familiar with theSAT—its content, structure, timing, question types, and more. Theinformation, advice, and sample questions will help you prepare to takethe test with confidence.Tackling new things makes most of us nervous, but when we canlearn a great deal about a new situation in advance, we feel much moreable to take a deep breath and meet the challenge. Learning about theSAT through this guide and taking practice tests will help you be wellprepared when your test date arrives.About the 2020 EditionThis study guide consists of eight practice tests, all written in thesame process and by the same team of authors as the actual exam.With each new edition of the study guide, older practice tests will beretired and new ones added, ensuring that you have the opportunity topractice on the latest selection of practice tests. The practice tests inthis Study Guide number 1, 3, and 5 through 10, with Practice Test 10presented first.3PART 1 | Getting Ready for the SAT4How Does the SAT ® Measure Academic Achievement?Questions on the SAT will not ask you to recall details of Hamlet or to name the capital of Nevada or the location of the Rappahannock River. If you recall those facts, good for you, but the SAT will ask for something different. Instead of asking you to show what you’ve memorized, the questions invite you to exercise your thinking skills.All of the learning you’ve done—from childhood to now—contributes to how you think, how your mind manages information. Even if you don’t recall the details of a history or science lesson, the process of learning information and blending it with previously learned information is key to becoming a skilled thinker.The world needs more people who can use their thinking skills to solve problems, communicate clearly, and understand complex relationships. The best high school courses promote thinking skills, and colleges are looking for students who are skilled thinkers. The SAT is designed to measure the thinking skills you’ll need to succeed in college and career.REMEMBER The SAT isn’t designed to assess how well you’ve memorized a large set of facts; rather, the SAT assesses your ability to apply the knowledge and skills you’ll need in college and career.How Is the SAT Developed?The process of developing a test given to millions of students around the world is complex and involves many people. The SAT is developed by the College Board, a not-for-profit organization that was founded more than a century ago to expand access to higher education. The College Board is a large organization, with more than 6,000 schools, colleges, and universities as members.College Board test developers are content experts in physics, biology, statistics, math, English, history, computer science, sociology, education, psychology, and other disciplines. They use their expertise to create questions for the SAT that will allow students to demonstrate their best mittees of high school and college instructors review every potential SAT question to make sure that each one measures important knowledge and skills, that the questions are fair to all students, and that they’re written in a way that models what students are learning in the best high school classrooms.Colleges want to admit students who will have successful college experiences and go on to have successful careers. Colleges use the SAT in admissions because it’s developed according to rigorous specifications, with input from numerous experts, to assess what matters most for college and career readiness and success. Independent research demonstrates that the single most important factor for demonstrating college readiness is high school GPA. Even more predictive than GPA, though, is GPA combined with an SAT score.REMEMBER The SAT has been carefully crafted by many people, experts in their fields, to ensure that it’s a fair test that assesses the knowledge and skills you’ll need to succeed in college and career.REMEMBER Colleges care about your SAT score because it’s a strong predictor of how you’ll perform in college. By doing well on the SAT, you can show colleges that you’re ready to succeed.CHAPTER 1 | Introducing the SAT 5How Is the SAT Organized?The SAT has four tests, with the Essay being optional. The three tests that everyone will take are (1) the Reading Test, (2) the Writing and Language Test, and (3) the Math Test. The timing and number ofquestions are as follows:Reading 6552Writing and Language 3544Math 8058Essay (optional)501Total 180 (230 with Essay)154 (155 with Essay)The Essay is optional, but some high schools and colleges require it. Depending on your high school and your college choices, you may already know whether or not you’ll take the Essay. If you have any uncertainty—for instance, if you can imagine that you might transfer from a school that doesn’t require it to one that does—consider taking the SAT with Essay.We occasionally include test questions for research purposes. These questions may appear in any of the test sections, and testing time will be extended so students have time to answer them. These questions will not be included in computing your scores.REMEMBER More scores = more information. The scores reported on the SAT provide detailed information about your achievement and readiness for college and career.How Is the SAT Scored?When you take the SAT, you don’t get just one score. The SAT reports a total score, but there are also section scores, test scores, cross-test scores, and subscores. This wide array of scores provides insight into your achievement and your readiness for college and career.You earn points on the SAT by answering questions correctly. No points are deducted for wrong answers, so go ahead and give your best answer to every question—there’s no advantage to leaving any blank.Total Score and Section Scores The total score is the number most commonly associated with the SAT. The total score ranges from 400 to 1600. This score is the sum of the scores on the Evidence-Based Reading and Writing section (which includes the Reading and Writing and Language Tests) and the Math section. Of the 154 questions in the entire SAT (not counting the Essay), 96 questions are on the Reading and the Writing and Language Tests and 58 questions are on the Math Test.PART 1 | Getting Ready for the SAT6Section scores for Evidence-Based Reading and Writing and for Math are reported on a scale from 200 to 800. The Evidence-Based Reading and Writing section score is derived in equal measure from the scores on the Reading and the Writing and Language Tests. The Math section score is derived from the score on the Math Test.Test ScoresTest scores are reported on a scale of 10 to 40 for each of the three required tests: Reading, Writing and Language, and Math. Cross-Test ScoresCross-test scores—one for Analysis in History/Social Studies andone for Analysis in Science—are reported on a scale of 10 to 40 and are based on selected questions in the Reading, Writing and Language, and Math Tests that reflect the application of reading, writing, language, and math skills in history/social studies and science contexts.REMEMBER Subscores provide additional insight into your performance on specific topics and skills.SubscoresSubscores are reported on a scale of 1 to 15. They provide more detailed information about how you’re doing in specific areas of literacy and math.Two subscores are reported for Writing and Language: Expression of Ideas and Standard English Conventions.The Expression of Ideas subscore is based on questions focusingon topic development, organization, and rhetorically effective use of language.The Standard English Conventions subscore is based on questions focusing on sentence structure, usage, and punctuation.The Math Test reports three subscores: Heart of Algebra, Problem Solving and Data Analysis, and Passport to Advanced Math.Heart of Algebra focuses on linear equations, systems of linear equations, and functions.Problem Solving and Data Analysis focuses on quantitative reasoning, the interpretation and synthesis of data, and problem solving in rich and varied contexts.Passport to Advanced Math focuses on topics important for progressing to more advanced mathematics, such as understanding the structure of expressions, reasoning with more complex equations, and interpreting and building functions.The final two subscores—Words in Context and Command of Evidence—are based on questions in both the Reading and the Writing and Language Tests.Words in Context questions address word and phrase meanings in context as well as rhetorical word choice.CHAPTER 1 | Introducing the SAT 7Command of Evidence questions ask you to interpret and use evidence found in a wide range of passages and informational graphics, such as graphs, tables, and charts.Essay Scores The scores for the optional SAT Essay are reported separately and aren’t factored into any other scores. The Essay yields three scores, one each on three dimensions:Reading: How well you demonstrate your understanding of the included passageAnalysis: How well you analyze the passage and carry out the task of explaining how the author of the passage builds an argument to persuade an audienceWriting: How skillfully you craft your responseTwo raters read each response and assign a score of 1 to 4 to each of the three dimensions. The two raters’ scores are combined to yield Reading, Analysis, and Writing scores, each on a scale of 2 to 8.REMEMBER T est scores will reflect your performance on each of the three required tests on the SAT. The three different Essay scores serve a similar role.The SAT Score Report You’ll be able to access all of your scores online through your free College Board account. This account will be the same one you use to register for the SAT. Learn more at .Score Range The SAT Score Report includes a score range for each of the scores described above. This range indicates where your scores would likely fall if you took the test several times within a short period of time (for instance, on three consecutive days). If you were to do that, you would see numbers that differ, but not by much.Percentiles Your SAT Score Report includes the percentile rank for each score and subscore. Percentile ranks are a way of comparing scores in aparticular group. For the SAT, two types of percentile ranks, comparing student scores to two different reference populations, are reported. Nationally representative sample percentiles are derived fromresearch study samples of U.S. students in grades 11 and 12 and are weighted to represent all U.S. students in those grades, regardless of whether they typically take the SAT. User group percentiles are based on performance on the SAT by recent high school graduates. For example, if your score is in the 75th percentile, 75% of a comparison group achieved scores at or below your score. REMEMBER Your percentile rank indicates the percentage of test takers who scored at or below your score.PART 1 | Getting Ready for the SAT8Online Score ReportThe SAT Online Score Report gives you the meaning behind your numbers by providing a summary of how you did on each section, including how many questions you got right, got wrong, or didn’t answer. The tool offers insight into your strengths and weaknesses by showing your results grouped by subject and question difficulty. The online report provides other information as well:§ Percentiles to help you see how your results compare with those of other students § A search tool for career and college majors, with suggestions based on information you provide in your profile § If you took the Essay, a scanned copy of your response and the prompt Being able to review your response to the Essay gives you an opportunity to reconsider how well you understood the passage, the effectiveness of your analysis, and the quality of your writing. You can reflect on whether your points were clear, how well you provided support for your points, and how effectively you structured your response.REMEMBER You’ll be able to access your online score report through your free College Board account. This report will give you a detailed breakdown of your performance.Additional SAT Services When you register for the SAT, you’ll be able to choose reports and services that can be helpful in a number of ways. Depending on which date you test on, there are different options for receiving detailed feedback. Browse through the types of information that each of the following reports and services offers you.Sending Scores When You Register Registering for the SAT allows you to send your results to up to four institutions, free of charge. You can identify these institutions within nine days of taking the test. Take advantage of all four score reports, whether you send them to colleges or to scholarship sites. Sending your scores to colleges early in the college application process is a great way to show your interest. You can use your online account to order additional score reports for a fee. (Students eligible for fee waivers can send additional score reports at no charge.)REMEMBER Within nine days of taking the test, you can decide to have your SAT results sent, free of charge, to four institutions.Score Choice ™If you take the SAT more than once, you can use the Score Choice service. Score Choice allows you to select which scores, by test date, to send to your chosen colleges or scholarship programs, in accordance with each institution’s individual score use practices. Note that this service is optional. If you don’t select Score Choice when orderingREMEMBER The Score Choice service allows you to select which scores (by test date) to send to your chosen colleges. Keep in mind, however, that you can’t choose to submit specific section scores from different test dates.CHAPTER 1 | Introducing the SAT 9score reports, all of your scores will be sent to institutions receiving your results. Most colleges consider only your best scores when they review your application, though this varies by institution. If you want only your best scores to be seen, you should use Score Choice.Each school or program has its own deadlines and policies for how scores are used. Check with the individual school or scholarship program to make sure you’re following its guidelines.Note that you can’t select one section score from one test date and another section score from another date. (For example, you won’t be able to send your Evidence-Based Reading and Writing score from one date and your Math score from a different date.) Also, if you took the SAT with Essay, you won’t be able to send scores without the Essay scores as well.Student Answer Verification Services The SAT Program offers two answer verification services for the SAT. These services are intended to help you feel confident that your test was scored accurately by providing information about the questions and how you answered them. Depending on when and where you take the SAT, you can order either the Student Answer Service (SAS) or the Question-and-Answer Service (QAS). You can order the services when you register for the SAT or up to five months after your test date. For students with an online account, these services will be available online as part of your score report.Both SAS and QAS tell you which questions you answered correctly, which ones you didn’t answer correctly, and which ones you didn’t answer. You’ll also see information about the type and difficulty of questions. QAS provides additional information, including the testquestions themselves. The Essay prompt is only released as part of the Question-and-Answer Service.Student Search Service All students who take the SAT may opt in to the Student Search Service ®, which helps eligible colleges, scholarship programs, andother educational programs find you. If you sign up during registration, your name and contact information, GPA, date of birth, grade level, high school, email address, extracurricular activities, and intended college major will be put into a database that eligible programs use when they want to locate and recruit students with particular characteristics or interests.REMEMBER Enrolling in the optional Student Search Service allows colleges and scholarship programs to contact you to invite you to apply.Please note:§ Joining Student Search Service is voluntary and free.§ Colleges that participate in the program don’t receive your scores as part of their membership. They may request information about students whose scores are in a particular range, but your scores will not be provided through this service.PART 1 | Getting Ready for the SAT10§Any colleges that contact you are encouraging you to apply. Going through the application process is the only way to be admitted to a college. Colleges use the service to locate potential students who they think should apply.§Student Search Service is restricted to eligible colleges,scholarship programs, and other educational programs. Yourinformation will never be sold to a commercial marketing firmor retailer of merchandise or services (such as a test-preparation company).Fee WaiversStudents who face financial barriers to taking the SAT can receive fee waivers through schools and authorized community-based organizations to cover the cost of testing. The College Board offers fee waivers to qualified, lower-income students who want to take the SAT. They cover 100% of the registration fees for a single test date and unlimited score reports to colleges, universities, and scholarship programs. Each qualifying student can use up to two waivers for the SAT and up to two waivers for the SAT Subject Tests. SAT fee waivers also give first-time domestic applicants CSS/Financial Aid PROFILE®fee waivers. Learn more about this at .REMEMBERVisit /fee-waivers to learnmore about SAT fee waivers andcollege application fee waivers.College Application Fee WaiversSeniors who use a fee waiver to take the SAT will automatically receivefour college application fee waivers to use in applying to colleges anduniversities that accept the waivers. You can learn about eligibility andthe other benefits offered to help you in the college application processat /fee-waivers.。

谈GRE英语物理专项考试(Physics Test)

谈GRE英语物理专项考试(Physics Test) 对于以物理专业申请出国的本科生，专项成果是必不行少的。

由于如今全美绝大多数的讨论生院要求物理专项成果，〔且数目仍在扩大〕那些不要求专项成果的学校对专项成果也非常欢迎，而且往往会对有专项成果的申请者更加青睐。

北京高校物理系在过去三年里申请出国者基本上都参与了专项考试。

而且在全部专业中物理专业的专项考试是相对比较简单通过预备而取得高分的，所以最好要考。

物理专项考试命题物理专项考试试题是由美国不同地区学校的负责教学、讨论的教授共同拟定的。

GRE命题组是在美国物理睬的推举基础上选择这些教授的。

考试的内容和范围要由命题者〔包括一些专业的教研工〕定期监督、商量。

全部问题都由理事会审定并予以适当修改，组卷工作也由理事会进行，其间要确保内容的掩盖面，但不偏重某一分支，此后，考卷还要由理事会审定并通过。

美国教育考试服务中心有关人员帮助理事会进一步协调考试工作，并对题目中语言、符号及有关看法甚至卑视性等问题进行调整，试题也要适合不同职业的不同考生。

由于物理教育范围的差异，一次考试并不能涵盖考生全部学过的学问，因此命题者主要选最基础及最重要的内容进行命题、题目也要不断更换，以确保内容随教学改革的稳定改变。

全部新的`考题均要与旧题进行难度对比评分，以使不同试题的分数可以平行对比，完全评价考生的学问水平与技能。

每一套新题考后，考生的答案将被用来检验试题的合理性。

这种检验可能暴露出某些题目是模棱两可的或是超出考试范围的，或对某一考生群是不适合的。

这样的题目将不计分。

近年成果及趋势前几年绝大多数中国考生成果均在90%以上〔意味着90%以上的人成果在你之下〕，但近几年获此成果难度加大，同时也就更能检验考生的水平。

因此参与考试并能获好成果就更有利于申请。

SAT II 物理常用公式总结

OBJECT DISTANCE Convex Lens(or Concave Mirror) greater than 2f 2f between f and 2f less than f Concave Lens(or Convex Mirror) any distance IMAGE CHARACTERISTICS real, smaller, between f and 2f, inverted real, same size, 2f, inverted real, larger, greater than 2f, inverted virtual. ;larger, q more than p, erect virtual smaller, erect, q less than p
actual mechanical advantage(AMA)= AMA= FR FE resistance actual effort
work output=resistance distance resistance moves work output=FR R R work input=effort distance effort moves work input=FE S E
work force distance gravitational potential energy=wh=mgh 1 kinetic energy= mv 2 2 energy produced=mc 2
force of friction during motion normal work against friction=friction distance object moves 1 elastic potential energy= kx 2 2 work power time force distance power time coefficient of sliding friction=

A-LEVEL与SAT简介

什么是A-Level ?一、A-Level的全称是Advanced Level，它是英国的普通中等教育证书考试高级水平课程，通常被称为英国的金牌教育方式（British Golden Education System）。

英国学生一般在16岁或稍大一些开始学习这种课程，圆满修完这种课程即可进入大学就读。

这种课程相当于我国中学最后两年的课程。

大部分英国学生都是用两年的时间修完这种课程，但能力很强的学生有时也可在更短的时间内修完。

这种课程要求学生学习三门或四门主科课程并参加毕业考试，考试合格者即可进入大学就读。

学生的考试成绩及其所选修的A-Level课程在很大程度上决定着能否进入理想的大学和学习所选择的学位课程。

二、A-LEVEL的课程Accounting 财会Archaeology 考古学Art 艺术Art: Pottery 艺术：制陶Arts & Crafts 工艺品Art: Interior Design 艺术: 室内装修设计Art: Embroidery 艺术: 刺绣History of Art 艺术史Art & Design 艺术设计Drama 戏剧Drawing & Painting 绘画Communication Studies 交流及表达研究Biology 生物General Principles of English Law英国法律基本原则Chinese 汉语Business Studies 工商学Business & Law 商业和法律Chemistry 化学Classical civilization 古典文明Computing 电脑Electronics 电子学Computer Science 计算机科学Data/Word processing 数据/文字处理Information Technology 信息技术Dutch 荷兰语Dance 舞蹈Economic and social history 经济史和社会史Economics 经济学Economics and public affairs 经济学和公共事务English language 英语语言学English literature 英语文学Environmental Studies 环境学Fashion and textiles 时装和纺织品Geography 地理General Studies 通学(一般研究)Geology 地质German 德国Politics 政治学Government & politics 政府与政治Film studies 电影学French 法语Greek 希腊(古代和现代)Classical Greek 古典希腊Modern Greek 现代希腊16th Century History 十六世纪史19th Century History 十九世纪史European Studies 欧洲研究History 历史Ancient History 古代史Modern History 现代史Europe History 欧洲史History of Art 美术史Home economics 国内经济学Human biology 人类生物学Human Physiology 人体生理学Italian 意大利语Industrial Design 工业设计Japanese 日本语Latin 拉丁语Law 法律Law and constitutional law 法律和宪法Mathematics with Application 应用数学Mathematics with Statistics 统计数学Mathematics with Discrete 离散数学Mathematics with Mechanism 机械数学Pure mathematics 纯数学Mathematics 数学Further mathematics 高等数学Media studies 传媒学Mechanics 机械学Music 音乐Music technology 音乐技术Instrumental Music 器乐Philosophy 哲学Photography 摄影学Physics 物理Physical education 体育Psychology 心理学Public Affairs 公共事务Religious studies 宗教学Russian 俄语Portuguese 葡萄牙语Social biology 社会生物学Sociology 社会学Spanish 西班牙语Statistics 统计学Science 科学Theology 神学Technology 技术Theatre Studies 戏剧学Sports studies 运动学Social and Environmental Biology 社会及环境生物学Performance Art 表演艺术Turkish 土耳其语Arabic 阿拉伯语Urdu 乌尔都语Punjab 旁遮普语Bengali 孟加拉语PS：基本上没有一家college可以offer全部的课程（至少我到现在没听过也没见过），最多让你到考试的时候去考，然后复习啊什么的要自己弄，自学。

SAT考试介绍

SAT I考试包括SAT I推理测验（Reasoning Test）和SAT II专项测验（Subject Tests）两个部分。

考试时间为三小时四十五分钟，题型为选择题及写作，主要测验考生的阅读、数学及写作能力，满分是2400分。

SAT II （Subject Tests）时间一小时，大部分为选择题，主要考察考生某一专业的知识。

可选择的SAT II单科考试科目有数学、物理、化学、生物、外语（包括汉语、日语、德语、法语、西班牙语）等，学生应根据各专业和学校的要求报考。

下面主要介绍SAT通用考试的考察重点：写作（writing） 60分钟时间:60分钟考核内容:语法, 习惯用法和词汇选择考核方式:多项选择题 (35分钟.)；写作 (25分钟)分数:200-800阅读（Critical Reading）时间:70分钟（分为两个25分钟和一个20分钟）考核内容:阅读能力考核方式:阅读理解、完成句子和段落阅读理解分数:200-800数学（Math section）时间:70分钟（分为两个25分钟和一个20分钟）考核内容:算术及应用题、代数及函数、几何及度量衡、数据分析、统计学及基础概率论考核方式:多项选择题和运算题分数:200-800编辑本段考试结构SAT 分成三个部分：分析性阅读、数学、及写作；每一部分的成绩是 200 至 800 分。

在每次考试中都会有一个 25 分钟的不计成绩部分（ unscored section ）。

不计成绩部分是为了设计未来的试题等目的。

不计成绩部分可能是三部分的任何一部分。

科目分析性阅读数学写作附加题最低分 200 200 200最高分 800 800 800总时间（分钟） 70 70 60时间分配 2 个 25 分钟部分 2 个 25 分钟部分 35 分钟多项选择部分1 个 20 分钟部分 1 个 20 分钟部分 25 分钟作文部分编辑本段考试题目根据 College Board 出的官方题，数据如下：数学部分有 54 道题，其中多选题 44 道，填空题 10 道。