《国际市场营销学》第一章习题参考
南开大学20秋《国际市场营销学》在线作业-1(参考答案)
1.国际市场信息的来源主要分为两大类，除了靠实地调研得到的原始信息以外，还有一种靠他人搜集整理的间接信息资料，即()。
A.网络信息资料B.行业公会提供的资料C.第二手资料D.驻外商务参赞处提供的资料答案：C2.制造企业商推销价格昂贵、技术复杂的机器设备时，适宜采取()的方式。
A.广告宣传B.营业推广C.经销商商品陈列D.人员推销答案：D3.战略性市场进入计划的实施包含营销因素组合的所有内容，在具体实施过程中，这些因素都是企业可以控制，所以()不包括在内。
A.产品战略B.价格战略C.渠道战略D.大市场营销战略答案：D4.企业在目标利润率的前提下，根据实现预定的销售量和成本逆算出价格，这种定价方法被称为()。
A.成本加成定价法B.边际成本定价法C.随行就市定价法D.目标利润定价法答案：D5.人员推销的缺点主要表现为()。
A.成本低、顾客量大B.成本高、顾客量大C.成本低、顾客有限D.成本高、顾客有限答案：D6.为了鼓励顾客购买更多的产品，企业对大量购买的顾客在价格上给予一定百分比的减让被成为()。
A.功能折扣B.数量折扣C.季节折扣D.现金折扣答案：B7.企业进入国际市场的方式，可以分为三种对国际型企业具有不同成本和利益的进入模式，它不包括()。
A.出口进入模式B.进口进入模式C.投资进入模式D.合同进入模式答案：B8.市场潜量是指()的市场总需求量。
A.在正常状态下B.在理想状态下C.政府不进行干预条件下D.在饱和状态下答案：B9.最适于实力不强的小企业或出口企业在最初进入外国市场时采用的目标市场策略是()。
A.无选择性市场策略B.选择性市场策略C.集中性市场策略D.大量市场营销答案：C10.在20世纪60年代前，美国可口可乐公司一直以单一的品种、标准的瓶装和统一的广告宣传内容长期占领世界非酒类饮料市场，这是一种()。
A.无差异市场营销战略B.差异性市场营销战略C.集中性市场营销战略D.大量市场营销战略答案：A11.企业的基本物质环境的发展变化也会给企业造成一些环境威胁和市场机会，目前这方面最主要的威胁来自于()。
国际市场营销习题答案-1-14章(1)
课后习题答案第一章导论一、单选A 2B 3D 4C 5C 6D 7D 8C 9D 10C二、多选题1 ABCDE2 ABCDE 3ABD 4 ABCD 5 ABD三、简答：1．国际市场营销的含义是什么?国际市场营销是指企业根据市场国消费者的消费习惯与需求，将产品和服务提供给国外的消费者的跨越国界的营销行为。
国际市场营销的本质是企业通过为国际市场上的消费者提供满足其需要的产品和服务从而获得利润的经营活动。
国际市场营销相对于国内市场营销更具有复杂性、风险性、困难性等。
2．国际市场营销的基本理论有哪些?国际市场营销与市场营销一样，是以经济学的基本原理作为理论基础，融合现代管理学、统计学、数学、会计学、社会学、心理学等诸多学科的内容，既可以应用于国内的市场营销活动，又广泛运用于国际市场营销之中。
以消费者的需求为中心，经历了一个由生产观念到市场观念，从以生产者为中心到以满足消费者和用户的需求为中心的发展过程。
国际市场营销是国内市场营销的延伸。
4．如何理解国际市场营销的概念?国际市场营销的本质是企业通过为国际市场上的消费者提供满足其需要的产品和服务从而获得利润的经营活动。
国际市场营销相对于国内市场营销更具有复杂性、风险性、困难性等。
因为国际市场营销是企业在国际市场进行的，由于各国的经济、政治、文化等方面都存在一定的差异，因此市场需求千差万别。
企业在进行国际市场营销活动时，必须充分调研各国的商业政策和市场特点，营销决策应因地制宜，尊重各国的文化特点。
5．市场营销学与国际市场营销学的区别。
国际市场营销与国内市场营销所面临的环境大不相同，因此，从事国际市场营销和从事国内市场营销时也存在较大的区别，具体表现在以下几个方面。
1．国际市场营销面临的环境更复杂。
国内市场营销在本国范围内进行，面临的是一种比较单纯的市场环境结构，它是由企业营销人员比较熟悉的所在国的政治、经济、法律、文化等市场环境构成。
国际市场营销所面临的市场环境则是多层次的复杂结构。
《国际市场营销学》课后习题答案
1、企业走向国际市场得主要动因就是什么？我国企业走向国际市场得动因有哪些特殊性？国内市场需求饱与及市场竞争激烈；国际市场得吸引力;政府鼓励与支持企业出口政策;科学技术发展为企业跨国经营提供物质前提；我国动因：国内市场竞争激烈;国外产品通过各种渠道大量涌入国内市场，使国内市场呈现出饱与状态，企业为实现产品得竞争日益激烈；获取国外先进科学技术及先进得管理技术；利用俩种资源与俩个市场获取国外低成本得生产资源及引进外资;2、什么就是国际市场营销？国际营销同国内营销有何联系与区别？国际市场营销就是指在一国以上把企业生产得商品或劳务引导到消费者或用户中去得经营活动;一)国际营销与国内营销得联系1．基础得共同性国际营销与国内营销都以经济学得基本原理作为理论基础。
现代管理学、统计学、数学、会计学、社会学、心理学等诸多学科得内容，既可以指导国内营销活动,又广泛运用于国际营销之中。
2．观念得一致性在当代经济活动中，国际营销观念与国内营销观念本质上就是一致得,都以“市场观念"作为指导原则，以满足消费者与用户得需求为中心。
所谓满足需求，一就是指满足消费者与用户对商品或服务在使用价值上得需求；二就是指满足消费者与用户得心理需求。
由于观念得一致性，企业得国内外营销活动也具有一致性,即企业在国内外营销活动中都必须做到：（1)企业生产、销售产品与服务都要有自己得目标市场,即要有特定得用户作为自己得买主;（２)企业提供得产品与服务,不仅在物质功能上而且在价值观念上，都要满足目标市场得需求；(３)企业销售产品与服务在时间、地点、方式、价格等方面,都必须便于顾客购买；(4）及时为顾客提供信息与满意得售后服务,以满足现实顾客与潜在顾客对商品与服务得多种需要。
3。
经营得延伸性在经营上，国际营销与国内营销往往存在一定得联系.就其经营发生得过程来瞧，国际营销就是国内营销得延伸。
粗略说来,企业先从事国内营销,再逐渐发展到国际营销。
也就就是说，企业发展国际营销,一般都有一个渐进得过程。
国际市场营销学超全作业答案-单选判断多选题超全40道
《国际市场营销学》第一套作业（1-2单元）一、单项选择题1、经济落后，人均收入低的是（）市场。
A.中东B.非洲C.欧盟D.日本正确答案：B2、（）消费者习惯借债购买，超前消费。
A.美国B.日本C.欧盟D.香港正确答案：A3、垄断控制性强的是（）市场。
A.美国B.日本C.中东D.非洲正确答案：B4、重要的转口市场是（）。
A.美国B.日本C.中东D.欧盟正确答案：C5、绝对利益学说认为，国际贸易产生的原因在于（）的绝对差异。
A.商品质量B.商品价格C.竞争能力D.商品成本正确答案：D6、（）消费者精品王国的“平民消费”。
A.美国B.日本C.欧盟D.香港正确答案：A7、（）消费者重视售后服务。
A.美国B.日本C.欧盟D.香港正确答案：B8、一般来说，国际营销的受挫或失败，最主要在于（）。
A.文化差异B.经济差异C.法律差异D.政治差异正确答案：A9、削减库存和解决生产能力过剩问题应采取的营销导向一般为（）观念。
A.国内市场延伸B.国别营销C.全球营销D.区域营销正确答案：A10、市场安全性强的是（）市场。
A.美国B.日本C.欧盟D.香港正确答案：A11、国际营销的动机和目的是（）。
A.比较利益B.公司利润C.市场竞争力D.市场占有率正确答案：B12、（）消费者追求个性，要高档。
A.美国B.日本C.欧盟D.香港正确答案：A13、流通渠道比较复杂的是（）市场。
B.日本C.中东D.欧盟正确答案：B14、开展标准化的国际营销活动的营销导向一般是（）观念。
A.国内市场延伸B.国别营销C.全球营销D.区域营销正确答案：C15、国际市场格局最基本和传统的划分是（）。
A.地理性B.经济性C.文化性D.集团性正确答案：A二、多选题16、营销国际市场消费者行为因素是（）。
A.文化B.经济C.社会D.心理正确答案：A,B,C17、国际营销管理过程的战略规划决策包括（）决策。
A.是否进入B.市场范围C.进入方式D.组织模式正确答案：A,B,C,D18、国际营销与国际贸易相同的理论依据是（）。
(完整版)《国际市场营销学》课后习题答案
1.企业走向国际市场的主要动因是什么？我国企业走向国际市场的动因有哪些特殊性？国内市场需求饱和及市场竞争激烈；国际市场的吸引力；政府鼓励与支持企业出口政策；科学技术发展为企业跨国经营提供物质前提；我国动因：国内市场竞争激烈；国外产品通过各种渠道大量涌入国内市场，使国内市场呈现出饱和状态，企业为实现产品的竞争日益激烈；获取国外先进科学技术及先进的管理技术；利用俩种资源与俩个市场获取国外低成本的生产资源及引进外资；2.什么是国际市场营销？国际营销同国内营销有何联系和区别？国际市场营销是指在一国以上把企业生产的商品或劳务引导到消费者或用户中去的经营活动；一)国际营销与国内营销的联系1．基础的共同性国际营销与国内营销都以经济学的基本原理作为理论基础。
现代管理学、统计学、数学、会计学、社会学、心理学等诸多学科的内容，既可以指导国内营销活动，又广泛运用于国际营销之中。
2．观念的一致性在当代经济活动中，国际营销观念与国内营销观念本质上是一致的，都以“市场观念”作为指导原则，以满足消费者和用户的需求为中心。
所谓满足需求，一是指满足消费者和用户对商品或服务在使用价值上的需求；二是指满足消费者和用户的心理需求。
由于观念的一致性，企业的国内外营销活动也具有一致性，即企业在国内外营销活动中都必须做到：（1）企业生产、销售产品与服务都要有自己的目标市场，即要有特定的用户作为自己的买主；（2）企业提供的产品和服务，不仅在物质功能上而且在价值观念上，都要满足目标市场的需求；（3）企业销售产品与服务在时间、地点、方式、价格等方面，都必须便于顾客购买；（4）及时为顾客提供信息和满意的售后服务，以满足现实顾客和潜在顾客对商品和服务的多种需要。
3．经营的延伸性在经营上，国际营销与国内营销往往存在一定的联系。
就其经营发生的过程来看，国际营销是国内营销的延伸。
粗略说来，企业先从事国内营销，再逐渐发展到国际营销。
也就是说，企业发展国际营销，一般都有一个渐进的过程。
国际市场营销课后习题答案
《国际市场营销理论与实务》（第2版）习题答案仅供参考第一章国际市场营销概述一、单项选择题C C B C B二、多项选择题1.ABDE2.ABCD3.ACDE三、简答题1.简述国际营销和国际贸易的异同（1）相同点。
国际市场营销与国际贸易都是以获得利润收入为目的而进行的跨越国境的经济活动。
（2）不同点。
①所依据的理论点不同；②商品(劳务)交换的行为主体不同；③强调重点不同；④商品(劳务)转移的形态不同；⑤国际市场营销涉及企业整体发展战略问题；⑥评价绩效的信息来源不同。
2.简述企业走向国际市场的主要动因（1）国际营销的竞争动因①避开竞争锋芒。
②追逐竞争对手。
③锻炼竞争能力。
④延长产品生命周期，发挥竞争优势。
（2）国际营销的资源动因①开发自然资源。
②利用劳动力资源。
③获取技术资源。
④赢取信息资源。
（3）国际营销的利润动因①通过规模效应，获得更大利润。
②利用资源优势，获得更大利润。
③利用优惠政策，获得更大利润。
同时，一些国家为了吸引外商投资，在税收等方面采取一系列优惠政策。
国际企业也可以通过东道国政府的优惠政策获得更大的收益。
3.试区别国营销、出口营销、国际营销、多国营销、全球营销（1）国营销。
国营销是指国市场为企业唯一的经营围，企业经营的目光、焦点、导向及经营活动集中于国消费者、国供应商、国竞争者。
其公司在国从事营销活动可能是有意识的、自觉的战略选择，活着是无意识的、不自觉的想躲避国外竞争者的挑战，有时甚至由于对外界环境的无知而造成“出口恐惧症”，对出口销售持消极态度。
（2）出口营销。
出口营销时期一般指20世纪第二次世界大战后至60年代。
但是，此阶段仍以出口产品为主组织国际市场营销活动，对国际市场调研、产品开发的自觉性还不够。
这是企业进入国际市场的第一阶段。
其目标市场是国外市场，企业在国生产产品到国外销售，满足国外市场需求。
在这一阶段产品与经验成为发展出口营销的关键。
同时，国际营销者还要研究国际目标市场，使产品适应每个国家的特殊要求。
国际市场营销学教学习题集.doc
国际市场营销学教学习题集第一章国际营销学导论一、思考题：1、为什么说国内企业越来越重视国际营销？2、试比较国际营销和国际贸易3、怎样理解跨国营销的演进过程4、试论国际企业经营哲学的演变二、本章参考资料1、吴建安主编.市场营销学.北京.高等教育出版社.2000.72、菲利普.科特勒.营销管理.第十版.北京.中国人民大学出版社.2001.73、王兴邦主编.国际营销学.甘肃人民出版社.2002.64、王方华主编.市场营销学.复旦大学出版社.2001.5第二章国际市场营销环境分析一、思考题1、怎样认识文化要素？2、分析经济环境可以从那些层次进行？3、政治环境从那些方面影响到国际企业的营销活动？4、论述技术革命的变化趋势5、怎样理解可持续发展战略？6、简述绿色营销的内容二、本章参考资料1、俆剑明著.国际营销实务与案例.机械工业出版社2004.92、万成林主编.国际营销管理.天津大学出版社.2004.73、安德鲁.麦考利著.国际营销学.中国人民大学出版社.2004.24、刘红燕主编.国际市场营销.重庆大学出版社.2007.8第三章评估全球市场机会一、思考题1、如何认识国际市场营销信息系统？2、论述国际市场营销调研的内容3、分析美国、欧盟、日本三个市场的特点？二、本章参考资料1、安德鲁.麦考利著.国际营销学.中国人民大学出版社.2004.22、刘红燕主编.国际市场营销.重庆大学出版社.2007.83、菲利普.科特勒.营销管理.第十版.北京.中国人民大学出版社.2001.7第四章国际目标市场战略一、思考题1、论述进入国际市场的模式二、本章参考资料1、方华主编.市场营销学.复旦大学出版社.2001.52、苏亚民主编.现代营销学.对外经济贸易大学出版社.1998.63、张文贤.高伟富编著.高级市场营销学.立信会计出版社.2000.94、巩少伟.阎修忠著.市场营销理论与实务.工商出版社.2002.5第五章国际竞争战略一、思考题1、论述竞争分析模型2、简述国际战略联盟二、本章参考资料1、利普.R.卡特奥拉.国际市场营销.第四版.北京机械工业出版社,2000.52、梅汝和.国际市场营销学.中国对外经济贸易出版社,1992.83、王兴邦主编.国际营销学.甘肃人民出版社.2002.64、王方华主编.市场营销学.复旦大学出版社.2001.5第六章国际产品策略一、思考题1、认识和把握质量认证体系对于开展国际营销活动的意义？2、简述新产品开发过程5、试评价国际产品生命周期理论6、如何创立国际品牌二、本章参考资料1、方华主编.市场营销学.复旦大学出版社.2001.52、苏亚民主编.现代营销学.对外经济贸易大学出版社.1998.63、张文贤.高伟富编著.高级市场营销学.立信会计出版社.2000.94、巩少伟.阎修忠著.市场营销理论与实务.工商出版社.2002.5第七章国际市场定价策略一、思考题1、政府是如何影响企业的定价政策的？2、在国际市场怎样更好的运用三种定价方法？3、论述转移定价策略4、我国企业如何应对国际市场的倾销问题？二、本章参考资料1、巩少伟.阎修忠著.市场营销理论与实务.工商出版社.2002.52、俆剑明著.国际营销实务与案例.机械工业出版社2004.93、菲利普.R.卡特奥拉.国际市场营销.第四版.北京机械工业出版社,2000.54、梅汝和.国际市场营销学.中国对外经济贸易出版社,1992.8第八章国际分销策略一、思考题1、举例说明国际他销系统的特点及发展趋势2、“6C”因素是如何影响国际分销渠道的设计？3、选择中间商应考虑那些条件？4、控制国际分销渠道可采用那些方法？5、论述在国际市场发展国际物流的重要性？二、本章参考资料1、俆剑明著.国际营销实务与案例.机械工业出版社2004.92、万成林主编.国际营销管理.天津大学出版社.2004.73、张文贤.高伟富编著. 高级市场营销学.立信会计出版社.2000.94、安德鲁.麦考利著.国际营销学.中国人民大学出版社.2004.2第九章国际促销策略一、思考题1、论述国际广告媒体的选择2、广告代理制在国际广告活动中发挥什么样的作用？3、国际推销人员应该具备什么素质？如何培养国际推销人员？4、如何设计国际展览？二、本章参考资料1、德鲁.麦考利著.国际营销学.中国人民大学出版社.2004.22、菲利普.科特勒.营销管理.第十版.北京.中国人民大学出版社.2001.73、菲利普.R.卡特奥拉.国际市场营销.第四版.北京机械工业出版社,2000.54、俆剑明著.国际营销实务与案例.机械工业出版社2004.9第十章国际营销管理一、思考题1、论述加强国际营销控制和管理对企业的国际营销有何重要意义？二、本章参考资料1、菲利普.科特勒.营销管理.第十版.北京.中国人民大学出版社.2001.72、万成林主编.国际营销管理.天津大学出版社.2004.73、俆剑明著.国际营销实务与案例.机械工业出版社2004.9。
国际市场营销学课后答案chapter 1 outline
CHAPTER 1Scope, Concepts, and Drivers of International Marketing1.Please Give the overview of Chapter 12.Please describe the Levels of International Marketing Involvement3. What are the Drivers in the Business Environmen t?4. Please mention some Obstacles to Internationalization5. Please complete the following terms:a. Domestic Marketing:b. Global Marketing:c Polycentric Orientation:d Geocentric Orientation:e Regiocentric Orientation:Levels of International Marketing Involvementpanies have different degrees of commitment to international involvement; thefour levels of commitment are:a.Domestic marketing: The firm has the least commitment to internationalmarketing, with a focus solely on domestic consumers and on the home-country environment. Yet, even the local company cannot avoid the impactof the international environment on its operations: The home-countryenvironment is affected by events in the international environment and byinternational competition.b.Export marketing: The firm is indirectly or directly involved in exporting.While the firm seeks international clients, it considers the international marketto be a simple extension of the domestic market.c.International marketing: The firm has substantial focus on internationalconsumers in one or more countries. The firm has sales offices orsubsidiaries in different countries or is an active partner in alliances with localcompanies. However, the firm’s international activities ar e not coordinatedacross different countries. An international company has on of twophilosophies toward internationalization: polycentric (decentralized, nocoordination with firms in other countries) or regiocentric (with a region-widemarketing approach).d.Global marketing: The firm coordinates its marketing activities acrossdifferent countries without focusing primarily on national or regionalsegmentation. The strategy is possible due to the emergence of uniformglobal consumer segments and it entails an efficient global allocation ofcompany resources.Drivers in the Business Environment:petition: Competitive pressure from international companies will force thecompany to expand to new markets, even less profitable ones. (Example: McCannErickson advertising agency followed, until recently, its client Coca-Cola around theworld).2.Regional Economic and Political Integration: Involves lowering or eliminating barriersbetween neighboring countries and promoting trade within each regional market.Integration facilitates international trade for companies in member countries, and forcompanies from countries outside of the area.3.Technology: Media development exposes consumers worldwide to foreignprogramming. The Internet offers small and medium enterprises in both high- andlow-income countries unlimited international exposure. Technology offers a broadreach to these businesses whose advertising budget cannot cover the high cost ofinternational broadcast and print advertising.4.Improvements in the Transportation and Telecommunication Infrastructure:Improvements in telecommunications have lowered costs and allowed faster andmore efficient methods of communicating across borders. Outsourcing of customerservice to other countries has become more popular due to improvements intelecommunications. Efficient and fast travel allows for frequent interaction betweensubsidiaries in foreign countries and the headquarters. The introduction of containersin intermodal transportation and electronic communication between suppliers andcustomers greatly facilitates the transportation of physical goods.5.Economic Growth: Attributed to the emergence of a strong middle class in largemarkets. Economic growth created markets of high potential for international brands,while also opening previously closed markets.6.Transition to a Market Economy: The opening of previously closed markets inCentral and Eastern Europe and in China, and the subsequent deregulation andprivatization of former government monopolies created important new marketopportunities for international brands.7.Converging Consumer Needs: Consumers’ exposure to global brands createddemand for global products and worldwide loyalty to international brands. Theemergence of uniform consumer segments facilitates marketing strategies worldwide.Consumers, in their travels, learn of new product offerings and request them fromhome-country retailers, thus generating pull demand.Obstacles to Internationalization - Companies attempting to establish international presence are likely to encounter obstacles both from within the company and from the outside environment. Among the barriers to internationalization that companies face are the self-reference criterion, government barriers, and international competition.Domestic Marketing: Marketing that is focused solely on domestic consumers and on the home environment.Global Marketing: International marketing activities that do not have a country or a region focus and that are possibly due to the emergence of global consumer segments and efficient global allocation of company talent and resources.Polycentric Orientation: Company strategies predicated on the assumption that each country’s market in unique and should be addressed individually, with a country-specific marketing mix. Geocentric Orientation:Regiocentric Orientation: Company strategies that view world regions as distinct markets that share economic, political, and cultural traits that will respond to a region-wide marketing approach.REVIEW QUESTIONS:True/False1.True2.True3.True4.False5.FalseMultiple Choice1. C2. C3. A4. C5. B。
国际市场营销第1章国际市场营销理论基础 习题参考答案
第1章国际市场营销理论基础习题参考答案一、选择题1．D 2．A 3．D 4．C 5．D6．C 7．D 8．D 9．A 10．A11．C 12．D二、判断题1．对2．错3．对4．错5．对6．错7．对8．错9．错10．对11．对12．错13．对14．对15．对16．对17．对18．错19．对20．错21．对22．对23．错24．错25．错26．对27．错28．错29．对30．错31．对32．对33．对34．错35．对三、案例分析（一）1．耐克选择的目标市场是什么？耐克选择的目标市场是大众化运动鞋市场。
2．耐克是怎样挤进“铁三角”的？耐克为挤进"铁三角"，迅速开发新式跑鞋，并为此花费巨资。
耐克运用其雄厚的研究力量开发出140余种不同式样的产品，不少产品是市场上最新颖和工艺最先进的。
这些式样是根据不同脚型、体重、速度、训练计划、性别而设计的。
这些风格各异、价格不同和多用途的产品，吸引了成千上万的跑步者。
到1979年,耐克通过策划新产品的上市和强劲的推销。
其市场占有率达到33%，终于打进了“铁三角”。
3．耐克如何推出新产品，怎样获得成功的？从市场营销的原理来看,为了使新产品开发获得成功，企业应该把握新产品开发的方向,包括:（1）多功能化。
（2）微型化。
（3）节能化（4）简易化。
（5）合理化和美化（6）智能化。
从新产品开发的方式看:（1）获取现成的新产品（2）自行开发新产品新产品开发的要求：（1）要有市场。
（2）要有特色。
（3）要有效益。
（4）要有能力。
耐克公司在综合考虑了市场环境和自身实力的基础上,推出的一系列新款跑鞋、运动鞋和多种训练用鞋,实现了新产品的多功能化,而注重运动鞋的外形与功用结合,则抓住了新产品的美观和合理性.巧妙利用了欧洲人对美国超级球星出神入化的球技的崇拜心理来推销自己的产品这一举措,是对消费市场的准确把握,也是耐克的"明星"特色体现.耐克一手塑造、推广并引领的以旅游鞋为时髦的风气和推销这种时髦的“美国形象”，使得耐克的新产品具备了运动鞋的功用和美观之外的特色——与时尚相联系，并成功地将这一特色转化为经济效益。
国际市场营销学第1章习题题库
4.市场营销观念无论如何变化，关注消费者、尊重消费者、关注整个社会福利的提高与改善，始终是一条主线。
5.企业进入国际市场之前，必须透彻的评估和理解国际市场。
简答
1.企业走向国际市场的动因有哪些？
2.企业走向国际市场的市场动因有哪些？
4.市场营销学与国际市场营销学的联系主要有（）
A.理论基础相同
B.经营理念相同
C.所处环境相同
D.市场边界扩大
5.国际市场与国际贸易的不同点主要有（）
A.经营主体
B.经营动力
C.信息来源
D.业务范围
填空
1.国际市场营销是国内市场营销的延伸与扩展，是企业超越本国国境进行的一切市场营销活动。
2.国际市场营销学是系统的研究国际市场营销活动规律的一门科学。
多选
1.不属于企业走向国际市场的动因是（）
A.市场动因
B.环境动因
C.资源动因
D.利润动因
2.企业进入国际市场的市场动因有（）
A.市场内部化
B.顺利进入国际市场
C.争动因有（）
A.避开竞争锋芒
B.锻炼竞争能力
C.追随竞争对手
D.缩短产品的生命周期
3.企业进入国际市场的竞争动因有哪些？
4.简述市场营销学与国际市场营销学的联系。
5.简述市场营销学与国际市场营销学的区别。
6.简述企业跨国营销的演进过程。
判断
1.从目前的现实情况来看，众多国家都已经进入全球营销阶段。（）P8
2.以企业为中心的传统市场营销观念有环境观念、产品观念和推销观念。（）P9
3.执行市场营销观念的企业成为市场导向企业。（）P9
国际市场营销学试卷题(分章打印复习题)
第一章国际市场营销学导论一、单项选择题1、国际市场营销学的研究中心是（D）A。
实现企业利益最大化B。
追求成本最低C. 促进国与国间的友谊D。
国外顾客需求2、国际市场营销学的特点不包括（D）A。
国际性B。
经验性C。
应用性D。
普遍性3、与GDP成正比的是（C）A.人口B.购买欲望C.购买力D.国土面积4、国际市场的构成除了人口和购买力外，还有(C）A。
生产资料B.购物场所C。
购买欲望D。
产品5、国际市场竞争中，产品质量相当时，竞争力的高低取决于（A）A。
成本因素B.两国关系C。
广告力度D。
包装6、本国政府采取支持和鼓励本国企业到国际市场开拓经营的一系列政策，目的是(C）A。
提高国际知名度B.提高国际地位C。
扩大出口,获取更多的利润D。
发展国际友谊7、在企业开展国际市场营销活动的早期阶段，营销活动的重点是（B）A。
国际市场B。
国内市场C。
目标国市场D。
世界市场8、企业国际市场营销的演进过程中，最后一个阶段是（D）A国内营销阶段B。
出口营销阶段C。
国际市场营销阶段D。
全球化营销阶段9、全球营销阶段，企业导向为（A）A.以地理为中心的导向B。
国内市场导向C。
多中心主义和目标市场国市场为导向D.以原产地为导向10、以下关于国际市场营销学和市场营销学的关系。
不正确的是（B）A.理论基础相同B.经营理念不同C。
都属于管理学D。
都是边缘学科二、填空题1、国际市场营销学是市场营销学的（）学科分支2、国际市场营销学与市场营销学相比难度（）更大3、开展国际市场营销的主力军是（）跨国公司4、国际贸易活动发生在国际市场营销活动（）之前5、世界市场的需求量比各国市场的需求量（）大6、国际4P策略除了产品、价格和渠道外，还有（) 促销三、名词解释国际市场营销学：研究以国外客户需求为中心、从事国际市场营销活动的国际企业经营销售管理的科学。
国际市场需求：研究国外消费者需求为中心，开展国际市场调查、寻找客户、分析产品、定位价格、分析国外消费者消费需求的方式和变化规律,调整和改进产品开发潜在需求。
《国际市场营销》习题参考答案
国际市场习题参考答案2021年2月10日学习情境一走进国际市场营销 (3)学习情境二分析国际营销环境 (6)学习情境三组织国际营销调研 (12)学习情境四进行国际市场定位 (16)学习情境五制定国际营销产品策略 (21)学习情境六制定国际营销价格策略 (25)学习情境七实施国际分销策略 (28)学习情境八实施国际促销策略 (32)学习情境九国际市场营销组织与控制 (35)参考答案学习情境一走进国际市场营销一、简述题1.试区分国内市场营销、国际贸易与国际市场营销。
答：（1）国际市场营销与国际贸易的主要区别是：角度不同，范围不同，流向不同，对象不同。
（2）国际市场营销与国内市场营销相比，除了跨国性、异国性、多国性以外，更有复杂性、风险性、激烈性的特征。
2.试讨论国际市场营销学发展的不同阶段。
答：企业国际市场营销的发展同世界经济一体化及本国市场经济的发展是紧密相连的，其发展演变经历了一个过程，即国内市场营销一出口营销一国际巾场营销一多国营销一全球营销。
从现实看，众多国家的企业仍处于国际市场营销阶段，少数发达国家的跨国公司已进入全球营销阶段。
3.试述几种国际市场营销观念的区别。
答：在西方国家企业的营销活动中，先后出现了五种营销观念，即生产观念、产品观念、推销观念、市场营销观念和社会市场营销观念。
在市场国际化、全球化、竞争激烈化的发展形势下，国际市场营销新观念也应运而生。
（1）生产观念：生产观念是以产品生产为中心的观念。
（2）产品观念：产品观念也是以产品生产为中心，但它认为：消费者并不是仅关注买得到和买得起的产品，更欢迎那些质量高、性能好、有特色、价格合理的产品。
（3）销售观念。
销售观念是一种以产品销售为中心的观念。
它认为：只要企业努力做好产品推销，消费者就会购买。
（4）市场营销观念。
市场营销观念是一种以消费者的需求为中心的经营思想。
它认为企业的一切活动都应以消费者中心，满足消费者的需求是企业的责任。
（5）社会营销观念。
国际市场营销学 第一章练习题
2.出口营销的两大关键因素是（ ）
A 广告 B 产品 C 公司实力 D 包装 E 经商经验 答案：BE 解释：关键因素为产品质量要好，价格要适当，还 要凭经验并开辟一条通往国际市场的分销渠道
3.与GDP成正比的是（
）
A 人口 B 购买欲望 C 购买力 答案为C 解释：对于国际市场有三大构成要
素，即人口，购买欲望，购买力， 而购买想当 时，竞争力的高低取决于（ ）
A 成本因素 B 两国关系 C 包装
答案：A
多选题
第一章 练习题
单选题
1.国际市场营销学与市场营销学中， 企业的中心任务是（ ）
A 企业利益最大化 B 满足消费者的需求 C 降低生产成本 答案为B
2.国际市场营销学的研究中心是（ ）
A 实现企业利益最大化 B 国外顾客的需求
答案为B
解释：国际市场营销学是研究以国
外顾客需求为中心、从事国际市场 营销活动的国际企业经营销售管理 的科学。
国际市场营销学练习题1
国际市场营销学练习题1第一篇：国际市场营销学练习题1国际市场营销学试练习题1一、单项选择题1.企业能生产什么就生产什么，能生产多少就生产多少，这种经营观念叫做（）A.市场营销观念B.推销观念C.社会市场营销观念D.生产观念2.社会市场营销观念的基础是（）A.生产观念B.推销观念C.市场营销观念D.计划观念3.在一国国际收支项目中，国际工商企业一般情况下最关注的项目是（）A.经常项目B.资本与金融项目C.官方储备项目D.错误与遗漏项目4.进出口商品经过一国关境时，由政府所设的海关对进出口商品所征的税收称为（）A.关税B.所得税C.营业税D.增值税5.用一组与某产品在潜在需求量密切相关的变量来间接地估计该产品可能的需求量的方法，叫（）A.类比估计技术B.多因素指标技术C.回归分析技术D.风险评估技术6.国际市场营销调研的最后一个环节是（）A.问卷设计B.二手资料搜集C.数据分析D.撰写调研报告7.格特•霍夫施塔德提出从几个方面进行跨文化分析（）A.2个B.3个C.4个D.5个8.欧盟政府部门采购大约占其国内生产总值的（）A.20%B.25%C.30%D.40%9.现代市场营销学研究的主要内容是以什么为主的市场营销组合（）A.3PsB.4PsC.5PsD.6Ps10.市场细分化是由谁于20世纪50年代提出的营销概念（）A.温德尔•史密斯B.马斯洛C.霍夫施塔德D.蒙代尔11.企业给销往任何市场的产品都制定统一的出厂价格，这种定价法叫做（）A.地心定价法B.竞争导向定价法C.成本加成定价法D.标准化定价法12.倾销是指企业将出口销售价格定得（）A.高于“合理的价值”B.等于“合理的价值”C.低于“合理的价值”D.低于生产成本13.除了那些财力雄厚的企业以外，一般中小企业适宜（）A.自己投资建立分销渠道B.直接将产品销售给最终用户C.将产品交给政府去销售D.利用中间商来销售商品14.一般来说，国际分销渠道的设计直接影响和决定企业对国际市场营销的（）A.依赖程度B.控制程度C.预测准确程度D.熟悉程度15.直接影响企业在公众心目中的形象，影响着企业市场营销目标市场的实现的国际促销方式之一是（）A.国际广告B.人员推销C.营业推广D.国际公共关系16.国际上最古老的、所有的企业都十分重视的促销方式是（）A.展览会和交易会B.博览会C.商品交易所D.人员促销17.有关国际营销的各项经营活动计划的总和，叫做（）A.国际营销策略B.国际营销战略C.国际营销计划D.国际营销控制18.企业要根据对国外市场的分析选择准备进入的国际市场，这就是（）A.目标市场选择B.目标市场定位C.目标市场细分D.目标市场调研19.与市场营销的全球化对应的必然是（）A.贸易全球化B.生产全球化C.品牌全球化D.产品组合多样化20.成员国相互取消贸易障碍，进行某种程度的合作与协作，以促进成员国之间的贸易经济发展，这就是（）A.区域经济集团化组织B.世界贸易组织C.关税同盟D.共同市场二、多项选择题21.在国际市场营销调研中，下列各项误差属测量误差的有（）A.替代信息误差B.抽样误差C.回答误差D.调研对象范围误差E.处理过程误差22.马斯洛将人的需求层次分为（）A.生理需要B.安全需要C.社交需要D.尊重需要E.自我实现需要23.间接出口方式的主要优点是（）A.风险大B.风险小C.成本低D.简单易行E.成本高24.国际营销中的定价方法包括（）A.成本加成定价法B.撇脂定价法C.竞争导向定价法D.标准化定价法E.地心定价法25.国际促销组合的主要目标是（）A.提高产量B.提高销量C.获得新顾客D.改变消费者行为E.树立企业良好形象三、名词解释题26.社会市场营销观念27.竞争导向定价法28.国际分销渠道29.公共关系30.国际市场营销战略四、判断分析题判断正误，将正确的在题后括号内划上“√”，错误的划上“×”，无论正确或错误均需简述理由。
《国际市场营销学》作业题及参考答
《国际市场营销学》作业题及参考答案第一单元(第1-4章)作业题一、单项选择题1.国际市场营销与国内市场营销相比，其表现为：(1.A)Ａ.两者的理论来源和基础相同 Ｂ.两者的观念不同Ｃ.两者面对的环境相同 Ｄ.两者的营销难度相同8.( 8.A )的保护对象是工业产权，包括发明、实用新型、外观设计等。
Ａ.《巴黎公约》Ｂ.《华沙——牛津规则》 Ｃ.《马德里协定》Ｄ.《国际货物买卖统一法公约》10.( 10.B)在一定程度上反映一国的经济发展水平和现代化程度，以及健康、教育、社会福利状况，对评估耐用消费品、奢侈消费品、休闲旅游产品和娱乐产品的市场规模具有重要的作用。
Ａ.国民生产总值Ｂ.人均国民收入 Ｃ.收入分配状况Ｄ.通货膨胀率11.( 11.D )不属于自然环境因素。
Ａ.自然资源Ｂ.地形 Ｃ.气候Ｄ.交通设施12.以下四项中，( 12.B)不属于组织市场。
Ａ.生产者市场Ｂ.居民市场 Ｃ.中间商市场Ｄ.政府市场13.人们对商品的品牌、包装、款式、特性等提出的需求属于( 13.A)。
Ａ.心理需求Ｂ.生理需求 Ｃ.社会需求Ｄ.安全需求14.( 14.C )是影响购买这一经济行为的最基本因素。
Ａ.社会因素Ｂ.文化因素 Ｃ.经济因素Ｄ.心理因素二、简答题1.什么是国际市场营销？ 答：国际市场营销（International Marketing）简称国际营销，是指在复杂的国际市场环境中，识别和确定国外消费者和用户的需要，并通过提供能满足这些需要的商品和劳务实现企业目标的整体营销活动。
4.国际营销政治环境因素主要有哪些？ 答：国体；政体；政党制度；政府政策的稳定性；民族主义；行政效率及清廉程度。
5.各国对广告限制的法律法规可分为哪几类？各国关于广告的法律法规很多，归纳起来主要有以下几类：①对广告产品的限制。
②对广告的内容及真实性的限制。
③对于广告媒体的限制。
④对广告对象的限制。
⑤对广告时间的限制。
⑥对于广告税收的规定。
国际市场营销 全球营销学每章课后习题答案
全球营销学第四版每章课后习题答案第一章Introduction to Global Marketing1.What are the basic goals of marketing? Are these goals relevant to globalmarketing?P31、Surpass the competition at the task of creating perceived value for customers2、The Guide line is the value equation –Value = Benefits/Price (Money, Time, Effort, Etc.)P42.What is mean by “global localization”?（全球本土化策略）Is Coca-Cola a globalproduct? Explain.The phrase “global localization” represents an attempt to capture the spirit of the rallying cry for o rganizations in the 21st century, namely, “think globally, act locally.”Most people will agree that Coca-Cola is a global product by virtue of the fact that it is available in more than 195 countries in red cans bearing the distinctive signature style. It must be noted, however, that customer service efforts are adapted to the needs of particular markets, e.g., vending machines in Japan. Thus, Coca-Cola is both global and local.3.Describe some of the global marketing strategies available to companies. Giveexamples of companies that use the different strategies.Global marketing strategies: 1. global market participation is the extent to which a company has operations in major world markets; 2. standardization versus adaptation is the extent to which each marketing mix element can be standardized or adapted in various country markets; 3. concentration of marketing activities is the extent to which activities related to marketing mix are performed in one or a few country locations; 4. coordination of marketing activities is the extent to which activities related to marketing mix are performed interdependently around the globe; 5. integration of competitive moves is the extent to which a firm’s competitive marketing tactics in different parts of world are interdependent.Examples: 1. Coke is the best-known, strongest brand, as the Coca-Cola Company, supporting its Coke, Fanta, and Powerade brands with marketing mix elements both that are globe and local, is adept at adapting sales promotion, distribution, and customer service efforts to local needs;2. Mcdonald’s business model is a restaurant system that can be set up virtually anywhere in the world and offers core menu items-hamburgers, French fries, and soft drinks-in most countries, and the company also customizes menu offerings according to local eating customs.4.How do the global marketing strategies of Harley-Davidson and Toyota differ?Harley-Davidson motorcycles are known the world over as “the” all-American motorcycle. Harley’s mystique and heritag e are associated with the USA. The company backs up this positioning with exports from two U.S. manufacturing locations. By contrast, Toyota builds some models (e.g., Camry and Avalon) for the U.S. market in the U.S., a fact that Toyota stresses in its American ad. Thus, Harley-Davidson serves global markets while sourcing locally, while Toyota’s strategy calls for serving world markets and using the world as a source of supply.5.Describe the difference between ethnocentric, polycontric, regiocentric, andgeocentric management orientations.The premise of an ethnocentric orientation is that home country products and management processes are superior. An ethnocentric company that neither sources inputs from, nor seeks market opportunities in the world outside the home country may be classified as an domestic company. A company that does business abroad while still presuming the superiority of the home country may be classified as an international company. Such a company would rely on an extension strategy whereby it would export, without adaptation, products designed for the domestic market.The polycentric orientation that predominates at a multinational company leads to aview of the world in which each country markets is different from the others. Local country managers operating with a high degree of autonomy adapt the marketing mix in a polycentric, multinational company. Managers who are regiocentric or geocentric in their orientations recognize both similarities and differences in world markets. Market opportunities are pursued using both extension and adaptation strategies. The regiocentric and geocentric orientations are characteristic of global transnational companies.OrEthnocentric orientation: home country is superior to the rest of the world, sees similarities in foreign countries，leads to a standardized or extension approach; Polycentric orientation: the opposite of ethnocentrism, each country in which a company does business is unique, sees differences in foreign countries, leads to localized or adaption approach; Regiocentric orientation: a region becomes the relevant geographic unit; management`s goal is to develop an integrated regional strategy; Geocentric orientation：views the entire world as a potential market and strives to develop integrated world market strategies.6.Identify and briefly describe some of the forces that have resulted in increased globalintegration and the growing importance of global marketing.P21+Driving Forces：Regional economic agreements、Market needs and wants、TechnologyTransportation and communication improvements、Product development costs、Quality、World economic trends、LeverageRestraining Forces：Management myopia、Organizational culture、National controls 7.Define leverage and explain the different types of leverage utilized by companieswith global operations.Define leverage：P25第二章The Global Economic Environment1.Explain the difference between market capitalism, centrally planned capitalism,centrally planned socialism, and market socialism. Give an example of a country that illustrates each types of system.Market capitalism is an economic system in which individuals and firms allocate resources and production resources are privately owned. (England).Centrally planned capitalism is an economic system in which command resource allocation is utilized extensively in an environment of private resource ownership. (Sweden)Centrally planned socialism, in this type of economic system, the state has broad powers to serve the public interest as it sees fit. (Former Soviet Union)Market socialism, in such a system, market allocation policies are permitted within an overall environment of state ownership. (China)2.What is a BEM? Identify the BEMs according to their respective stages of economicdevelopment.P53P56-583. A manufacture of satellite dishes is assessing the world market potential for hisproducts. He asks you if he should consider developing countries as potential markets.How would you advise him?Despite the difficult economic conditions in parts of developing countries, many nations will involve into attractive markets.One of marketing’s roles in developing countries is to focus resources on the task of creating and delivering products that are best suited to local needs and incomes. The role of marketing to indentify people’s needs and wants is the same in all countries, irrespective of level of economic development. It is also an opportunity to help developing countries join the information age.And P654.Turn to the Index of Economic Freedom (Table 2-1) and identify where the BEMs areranked. What does the result tell you in terms of the relevance of the index to global marketers?P52第三章Social and Cultural Environments1.What are some of the elements that make up culture? How do these find expression inyour native culture?Culture is a collection of Values, beliefs, behaviors, customs, and attitudes that distinguish one society from another.Culture is acted out in social institutions, such as, family, education, religion, government, business.2.What is the difference between a low-context culture and a high-context culture?Give an example of a country that is an example of each type and provide evidence for your answer.PPT 第四章4-63.How can Hofstede’s cultural typologies help Western marketers better understandAsian culture?P874.Explain the self-reference criterion(自我参照准则). Go to the library and findexamples of product failures that might have been avoided through the application of the SRC.Unconscious reference to one’s own cultural values; creates cultural myopia5.Briefly explain the social research of Everrtt Rogers regarding diffusion ofinnovations,……P94pare and contrast USA and Japan in terms of traditions and organizationalbehavior and norms.第四章The Legal and Regulatory Environments of Global Marketing1.What is sovereignty? What is it an important consideration in the politicalenvironment of global marketing?sovereignty2.Describe some of the sources of political risk. Specially, what forms can political risktake?Tension between aspirations and realityPrimarily occurs in lower and lower-middle income countries–Indonesia and economic crisisWhen political risk occurs in high income countries, it is generally due to a long-standing conflict–Northern IrelandP1423.Briefly describe some of the differences between the legal environment of a countrythat embraces common law and one that observes civil law.4.Global marketers can avoid legal conflicts by understanding the reasons conflictsarise in the first place. Identify and describe several legal issues that relate to global commerce.Intellectual PropertyAntitrustContractualLicensing and Trade Secrets5.“See you in court” is one way to respond when legal issues arise. What otherapproaches are possible?LitigationFormal arbitration–Settles disputes outside of court–Groups agree to abide by panel’s decision1958 United Nations Convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards–Most important treaty regarding international arbitration第五章Global Information Systems and Market Research1.Explain two information technology puts powerful tools in the hands of globalmarketers.Modern IT tools provide the means for a company's marketing information system and research functions to provide relevant information in a timely, cost –efficient, and actionable manner.Electronic data interchange (EDI) allows business units to submit orders, to issue invoices, to conduct business electronically, Wal-Mart legendary for its EDI, save time and money, enables retailers to improve inventory management. Transaction formats are universalEfficient Consumer Response (ECR) This is in addition to EDI, an effort for retailers and vendors to work closely on stock replenishment(补充). ECR can be defined as a joint initiative by members of a supply chain to work toward improving and optimizing(最优化) aspects of the supply chain to benefit customersIntranet, Electronic Point of Sale (EPOS), Data Warehouses are also helping businesses improve their ability to target consumers and increase loyalty.2.What are the different modes of information acquisition? Which is the most importantfor gathering strategic information?3.4、Outline the basic steps of the market research process.5、What is the difference between existing, latent, and incipient demand? How mightthese differences affect the design of a marketing research project?Demand and profit potential, in turn, depend in part on whether the market being studied can be classifieds existing or potential. Existing markets are those in which customer needs are already being served by one or more companies. In some instances, there is no existing market to research and. information may be readily available. A latent market is in essence, an und iscovered segment .It’s a market in which demand would materialize if an appropriate product were made available. An incipient market is a market that will emerge if particular economic demographic, political, or sociocultural trend continues. A company is not likely to achieve satisfactory results if it offers a product in an incipient market before the trends have taken root.Market growth, brand loyalty, market segment, product, sales promotion, pricing, distribution, will be different in marketing research project.6.Describe some of the analytical techniques used by global marketers. When is it appropriate to use each technique?A number of techniques are available for analyzing survey data.Factor analysis can be used to transform large amount of data into manageable units. It is useful in psychographic segmentation studies or creating perceptual maps; cluster analysis allows the researchers to group variables into clusters that maximize within-group similarities and between-group differences. It can be used to do global marketing research, to perform benefit segmentation, and to identify new product opportunities. Multi dimensional scaling is another technique for creating perceptual maps which is particular useful when there are many product to choose and consumers have difficulty in verbalizing their conceptions. Conjoint analysis is used to gain insights into the combination of features that will be the most attractive to consumers. It is useful when determines the values and utilities of the various levels of product features and plots them graphically.第六章Segmentation, Targeting, and Positioning1.differentiate the five basic segmentation strategies. Give an example of a companythat has used each one.P170-P1831、IncomePopulationsAge distributionGenderEducationOccupation2、Grouping people according to attitudes, value, and lifestyles3、4、Benefit segmentation focuses on the value equation–Value = Benefits / Price5、The population of many countries includes ethnic groups of significant size2.Explain the difference between segmenting and targeting.P200pare and contrast standardized, concentrated, and differentiated global marketing.Illustrate each strategy with an example from a global company.Standardized global marketing is mass marketing on a global scale with undifferentiated target marketing (Revlon International)Concentrated global marketing, involves devising a marketing mix to reach a niche. A niche is simply a single segment of the global market. (Germany`s Winter halter) Differentiated global marketing, represents a more ambitious approach than concentrated target marketing with multi-segment targeting and two or more distinct markets (Rover)4.5.What is positioning? Identify the different positioning strategies presented in thechapter and give examples of companies or products that illustrate each.Locating a brand in consumers’minds over and against competitors in terms of attributes and benefits that the brand does and does not offer.P192-1956.What is global consumer culture positioning? What other strategic positioningchoices do global marketers have?Identifies the brand as a symbol of a particular global culture or segment.P1967.What is high-touch product? Explain the difference between high-tech productpositioning and high-touch product positioning. Can some products be positioned using both strategies? Explain.High-tech products are sophisticated technologically complex, and/or difficult to explain or understand, and frequently evaluated in terms of their performance against established objective standards. High-tech global consumer positioning also works well for special interest products associated with leisure of recreation.High-touch products, consumers are generally energized by emotional motives rather than rational ones, and frequently evaluated in terms of their performance against established subjective, aesthetic terms.Some products can be positioned using both strategies, with both satisfying buyers’ rational criteria and evoking an emotional response. Nokia, for example, combines technical performance with a fashion orientation.第七章Global Market Entry Strategies:1.What are the advantages and disadvantages of using licensing as a market entry tool?Give examples of companies from different countries that use licensing as a global marketing strategy.Advantages to LicensingProvides additional profitability with little initial investmentProvides method of circumventing tariffs, quotas, and other export barriersAttractive ROILow costs to implementDisadvantages to LicensingLimited participationReturns may be lostLack of controlLicensee may become competitorLicensee may exploit company resourcesP2062.What is foreign direct investment? What forms can FDI take?P209Partial or full ownership of operations outside of home countryForms:Joint ventures–Minority or majority equity stakes–Outright acquisition3.Do you agree with Ford’s decision to acquire Jaguar? What was more valuable toFord---the physical assets or the name?P2154.What is meant by the phrase global strategic partnership? In what ways does this formof market entry strategy differ from more traditional forms such as joint ventures? Participants remain independent following formation of the allianceParticipants share benefits of alliance as well as control over performance of assigned tasksParticipants make ongoing contributions in technology, products, and other key strategic areasPPT3055.What are Keiretsu? How does this form of industrial structure affect companies thatcompete with Japan or that are trying to enter the Japanese market?PPT307书P2276.Which Strategic options for market entry or expansion would a small company belikely to pursue? A large company?StrategiesCompanies must decide to expand by:–Seeking new markets in existing countries–Seeking new country markets for already identified and served market segments第八章Product and Brand Decisions1.What is the difference between a product and a brand?A product is a good, service, or ideaBrandsBundle of images and experiences in the customer’s mindA promise made by a particular company about a particular productA quality certificationDifferentiation between competing productsThe sum of impressions about a brand is the Brand ImageThe added value that accrues to a product as a result of investments in the marketing of the brandAn asset that represents the value created by the relationship between the brand and customer over time2.How do local, international, and global products differ? Cite examplesLocal Product is one that has achieved success in a single national market and represents the lifeblood of domestic companies. （Coca-cola, ginseng beverage only in Japan）International product is offered in several markets in a particular region (Euro-product, only in euro zone)Global product meets the wants and needs of a global market and is offered in all world regions (personal stereos)3.What are some of the elements that make up a brand? Are these elements tangible orintangible?IntangibleP2414.What criteria should global marketers consider when making product designdecisions?In many instances, packaging is an integral element of product-related design decisions. Packaging is designed to protect or contain the product during shipping；Labeling provides consumers with various types of information; Aesthetics differ around the world. Global marketers must understand the importance of visual aesthetics; Product Warranties is a written guarantee that assures the buyer is getting what they paid for or provides a remedy in case of a product failure. Warranties can be used as a competitive tool5.How can buyer at titudes about a product’s country of origin affect marketing strategy?买家对于原产国的态度对营销策略有什么影响？Perceptions about and attitudes toward particular countries often extend to products and brands known to originate in those countries–Japan–Germany–France–ItalyP252-2546.Identify several global brands. What are some of the reasons for the global success ofthe brands you chose?Both products and brand are good……7.Briefly describe various combinations of product-communication strategies availableto global marketers. When is it appropriate to use each?Product-communication extension (dual extension) is a strategy selling the same product with the same promotional appeals used in domestically when pursuing opportunities outside the home market. It used frequently with industrial (business to business) products.Product extension-communication adaptation strategy is a relatively low cost of implementation because the physical product is unchanged, and the main costs are associated with market research and revising promotional appeals. It used frequently when consumer conceptions outside the home market are very different from domestic marketProduct adaptation-communication extension is an approach to global product planning is to extend, without change, the basic home-market communications strategy while adapting the product to local use or preference conditions. It used frequently when natural conditions outside the home market are very different from domestic market Product-communication adaptation (dual adaptation) strateg y is an approach used both the different product serves and advertising appeals to consumer receptivity when comparing a new geographic market to the home market, environmental conditions or consumer preferences differ;第九章Pricing Decisions1.What are the basic factors that affect price in any market? What considerations enterinto the pricing decision?In global marketing, the task of setting prices is complicated by fluctuating exchange rates. Currency fluctuations can create significant problems and opportunities for the classic international company that exports from the home country.Inflation, or a persistent upward change in price levels, is a problem in many country markets. It can be caused by an increase in the money supply and currency devaluation. Governmental policies and regulations that affect pricing decisions include dumping legislation, resale price maintenance legislation, price ceilings, and general reviews of price levels.Pricing decisions are bounded not only by cost and nature of demand but also by competitive action.Competitive Behavior: If competitors do not adjust their prices in response to rising costs it is difficult to adjust your price to maintain operating margins; If competitors are manufacturing or sourcing I a lower-cost country, it may be necessary to cut prices to stay competitiveThe global marketer has several options for addressing the problem of price escalation orthe environmental factors described in the last section.2.Define the various types of pricing strategies and objectives available to globalmarketers.Market Skimming and Financial Objectives: Market Skimming charges a premium price which may occur at the introduction stage of product life cyclePenetration Pricing and Non-Financial Objectives: Penetration Pricing charges a low price in order to penetrate market quickly which appropriates to saturate market prior to imitation by competitors3.Identify some of the environmental constraints on global pricing decisions. Currency FluctuationsInflationary EnvironmentGovernment Controls, Subsidies, RegulationsCompetitive BehaviorSourcing4.Why do price differences in world markets often lead to gray marketing?Because price differences in world markets lead to trademarked products are exported from one country to another where they are sold by unauthorized persons or organizationsGray marketing occurs when product is in short supply, when producers use skimming strategies in some markets, and when goods are subject to substantial mark-ups 5.What is dumping? Why was dumping such an important issue during the UruguayRound of GATT negotiations?Sale of an imported product at a price lower than that normally charged in a domestic market or country of origin.P2966.What is transfer price? Why is it an important issue for companies with foreignaffiliates(外国子公司)? Why did transfer pricing in Europe take on increased importance in 1999?The transfer price is that Pricing of goods, services, and intangible property bought and sold by operating units or divisions of a company doing business with an affiliate in another jurisdiction.P2997.What is the difference between ethnocentric, polycontric, and geocentric pricingstrategies? Which one would you recommend to a company that has global market aspirations?P291-292 PPT240-242pare and contrast the different forms of countertrade.Countertrade occurs when payment is made in some form other than moneyOptions–BarterThe least complex and oldest form of bilateral, non-monetary counter-tradeA direct exchange of goods or services between two parties–Counter-purchase P303-304–Offset–Compensation trading–Cooperation agreements–Switch trading第十章Global Marketing Channels and Physical Distribution1.In what ways can channel intermediaries create utility for buyers?ObjectivesMarketing channels exist to create utility for customers–Place utility -availability of a product or service in a location that is convenient to a potential customer–Time utility -availability of a product or service when desired by a customer–Form utility -availability of the product processed, prepared, in proper condition and/or ready to use–information utility -availability of answers to questions and general communicationabout useful product features and benefits2.What factors influence the channel structures and strategies available to globalmarketers?B2CThe characters of both buyers and products have an important influence on channel design.The number of individual buyers and their geographic distribution, income, shopping habits and different channel approaches.Products characters such as degree of standardization, perishability, bulk, service requirements, and unit price have an impact as well.Channels tends to be longer as the number of consumers to be served increases and the price per unit decreases. Bulky products usually require channel arrangements that minimize the shipping distances and the number of times products change hands before they reach the ultimate customer.B2BAs is true with consumer channels, product and consumer characteristics have an impact on channel structure. Three basic elements are involved: the manufacture's sales force, distributors or agents and wholesalers.Channel strategy in a global marketing program must fit the company's competitive position and overall marketing objectives in each national market.market factors: consumer profiles, market size and location of country.3.What is cherry picking? What approaches can be used to deal with this problem?P323pare and contrast the typical channel structures for consumer products andindustrial products.P340 PPT252-2555.Identify the different forms of retailing and cite an example of each form. Identifyretailers from as many different countries as you can.PPT258-259 P3256.Identify the four retail market expansion strategies discussed in the text. What factorsdetermine the appropriable mode?Organic–Company uses its own resources to open a store on a green field site or acquire one or more existing retail facilitiesFranchise–Appropriate strategy when barriers to entry are low yet the market is culturally distant in terms of consumer behavior or retailing structuresChain Acquisition–A market entry strategy that entails purchasing a company with multiple existing outlets in a foreign countryJoint Venture–This strategy is advisable when culturally distant, difficult-to-enter markets are targeted 7.What special distribution challenges exist in Japan? What is the best way for anon-Japanese company to deal with these challenges?第十一章Global Marketing Communications Decisions:Advertising and Public Relations1.In what ways can global brands and global advertising campaigns benefit a company? P3482.How does the “standardized versus localized” debate apply to advertising?Four difficulties that compromise an organization’s communicat ion efforts–The message may not get through to the intended recipient.–The message may reach the target audience but may not be understood or may even be misunderstood.–The message may reach the target audience and may be understood but still may not induce the recipient to take the action desired by the sender.–The effectiveness of the message can be impaired by noise.。
《国际市场营销学》第一章习题参考答案
1.解释下列概念：答：市场营销：市场营销是创造、传播、传递和交换对顾客、客户、合作伙伴乃至整个社会有价值的产品和服务的一系列活动、机制和过程。
国际市场营销：国际市场营销是指在一国以上把企业生产的商品或劳务引导到消费者或用户中去的经营活动。
国际贸易：国际贸易是指国家之间进行的有形商品、无形商品及服务的交换活动。
多国营销：当企业进入国际市场营销后，为了适应各国市场不同的需求而实行多国市场营销战略，即企业为每一个国家制定一种营销战略，以适应每个不同条件的国家的需要。
全球营销：企业营销在全球范围全面展开—利用全球资源，包括资本、技术、管理、人力资源，为全球顾客服务。
出口营销：目标市场是国外市场，企业在国内生产产品到国外销售，满足国外市场需求。
营销战略观念：指导企业开展国际营销活动的观念、态度、思维方式和商业哲学。
即研究某企业以何种观念和态度来处理国际营销活动中所涉及的国外顾客、企业本身及社会各方面的利益问题。
2.企业走向国际市场的主要动因是什么？我国企业走向国际市场的动因有哪些特殊性？答：一、国内市场需求饱和及市场竞争激烈。
二、国际市场的吸引力。
三、政府鼓励与支持企业出口政策。
四、科学技术发展为企业跨国经营提供物质前提。
我国企业走向国际市场的动因是：一、国内市场竞争激烈。
二、获取国外先进科学技术及先进的管理技术。
三、利用两种资源与两个市场获取国外低成本的生产资源及引进外资。
四、在国际市场营销活动中，我国具有一些优势行业和产业。
3.什么是国际市场营销？国际营销同国内营销有何联系与区别？答：国际市场营销是指在一国以上把企业生产的商品或劳务引导到消费者或用户中去的经营活动。
国际市场营销和国内营销的联系在于：国际市场营销学的基本原理和方法同基础市场营销学无多大差异。
许多指导国内企业营销的原理和方法，诸如市场营销调研、消费者行为分析、选择目标市场、营销组合策略、营销战略计划、营销管理等，均可以用来指导国际市场营销活动。
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1.解释下列概念：
答：市场营销：市场营销是创造、传播、传递和交换对顾客、客户、合作伙伴乃至整个社会有价值的产品和服务的一系列活动、机制和过程。
国际市场营销：国际市场营销是指在一国以上把企业生产的商品或劳务引导到消费者或用户中去的经营活动。
国际贸易：国际贸易是指国家之间进行的有形商品、无形商品及服务的交换活动。
多国营销：当企业进入国际市场营销后，为了适应各国市场不同的需求而实行多国市场营销战略，即企业为每一个国家制定一种营销战略，以适应每个不同条件的国家的需要。
全球营销：企业营销在全球范围全面展开—利用全球资源，包括资本、技术、管理、人力资源，为全球顾客服务。
出口营销：目标市场是国外市场，企业在国内生产产品到国外销售，满足国外市场需求。
营销战略观念：指导企业开展国际营销活动的观念、态度、思维方式和商业哲学。
即研究某企业以何种观念和态度来处理国际营销活动中所涉及的国外顾客、企业本身及社会各方面的利益问题。
2.企业走向国际市场的主要动因是什么？我国企业走向国际市场的动因有哪些特殊性？答：一、国内市场需求饱和及市场竞争激烈。
二、国际市场的吸引力。
三、政府鼓励与支持企业出口政策。
四、科学技术发展为企业跨国经营提供物质前提。
我国企业走向国际市场的动因是：一、国内市场竞争激烈。
二、获取国外先进科学技术及先进的管理技术。
三、利用两种资源与两个市场获取国外低成本的生产资源及引进外资。
四、在国际市场营销活动中，我国具有一些优势行业和产业。
3.什么是国际市场营销？国际营销同国内营销有何联系与区别？
答：国际市场营销是指在一国以上把企业生产的商品或劳务引导到消费者或用户中去的经营活动。
国际市场营销和国内营销的联系在于：国际市场营销学的基本原理和方法同基础市场营销学无多大差异。
许多指导国内企业营销的原理和方法，诸如市场营销调研、消费者行为分析、选择目标市场、营销组合策略、营销战略计划、营销管理等，均可以用来指导国际市场营销活动。
国际市场营销和国内市场营销的区别在于：
一、市场营销环境不同。
(1)在产品策略方面，国际市场营销面临产品标准化与差异化策略的选择。
(2)在定价策略方面，国际市场定价比国内定价复杂得多。
(3)在分销策略方面，企业对国内分销渠道较熟悉，较容易作出选择分销渠道的决策，对国内分销渠道也较易于管理。
国际营销企业不仅面临对国内出口商的选择，还要对国外中间商进行选择。
(4)在促销策略方面，由于各国文化、政治法律、语言、媒体、生产成本及公司政策不同，使企业选择促销策略更复杂、难度更大。
二、国际营销战略及营销管理过程更复杂。
4.国际营销与国际贸易有何区别与联系？
答：一、国际营销与国际贸易的共同点：（1）国际贸易与国际营销都是以获取利润为目的而进行的跨国界的经营活动（2）二者都是以商品与劳务作为交换对象（3）二者都面临着相同的国际环境，如人口环境、经济环境、政治法律环境、社会文化环境及竞争环境（4）二者的理论基础都是早期的“比较利益学说”及“国际产品生命周期理论”（5）二者都是全球经济一体化的产物，都是企业从事国际商业活动、参与国际竞争、瓜分国际市场的主要工具和主要形式
二、国际营销与国际贸易的主要区别：（1）商品的交换主体不同(2)国际贸易发生的基础是存在比较利益和资源禀赋的差异，而国际市场营销的活动基础是从企业角度出发，占领更多的国际市场，从而获得更多的利润和更广阔的市场。
（3）商品流通形态不同（3）国际贸易的作业流程比国际营销狭窄（4）国际营销活动较国际贸易更富于主动及创造精神（5）评估二者的效益的信息来源不同
5.国际企业经营哲学的演变经历了哪几个阶段？目前我国企业的经营哲学主要处于哪一阶段，为什么？
答：一、以生产为导向的传统营销观念二、以国外顾客为导向的营销新观念三、以外部环境为导向的营销战略观念四、以全球市场为导向的全球营销观念
目前我国企业的经营哲学参差不齐，个别企业已处于全球营销观念，但多数企业的经营哲学仍然处于以生产为导向的营销观念，我国市场经济起步较晚，企业进行国际贸易的时间和经验不足，国内传统的以生产为中心，以产品为出发点的传统营销观念仍然有很大影响。
6.试举例说明企业如何根据所面临的国际市场的各种挑战制定国际市场营销任务？答：国际市场营销面临的国际形势：（1）国际营销面临经济全球化的挑战（2）国际营销面临国际市场竞争的挑战（3）国际营销面临贸易保护主义抬头的挑战（4）国际营销面临贸易区域集团化进一步加强的挑战
企业从事国际市场营销的任务是根据国内外不可控制的环境因素，运用企业可控制的因素，制定出国际营销的战略目标并加以实现。
以联合利华为例，其在进军中国市场中，重组其资产，实行全方位的本土化战略，致力于发展当地品牌，实在了在中国市场的较快发展。
课后案例思考提示：
1.戴尔公司开始时获得成功的原因是什么？其经营原则如何贯穿于营销活动的全过程？答：直销模式带来的成本上的优势和效率是戴尔获得成功的原因，可结合案例具体说明。
2.戴尔公司是不是应该早一点在美国改变其营销模式？
答：应该。
可以从美国营销环境的变化展开论述。
3.戴尔公司在美国和其他国家做出的调整和变动会带来什么问题？
答：全球营销实行统一的营销战略，同时也注意各国需求的差异性，而实行本土化营销策略，必然加大成本和管理的难度。
4.戴尔公司在德国采用本地发言人，能不能推广到欧洲其他国家呢？
答：应该视各国消费者习惯和环境而定。
5.你认为应如何解决戴尔公司所面临的问题？
答：坚持实行全球营销，把握各个细分市场的内外环境变化和差异性，有针对性的展开营销活动。