语言学教程第一章ppt

• (2) It refers to the social interaction of language, maintains a comfortable relationship between people without involving any factual content.
• Eg: Chinese people always say "吃了吗？" when first meeting, but English say "How is the weather today?"
1.2 What is language
• Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication. __ by （英）沃德霍(Wardhaugh,R.)
1.3 Design Features of language
文字， 具有文字所必需的特征。 • 历史上著名的表意文字有四种：古埃及文字、巴
比伦楔形文字、中美洲的玛雅文字和我国的汉字。 表意文字是有原始的表形文字演变而来的。 • 第三种文字是类型是表音文字。根据书面符号所 代表的语音单位，表音文字又可以分为音节文字、 辅音文字和音素文字。 • 表音文字中用于拼写词语读音的基本书写单位叫 做字母。 • 使用表音文字的语言的全部基本字母按一定顺序 排列起来就构成语言的字母表。拉丁字母表与斯 拉夫字母表以及阿拉伯字母表一起是世界上通行
1.5 Functions of language
• Jakobson:referential;poetic;emotive;conative(意 动的);phatic(交感的);metalingual function
• Halliday : ideational; interpersonal; textual • Informative • Interpersonal • Performative • Emotive • Phatic communion • Recreational • Metalingual
1.3.3 Creativity
• Peculiar to human languages，users of language can understand and produce sentences they have never heard before, e.g.
we can understand sentence like “ A red-eyed elephant is dancing on the hotel bed”, though
1.5.6 Recreational Function
• It refers to the use of language for the sheer joy.
Saussure.Eg: name,book,pen
•
(1) Arbitrary relationship between the sound of
a morpheme and its meaning.
•
Eg: Hi, Aha,Hush, Hem, Hey.
•
(2) Arbitrariness at the syntactic level:
it does not describe a common happening in the world.
• Eg: 说曹操曹操到（not refer to Cao Cao himself）
1.3.4 Displacement
• ----Language can be used to refer to things, which are not present: real or imagined matters, in the past, present or future, or in far-away places.
•
Eg: Kill him!
•
Fire!
1.5.2 Interpersonal Function
• Interpersonal function, by which people establish anቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ maintain their status in a society.
1.5.4 Emotive Function
is primarily to change the social status of
persons, as in marriage ceremonies, the sentencing of criminals, the blessing of children, the naming of a ship at a launching ceremony, and the cursing of enemies.
• The emotive function of language is one of the most powerful uses of language because it is crucial in changing the emotional status of an audience for or against someone or something.
• Eg: My God! Oh, Darling! • Damn it! • Go to hell! • Shit!
1.5.5 Phatic Communion
• (1) The term PHATIC COMMUNION originates from Malinowski’s study of the functions of language perfomed by Trobriand Islanders.
• Eg: 911 events , New York
1.4. Origin of language
• 语言的起源是语言学的基本理论问题之一。对于 语言的起源问题。有摹声说"bow-wow"、 “pooh-pooh” theory、劳动号子yo-he-ho说、 “社会契约”论和“手势语言”论。
• 语言的发展必然包含两个方面：语言交际功能的 发展和语言结构系统的发展。
• Chapter 8 Language in Use(Pragmatics)
Chapter 1 Invitations to Linguistics
• 1.1 Why study linguistics? • 1.2 What is language? • 1.3 Features of language • 1.4. Origin of language • 1.5. Functions of language • 1.6. What is linguistics • 1.7 Main branches of linguistics • 1.8. Macrolinguistics • 1.9 Important distinctions in linguistics
• Qestion3: Why do people in different social classes speak in different ways?
• Qestion4: Why is it "I love you" in English, but "私はあなたを愛して " in Japanese?
1.5.3 Performative
•
(1) This concept originates from the
philosophical study of language represented by
Austin and Searle.
•
(2) The performative function of language
Linguistics: A Course Book
语言学教程 胡壮麟主编
Contents
• Chapter 1 Invitations to Linguistics Chapter 2 Speech Sounds(Phonetics) Chapter 3 From Morpheme to Phrase (Morphology) Chapter 4 From Word to Text(Syntax) Chapter 5 Meaning(Semantics) Chapter 6 Language and Cognition
1.5.1 Informative
• Language is the instrument of thought and people often feel need to speak their thoughts aloud, for instance, when they are working on a math problem.
Lead-in
• Qestion1: Other animals can beat us in many different ways, but what makes us superior to all of them?
• Qestion2: Why are children easy to undrstand their mother's tongue?
according to systemic-functionalists and American
functionalists, language is not arbitrary at the
syntactic level. In other words, syntax is less arbitrary than words.
• Higher level----meaning (larger units of meaning Eg: word)
• A communication system with duality is considered more flexible than one without it, for a far greater number of messages can be sent. A small number of sounds can be grouped and regrouped into a large number of units of meaning (words), and the units of meaning can be arranged and rearranged into an infinite number of sentences. (we make dictionary of a
• Arbitrariness • Duality • Creativity • Displacement
1.3.1 Arbitrariness
•
Arbitrariness: the forms of linguistic signs bear
no natural relationship to their meaning –
• 消亡的词汇不少，但是新产生的更多。词汇变化 的另一形式表现为词意的改变。词汇在不同的历 史时期可以具有不同的词义，
• 语音的变化虽然不如词汇明显，但是它也是随着 时间的推移在发展的。英语历史上就出现了“元 音大变迁”。
• 语法也同样在发生变化。
1.4. Origin of language
• 第一种文字图画文字。 • 第二种文字是表意文字。表意文字是名副其实的
•
Eg: He came in and sat down.
•
(3) Idiom is not arbitrary.
•
Eg: apple-polisher, black sheep, a yellow dog.
1.3.2 Duality
• Duality (double articulation)
• Lower level----sounds (meaningless Eg: Consonants and Vowels)