概要写作Summary writing技巧课件
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高中英语概要写作 Summary Writing公开课精品PPT课件
There is nothing unusual about a single language dying. Communities have come and gone throughout history, and
with them their language.BBuutt what is happening today is
somewhere in the world every two
weeks or so.
Key point 2:
… many languages are not in such a
serious position… there are things that
The solutions can be done to give new life to them.
The problem
Read for the Content
➢What else do we know about the problem?
It is too late to do anything to help many languages, where the speakers are too few or too old, and where the community is too busy just trying to survive to care about
) older. If good descriptions and materials are available, even
extinct languages can be saved. Kaurna, from South Australia, is an example. This language had been extinct for about a century, but had been quite well documented. So when a strong movement grew for its revival (复活), it was possible to bring it back from death.
with them their language.BBuutt what is happening today is
somewhere in the world every two
weeks or so.
Key point 2:
… many languages are not in such a
serious position… there are things that
The solutions can be done to give new life to them.
The problem
Read for the Content
➢What else do we know about the problem?
It is too late to do anything to help many languages, where the speakers are too few or too old, and where the community is too busy just trying to survive to care about
) older. If good descriptions and materials are available, even
extinct languages can be saved. Kaurna, from South Australia, is an example. This language had been extinct for about a century, but had been quite well documented. So when a strong movement grew for its revival (复活), it was possible to bring it back from death.
高考英语写作——summary-writing(共29张PPT)
She brought home a lot of books and magazines to read during the vacation.
Summary Writing
Ⅰ. Definition A summary is a brief
restatement of essential thought of a longer composition.
--- omit the details. --- reduce the examples. --- simplify the descriptions. --- eliminate all repetitions.
高 考 英 语 写 作—— summar y-writ ing(共 29张PP T)
He was very brave in battle.
高 考 英 语 写 作—— summar y-writ ing(共 29张PP T)
高 考 英 语 写 作—— summar y-writ ing(共 29张PP T)
The account the witness gave of the incident made everyone that heard it laugh.
高 考 英 语 写 作—— summar y-writ ing(共 29张PP T)
10. (continuing) --- Use general words instead of specific
words e.g. She brought home several Chinese and
English novels, and some textbooks. She intended to read all of them during the winter vacation. → She brought home a lot of books to read during the vacation.
高中英语概要写作课件Summary writing
Sadly, however, there is another side to the picture. The creativity of science has been employed in
Para 4. doing damage to mankind. The application of science and technology to the development and
Para 3. The continuation of such activities in the twenty-first century will result in even greater advantages
to human beings: in pure science-a wider and deeper knowledge in all fields of learning; in applied science-a more reasonable sharing of material benefits, and better protection of the environment.
Scientific research in physics and biology has vastly broadened our views. It has given us a deeper
Para 2. knowledge of the structure of matter and of the universe; it has brought us a better understanding of
for the worse; changes that brought a lot of benefits to human beings, changes that put man in danger. Many things caused the changes, but, in my opinion, the most important was the progress in science.
Para 4. doing damage to mankind. The application of science and technology to the development and
Para 3. The continuation of such activities in the twenty-first century will result in even greater advantages
to human beings: in pure science-a wider and deeper knowledge in all fields of learning; in applied science-a more reasonable sharing of material benefits, and better protection of the environment.
Scientific research in physics and biology has vastly broadened our views. It has given us a deeper
Para 2. knowledge of the structure of matter and of the universe; it has brought us a better understanding of
for the worse; changes that brought a lot of benefits to human beings, changes that put man in danger. Many things caused the changes, but, in my opinion, the most important was the progress in science.
高考英语写作辅导-写作概要writing--summary精品ppt课件
ummary writing for argumentation
1.Read
①topic:
There is nothing fixed about attitudes to dirt
② structure In what order does the passage develop to show the different “attitudes”?
⑤ 拼写与标点符号是语言准确性的一个重要方面， 评分时，应视其对交际的影响程度予以考虑。 ⑥ 如书写较差以致影响交际，可将分数降低一个档 次。
解读之内涵篇 概要写作：
提供一篇350词以内的短文，要求考生基于该短文 写出一篇60词左右的内容概要
• 评分要点 • 1）理解准确，涵盖全部要点 • 2）准确使用相应的语法结构和词汇 • 3）有效使用语句间的连接成分，结构紧凑 • 4）完全使用自己的语言
2.Explore （探究）
There is nothing fixed about attitudes to dirt supporting ideas
Find out the topic sentences of each paragraph
Para 2: In the early 16th century, people thought that dirt on the skin was a means to block out disease, as medical opinion had it that washing off dirt with hot water could open up the skin and let ills in. A particular danger was thought to lie in public baths. By 1538, the French king had closed the bath houses in his kingdom. So did the king of England in 1546. Thus began a long time when the rich and the poor in Europe lived with dirtEuropean in a friendly way. Henry Examples of some countries IV, King of France, was famously dirty. Upon learning that a nobleman had taken a bath, the king ordered that, to avoid the attack of disease, the nobleman should not go out.
1.Read
①topic:
There is nothing fixed about attitudes to dirt
② structure In what order does the passage develop to show the different “attitudes”?
⑤ 拼写与标点符号是语言准确性的一个重要方面， 评分时，应视其对交际的影响程度予以考虑。 ⑥ 如书写较差以致影响交际，可将分数降低一个档 次。
解读之内涵篇 概要写作：
提供一篇350词以内的短文，要求考生基于该短文 写出一篇60词左右的内容概要
• 评分要点 • 1）理解准确，涵盖全部要点 • 2）准确使用相应的语法结构和词汇 • 3）有效使用语句间的连接成分，结构紧凑 • 4）完全使用自己的语言
2.Explore （探究）
There is nothing fixed about attitudes to dirt supporting ideas
Find out the topic sentences of each paragraph
Para 2: In the early 16th century, people thought that dirt on the skin was a means to block out disease, as medical opinion had it that washing off dirt with hot water could open up the skin and let ills in. A particular danger was thought to lie in public baths. By 1538, the French king had closed the bath houses in his kingdom. So did the king of England in 1546. Thus began a long time when the rich and the poor in Europe lived with dirtEuropean in a friendly way. Henry Examples of some countries IV, King of France, was famously dirty. Upon learning that a nobleman had taken a bath, the king ordered that, to avoid the attack of disease, the nobleman should not go out.
高一英语新人教版(2019)必修第二册英语概要写作Summary Writing3课件
transports roughly 25 million young people to school and home again after the school day ends. Meanwhile, it is the safest method for
getting kidTsiptos1a:n要d fr点om提s取ch—ool—, a注cco意rd句ing子to关th系e 和Na信tio号na词l H句ighway
spaced seats and energy-absorbing seats.
Q1:Find out the first reason.
Q2:What's the function of the rest sentences?
Rewrite the point in our own words: Para.2
safest method for getting kids to and from school, according to the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA). Children are 70 times more likely to arrive at school safely on the school bus than if they had traveled to school driving themselves or riding with friends. • ②These school buses meet more of the nation's motor vehicle safety standards than any other vehicles on the road. Also, several new technologies available today are making school buses even safer, such as video cameras on the
getting kidTsiptos1a:n要d fr点om提s取ch—ool—, a注cco意rd句ing子to关th系e 和Na信tio号na词l H句ighway
spaced seats and energy-absorbing seats.
Q1:Find out the first reason.
Q2:What's the function of the rest sentences?
Rewrite the point in our own words: Para.2
safest method for getting kids to and from school, according to the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA). Children are 70 times more likely to arrive at school safely on the school bus than if they had traveled to school driving themselves or riding with friends. • ②These school buses meet more of the nation's motor vehicle safety standards than any other vehicles on the road. Also, several new technologies available today are making school buses even safer, such as video cameras on the
高考英语概要写作 Summary Writing课件 (19张PPT)
Structure (结构)
• In the UK, Physical Education (PE) is compulsory in state schools until the age of 16 – that is, sports are compulsory for as long as education is compulsory. Every year, more and more parents complain to their children’s schools about PE. They believe that their children shouldn’t have to participate in physical activity if they don’t want to. Supporters of PE, however, believe that it is a crucial element of all-round schooling and our society’s well-being. They insist PE in schools remains one of the few places by which the youth can be forced to participate in aerobic (有氧的) exercise.
• Finally, the pursuit for national sporting achievement begins in schools. If schools don’t have compulsory PE, it is much harder to pick out, develop and equip athletes to represent the country on a wider stage. However, it’s much easier to find suitable individuals if there’s a full sports program in every school.
最新高考作文概要写作Summary-Writing(必修三第四单元课文)精品ppt课件
Para 3-water
Topic Sentence: Water made life develop possibly
Tips: 补充说明第二段水的作用，可以作为次要点 放在第三段结合处理。
Para 4
Topic Sentence: None points:plants in water, shellfish, fish, plants on land land animals, forest, reptiles,dinosaurs,mammals.
It is a brief, thorough and objective restatement of the main idea and key points of a longer composition.
读者在正确理解文章的基础上, 在不改变原文中心思想、 体裁和结构的前提下，用简明、精练的语句高度浓缩文章 的主要内容和观点。
not look after the earth well. the earth may be too hot to liveon , whether ...depend on
Main idea: Fianlly, Humans rule the earth but the time of their existence is uncertain.
高考作文概要写作SummaryWriting(必修三第四单元课文)
01
What is a summary?
A summary is a short statement that gives only the main points of sth, not the details 《牛津高阶英汉双解词典》
Unit 4 Astronomy: the science of the stars
浙江新高考之概要写作summarywriting省公开课金奖全国赛课一等奖微课获奖PPT课件
To research whether such a “sixth sense” really exists, Robert Baker, …
there is really a sixth sense
Only if you ask many different questions will you acquire all the information.
20/40
• … there is nothing fixed about attitudes to dirt.
have, exist, S+V+P
changing
opinions， viewpoints
✓People have changing opinions toward dirt over time.
10/40
2.把短语变为单词 Cleaning away day dirt benefits health.
3.使用广义词(general words)代替详细词 (specific words)
She brought home several Chinese and English novels, a few copies of Time and Newsweek, and some textbooks.
描写某事物性质功用。即“对
√ 说明文
象+性质功用+利好”； 针对某个问题提出处理方法或
exposition 方法。即“问题+处理方法”；
介绍某现象及其原因和结果。
√ 议论文
即“现象+原因+结果”
论点+论据(+结论)
argumentation
7/40
there is really a sixth sense
Only if you ask many different questions will you acquire all the information.
20/40
• … there is nothing fixed about attitudes to dirt.
have, exist, S+V+P
changing
opinions， viewpoints
✓People have changing opinions toward dirt over time.
10/40
2.把短语变为单词 Cleaning away day dirt benefits health.
3.使用广义词(general words)代替详细词 (specific words)
She brought home several Chinese and English novels, a few copies of Time and Newsweek, and some textbooks.
描写某事物性质功用。即“对
√ 说明文
象+性质功用+利好”； 针对某个问题提出处理方法或
exposition 方法。即“问题+处理方法”；
介绍某现象及其原因和结果。
√ 议论文
即“现象+原因+结果”
论点+论据(+结论)
argumentation
7/40
高考英语作文：“概要写作(summary writing)”初探课件(共18张)
议论文 文章论点 （1句）
拓展句
解释/分述 （2-3句）
论据 （2-3句）
概要形式
主题句 +
若干拓展句 +
总结
高考英语作文：“概要写作(summary writing)”初探课件（共18张）
高考英语作文：“概要写作(summary writing)”初探课件（共18张）
2: 利用关键句/关键词概括主旨 情况一:有主题句---段首，段中，段末 情况二:无主题句---定位、提取和整合分散在原文 中的关键词对主旨进行概括
高考英语作文：“概要写作(summary writing)”初探课件（共18张）
高考英语作文：“概要写作(summary writing)”初探课件（共18张）
二、简洁性： 能简则简，避免繁复。概要写作是一种对原文 “浓缩”后产生的新语篇，通过删除细节，减少例 证，简化描述以及去除重复来实现语言的简洁 性，但是简洁的同时还要做到意义的完整。
切记 概要写作不分段!!!
高考英语作文：“概要写作(summary writing)”初探课件（共18张）
高考英语作文：“概要写作(summary writing)”初探课件（共18张）
1: 判断文章体裁
描写类 叙事类
文章体裁 主题句句 体裁
说明类 议论类 指导类
说明文
说明的观点/ 对象/现象 （1句）
并：将几个独立的句子合并为一个并列句或复合句，如 带同位语、定语从句、状语从句、分词短语的复合句。
高考英语作文：“概要写作(summary writing)”初探课件（共18张）
高考英语作文：“概要写作(summary writing)”初探课件（共18张）
1.It can be difficult to figure out what to save and what to toss. It can be ___c_h_a_l_le_n_g_i_n_g___ to figure out what to
高中英语Summary-Writing概要写作公开课精品课件
12
4.As a matter of fact how it affects our family relationships depends on our attitude toward technology. Actually, it is not technology but people’s attitude towards it that influences family relations.
the negative effect the reason
5
Para.3: However, a report from the Pew Internet and American Life Project offers a more helpful and encouraging view, suggesting that far from replacing human contact, technology can actually better family relationships.
3
Read for structure
What is the phenomenon?
What are the effects?
What really matters?
…
negative & positive our attitude to technology
4
Read for topic sentences
Technology had enabled them to increase their contact with distant family members. 47% said it had improved the communication with the people they lived with. Moreover, even the closest members of families need time away from each other at some point to seek their interests.
4.As a matter of fact how it affects our family relationships depends on our attitude toward technology. Actually, it is not technology but people’s attitude towards it that influences family relations.
the negative effect the reason
5
Para.3: However, a report from the Pew Internet and American Life Project offers a more helpful and encouraging view, suggesting that far from replacing human contact, technology can actually better family relationships.
3
Read for structure
What is the phenomenon?
What are the effects?
What really matters?
…
negative & positive our attitude to technology
4
Read for topic sentences
Technology had enabled them to increase their contact with distant family members. 47% said it had improved the communication with the people they lived with. Moreover, even the closest members of families need time away from each other at some point to seek their interests.
高中英语概要写作Summary writing公开课PPT课件
03 opinion + supporting details (evidences) +conclusion
1.Humankind has tried to improve its standard of living since the very beginning of civilization. Back then, as well as today, providing food and security was the basic task for a person. However, nowadays the range of required goods has expanded significantly. People feel the need for not only some primary things, such as a piece of bread and a roof over their heads, but also for various facilities and luxuries. Providing humanity with these things is connected to the use of natural resources, which requires energy. In turn, the common sources of energy we use today cause pollution, so economic growth is almost inevitably associated with environmental damage.
02 5w&1h (who+what+when+where+why+how) +moral
写作SUMMARY指南ppt课件
（2）安排好篇幅的比例。摘要应同原文保 持协调，即用较多的文字写重要内容，用 较少的文字写次要内容。
完整版ppt课件
6
（3）注意段落的连贯和句子的衔接。要用 适当的转折词语贯通全文，切忌只简单地 写出一些互不相干的句子。
（4）尽可能用自己的话来写，但不排斥用 原文的某些词句。
（5）计算词数，看是否符合规定的词数要
果材料中描述某人或某事用了十个句子，那么 你只要把它们变成一两句即可。 4) 避免重复。在原文中，为了强调某个主题， 可能会重复论证说明。但是这在摘要中是不能 使用的。应该删除那些突出强调的重述句。
完整版ppt课件
11
5) 压缩长的句子。如下列两例：
His courage in battle might without exaggeration be called lion-like.
可以概括为：He was very brave in battle.
He was hard up for money and was being pressed by his creditor.
可以概括为：He was in financial
difficulties.
从句。请看下面 的例子：
完整版ppt课件
17
9) 文章中的第一人称说的话通常在摘要中转换成第三人称， 从而把大段的对白简化，比如：
Kate looked at Paul disapprovingly: You use too much salt on your food, Paul — it’s not good for you!” Paul put down his knife and frowned:“Why on earth not! If you didn’t have salt on your food it would taste awful… like eating cardboard or sand… just imagine bread without salt in it, or potatoes or pasta cooked without salt!” Kate was patient. She didn't want to quarrel with Paul. She wanted to persuade him. She said firmly:“But too much salt is bad for you. It causes high blood pressure and later on, heart-attacks. It also disguises the taste of food, the real tastes which are much more subtle than salt, and which we have lost the sensitivity to appreciate any more.
完整版ppt课件
6
（3）注意段落的连贯和句子的衔接。要用 适当的转折词语贯通全文，切忌只简单地 写出一些互不相干的句子。
（4）尽可能用自己的话来写，但不排斥用 原文的某些词句。
（5）计算词数，看是否符合规定的词数要
果材料中描述某人或某事用了十个句子，那么 你只要把它们变成一两句即可。 4) 避免重复。在原文中，为了强调某个主题， 可能会重复论证说明。但是这在摘要中是不能 使用的。应该删除那些突出强调的重述句。
完整版ppt课件
11
5) 压缩长的句子。如下列两例：
His courage in battle might without exaggeration be called lion-like.
可以概括为：He was very brave in battle.
He was hard up for money and was being pressed by his creditor.
可以概括为：He was in financial
difficulties.
从句。请看下面 的例子：
完整版ppt课件
17
9) 文章中的第一人称说的话通常在摘要中转换成第三人称， 从而把大段的对白简化，比如：
Kate looked at Paul disapprovingly: You use too much salt on your food, Paul — it’s not good for you!” Paul put down his knife and frowned:“Why on earth not! If you didn’t have salt on your food it would taste awful… like eating cardboard or sand… just imagine bread without salt in it, or potatoes or pasta cooked without salt!” Kate was patient. She didn't want to quarrel with Paul. She wanted to persuade him. She said firmly:“But too much salt is bad for you. It causes high blood pressure and later on, heart-attacks. It also disguises the taste of food, the real tastes which are much more subtle than salt, and which we have lost the sensitivity to appreciate any more.
高中英语：Summary writing(概要写作)课件
句型转化：
This is not recommended— Teachers are advised not to...
Teachers are advised not to use FLCAS to measure students' language anxiety instead of observing it in class .
Read and write
What can make students feel anxious?
Language Anxiety
Reading
1. What&
A. Narrative
(记叙文)
B. Exposition (说明文)
C. Argumentation (议论文)
《普通高等学校招生全国统一考试英语科考试说明》
概要写作：
提供一篇350词以内的短文，要求考生基于该短文 写出一篇60词左右的内容概要。（满分25分）
词数少于40的和多余80的， 从总分中减去2分
3
Steps to help our writing
Step 1: Read Step 2: Underline key words/Make an outline Step 3: Rewrite the sentences in other ways Step 4: Make the summary coherent Step 5: Check to make the summary better
换词：observable—can be observeSd /ingontiaceldw/seoern/dfosund...
______consider — think/believe/hold the belief that… / in one's opinion…
高三英语复习课件：高考新题型概要写作(Summary writing)(共13张PPT)
• 1 涵盖要点（主+次），无具体事件； • 2 无语法错误； • 3 适当的连词，逻辑关系合理； • 4 不抄文中原句； • 5 第三人称； • 6 无个人观点； • 7 词数在60左右。
• Write down the summary writing based on the tips with your partners using some conjunctions(连词).
• A The life of black workers
• B The fight between Mandela and the te people
• C The stories between Mandela and Elias
• D The education of Elias
• 2 Match the main idea of each part.
Q11E:liWashwoaws earpeoEoliraasnadndlitMtleanedeulcaa?ted black worker. Mandela was a black lawyer.
Q22I:nWShoeruetdhidAthfreisctao.ry happen? Q33B: WechayudsideEElialisavsisint eMeadndeedla?help. Q44H: Heotwodldid hMiamndheloawheltpoElgiaes?t the correct papers. Q55T:Whheayt awlams othsetcdoniddinti’otnhfoarvbelacaknpyeorpiglehatt athtatatlilm. e? Q66M:Wahnodoreglaani.zed the ANC Youth League? Q77B: TehcoauughseElihasedwidna’nt ltikeedvitoolenacceh, hieevdeidtshomeierthdinrgevaimolenotf, wmhay?king black and white people equal.
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Paraphrase the main idea(换表达)
Weave the sentences to a passage (连全文)
Scan the passage，analyse the structure （览全文,析结构,定框架）
1. What's the main idea of this passage?
2. A study showed that meat consumption is one of the main ways that humans can damage the environment.
Find out the key information,(找信息) Underline the key points(划要点) Para. 2 Then, how can eating meat have a negative effect on the environment? For a start, all farm animals such as cows, pigs, and sheep give off methane gas（沼气）by expelling（排出）wind from their bodies. One cow can produce up to 60 liters of methane each day. Methane gas is the second most common greenhouse gas after carbon dioxide. Many environmental experts now believe that it is more responsible for global warming than carbon dioxide.
pound of wheat. Onseuapcproerotifnfgardmeltaanilds used for crop
production can produce 40,000 pounds of potatoes， 30,000 pounds of carrots, or 50,000 pounds of tomatoes. However, one acre of farmland used for raising cows can produce just 250 pounds of beef．
All farm animals; give off; methane gas; is more responsible for; global warming than carbon dioxide.
Find out the key information,(找信息) Underline the key points(划要点) Para. 3 Another way that meat production affects the environment is through the use of water and land. 2,500 gallons of water are needed to produce one pound of beef while only 20 gallons of water are needed to produce one
showed that meat consumption is one of the main ways that humans can damage the environment, second only to the use of motor vehicle．
1. A vegetarian diet; health benefits; effects; the environment．
概要写作 Summary writing
Skills
How to write a summary?
Scan the passage，analyse the structure （览全文,析结构,定框架） Find out the key information,(找信息) Underline the key points(划要点) Write the main idea（连点成句，概括大意）
2. How many parts does the passage consist of and what are their functions?
Scan the passage，analyse the structure （览全文,析结构,定框架）
Hale Waihona Puke Main idea:_M_e_a_t_c_o_n_s_u_m__p_t_io_n_ is one of the main ways that humans can _d_a_m__a_g_e_ the environment.
Structure:
Part.1 Para.1
topic
Part.2
Para.2 Para.3
reasons
Part.3 Para.4
advice
Find out the key information,(找信息) Underline the key points(划要点) Para. 1
A vegetarian diet is often praised for its health benefits. Studies have shown that vegetarians usually have lower levels of heart disease and a lower risk of diabetes than people who eat meat. What most people are less aware of, however, are the effects that a vegetarian diet can have on the environment Researchers in the US recently studied henowvircoonnmsuemnte．r behavior affects the environment. The study
Weave the sentences to a passage (连全文)
Scan the passage，analyse the structure （览全文,析结构,定框架）
1. What's the main idea of this passage?
2. A study showed that meat consumption is one of the main ways that humans can damage the environment.
Find out the key information,(找信息) Underline the key points(划要点) Para. 2 Then, how can eating meat have a negative effect on the environment? For a start, all farm animals such as cows, pigs, and sheep give off methane gas（沼气）by expelling（排出）wind from their bodies. One cow can produce up to 60 liters of methane each day. Methane gas is the second most common greenhouse gas after carbon dioxide. Many environmental experts now believe that it is more responsible for global warming than carbon dioxide.
pound of wheat. Onseuapcproerotifnfgardmeltaanilds used for crop
production can produce 40,000 pounds of potatoes， 30,000 pounds of carrots, or 50,000 pounds of tomatoes. However, one acre of farmland used for raising cows can produce just 250 pounds of beef．
All farm animals; give off; methane gas; is more responsible for; global warming than carbon dioxide.
Find out the key information,(找信息) Underline the key points(划要点) Para. 3 Another way that meat production affects the environment is through the use of water and land. 2,500 gallons of water are needed to produce one pound of beef while only 20 gallons of water are needed to produce one
showed that meat consumption is one of the main ways that humans can damage the environment, second only to the use of motor vehicle．
1. A vegetarian diet; health benefits; effects; the environment．
概要写作 Summary writing
Skills
How to write a summary?
Scan the passage，analyse the structure （览全文,析结构,定框架） Find out the key information,(找信息) Underline the key points(划要点) Write the main idea（连点成句，概括大意）
2. How many parts does the passage consist of and what are their functions?
Scan the passage，analyse the structure （览全文,析结构,定框架）
Hale Waihona Puke Main idea:_M_e_a_t_c_o_n_s_u_m__p_t_io_n_ is one of the main ways that humans can _d_a_m__a_g_e_ the environment.
Structure:
Part.1 Para.1
topic
Part.2
Para.2 Para.3
reasons
Part.3 Para.4
advice
Find out the key information,(找信息) Underline the key points(划要点) Para. 1
A vegetarian diet is often praised for its health benefits. Studies have shown that vegetarians usually have lower levels of heart disease and a lower risk of diabetes than people who eat meat. What most people are less aware of, however, are the effects that a vegetarian diet can have on the environment Researchers in the US recently studied henowvircoonnmsuemnte．r behavior affects the environment. The study