语用学 7 supposition

view. He provided an alternative solution by saying that using expressions like the King of France, the speaker assumes, that the hearer can identify the person or thing being spoken about. Thus he does not assert the person or thing exists, but merely presupposes his or its existence. Strawson argued that Russell failed to distinguish sentences from uses of sentences. The use of sentence does not concern truth or falsity. A meaningful sentence needs to be neither true nor false.
a. He suffered a lot of pain before he reached tile hospital.
b. >> He reached the hospital.
a. He died before he reached the hospital.
b. >> He reached the hospital.
parts in relation to more complex sentences as wholes. The presupposition of a simple sentence doesn't survive when the sentence becomes part of a complex sentence. This is a problem because the meaning of the whole sentence is supposed to be a combination of the meaning of its parts. a. John didn't manage to pass his exams. (=p) b. John tried to pass his exams. (= q) c. p>>q d. John didn't manage to pass his exams, in fact he did not even try. (p & q ) e. p & q >> Not q
To summarize:
presupposition can be characterized by:
1) They are defeasible in (a) certain
discourse contexts, (b) in certain sentential contexts; 2) They are apparently tied to particular aspects of surface structure.
(At an interview) A: Your English is good. B: I’m glad to hear that. A: Where are you studying English? B: Sorry, I'm now working in a company.
Defeasibility or not?:
presupposition can be cancelled or not??
a. He suffered a series of illness before he made a will.
b. >> He made a will.
a. He died before he made a will. b. >> He didn't make a will.
Presupposition has long been a
concern in logic and philosophy, but it is not well-defined area in these fields of study. It has become a topic in pragmatics because of it central concern with the use of language.
Presupposition VS. conversatioal
implicature?
Question: How does presupposition
relate to felicity conditions?
Thank you!!
Presupposition VS. entailment??
regret, be aware, be clear, etc.
Manage, etc.
ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ
The projection problem The projection problem concerns presuppositions as
1. Brief background The true condition account / semantic
account
Fail to have truth value
The pragmatic account
Strawson (On Referring 1950) objected to Russell’s
The conceptual account
This view holds that presupposition
concerns some words and expressions or linguistic structures. Harry regretted that he killed his grandma presupposes that Harry killed his grandma. But we cannot that Harry believed the fact that that he killed his grandma.
a. George regrets getting Mary hurt. b. George got Mary hurt. c. p>>q d. He didn't get her hurt.
(= p)
(= q)
(= r) e. George regrets getting Mary hurt, but he didn't get her hurt. f. p & r >> Not q
Presupposition and focus:
presupposition has something prominent of a message, by stress on any part of the sentence. This presupposition is also called foreground entailments.
From this example, we can see a presupposition is
what the speaker assumes as being the case prior to making an utterance.
pragmatic presupposition can be defined as a kind of relation which holds between a speaker and the appropriateness of a sentence in a context. Or it is taken as an inference worked out from the mutual knowledge of the speaker and the hearer, based on appropriate usage in contexts.
a. Is it JOHN who writes poetry? b. >> Someone writes poetry.
a. Did John give the book to BILL?
b. >> John gave the book to somebody. a. Did John give Bill the BOOK? b. >> John gave Bill something.