创伤理论视角下《董贝父子》的悲剧成因研究

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创伤理论与创伤文学

创伤理论与创伤文学在人类社会与文学的漫长历史中，创伤与文学的关系一直为人们所。

本文将围绕创伤理论与创伤文学展开，通过探讨两者的内在，分析其对我们理解人类经验和表达方式的影响。

创伤理论是一个心理学的概念，主要个体在面对生活中的重大变故时所产生的心理创伤。

这种创伤可能来自于亲人死亡、失恋、失业等极端事件，也可能来自于日常生活中不断的挫败和压力。

创伤理论的是这些事件如何影响个体的行为、思维以及情感，进而导致各种心理问题的出现。

与创伤理论相似，创伤文学也是人类经验和心理的文学类别。

它常常通过描绘人物在极端事件中的心理变化，展现出人类面对困境时的无助和痛苦。

例如，在《百年孤独》中，马尔克斯描绘了布恩迪亚家族在一场大屠杀中的恐惧与悲痛，这就是一种典型的创伤文学。

通过这些描绘，创伤文学使读者能够深入体验到人物的情感世界，理解他们的痛苦与挣扎。

创伤理论与创伤文学之间存在着密切的。

首先，两者都极端事件对人类心理的影响。

其次，它们都通过深入探索个体的内心世界，展现出人类情感的脆弱与坚韧。

最后，两者都试图通过艺术的手法，将抽象的心理现象具象化，使人们能够更好地理解并感受。

以卡夫卡的《变形记》为例，这部作品就很好地体现了创伤理论与创伤文学的交织。

在小说中，主人公格雷戈尔突然变成了一只甲虫，这一极端的事件给他带来了巨大的心理压力。

这部作品通过具象化的手法，将我们带入格雷戈尔的内心世界，使我们能够感受到他的无助与恐惧。

这是创伤理论所的内心动态，也是创伤文学所擅长的情感表达。

总的来说，创伤理论与创伤文学都是人类内心世界和经验的表达方式。

通过理解两者之间的关系和表现手法，我们可以更好地理解人类的情感世界，提高我们的写作水平。

这不仅能够帮助我们更好地描绘人物和情节，还能使我们的作品更具深度和力量。

在今后的写作过程中，我们可以有意识地运用创伤理论与创伤文学的原理，以更具艺术性和感染力的方式呈现我们的作品。

在战争和灾难的背景下，人们常常会遭受巨大的心理创伤。

创伤理论视角看《董贝父子》中保罗悲剧的原因

文学评论·外国文学创伤理论视角看《董贝父子》中保罗悲剧的原因朱晓庆上海海事大学外国语学院摘要：查尔斯•狄更斯是十九世纪英国伟大的批判现实主义作家。

《董贝父子》是一部描述儿童形象的巨著。

该文试图从创伤理论视角分析造成《董贝父子》中保罗悲剧的原因，并得出保罗的悲剧是社会制度，母爱的缺失，父亲的虐待和温室教育的摧残共同作用的结果，以使读者对这部作品有更深的了解。

关键词：查尔斯•狄更斯；《董贝父子》；创伤理论；悲剧的原因作者简介：朱晓庆，研究方向：英美文学方向。

[中图分类号]：I106 [文献标识码]：A[文章编号]：1002-2139(2018)-14-138-011、引言查尔斯•狄更斯是十九世纪英国最伟大的批判现实主义作家。

他借儿童在时代背景下的成长经历，批判资本主义的拜金主义与利己主义。

在他的作品中很少有完整的家庭，而主人公或人物也多是孤儿，即使间或有完整的家庭，也从来没有和谐的家庭关系。

在《董贝父子》中，保罗虽是资产阶级家庭的孩子，过富裕的生活，但只是物质上的富裕，母亲早亡，父亲虐待使他成为精神上的孤儿，年仅6岁就悲惨死去。

“创伤”源于希腊语的“Trauma”一词，本意指外力作用对人体造成的伤害，属医学名词，后渐渐转变为现代心理学术语，也是当代文学批评理论的重要学术分支。

创伤有不同的类别，单从受害者来看，可分为儿童创伤，妇女创伤，个体创伤、集体创伤等。

(李桂荣，28)。

创伤可能是由各种原因引起的，一般来说，须有一个外部刺激，然后是心理因素、社会因素和其他因素之间相互作用。

在《董贝父子》中，儿童创伤的原因主要表现在社会制度、母爱缺失和父亲虐待以及温室教育的摧残。

2、社会制度的制约“创伤渗透了资产阶级家庭，工厂，战场，种族/民族等个体和集体生活的多层面，是现代文明暴力本质的征兆。

”（陶家俊，117）19世纪的英国处于维多利亚时期，资本主义经济发展达到顶峰。

当时的法律和习俗规定只有长子有权继承父母的家产。

An Analysis of Causes of Dombey’s Tragedy in Dombey and Son 浅析董贝父子的悲剧成因

An Analysis of Causes of Dombey’s Tragedyin Dombey and SonThesis StatementThe tragedy of Dombey proclaims the social problems of capitalistic society. The cause of the tragedy involves some different factors: social reality, personal characteristics and so on.OutlineI.IntroductionII.Charles Dickens and Dombey and SonA.Introduction to Charles Dickens and the BackgroundB.The Skeleton of the NovelC.The Description of Main Characters and the Relations with Dombey and theTrainIII.Analysis of Dombey’s characterA.Dombey’s Selfish and Greedy, his Pursuit of Assets and HeirB.Dombey’s Attitude to His Company, Wife, Son and DaughterIV.The Causes of the TragedyA.Social Factor —The Situation of Capitalistic SocietyB.Personal Factor —Dombey’s Greedy CharacteristicsC.The Education of 19th EnglandV.ConclusionAn Analysis of Causes of Dombey’s Tragedyin Dombey and SonI IntroductionDombey and Son represents an important turning point of Dickens writing career and is regarded as a summit. It was created in 1946 and finished in 1948. It was a vivid story about Dombey’s tragedy life, full of different interesting stories, mainly on his pursuit of the heir of the company and the profits, his attitude towards wife, son and daughter. Money has dominated his mind. This novel has a more profound description of the capitalistic society and a higher place in literature compared with his early writings. It has a tight structure. Before writing Dickens has conceived prudentially. He has arranged all the performance of the role and the plots of the story reasonably. They all develop around the destiny of Dombey. Every plot combines with each other and it is very interesting. The novel has depicted the vivid personality of the society of the time —Dombey ,Florence and so on. They all have their own personal features and language. The English novelist Catherine and French critics Tana have various analyses to the novel. Catherine once wrote in her work “It is not an accident to put Dombey and Son into the list of the representative of 1930s.It reflects the social solutions and problems at that time. Different stages have different benefits. Dombey is arrogant, selfish and cold-blinded. He is addicted to money. He loses himself. He is the embodiment of the capital and the symbol of the corporation spirit in 19th century. The appearance of Dombey and Son caters for lots of people’s favor. In the world of that time’s London, there are lots of people who are as same as Dombey, they are cold, donnish, selfish and stiffly like Dombey. So to be frank, Dombey is a representative in that time in English society. In order to have a better understanding of the story, we will discuss the causes of the tragedy from several perspectives.II Charles Dickens and Dombey and SonA. Introduction to Charles Dickens and theBackgroundCharles Dickens was an English novelist. He was born in 1812 and passed away in 1870. He was born in an army family. When he was 11, for poor life he had to drop out of school and take on the heavy labor work. He had once worked in the newspaper office and then in a law office. Only with a few years of education, he became a famous writer by industrious self-study and hard work. He was diligent and talent, so he had abundant of famous writings. He was productive. Dickens was the main delegate of the 19th realistic literature. He was humor and he always used amusing words in his works to narrate the realistic society between the romance and reality. He had a wonderful conjunction among humors, meticulous psychoanalysis, description of realistic and romantics. Dickens was always at the pace with the epoch. He mainly realistically wrote to expose the hypocritical, greedy, wretched and atrocious of the top class and the bourgeois. He also sympathized the lower class, especially the misery situation of the women, the old and children. He described the social problems and the cruel situation of the 19th century and the struggle against the gerentocratic. At the same time, he eulogized the truth, kindness and beauty of the humanity and then had a wishful longing for a more reasonable society and better life with the emotion of idealism and romanticism. His fiction career began with short pieces reprinted as Sketches by “Boz”(1836). He exhibited a great ability to spin a story in an entertaining manner and this quality, combined with the serialization of his comic novel The Pickwick Papers (1837), made him the most popular English author of his time. The serialization of such works as Oliver Twist (1838) and The Old Curiosity Shop (1841) followed. After a trip to America, he wrote A Christmas Carol (1843) in a few weeks. With Dombey and Son (1848), his novels began to express a heightened uneasiness about the evils of Victorian industrial society, which intensified in the semiautobiographical David Copperfield (1850), as well as in Bleak House (1853), Little Dorrit(1857), Great Expectations(1861), and others. A Tale of Two Cities (1859) appeared in the period when he achieved great popularity for his public readings. Dickens's works are characterized by an encyclopedic knowledge of London, pathos, a vein of the macabre, a pervasive spirit of benevolence and geniality, inexhaustible powers of character creation, an acute ear for characteristic speech, anda highly individual and creative prose style.B. The Skeleton of the NovelThere are some important plots in the novel. Dombey is a selfish and greed person. His only purpose is to have a good management of his company and try his best to make more profits. So he bends himself to find a heritor to take over his corporation. He has a wife and then his wife gives birth to a daughter. But he doesn’t love his daughter, Florence. He just regards her as a bad coin which can not be put into investment. So she is always snubbed by his father and can’t feel any care and attention from his father. Florence feels painful and disappointed and she is silent and endocentric and seldom to say something. At the beginning of the story when, Dombey’s son Paul, the one he expects a long time, has finally come to the world, he feels stirring and excited, for the reason that he has got a heritor at last. He pins his hope on his son and ambition. He only pays his attention to his company and does not care about his son’s inner world at all. Paul doesn’t get any love from his father and does not feel warmth and the real happiness of the family. So he is lonely and unhappy. Dombey’s only attention to his son is that he expects his son to grow up imminently so that he can take over his company and his business. When Paul is six, Dombey sends him to a school which can cultivate his son and make him have masculinity. This is a fast scene in the novel. For lots of reasons, Paul died young. And the death between his first wife and his son makes a big difference. He doesn’t feel anything to the death of his wife, and just thinks something absent in the family. But the death of his son makes him painful and depressed. There is another role in the story, Edith, controlled by his greedy mother and educated to draw attention to every rich man from her childhood. She succeeds in attracting Dombey and she is bought by Dombey. Then she becomes his wife and has a top status and affluent of fortune. Dombey thinks that she is happy and satisfied. But in fact she does not feel content and pleased. At last, in order to retaliate Dombey she elopes with Dombey’s manager Carker. But she doesn’t stay with Carker,she just breaks up with him and leaves. She aspires after the freedom and spares no effort to get it. She retaliates her mother, Dombey and the whole society. She abandons her reputation and then has a reclusivelife at last. At the same time, Dombey’s company is declining owe to Carker. He has a big crisis of his family and corporation. The ship wrecks in the sea. Then he claims that he breaks up. He has got nothing. At that time when he wants to end up his life, his daughter Florence comes to him and stops him. He is moved by his daughter. He wakes up to what he has done is sinful. He finds that he has a lot of things to do. He needs to atone to what he has done and gets forgiveness. In his aged life he has a good and formal life and experiences a lot. He feels happy and satisfied. Dombey has a good life with his daughter and his son-in-law. Then they have a lovely daughter. The story has a wonderful and orbicular ending.C. The Description of Main Characters and the Relations with Dombey and the TrainThere are important roles in this story. They are Mr.Dombey, Florence, Paul, Edith, Carker.Dombey is an asocial and self-serving person. His only aim in all his life is to manage his firm and make money. He wants to have a son so he can get his hair. But he has no more emotion on him. The son is just an instrument to come in for his possession and enterprise. He is cool and cold-blinded. In that time, the English society is hooking on to the “Time”. The society reason and his characteristic result his tragedy. This has a good reflection of the society problem.Florence, Dombey’s only daughter, has saved Dombey’s life and moved him at last. She has changed his father and made him become better. We can see in the novel:“Papa! Papa! Speak to me, dear Papa!”He started at her voice, and leaped up from his seat. She was close before him' with extended arms, but he fell back.“What is the matter?”he said, stern ly. “Why do you come here? What has frightened you?”If anything had frightened her, it was the face he turned upon her. The glowing love within the breast of his young daughter froze before it, and she stood and looked at him as if stricken into stone.This is the plot which describes Dombey’s attitude to his daughter. From this plot we know father is distant from his daughter. In this plot, it is a good chance toremind the relation between them. Florence hopes to get the love from his father. She is a kind and naïve girl. She is a morality consolation in the story. There is a distinctive contrast between Dombey and Florence. Dombey is peremptoriness and domineering. Florence is tender and modest. Dombey is selfish and always cares more about himself. Florence always stands in other’s shoes and considers more for other people. Dombey is cold-hearted while Florence is ebullient. They are so different. They are father and daughter. This is a good contrast and it will have a good reflection of the capitalist society and the bourgeois’life. By comparison, it represents the thought of Dickens. This makes the role more vivid and bright.Paul, Dombey’s son, an instrument for succession. It is a tragedy by the cultivation of his father. He does not get any love from his father and family. His father just wants him to grow up quickly to take over his business. But he does not care about him or pay attention to anything else of his son, just like inner world, habits, interests and so on. All this results in his young death.Edith is another tragedy. She has a tragic life and marriage. When she was young, she didn’t have a funny childhood. The only thought her mother breathe into her mind is money and the aim is to pander to the rich person and draw their attention in order to marry them. Then she got married with Dombey. It is a beginning of a tragedy. She hopes to get free, so she abandon everything only to find what she really wants.Carker is an ambitious person. This role is a bridge to connect Dombey and Edith and make the story proper. He is a greedy person.There are other roles and scenes in the novel. For example, the declined aristocrat, the beggar, the cocotte, the labor people and so on. They are all connected with each other.In the novel Dickens uses only a symbol throughout the story. It conveys a meaning that the whole world scene, an understanding of the world, a society and an epoch. It expresses the meaning of progress and advancement. That is the “train”. “The train”and “the railway”appear many times in the story. It stands for some special meanings. Mostly it describes the atmosphere and the emotion at important moments. At that time, the train in England makes a big progress and improvement.So it is proper to sum up England with the word “train”. England is a developed country and the industrialization in England has reach to a height. Then the appearance and the development of the train have changed people’s life style and thought. It is more convenient for people to go wherever they want. They feel it is very close and we just need to spend little time going somewhere. The railway has changed the conception of space and time of people,esp. a new group of labor people —the platelayer. The railway means strength, the movement, the speed and the faster living pace. At this moment, the railway is the symbol of social reformation. It takes new lives to the ratty old situation. At this point, Dickens speaks highly of the train developed in the industrial society and turns up the thumbs to the advantages of the industrialization. On the other hand, “the train”is full of threaten. It has other symbolized meaning. The train is fast and very hard to control. It always runs at the same way and never changes its direction. It roars loudly forwards and backwards. It is just like the way Paul dies, silent and heartless. After Paul’s death, Dombey goes out to pay a visit and he takes the train. Just like the heavy train, he feels heavy-hearted. This is a distinctive contrast. Dickens uses the symbol to present a phenomenon and bring forward a question. The railway will change the life of the people, but how does it reach? The train is developed quickly, and how will the capitalist society develop? This will let people have a deep thinking. The word “the train”, “the earthquake” and“the monster” has consisted of a words-chain. They all direct to the main clue “deprive”. The deprivation in the novel has appeared many times. For example, little Paul is deprived of his nurse mother; Florence is deprived of her clothes; the two children lost their mother; the death of Paul; the death of Carker and so on. They all show the most important absence, that is the lost of soul. It also stands for another meaning: the pursuit for speed. Dombey longs for the growth of his son. So he takes the wrong measures and leads to the death of Paul. The description of the train is a consciousness of suffering. It criticizes the society and the bourgeois. And it reminds people of saving the soul of the human beings. This points out the main idea of Dickens.III Analysis of Dombey’s CharacterA. Dombey’s Selfish and Greedy, his Pursuit with Assets and HeirAs we say in the above paragraph, Dombey is a selfish and egoistic person. He cares about nothing except his fortune. He has a daughter. But he is apathetic to his daughter, Florence. He wants to have a son. After the birth of his son, Paul, he feels amused and affectionately calls her wife “Mrs. Dombey, my dear”. It is abnormal. It never appears before. He thinks money is everything and he can’t live without money. He is always thirsting for money and tries his best to make profit and earn more money. When his little son asks him what is the use of the money, his answer is that money is everything. He can not give his son a good education and set a right example. While Paul goes on asking why money can’t make his mother alive, he avoids this question and says money can make others scare, respect, fear and admire of them. And they are honorable. When he chooses a teacher for Paul and spends lots of money, he thinks the most expensive is the best and it will bring his son the best education. The wrong cultivation leads to the death of Paul. When asked what he wants, little Paul says that he wants to die.Dombey does everything to earn money.B. Dombey’s Attitude to his Company, Wife, Son and DaughterDombey is cold to his wife and his daughter. After giving birth to his longed-for son, his wife is very weak and about to die. But he does not pay much attention to her, the son’s mother. He only sees his loved son, which will be the heir of his company. He devotes himself to his company completely. His only aim is to make profit and manage his company. As for his son, he just wants him to inherit his company and fortune. The little does not receive any love. To his daughter he is cold. His daughter wants to talk with him, but he always rejects and avoids her. As the 18 part in the novel:In its standing open, even by so much as that chink, there seemed to be hope.There was encouragement in seeing a ray of light from within,stealing through the dark stern doorway, and falling in a thread uponthe marble floor. She turned back, hardly knowing what she did, buturged on by the love within her, and the trial they had undergone together,but not shared: and with her hands a little raised and trembling,glided in.Her father sat at his old table in the middle room. He had been arrangingsome papers, and destroying others, and the latter lay in fragile ruinsbefore him. The rain dripped heavily upon the glass panes in the outerroom, where he had so often watched poor Paul, a baby; and the lowcomplainings of the wind were heard without.But not by him. He sat with his eyes fixed on the table, so immersed inthought, that a far heavier tread than the light foot of his child couldmake, might have failed to rouse him. His face was turned towards her.By the waning lamp, and at that haggard hour, it looked worn and dejected;and in the utter loneliness surrounding him, there was an appeal toFlorence that struck home.But at last, his daughter saves him and they live together happily. This satirizes Dombey’s action. Finally, his company goes into bankrupty. He has nothing but his daughter and son-in-law. Then he has a satisfying life.IV The Cause of the TragedyA.Social Factor —the Situation of Capitalistic SocietyThe capitalist society at that time has a big improvement. This has represented from the important symbol—the train. The industrialized England is developing quickly. It is just like the development of the train. It is fast, directed and no-stopped. Dickens has described the different but conjoint aspects in English capitalistic society of 19th century. In the novel we can find diverse characters, from the unprivileged people to the top status, like the powerful capitalists, the declined aristocrats, the ordinary business men and subnormal labor people. In the capitalistic society the capitalists bend themselves to make money and exploit the labor workers. They pay too much attention to fortune and forget the humanity. At that time, Dombey is the representation of the capitalists. They are cool, stiffly. They only know how to make a pile, but don’t know other happiness. To them, the heir means the continuous of the capital. And it is the exclusive way to be forever and immortality. Actually, it is the fortune in substance. Dombey is the representation of the capitalist of that time.At that time, the situation of the society influents the people on their thinking. The improvement of the economy has a big influencr on the society, for example, theway people think and the way they solve a question. So it is very important to analysis this cause of Dombey’s tragedy.B. Personal Factors —Dombey’s Greedy CharacteristicsThe tragedy is not only owe to the capitalistic society, but also due to Dombey’s personal characteristics. Just because of his greedy and selfish quality, he loses everything at last. His action leads to the death of his son and his ex-wife. Then his second wife leaves him and runs away. He loves money, he wants to develop and expand his corporation, so he struggles to have a son and then marry the second wife. He thinks this is everything he wants and people will respect him. But actually at last he is the poorest. Everything is gone. He walks in his shabby house lonely and wants to end up his life. His daughter comes back and saves him. Then he finds he is wrong. He is sinful. He should remedy something. Then the story has a wonderful ending. Dombey is a representative of that time. He represents an image of that time’s economy and businessman and the culture. Dombey died at last, but there are lots of Dombey in the society in England. So it reflects the social problems.Dombey’s characteristics is selfish. But at last he was moved by his daughter. Dombey’s fortune is not decided by the development of outside world. It is his inner personality leads to his break-up. He punishes himself, and it explores the factors of the capitalistics’ personalities.C. The Education of 19th EnglandAt that time, the education is not good enough. The development of economy is speed ,but the education falls behind relatively. This has several reasons, such as the country doesn’t pay much attention to the education, the long time influence of the church on the education and the obvious difference between different classes. Just as the English educationer S.J.Gurtis and M.E.A.Boult-wood has said “In England, the development of society, politics and industry has a large change, and it can be a revolution. But the college and school education can seldom keep pace with them.Dombey does not receive a good education, so it leads to the tragedy of his little son Paul directly. His education method is not great. He wants his son to be a great man. So at the very early time of the young Paul, he sends him to a school which isfamous for the dead study method. There, children need to recite lots of things. Paul can not afford this and long before he is dead. It is his father Dombey who makes this tragedy.V ConclusionDombey and Son is an important turning point in Dickens writing career. It succeeds in shaping a typical image of the capitalistic society of 19th. At first, Dombey was selfish and greedy. But at last he changed and became a good man. Dickens has described the story vividly. The different images in the novel convey us different kinds of feelings. And it also presents us the problem in the 19th capitalistic society. The top status has lots of rights and they deprive of the right of the poor. They have money so they can do what they want to do. In their mind, money is everything. Money can make them get more prerogatives and receive the best education.The development of the society and the transportation means people have a good understanding of the space and the time. It is more convenient for people to connect with each other. The important symbol in the novel “the train” endows the story with big significance. At that time, the train is the sign of the speed development of industry and science. The absent of soul is the main idea. This is the oppugn people carry out to the Industrial Revolution. The consciousness of hardship is a critical thing to the social system and the endeavor to save the soul.To sum up, the tragedy of Dombey is due to several reasons. We discuss it from different perspectives. The 19th English society has many “Dombeys”. It represents a kind of social configuration. They are cold-hearted, cool, selfish, arbitrarily and avaricious. They regard money as the best thing and then they can get the best treatment. They ignore the relationship between the relatives. From this novel we know the most important thing is health and happiness. Money is not everything. And we should take a right attitude to the development of the science.Words CitedDickens, Charles. Dombey and Son. Hertfordshire: Wordsworth Editions Limited,1995.Charles Dickens . The Speech of Charles Dickens.Oxford: Clarendon Press,1960. Raymond Williams. The English Novel From Dickens to Lawrence.London:Chatto and Company,1973:73-114.罗经国. 新编英国文学宣读[Z]. 北京：北京大学出版社，1996.李宜燮，常耀信. 美国文学选读[M]. 天津：南开大学出版社，1991.陶铁柱(译者). 第二性[M]. 北京：中国书籍出版社，1998吴辉（译者）. 董贝父子[M]. 南京：译林出版社，1992.王小平. 不同的手法共同关注——《巨型收音机》与《董贝父子》的对比阅读.[J].宿州学院学报, 2007（3）：38-45.殷企平.《董贝父子》中的“铁路意向”[J]. 外语与外语教学，2003（1）：37-40. 祝庆英（译者）. 董贝父子[M]. 上海：上海译文出版社，1998.。

创伤理论视角看《董贝父子》中保罗悲剧的原因

创伤理论视角看《董贝父子》中保罗悲剧的原因作者：朱晓庆来源：《青年文学家》2018年第14期摘要：查尔斯·狄更斯是十九世纪英国伟大的批判现实主义作家。

《董贝父子》是一部描述儿童形象的巨著。

关键词：查尔斯·狄更斯；《董贝父子》；创伤理论；悲剧的原因作者简介：朱晓庆，研究方向：英美文学方向。

[中图分类号]：I106 [文献标识码]：A[文章编号]：1002-2139（2018）-14--011、引言查尔斯·狄更斯是十九世纪英国最伟大的批判现实主义作家。

他借儿童在时代背景下的成长经历，批判资本主义的拜金主义与利己主义。

在他的作品中很少有完整的家庭，而主人公或人物也多是孤儿，即使间或有完整的家庭，也从来没有和谐的家庭关系。

创伤有不同的类别，单从受害者来看，可分为儿童创伤，妇女创伤，个体创伤、集体创伤等。

（李桂荣，28）。

创伤可能是由各种原因引起的，一般来说，须有一个外部刺激，然后是心理因素、社会因素和其他因素之间相互作用。

在《董贝父子》中，儿童创伤的原因主要表现在社会制度、母爱缺失和父亲虐待以及温室教育的摧残。

2、社会制度的制约“创伤渗透了资产阶级家庭，工厂，战场，种族/民族等个体和集体生活的多层面，是现代文明暴力本质的征兆。

”（陶家俊，117）19世纪的英国处于维多利亚时期，资本主义经济发展达到顶峰。

当时的法律和习俗规定只有长子有权继承父母的家产。

文学创伤理论评述历史、现状与反思

文学创伤理论评述历史、现状与反思一、本文概述本文旨在全面评述文学创伤理论的历史发展、现状呈现以及对其进行的深入反思。

创伤理论，作为文学批评与文学研究的重要分支，自其诞生以来，便在探讨文学作品中人类心理创伤的呈现与处理方面发挥了不可替代的作用。

通过对该理论的历史回溯，我们可以理解其如何从心理学领域逐渐渗透到文学研究领域，如何随着时代变迁而不断演化与丰富。

对文学创伤理论现状的梳理，将展示其在当代文学研究中的活跃度和影响力，以及面临的新的挑战和机遇。

在此基础上，本文还将对文学创伤理论进行反思，探讨其理论局限性，以期推动该理论的进一步发展和完善。

二、历史回顾：文学创伤理论的起源与发展文学创伤理论并非一蹴而就，其起源与发展经历了漫长而曲折的历程。

早在古希腊罗马时期，悲剧作家如埃斯库罗斯、索福克勒斯等就在作品中描绘了战争、命运等带来的创伤体验，这些作品通过人物的苦难和挣扎，反映出作者对创伤的深刻思考。

然而，这些思考并未形成系统的文学创伤理论。

随着现代文学的发展，创伤理论开始逐渐崭露头角。

19世纪末至20世纪初，战争、灾难和社会变革频发，人们开始广泛关注创伤问题。

弗洛伊德的精神分析理论为创伤研究提供了心理学基础，他认为创伤源于个体无法承受的心理压力，而这种压力往往源于过去的痛苦经历。

在此基础上，文学领域开始探讨创伤对文学创作和接受的影响。

进入20世纪后半叶，文学创伤理论得到了快速发展。

一方面，文学批评家开始关注文学作品中的创伤主题和形象，分析它们如何反映社会现实和个体心理；另一方面，创伤理论也借鉴了其他学科的研究成果，如历史学、社会学、心理学等，从而不断丰富和完善自身。

这一时期，一些代表性的文学创伤理论家如安妮·怀特海德、多米尼克·拉卡普拉等提出了自己的观点和方法，为文学创伤理论的发展做出了重要贡献。

综观文学创伤理论的起源与发展，我们可以看到其经历了从无意识关注到有意识研究、从单一学科到跨学科研究的过程。

追寻和谐的生态家园—生态批评视角下的《董贝父子》

追寻和谐的生态家园—生态批评视角下的《董贝父子》追寻和谐的生态家园—生态批评视角下的《董贝父子》近年来，随着环境污染和生态破坏日益严重，生态问题成为全球共同关注的焦点。

同时，文学作品逐渐开始关注和反映环境与生态问题。

对于中国影视作品来说，《董贝父子》是一部深入探讨生态问题的佳作。

本文将从生态批评的视角对《董贝父子》进行分析，探讨其在追寻和谐生态家园方面的观念和价值。

《董贝父子》是一部由曹保平执导，黄慧编剧的电视剧，该剧以真实事件为背景，通过讲述山西某煤矿父子董贝与董英的故事，展现了中国煤矿业对环境和人类健康带来的巨大破坏。

该剧着眼于生态问题，探讨了现代化与环境保护的矛盾和冲突，表达了对于和谐生态家园的向往。

首先，剧中通过对煤矿行业的描写，展现了环境污染和生态破坏的现实。

煤矿是中国能源的重要支柱，但它的开采与生态破坏息息相关。

在《董贝父子》中，煤矿区的村庄被尘土覆盖，水源被污染，农田被废弃，居民生活环境恶化。

同时，煤矿工作对人体健康产生了极大的危害，剧中董贝的父亲染上了尘肺病，而这只是众多矿工患病的其中一个例子。

这些生态问题的描绘，使观众深刻意识到煤矿产业对环境和人类的破坏性。

其次，剧中的主人公董贝和董英代表了强烈的环境意识和保护愿望。

董贝作为一名煤矿工人，亲眼见证了环境的恶化和村庄居民的苦难。

他意识到煤矿工作对环境和健康的危害，开始积极参与环境保护运动，并与父亲一起积极争取自己的权益。

董英则是一名环保志愿者，她将自己的研究成果公之于众，通过种种方式寻求正义。

他们对环境问题的关注和努力，体现了追求和谐生态家园的观念和价值。

此外，剧中还通过展现个人命运与生态问题的紧密联系，呼吁社会关注环境保护。

董贝的父亲染上尘肺病，整个家庭承受了巨大的痛苦和经济压力。

通过个体的命运展现，剧中唤起观众对环境问题的重视，引发对社会责任和生态保护的思考。

在故事发展过程中，董贝和父亲的坚持和抗争，引起了当地居民和媒体的关注，逐渐形成一股舆论压力。

女性主义角度解读《董贝父子》中伊迪丝的堕落女性形象

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Learning141 探析《红字》中齐灵渥斯的恶中之善142 对外新闻的导语编译研究143 从生态视角解读《瓦尔登湖》144 《外婆的日常家当》中女性形象象征意义145 怪,或不怪－－《小镇畸人》中的主要人物解读146 On Analysis of Jonathan Swift’s Satiric Arts in Gulliver’s Travels147 英语写作中的母语迁移作用及教学启示148 从三美原则看中国古诗词中酒意象的英译149 以超验主义视角对瓦尔登湖中寂寞观的分析150 中美幽默的比较151 析《傲慢与偏见》中达西的性格及人物形象152 解读《最蓝的眼睛》中的姐妹情谊153 从精神分析角度看《宠儿》中塞斯的内心世界——黑人民族精神重塑154 从《人与鼠》看斯坦贝克艺术风格155 迷失的童年——从成长小说的角度解读伊恩•麦克尤恩的《蝴蝶》156 《德伯家的苔丝》中亚雷形象分析157 中西面子观的比较研究158 中美两国女性在家庭和社会中地位的比较159 论圣地亚哥性格的多重性及《老人与海》中的悲剧色彩160 论《觉醒》中艾德娜女性意识的觉醒161 “三美论”观照下的《再别康桥》英译本比较研究162 论《太阳照常升起》中“迷惘一代”的反叛与抗争163 《哈利•波特》中斯内普的人物分析164 英语词汇中的性别歧视165 英汉“走类”动词短语概念隐喻的对比研究166 从英语中性别歧视词看西方女性社会地位之变化167 《了不起的盖茨比》中象征主义的研究168 从以目的为导向的翻译原则看委婉语的翻译169 图式理论与英语听力教学170 浅析《了不起的盖茨比》中的象征171 旅游翻译中的跨文化语用失误172 小说《蓝色城堡》中的意象和象征主义173 从关联理论角度看《围城》的幽默翻译174 从合作原则看《傲慢与偏见》中的会话含义175 析《喧哗与骚动》的写作手法176 英语专业学生英语口语学习动机调查研究177 从个人英雄主义角度解读《肖申克的救赎》178 哈代在《德伯家的苔丝》中体现的男权思维和女性意识179 文化差异视角下的英语称谓语的翻译策略180 浅析《瑞普•凡•温克尔》中的浪漫主义181 A Comparative Study on the Two Chinese Versions of Anne of Green Gables from the Perspective of Receptional Aesthetics182 从心理分析的角度探索《马贩子的女儿》中主要人物的心理现象183 从批评话语分析角度看奥巴马就职演说中的感召力184 从许渊冲的“三美”原则论李白诗歌的翻译185 论接受理论对儿童文学作品的影响——以《快乐王子》中译本为例186 不伦，还是不朽？－－从柏拉图的哲学理论视角解读《洛丽塔》187 《吉檀迦利》中的泛神论思想188 《最蓝的眼睛》和《宠儿》中黑人女性的悲剧根源189 从《卡斯特桥市长》看哈代作品中的宿命论色彩190 弗吉尼亚•伍尔夫《达洛卫夫人》的生态女性主义解读191 运用概念整合理论解读英语幽默理解障碍192 顺应理论视角下《红楼梦》中社交指示语的英译研究193 融入与挑战－－从生态角度看《老人与海》与《瓦尔登湖》194 《瓦尔登湖》中寂寞观的超验主义分析195 论《格列佛游记》的社会意义196 中美之间宴请礼貌原则的差异以及其产生原因197 对《傲慢与偏见》中的婚姻观重新解读198 德伯家的苔丝中苔丝的悲剧成因分析199 交际教学法在高中英语语法教学中的研究200 女性主义角度解读《董贝父子》中伊迪丝的堕落女性形象。

[董贝,父子,人性]《董贝父子》：人性异化的董贝

董贝生活的年代是一个父权制社会。在此体系中，男人是一个家庭的决策者，在家庭中享有至高的权利和威望，女人是作为他者而存在的。男人主导了经济，是家中一切经济收入的来源，由此决定了他们在家庭的中心位置。董贝是“董贝父子”商行的老板，自然认为他的妻儿应该屈从于他。在这个屈从于有形物质的家长看来，商行的盈利高于一切，他自己和儿子的命运都是为其服务的。董贝夫人只不过是为该商行生产继承人的工具而已。在第一章中当小董贝出生后，名副其实的“董贝父子”商行让董贝变得温柔，竟然在称呼董贝太太时，加上了一个亲热的称呼：“董贝太太，我……我亲爱的。”由此可见，董贝所关注的并非产后奄奄一息的董贝太太而是“董贝父子”商行的继承人。董贝太太的去世，只是让他觉得“自己杯盘、桌椅等日用家具里，就此少了一件很有用、很舍不得丢失的东西”。在女儿弗洛伦斯的成长岁月里，董贝从未正眼看过一眼她，要是在外面大街上碰见自己的女儿，他都不认识。女儿对他来说，只不过是 “一枚无法用于再投资的劣币，一个顽劣不堪的败家子罢了”。董贝一心一意为儿子着想，巴不得儿子能够越过那些慢慢成长的过程，一下子就成人好接任“董贝父子”商行的业务。还在小保罗儿时，董贝就给他灌输金钱的观念，告诉儿子说金钱是万能的：“你有了钱，人家就会尊重你，怕你，敬你，趋奉你，羡慕你，不论是谁，都觉得你有权力、有体面;就连你的寿命，也往往可以延长些。”董贝等不及儿子慢慢地长大，他过早地将儿子带入成人世界，他的这些揠苗助长的行为促使了小董贝的夭亡。骄傲与自大是董贝形象中最为突出的特点。在作品开篇，董贝骄傲地认为：“上帝创造地球，为的是让‘董贝父子’商行在上面做买卖，上帝创造太阳、月亮，为的是给商行照亮，上帝为了给商行船只航行之便，开辟了长河大海。虹霓为他们预报好气候;风是顺是逆，只意味着对商行事业的或损或益。沿着轨道运行的星辰，也不敢违背以商行为中心的宇宙规律。在董贝先生眼里，就连常用的简略字也具有仅仅与‘董贝父子’相关的新鲜意义。譬如说A.D.就不是耶稣纪元的缩写，而是‘董贝父子’纪元的缩写了。”弗罗姆说：“一个人只有用自己的脚独立行走的时候，才是独立的，只有在完全意识到自我的存在时，他才能用自己的脚独立行走。”？？董贝依附董贝商行而存在，并非独立的个体，被其所拥有的商行所异化。

董贝父子悲剧原因分析

本科毕业论文题目(中文）对《董贝父子》中主要人物性格以及造成其悲剧原因分析（外文）An Analysis of Mian Characters and Causes of Their Tragedies in Dombei and Son姓名：***An Analysis of Mian Characters and Causes of Their Tragedies in Dombey and SonAbstractThe paper makes an attempt to touch on the main characters and causes of their tragedies .First,it gives some general introduction to this project,mainly including the information about Charles Dickens and his famous novel Dombey and Son by reviewing the main plot of this novel.Nest,it goes on analyzing the main characters of this novel from Dombey,his wife Edith and his son Paul.The paper will explore the character of Dombey from his arrogance,snobbery,greed and also indifference and analyze Edith from her arrogance and coldness,but strong emotion ,and her kindness to Florence.It will analyze Paul from his innocence and imagination and his fragile and weak health.And then,it focuses on exploring causes of their tragedies in details.It points out the causes of Mr.Dombey 's tragedy from the value of that time and hid poor education,and the causes of Mr.Dombey's second wife's tragedy from the influence of her mother and the development of Feminism at that time,It also goes to Paul's from the influence of his father and his poor health.Finally ,it will give a conclusion on this project.This paper reviews the novel and analyzes the main characters and the causes of their tragedies,not only aiming at having a better and deeper understanding of the thought of this famous novel in some aspects,but also,to some degree,being of great importance to get a further understanding of the writing style of Dickens and social background of Victorian Age.An Analysis of Main Characters and Causes of Their Tragedirs in Dombey and SonOutlineThesis Statement:The novels and makes an attempt to touch on the main characters,and goes on analyzing the causes of their tragedies further.Ⅰ.IntroductionⅡ.Analysis of Main CharactersA.Dombey's Character1.Arrogance2.Snobbery and Greed3.IndifferenceB.Edith's Character1.Arrogance and Coldness2.Strong Emotion and Rebelloin3.Kindness to FlorenceC.Paul's Character1.Innocence and Imagination2.The Different Thoughts from His FatherⅢ.The Causes for Their TragediesA.The Causes for Mr.Dombey's Tragedy1.The Value of money and Social Status in Capital Society2.Poor EducationB.The Causes for Edith's Tragedy1.The Influence of Her mother2.The Development of FeminismC.The Causes for Paul's TragedyⅣConclusionAn Analysis of Main Characters and Causes of Their Tragedies in Dombey and Son Ⅰ.IntroductionCharles Dickens,the greatest representative of English critical realism of Victorian Age,was born in 1812 at Landport, a district in the city of Portsmouth,Hampshire,Due to his poor family,he got little education.When he was 12,he left school to make living and,with the help of a relative,and found a job pasting the labela on bottles in a blacking warehouse.He was poorly clothes and fed.At fifteen,he began to work as a lawyer's office boy,studying shorthand and reading a lot in his spare time.His first poblished sketch appeared in 1833,and a series of stories and sketch followes.And they were collected in 1836 as Skeches by Boz. Dichens spent his whole life in writing and created many famous novels.His literature career can be divided into three periods.The first period is from 1836 to 1841.The main works of this period are Oliver Twist,Old Curiosity Shop,The Pickwick Paper an so on.Dockens exposed many shortcomings of the society and wrote many novels based on the social backgroud of that time.The marked feature of this period is youthful optimism,This optimism shows the characteristic of the petty bourgeois humanitarians of his time.He also believes that all the evils of capitalist world would be remedied if only men treated each pther with kondness,justice,and sympathy.The second period referred to 1842-1850.It is marked for excitement and irritation,In this period,he made a trip to America.And then,hid optimism towards the capitalist society was profoundly shaken.However,his writing skills changed a lot.The structure was more logic.Dombey and Son belongs to this period.The thirdperiod tended to be intensifying pessimism.The main work of this period is A Tales of Two Cities,Hard Times and so on.Dombey and Son is a work created by Charles Dickend in his second literature career and the satire to the bourgeoisie is more poblic and fiere.The main conflict of this novel is love and money.The hero,Mr.Dombey,in Dombey and Son,is a capitalist but selfish,greedy and indifferent.To protect his wealth and his occupation,he wants a son.He regards his wife as a tool to produce an heir.His wife gives birth to a son and dies,but the baby is fragile and weak.What's worse,he takes all joys of child away and soon the bgagby dies.He has a daughter and also neglects her because she is just a girl.Mr.Dombey is shaken by the death of his son and he gets married soon.And his second wife,Edith,is a beautiful,arrogant,but poor woman.Mr.Dombey does not show concern to her.What all he wants is a beautiful wife and a tool for producing a son.Edith elopes with Carker,who is a villain and then leaves him.Dombey persuades Edith.Carker who is refused by Edith now is very shocked and falls froms the trains station platform,and is killed.And soon Mr.Dombey gets bankrupt,However,he is moved by his daughter and gets forgiveness from Edith.Of all Dickens'snovels,Dombey and Son has been the least adapted for the film and television.This is surprising,given the contemporary relevance of the subject matter-the need to balance family with business,and self-image with human interaction.It has been studied for a long time by many scholars.Yin Qipin pointed out the images of train in Dombey and Son1.Dong Yan ,a teacher ,analyzed the personality and character of Edith2.Gao Yuan once made a comment from criticizing the realism of Dombey and Son3.However,it is difficult to fing that many works deal with this famous work in details,In other words, a few points of the novel has just researched and an overall research has not been found.Dortunately,this thesis makes an attempt to research the main characters and the causes of their trsgedies from many aspects.It gives a better understanding of this novel and its author.Ⅱ.Analysis of Main ChzractersThere are some important roles in this story.They are Mr.Dombey,Paul,Edith and so on.In the nineteenth century,with the development of Industrial Revolution,there appeared different kinds of chzracters and values.A.Dombey's CharacterMr.Dombey is the hero of this novel.He is rather bald,rather red,and though a handsome well-made man,too stern and pompous in appearance to be prepossessing,He is the owner of a shippping house.What all he wants is heir to keeo his company and fortune,depite of his money,he does not know how to love others,including his families.All in all,he is an arrogant,snobbish,greedy,and indifferent man.1.ArroganceThe first impression what Dombey gives us is arrogance.Apassage of this book gives a good performance to the character of Dombey .In the Dombey's view:The Earth was made for Dombey and Son to trade in ,and the sun and the moon were made to give them light.Rivers and seas were formed to float their ships;rainbows gave them promise of fair weather;winds blew for or against their enterprises;stars and planets circled in theie orbits to preserve inviolate a system of which they were the Center.Dombey shows arrogance to all people,and shows his pride to his wife,Fanny.He is at the top of the world,while Fanny,his wife ,is just a tool to give birth to an heir.In his mind ,"a matrimonial alliance with himself must,in the nature of things,be gratifying and honorable to any woman of common sense."Mr.Dombey also shoes arrogance in the battle with his second wife,Edith.Dombey ,a cold gentleman,just knows how to trade,but does not know how to love others.Though Edith is a beautiful woman,she is cold and proud.Therefore,their marriage becomes a cold war.The importance conflict between them is that Dombey requires Edith absolute obedience,but she does not,which also results in their tragedies.Also when he finds a nanny for Paul,he looks down upon her and also tells her that relationship between her and the little baby is justa trade,has no any affection.2.Snobbery and GreedAs a typical capitalist in nineteenth century,Mr.Dombey is a rich capitalist and owns a big company,but he can't get rid of snobbery and greed.He thinks that money is everying and he can't live without money.His wife is just a tool to give a son.When he wants to find his second wife,he just wants to fing a woman who is beautiful ,accomplished to fit his position and benefits his reputation,He is always eager5 for making money and tries all his best to earn more money.When Paul asked what the use of money is,his answer is that money is everything.When he chooses a teacher for Paul ,he thinks that the expensive is the best.He does not pay much attention to his son,and so the little boy dies soon.Thus,his greed reveals clearly, 3.IndifferenceMr.Dombey is a cold gentleman,He does not show concern to others.His house is cold and his office is miserale.He regards his wife as a tool to bear a son. When his wife gives birth to a son,she is weak and going to die.However,he does not pay any attention to her and just cares about his heir.When she dies ,he just has a sense of loss,for he thinks of his wife as goods.As for his second wife,Edith,he also hardly shows concern to her.In his points of view,it is her great honor to marry him and obey him absolutely."Here again,Mr.Dombey's assent is qualified:because he is going to confer a great distinction on a lady,and doubt,she is going ti be envied most.'In his mind ,she is a asset,not a wife.When he meets Edith and asks some questions about her,he hurts her self-esteem,but does not care about this.What all he cares about is his dignity,furtune and atatus.The reason why he marries her is that Edith seems to the woman who could brings him great occupation and furtune.As for Paul,he thinks of him as an heir of his firm,not his child,The boy does not get love from his father but is driven to groe up quickly.There is another matter"His young gentleman has to accomplish a destiny.A destiny, little fellow."It can be seenthat Mr.Dombey does not pay much attention to his little son and only regards the little boy as a tool to take over his company .It also can be seen that he also has a different attitude towards his only daughter,because she is just a girl and she cannot inherit his fortune.Hpwever,he lives with his daughter after his bankruptcy at the end of story.The two makes a sharp contrast.To the lower class people,he shows no respect at all.When he is looking for a nanny for Paul,waht he say is different to Polly,when he finds her.He says to her :"When you go away from here,you will have concluded what is mere matter of bargain and sale,hiring and letting:and willl stay away.The child will cease to remember you;and you will cease ,if you please ,to remember the child.'He does not care about whether his saying will hurt Polly.After Polly becomes Paul's nanny,the little baby gets stronger and stronger.When Polly leaves,the scene is very touching .Polly shows a lot of affection to two children and the little boy cries so sad.However,Dombey is very angry and hates Polly as if he has something lost,because he thinks that Paul is his son,his nelongings.Besides,he likes flattery.He thrusts Edith's lover Carker absolutely and thinks that what Carker says is from his inner heart.However,what Carker and does id absolutely Dombey and his money.All these and some other factors lead to his bankruptcy.However, he gets a surprisingly happy ending at the end of story.He lives in his daughter's family ,becomes an amiale grandpa,and gets forgiveness from Edith.B.Edith's CharacterAfter Paul's death,Dombey marries Edith soon.In fact,the marriage between Dombey and Edith is just a trade between money an occupation,without love.Therefore,their combination is doomed to be a tragedy.1.Arrogance and ColdnessEdith's family is poor and her mother sales for wealth regardless of her feelings.She lives as she says to her mother:"There is no slave in a market,there is no horse in a fair,so shown and offered and explained and paraded, mother,as I have been,for ten shameful years."She lives a miserable and cruel life since her childhood.Therefore,she becomes arrogant and cold after many sufferings.She is forced to marry Dombey.However,their marriage is not happy.Dombey is arrogant and occupation.He demands her to obey him absolutely.As for Edith,it is impossible and it is a destiny for them to make a conflict.2.Strong Emotion and RebellionShe is not only beautiful but also versatile.The reason why she marries Dombey is that she is forced by her mother for wealth.Although her husband provides her a rich life,she wants to be free and pursues a peaceful and happy life.Edith has a pure inner heart and a unremitting character and is rager for freedom,true love,equality and happiness.Therefore,she tries to change her terrible situation that she betrays her husband and elopes with Carker who is a bad person in the whole story.Nevertheless,in the end,Carker meets Dombey in the raliway station and falls in front of a train.In the story,Edith not only destroys Dombey's family,but alsohis furtune.And she pursues her own life in her own way.At the end of the story ,she lives her rest life in an isolated way.She forgives Dombey after his finding the way to his heart and also hopes to get forgiveness from him .Although she does not regret what she does ,she also decides to meet Dombey again.According to Dong Yan,"If a person is not satisfied with his presence situation,he pursues a better life and then pays a large price for it .The price and the present result produce harmony.This kind of harmony can be called tragedy."And then according to this famous remark,Edith's life can be clearly as a tragedy,for she tries to be free,but since then she is notorious for her elopement and her behavior,which is not permitted at that time.3.KondnessFlorence is only daughter of Dombey .She is a beautiful and kind girl.Nevertheless,she cannot get love from her father because she is a girol and she cannot inherit the fortune,She is ignored by her father.While from her stepmother,she can get love.Although Edith is arrogant and cold ,she shows kindness to Florence and gives her love as a mother,also as a friend.Therefore,Florence shows a deep affection to her.From this short describle,their close relationship can be seen:She led Florence to a chair beside her ,and sat down;Florence looking in her face,quite wondering willingly at its beauty,and willingly leaving her hand in her hand.Have you been alone,Florence,since Iwas there last?Oh,yes!smiled Florence hastily.She hesitated and cast down her eyes;for her new mamma was very earnest in her look,and the look was intently and thoroughly fixed upon her face.Edith is an arrogant and cold woman for others,but she shows her love and kindness to Florence.It can show her strong emotion.C.Paul's CharacterPaul is born with tragedy ,because he lives in such a family.His mother dies at his birth leaving him a weak and poor health.His father is expecting his birth,not for love but for an heir to briong up.Paul is an innocent boy.However,his childhood is deprived of by his father,because he is the heir of Dombey and Son.He is also an imaginative boy,He can see the tiger and lion from the wallpaper and make faces towards the wall,but others can't.Paul has a different attitude towardes money/When he asks his father what the use of money is .Dombey's answer is that money is everying and money can get them honor and status.When Paul asks why money can not make his mother alive,Dombey avoids his question and says that money can make others fear and respect us.It can ben seen that two different values exist between them and how innocent Paul is.He is sent to school at the agr of 6,which can train a child to be a talented adult soon.And this school is famous for its dead ter,the little boy can't bear such kind of burden and suffers his fragile health a lot.At last ,this leads to his early death.Ⅲ.The Causes for Their TragediesEdith lives a tragic life and suffers a lot,The marriage between Mr.Dombey and Edith is fragile and will break sooner or later.Then,a blow strikes Dombey .It not only strikes Dombey's belongings but also his family.A.The Causes for Mr.Dombey's TragedyIn the story,Dombey loses his furtune and his family breaks down after the accident.His tragedy is not only owing to his own character but social background of that period and his education.1.The Value of Money and Social Status in Capital SocietyAt that time ,the society develops quickly because of Industrial Revolution.The society came to Capitalism.The train has been appeared at that time and it had a remarkable significance.According to Altick,he said:"The train makes speed widely apread.In this aspect,the work of the train is more than any other inventions of Victorian Age."The "train'is the sign of the development of the science and Industrial Revolution.It showed the change of the society and also hints the character of people at that time.At the same time,Dickens shows us all aspects of that society.In the novel,various characters can be found.In that capital society ,the social class was divided sharply.The rich pursued fortune,honor and higher social status and was arrogant and indifferent to the poor,which was full of fierce competition.Mr.Dombey is a typical representative of this period.He is not only arrogant and snobbish,but also indifferent and shows no concern to others.He just knlws how to pursue assets and fame.Obviously,he is deeply influenced by this social atmosphere.The development of the whole society has a great influence on his way of thinking.Suck society strives him to change his present situation and pursue more thihngs.Therefore,it also leads to Dombey tragedy.2.Poor EducationAt that time ,the economy of England developed quickly,however ,its education did not.There were many reasons :the country paid no attention to it and did not realize the importance of education;many children went to study in church;some poor children could not pay the tuition and went to make a living in the factory.Dombey dies not receive a good education and he dies not know how to educate his only son.When his son is very little ,he sends him to a boarding school,which can cultivate a child into a versatile man and is famous for its deadly teaching method.The school ignores the development of the children thenselves and just pursues the results.After all, Paul is a little child and can't suffer much.Howeer ,Dombey just wants the little boy to grow up as soon as possible and can take over his furtune.From Paul's education,it can be seen that Dombey has a poor knowledge on education.Therefore,id leads to his tragedy,also Paul's.B.The Causes for Edith's TragedyEdith is another tragedy. In the story ,Edith pursues a happy and peaceful life,but she could get it and suffers a lot.In the end ,Edith leaves Dombey.From then on ,she lives in an isolated life.Her tragedy is owing to both her mother's influence and the development of Feminism in that society,also her own character.1.The Influence of Her MotherWhen her family goes to bankruptcy,she lives a terrible life and has a unhappy childhood.The only thought in her mother mind is let Edith cater to the rich people and marry them.Her aim is to get more money.With the influence of her mother,she becomes cold and arrogant.When Edith marries Dombey, she was young ,she was just a tool for her mother to make money.Her mother sells her for money just like sells an animal.2.The Development of Feminism of this PeriodIn the nineteenth century, to some extent, the Feminism has not been developed thoroughly.The sicial class of women was very low.It is impossible that women can get away from a terrible marriage in a common way.The social status of women largely depends on men.In such a society,she finds her own life in her own way.What she does absolutely can revenge on her mother and Dombey.C.The Causes for Paul's TragedyWhen the little Paul is born ,his mother dies and leaves him a fragile and poor ter,his father's wrong education leads to his early death.Mr. dOMBEY WANTS A SON AS AN HEIR OF HIS COMPANY AND IS VERY SURPRISED AT pAUL'S birth,Mr.Dombey is eager to bring him up and let him inherit his fortune.However,he neglects that Paul is just a child and takes Paul's childhood away.Paul is sent to go to a school which is famous for its dead method without paying much attention to the child.In fact ,the little Paul is innocent and kind and likes his sister and nanny.He is cuious about the world.Unfortunately,under the burden of the study and the weak health,to some extent,his death in early age is doomed.Ⅳ.ConclusionThis paper mainly explores the main characters and causes of their tragedies.Dickens criticizes the notorious behavior of the capitalists and describes the people of every social class.And Chaeles Dichens civers the society widely. It reflects the images of that society in nineteenth century,At first ,Dombey is a selfish arrogant,cold and indifferent.He thinks of money as everything;he regards his wife as a tool to give a birth;he accelerates Paul's capitalist in that ter a blow strikes him and he loses everything except his daughter who is neglected by him all the time.Dombey is the center figure of this novel.Due to his character and social background,he loses everything except his daughter.The tragedy of the main character of this novel almost is resulted by him.Besides,Edith is also influenced by her mother and the development of the social status of women.Paul's health condition can't be neglected.It can be seen from this novel that the most important thing is nou money but happiness,love and health.Notes殷企平，<<董贝父子》中的铁路意象《外语与外语教学》。

狄更斯《董贝父子》中家庭教育的现实意义

本科生毕业设计（论文）封面（ 2017 届）论文（设计）题目作者学院、专业班级指导教师（职称）论文字数论文完成时间大学教务处制英语原创毕业论文参考选题一、论文说明本写作团队致力于英语毕业论文写作与辅导服务，精通前沿理论研究、仿真编程、数据图表制作，专业英语本科论文5000起，具体可以找扣扣九五八零35 六四零，下列所写题目均可写作。

部分题目已经写好原创。

二、原创论文参考题目1 象征手法在《少年派的奇幻漂流》中的运用研究2 从电影《弱点》看美国的家庭教育3 功能翻译理论指导下的中国旅游资料英译4 Multiple Interpretations of Love in Charles Dickens’s A Tale of Two Cities5 论罗伯特佩恩沃伦《国王的人马》中对真理与自我认知的追求6 荒诞与抵抗——《局外人》中莫尔索的荒诞表现之原因分析7 A Comparison between Chinese and Western Food Cultures8 十九世纪英国女性小说中的两位灰姑娘——伊利莎白班纳特和简爱形象比较9 《威尼斯商人》中宗教和法律的冲突10 A Comparison of the English Color Terms11 世纪美国男权社会下女性的成长——解读《觉醒》中埃德娜的觉醒过程和原因12 双重文化下的文化选择——解析电影《刮痧》中中国移民的文化身份危机13 英汉动物习语的对比分析研究14 Translation of English Film Titles and the Commercial Effect15 浅析隐藏在“面纱”之后的伯莎梅森16 简论英汉习语翻译17 文化差异对中美商务谈判的影响18 浅析隐藏在“面纱”之后的伯莎梅森19 礼貌原则在口译中的应用20 非语言交际在国际商务谈判中的运用21 成长小说视角下的史蒂芬乔布斯基《壁花少年》22 英语广告中仿拟的关联分析23 《了不起的盖茨比》的叙事技巧分析24 论《弗兰肯斯坦》中怪物悲剧的必然性25 浅析美国牛仔文化及其深远影响26 从礼貌原则看中英委婉语的差异27 浅析隐藏在“面纱”之后的伯莎梅森28 从文化角度看英汉习语翻译29 浅析隐藏在“面纱”之后的伯莎梅森30 生活在夹缝中的畸形人——评《小镇畸人》31 戏仿和影射—《洛丽塔》中的互文性32 对小说《野草在歌唱》的功能文体分析33 受超验主义影响的具有美国精神的作家34 A Comparison of the English Color Terms35 《麦田里的守望者》霍尔顿考尔菲德精神世界的分析36 从跨文化的视角分析美国动画“辛普森一家”中的习语现象37 女性意识的苏醒－－对《愤怒的葡萄》中的约德妈妈形象的分析38 中西方文化差异对英汉互译的影响39 “欧亨利风格”在其短篇小说中的分析40 比较分析《长干行》不同译文中的音韵美和意象美41 宋词英译中的归化和异化42 《野性的呼唤》中的自然主义43 浅析《傲慢与偏见》中的几种婚姻模式44 The Emerging Tendency of Marketing—Network Marketing45 英文电影题目翻译的异化与归化研究46 A Comparison of the English Color Terms47 目的论在电影字幕翻译中的应用——以《功夫熊猫》为例48 中美婚姻价值观对比49 英语委婉语及其语用学原则50 被忽略的人群－－詹姆斯乔伊斯《都柏林人》女性角色分析51 跨文化交际中的体态语52 印度商务礼仪研究—对中印商务谈判的建议53 从心理语言学谈提高新闻英语听力的新模式54 爱伦坡短篇小说的艺术特色55 在文化教学中提高英语学习者的跨文化交际能力56 论《好人难寻》中反映的精神危机57 老友记中乔伊的人物形象分析58 论英语专业八级口语测试的内容效度59 《红字》中的若干象征意义60 黛西在《了不起的盖茨比》中的作用61 关于非英语专业学生大学英语四级考试学习策略的研究62 官方语言中的中国英语分析－－从目标人群接受性角度谈起63 Feminist Consciousness Shown on Scarlett O'Hara Impacts upon Today's Female64 《玉石雕像》中的非言语交流65 英汉习语渊源对比及其常用分析方法66 The Inconsistencies between Margaret Mitchell’s Gone with the Wind and Alexandra Ripley’s Scarlett67 男女生英语学习差异比较研究68 中美饮食文化的差异69 法律语言及其翻译研究70 论英语教学中的非智力因素71 英文商务信函中礼貌原则的运用72 论《海狼》中拉尔森船长本性的双重性73 从美国总统选举看其民主政治74 浅谈《傲慢与偏见》中奥斯汀的婚姻观75 浅析初中学生英语阅读理解障碍及解决对策76 The Lexical Features of Black English in RAP Music and its Influence77 中西方文化差异对商务谈判的影响78 图式理论在英语阅读教学中的应用79 浅析托妮•莫里森作品中的女性形象80 Euphemistic Expressions in Business Correspondences81 American Individualism as Shown in Forrest Gump82 英汉双语词典中的语用信息83 艾米丽·狄金森的诗歌主题分析84 探讨中英文化差异——以宗教习语翻译为案例85 英语语句模糊性分析86 从《嘉莉妹妹》看德莱塞的女性观87 论中介语对二语习得的影响88 愉快教学法在初中英语教学中的应用89 双关语的修辞功能及日常应用90 苔丝悲剧的原因91 盖茨比的悲剧成因分析92 《玻璃动物园》中的逃避主义解读93 扭曲的“美国梦”－－简析“鸡蛋的胜利”的主题94 苔丝悲剧的原因与托马斯哈代悲剧意识的分析95 科技英语新词的翻译研究96 中西跨文化交际中非语言行为的比较研究97 A Comparison of the English Color Terms98 中美企业招聘广告文化对比分析99 论英语口语教学中存在的问题及对策100 电影《亚瑟王》中表现的骑士文化。

论狄更斯《董贝父子》中的冷漠叙事与温情关怀

论狄更斯《董贝父子》中的冷漠叙事与温情关怀作者：范丹丹来源：《西部论丛》2019年第08期摘要：查尔斯·狄更斯的长篇小说《董贝父子》（Dombey and Son，1848）看似主题明朗、充斥着对资本主义社会制度的批判；实则情节线条呈多元化发展，人物关系复杂多变，一股隐藏在文本背后且有别于读者所熟悉的的人物关系逐渐浮出水面：资本家董贝对职员沃尔看似冷漠傲慢，实则不乏对于沃尔特这类失去话语权的人的温情与关怀，这不仅反射出他作为资本家的双重人格，也暗含了作者对资本主义社会制度存在之合理性的赞同、对本民族工业文化深切的同理心与自豪感。

反观狄更斯对其民族积极的情感态度，对重新审视我国社会文明具有现实性的指导意义。

关键词：《董贝父子》隐性进程人文情怀劳动观一、前言作为维多利亚时期最杰出的作家之一，狄更斯一直是国内外研究者们的宠儿。

考虑其人生经历及所处时代的复杂性，狄学之批评虽呈“百家争鸣”之局势，但研究者们主要围绕他对资本主义社会制度的猛烈抨击、对资本家的无情批判以及对工人阶级的深刻同情，揭示了资本主义经济制度的“金钱至上”的价值观等弊病。

《董贝父子》创作于19世纪40年代，此时的狄更斯对社会现实的观察更加成熟。

“他的善恶观便带有更强烈的社会内容和阶级色彩。

有些资产者固然是拜金主义者，但是为人处世不那么凶悍，例如《董贝父子》中的董贝”（赖干坚 37）。

本文以文本为基础、以文史互证为依托、以“隐性进程” （申丹 2013，48）理论为切入点，从人物心理角度进行剖析，旨在探究出一位被困于工业革命浪潮的资本家如何在金钱至上的价值观中显露其人性气质。

正是通过这股叙事暗流，作者对满是疮痍的英国的同情和体认才得以找到寄托的纽带。

二、傲慢背后的情感回避小说情节发展中，盖伊·沃尔特因舅舅欠下一笔债务向老板董贝借贷。

后因鲁莽地闯入董贝与卡克尔经理的谈话中，沃尔特当场被老板指派去巴巴多斯岛当一名会计室的低级职员。

论狄更斯小说《董贝父子》中的帝国意识

论狄更斯小说《董贝父子》中的帝国意识《董贝父子》是一部维多利亚现实主义小说,出自文学巨匠查尔斯·狄更斯之手。

该小说描写了董贝父子公司——一家处于英国伦敦从事批发、零售以及出口事业的公司的盛衰史。

小说以董贝望子成龙的故事为中心,演绎了多出悲喜交加的剧情。

董贝是个贪得无厌的大资本家,妻子儿女都成了他追逐利润的工具和摆设。

最终,董贝在丧失了财富和权势之后,却成全了真正的家庭幸福。

本文在后殖民主义理论的观照下,尤其以爱德华·萨义德《文化与帝国主义》与《东方主义》中的观点为依据,全面、深入地考察帝国意识和小说《董贝父子》之间的关系。

本文分为三部分展开。

第一章通过狄更斯笔下的商人形象探究帝国霸权意识的体现。

帝国主要是以商品、财富和商贸的形象进入19世纪的小说的。

本章选取了三个处于不同阶级地位的商人,分析文本中显性的帝国意识与隐性的帝国意识。

第二章以任意妄为的帝国“亲戚”为出发点,考察文化与帝国相辅相成的共谋关系。

人物身上体现的话语权力及文化,保证了西方人对帝国的接受,并在粉饰帝国神话合理性上起到不可忽视的作用。

第三章通过帝国的“外来者”分析被忽略的历史及对帝国的反抗。

本章着重在对位阅读的参照下,去分析隐藏于文本中的遥远殖民地的人群及宗主国中勇于抵抗的边缘人。

论文最终认为,狄更斯的《董贝父子》表现了帝国意识的渗透和影响,是阐释作者帝国主义话语的形象化文本。

本论文的学术价值在于,有助于推动后殖民批评的文本化路径和英国维多利亚文学的文化研究。

《董贝父子》中的共同体伦理

《董贝父子》中的共同体伦理
学术界在解读《董贝父子》时,大多从女性与婚姻、家庭与阶级、资本与社会等角度去分析,而对该小说在共同体形塑方面的作用多有忽视。

本文认为狄更斯试图借助《董贝父子》来呈现心目中共同体的伦理典范,并通过塑造道德高尚且令人钦佩的人物以及作为对照的道德观扭曲的“怪人”得以实现。

作为狄更斯探索共同体的力作,该小说在结尾处还描绘了一个以木制海军准尉为中心的新兴和谐共同体。

因此,本文旨在从以下三方面探讨上述共同体话题：1)分析故事发生的时代背景,提供小说人物所生活的历史语境；2)分析小说中的怪人,尤其是董贝、卡克尔以及伊迪丝这几个伦理价值观扭曲且把人际关系建立在现金联结上的实利主义者,进而总结狄更斯所反对的伦理观；3)分析小说中道德高尚且令人钦佩的角色,如弗洛伦斯,海军准尉一家以及来自“边角”的忠实朋友等人物,从而探索狄更斯心目中共同体的伦理典范。

总之,笔者希望通过文本细读来分析并阐明,狄更斯认为共同体的伦理核心是维持和谐的人际关系和健康的情感共同体。

他认为情感可以被充分地分享,直至消融人为的障碍,如阶级、金钱和偏见,并最终实现理想共同体的愿景。

《董贝父子》的精神生态学维度探析

收稿日期：２０１７－１０－１４
作者简介：方明（１９８１—），男，讲师，硕士，研究方向：英美文学，英语教学。
基金项目：福建省中青年教师教育科研项目（ＪＡＳ１７０４６７）；三明学院科学研究发展基金项目（Ａ２０１７１５）。
７１
白城师范学院学报
第３２卷第１期
金钱、名利的欲望几乎达到了癫狂的病态。在《董贝父子》中，男主人公董贝与相关的各个人物之间的故事情节就生动地展现了当时失衡的群体生态。首先，董贝对其子女的认知是出于利益考量的，功利主义价值观造成了对骨肉亲情乃至血缘伦理的错误认识。小说一开篇便介绍了董贝的儿子小保罗出生，董贝对小保罗这个男性子嗣的降临感到欣喜若狂，因为终于等到了有男性后人可以继承和发展他的公司经营事业了。可见，董贝的喜悦不仅仅源自后代的诞生，更多的是来自对后续公司事业发展的利益考量。也正因如此，董贝随后便为儿子设计并安排了宏伟的人生规划。他早早地将六岁的小保罗送进当地知名的专门培养优秀绅士实则是拔苗助长的特殊学校，迫切地希望他尽快成熟以至于可以和他并肩工作。［５］而与之相反，董贝对自己的女儿弗洛伦斯则是毫不关心。在当时的社会价值观中男权主义盛行，女性几乎没有任何地位，更谈不上继承家族事业等大事了。也正是由于女性后人没有资格继承董贝的经营事业，长女弗洛伦斯在董贝的功利价值观认识中更加失去了价值，并因此使得作为父亲的董贝总是对自己的亲生女儿缺乏关爱甚至置若罔闻。正如董贝自己所言：一个女孩对董贝父子公司有何用处，她简直像一枚无法用来投资的劣质钱币。［６］其次，在婚恋观念上，人们对金钱、名利贪婪的欲望造成人们对婚姻的错误抉择。董贝与伊迪丝的婚姻就是最典型的例证。董贝选择伊迪丝作为第二任妻子是出于对其家庭条件、社会身份以及对自己事业的发展益处等的综合考量。这些考量因素的背后无不透露着人对名利的欲望，而在这些考量因素中唯独缺少了建立婚姻最重要的情感因素。因此，在没有感情基础的利益门第婚姻中董贝与伊迪丝无法互相包容，他们的婚姻必然走向崩溃。其实伊迪丝也是受害者，她始终受到其母亲的功利价值观和贪婪欲望的影响和左右。为了使得她与富庶权贵联姻，从小就被灌输着追名逐利的思想，她自然而然地习得这种名利婚姻的观念，这也就不难理解为什么伊迪丝会选择与负有盛名的傲慢冷漠的董贝联姻。此外，作为董贝妹妹路易莎好友的托克斯小姐对董贝的婚姻野心也充分体现了人们对财富、名利欲望的狂热追求。从托克斯与路易莎的日常对话中便可以看出她对董贝的盲目崇拜。托克斯曾感叹到：董贝的财产多的

创伤理论视角下《董贝父子》中的儿童形象研究

创伤理论视角下《董贝父子》中的儿童形象研究查尔斯·狄更斯是十九世纪英国最伟大的批判现实主义小说家之一他的15部长篇小说一经出版便在读者和文学界引起了极大的关注。

狄更斯擅长通过描写英国社会底层的“小人物”,特别是妇女、儿童和老人的悲惨处境来揭露社会的黑暗。

其中儿童形象的刻画在狄更斯的创作中占有极其重要的地位。

但国内外对其作品中儿童形象的研究大多数集中在《雾都孤儿》、《大卫·科波菲尔》和《远大前程》等少数作品中。

本文选取的《董贝父子》主要围绕海外贸易公司老板董贝的悲惨生活来展开,并且成功的塑造了在英国工业高速发展的背景下三个不同阶层的儿童形象。

这些儿童在其成长阶段都面临同一个问题：来自童年时期的创伤经历。

然而到目前为止,鲜少有学者从这个角度进行综合分析,更多的着重于研究作者的批判现实主义思想以及小说中的象征意义。

作为人成长阶段的关键时期,童年阶段的创伤经历对儿童的心理和生理发展有着重大的影响。

狄更斯出生于19世纪英国的一个贫困的小资产阶级家庭中。

幼年的艰难生活和苦难的经历使得狄更斯对于创伤性儿童形象的刻画更是入木三分。

创伤研究最先起源于19世纪,其中弗洛伊德的心理创伤研究为以后的创伤理论的发展奠定了基础。

本文主要借助创伤理论中的心理创伤对小说中的三位小主人公的童年生活中所经受的创伤经历进行分析,着重关注他们在面对创伤时的不同态度和心理变化。

本文一共分为5个章节。

第一章是引言部分,主要介绍了作者狄更斯,《董贝父子》、以及其主要作品中的儿童形象。

第二章是对国内有关这部小说的研究综述,同时对创伤理论进行了概述,包括创伤的定义,创伤理论的形成和发展。

第三章结合心理创伤分析,从创伤性事件出发,揭示了作品中对儿童产生较大的心理创伤的事件主要包括：亲人的死亡,父亲的虐待以及专制学校压抑的教学环境和学校暴力。

其次通过文本细读,论述了小说中儿童不同的创伤症状的表现。

并且依据创伤的基本定义从社会,家庭和学校等方面探讨了造成儿童创伤的原因。

董贝父子悲剧原因分析

董贝父子悲剧原因分析一、儿子早死，父亲却怪罪于女儿，认为是她夺走了儿子对他的感情，女儿能得到父亲的爱心吗？董贝先生是一个大批发商，在这个城市里有着高贵的地位。

因为如此，他很看重自己的权威，他也很高傲，冷漠，缺乏情感。

无论是对公司员工，还是对自己的家人，都是如此。

董贝先生还重男轻女，因为他这个庞大的家族企业，有史以来的名称就叫“董贝父子公司”。

但由于他们董贝家人丁不大兴旺，一直都是单传。

家族企业传到他这里，二十年了还只有“父”没有“子"。

他的第一任妻子给他生了个女儿，他很不高兴，也非常不喜欢这个女儿，尽管这个女儿非常漂亮，也温柔善良，尤其对父母都很孝顺。

六年后妻子又给他生了个儿子，董贝先生终于松了一口气，这下他的企业总算有接班人了，“董贝父子公司”总算名副其实了。

但不幸的是，妻子生下儿子后，因身体太弱，加上董贝先生只关注自己的儿子，对刚生育完的妻子不闻不问，妻子情绪低落，抑郁而终。

董贝先生对妻子的死，也没有多少悲痛，他把全部的情感都给了儿子保罗。

但他并不知道怎样养育、爱护儿子，只是一味把最好的东西，最好的教育强加给儿子保罗。

保罗由于生下来就没有了母亲，而且父亲董贝虽然爱他，但还是缺乏温情，整天板起面孔，全家人都怕他，保罗也不例外。

保罗对唯一的姐姐佛罗伦丝非常依恋，佛罗伦丝也非常爱她这个弟弟。

但董贝先生不高兴了，他认为是女儿夺走了他的儿子，他强行将两姐弟分开，将只有六岁的儿子送到一所贵族学校去寄读。

这个贵族学校只收十个学生，全都是出生高贵的绅士、富家子弟，只为培养贵族高端人才。

但校长是一名迂夫子，他认为孩子从小就应该学习高深的科学，还要学历史、哲学等。

只有六岁的保罗离开了姐姐，本就很不习惯，加上体弱多病，根本完成不了这个贵族学校繁重的学习任务。

董贝先生不管这些，他认为这才是最好的教育，这才是他高贵的董贝家配受的教育。

他每周都来学校看儿子，但也只是关心他的教育，对儿子的心理、生理健康关心甚少。

女性自我超越的悲剧--评《董贝父子》中的伊迪丝

女性自我超越的悲剧--评《董贝父子》中的伊迪丝
董燕
【期刊名称】《工会论坛——山东省工会管理干部学院学报》
【年(卷),期】2004(010)004
【摘要】在十九世纪女权运动蓬勃发展的现实背景下,<董贝父子>中的女主人公对男权社会进行了激烈反抗和自我超越,但由于时代和历史条件,这种反抗无法摆脱悲剧性的结局,其原因发人深思.
【总页数】1页(P109-109)
【作者】董燕
【作者单位】杭州师范学院,浙江,杭州,310012
【正文语种】中文
【中图分类】I106
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2.是《董贝父子》,还是《董贝父女》?——狄更斯笔下的“进步”和异化 [J], 殷企平;;
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因版权原因，仅展示原文概要，查看原文内容请购买。

狄更斯眼中的英美文化—《董贝父子》和《游美札记》中火车意象研究

狄更斯眼中的英美文化—《董贝父子》和《游美札记》中火车意
象研究
《董贝父子》是狄更斯批判现实主义的代表作之一,小说讲述了金钱至上的大资本家董贝的故事,他对待任何事物都毫无感情可言,包括自己的妻女,最后惨遭破产。

狄更斯在该作品中对火车和铁路进行了详尽的描写,使它成为书中最具代表性的意象,推动了整个故事情节的发展。

而在同时期的《游美札记》中,狄更斯也着意描写了当时美国铁路及火车的相关内容,火车上的见闻让作家从一个侧面了解了美国文化。

火车和铁路无疑是19世纪工业文明的重要象征,含义丰富。

通过分析两部作品中的火车意象,本论文论述了火车背后狄更斯眼中的英美文化。

19世纪40年代,已经完成工业革命的英国资本主义经济发展迅速,随着物质财富的增加,人们的意识也发生了相应的变化,他们在生活的方方面面都追求与火车一样的快速。

通过铁路和火车看英国社会,《董贝父子》也反映了当时越来越大的贫富差距和阶级矛盾。

这种现象并不仅仅发生在英国。

半年的游美经历使狄更斯发现,正在大力修建铁路的美国同样对速度有一种执着的追求,火车为不同身份的乘客提供的不同服务也体现了与英国相似的社会问题和阶级矛盾。

狄更斯当然也发现了两国文化的差异。

总体而言,他在火车上的见闻使他对英国文化更有信心,持更肯定的观点,因此塑造了彻底改变的董贝,作为社会改良的标本。

美国人在狄更斯的作品里显得更粗鄙,美国文化也似乎还落后于英国,这固然与美国文化本身存在的问题有关,也与作家的偏见和局限性有关。

狄更斯《董贝父子》主要内容概要及赏析

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创伤理论视角下《董贝父子》的悲剧成因研究

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创伤理论视角看《董贝父子》中保罗悲剧的原因

文学创伤理论评述历史、现状与反思

追寻和谐的生态家园—生态批评视角下的《董贝父子》

女性主义角度解读《董贝父子》中伊迪丝的堕落女性形象

[董贝,父子,人性]《董贝父子》：人性异化的董贝

董贝父子 悲剧原因分析

狄更斯《董贝父子》中家庭教育的现实意义

论狄更斯《董贝父子》中的冷漠叙事与温情关怀

论狄更斯小说《董贝父子》中的帝国意识

《董贝父子》中的共同体伦理

《董贝父子》的精神生态学维度探析

创伤理论视角下《董贝父子》中的儿童形象研究

董贝父子 悲剧原因分析

女性自我超越的悲剧--评《董贝父子》中的伊迪丝

狄更斯眼中的英美文化—《董贝父子》和《游美札记》中火车意象研究

狄更斯《董贝父子》主要内容概要及赏析

董贝父子悲剧原因分析

董贝父子悲剧原因分析