雅思ENVIRONMENT类写作素材

Growth in air travel harms environment(飞行增多危害环境)

Climate change experts from the Tyndall Climate Research Centre in Britain have said urgent action（紧急行动）is needed to curb the rapid growth in air travel（抑制飞行的快速增长）if the government is to meet its commitments（实现承诺）on tackling global warming（处理温室效应）. This report from Stephen Evans:

Falling ticket price and rising incomes are leading to rapid growth in global air travel.（导致国际航空业迅速发展的原因是机票价格的下降和收入水平的提升。）According to the British government, the number of British air passengers, for example, will more than double in the next quarter of a century（下一个25年）. Increases of such an order would mean much more aviation fuel（燃油）being burned and aviation fuel may be more harmful to the environment than other fuels because the resulting smoke is emitted at high altitudes（高海拔）.

A group of scientists at the environmental research group, the Tyndall Centre, says that if Britain is to meet its overall target for cutting damaging emissions（减少有害气体排放）, other uses of fuel like for heating homes or driving cars would have to be cut dramatically.

The British government wants the use of aviation fuel covered by international agreement on the environment. The difficulty for any individual government（任何政府）is that taxing fuel used at its own airports might push airlines to move their operations to competing airports in other countries.

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Calls to control low-cost flights（限制廉价航空）

Cheap flights（廉价航空）on no frills airlines may not be a burden on our wallets but they will dearly cost the UK's environment（严重危害环境）, campaigners believe.

Scientists predict that if carbon dioxide emissions continue to increase, global warming will bring higher annual temperatures and heavier rainfall（温室效应会带来更高的气温以及更大的降水）- with all the associated problems（相关的问题）.

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Agencies such as the Sustainable Development Commission (SDC) want our air tickets to reflect "the true cost of flying" to the environment.

To green groups, this involves the aviation industry having to pay tax on the fuel（航空业应该为燃油使用赋税）it puts in planes.

“There are much more efficient and effective tools when it comes to dealing with emissions ”

Caroline Corfield, British Airport Authority

According to Friends of the Earth (FOE), the absence of fuel duty effectively gives the industry a £9bn annual subsidy.

And it gets this "help", the FOE says, even though planes contribute 5% to the UK's carbon dioxide emissions, with the figure set to more than double by 2020.

"The vast majority of flights（绝大部分航班）are discretionary, for leisure," says Richard Dyer, the FOE's aviation campaigner.

"These are not essential, unlike travelling by bus where you don't pay tax on a ticket.

"A starting figure would be the equivalent of tax that is charged per litre on car fuel. Passengers should pay for the environmental damage that they're doing to ensure a safer environment."

Global market

Any policy on aviation fuel tax has to be agreed internationally, according to the SDC.

Unlike in the US where a large number of domestic flights emit carbon dioxide over one area, the SDC has said that 97% of UK air transport is non-domestic, with carbon dioxide emissions generated on flights between countries.

This situation makes it difficult to assess different countries' responsibilities.（句型）

The Kyoto Protocol and the UK government's energy White Paper targets do not currently cover emissions from international aviation, as there is no global agreement on the allocation of these emissions to countries.

But Bernard Bulkine, the chair on Energy and Transport with the SDC, says the issue will eventually have to be addressed.

"Air transport has increased twice as fast as road transport over the last 40 years. There are clearly environmental effects increasing as a result of air travel, while others are decreasing or staying constant.

"What we have to look at is how environmental costs are incorporated into ticket prices. That's the issue, not whether there should be an aviation fuel tax. Obviously this should be done."

To the airline industry, the fact that it has to operate in a global market place, with all the stresses and strains that comes with international competition, is a key issue.

And although the industry is not taxed on the fuel it uses, for the last 10 years passengers have had to pay a £5-10 charge on a ticket depending on the destination.