quick fit society

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专题2025中考备考初中英语阅读理解人与自我主题语境相关真题精选专项训练

专题2025中考备考初中英语阅读理解人与自我主题语境相关真题精选专项训练

2025中考备考初中英语阅读理解人与自我主题语境相关真题精选专项训练AAuggie's StorySleepI'd been reading for over an hour and sleep still didn't come. It was almost two a. m. Everyone else was asleep. I had my flashlight (手电筒) on under the sleeping bag. Maybe the light was why I couldn't sleep, but I was too afraid to turn it off. What had happened kept coming back to my mind.When we got back to the camp, no one noticed we'd been gone. The teachers and all the other kids were still watching the movie. They didn't know how something bad had just happened to me and Jack. It's so strange how that can be, how you could have a night that's the worst in your life, but to everybody else it's just a usual night.Amos, Miles and Henry brought us back to our seats. Then they returned to their own seats. In a way, everything was exactly as we had left it. The sky was the same. The movie was the same. Everyone's faces were the same. Mine was the same.But something was different. Something had changed.Home"So, do you want to hear about the bad part or the good part first?" I asked Mum."Whatever you want to talk about," she answered."Well, except for last night, I had a fantastic time," I said. "I feel like they ruined (毁坏) the whole trip for me." "No, sweetie. Don't let them do that to you. You were there for more than forty-eight hours, and that awful part lasted one hour. Don't let them take that away from you, okay?""I know." I nodded. "But do I always have to worry about bad guys like that? Like when I grow up, is it always going to be like this?""There are always going to be bad guys in the world, Auggie," she said, looking at me. "But I really believe there are more good people on this earth than bad people, and the good people watch out for each other and take care ofeach other. Just like Jack was there for you. And Amos. And those other kids.""Oh yeah, Miles and Henry," I answered. "They were amazing, too. It's very strange because Miles and Henry haven't even really been very nice to me at all during the year.""Sometimes people surprise us," she said, rubbing the top of my head.1.Why couldn't Auggie fall asleep?A. He kept thinking about something.B. He was doing bedtime reading.C. He was looking for his flashlight.D. He didn't like his sleeping bag.2.According to the first part, what was different at the camp?A. The sky.B. Auggie's face.C. The movie.D. Auggie's feeling.3.Auggie was worried that ______.A. his mum would feel unhappyB. bad guys would always be aroundC. he would not have a good tripD. Jack would not be his friend any more4.What do we know about Miles and Henry?A. They ruined Auggie's whole trip.B. They took something away from Auggie.C. They were nice to Auggie this time.D. They were Auggie's best friends.BAs we know, eating vegetables is good for us. Why do some people like them but others don't? A new study has found that other people's likes and dislikes could be a reason. According to the research, people who eat vegetables and show a clear dislike for them can influence others.People may make facial expressions (面部表情) when eating. How does it affect a person watching them? A team of scientists in the UK did a study. They asked more than 200 young women to watch videos of other adults eating broccoli (西兰花). The people in the videos had different expressions while eating. They would smile, seemneutral (neither happy nor sad), or look disgusted.The study found that when people in the videos look disgusted while eating broccoli, people watching them began to like broccoli less. The opposite was not true, however. When someone had a smile while eating broccoli, people watching them did not like broccoli more.By watching others, humans learn which behaviors will be good for them. Scientists believe that people might avoid food that looks terrible. In this way, people can protect themselves from eating something bad or dangerous. The research focused only on adults, but the team believe that the results could also work for children. This means, if children see their parents not enjoying certain foods, including vegetables, they might not want to eat them either.How does the behavior of adults influence children's choices of food? The team said they hope to understand more about it. This could help find ways to encourage children to eat more healthy foods.5.What does the underlined word "disgusted" in paragraph 2 mean?A. Excited.B. Amazed.C. Unhappy.D. Untidy.6.What's the result of the study?A. People may prefer the food others like.B. Children dislike eating certain vegetables.C. Young women are easily affected by others.D. People may not choose the food others dislike.7.The team may do further study on _________.A. the safety of children's foodB. the wish to understand childrenC. the influences of parents' behaviorD. the ways to produce healthy foods8.What is the best title of the text?A. Videos affect choices of foodB. Studies on vegetables help a lotC. Expressions prevent possible dangersD. Opinions on vegetables influence othersCRobotics Workshop for BeginnersOrganized by May Town Community ClubWe welcome children who are interested to build a mini robot during the summer holidays. Register (登记) fast to avoid disappointment!Those who register before 30 June will get $20 off.Date:11 to 13 July,2023Time:9:30 a.m.to 4:00 p.m.Place:May Town Community ClubWorks hop Fee:$150 per childParents are invited to join their children for a family activity on the final day from 4 p.m.to 5pm Experienced trainers will teach you how to:※ build a mini robot※ use basic symbols for programming the robot※ work in a team※solve problems creativelyTo register for the workshop,visit our website www.maytown.sg and fill in the onlineform.Registration closes on 5 July.For more information,call Peter Lim at 67234562 during office hours.9.Who will teach the children in the robotics workshop?______A. Parents.B. Trainers.C. Robots.D. Peter Lim.10.When will the robotics workshop finish?______A. On 30 June.B. On 5 July.C. On 11 July.D. On 13 July.11.Where can we probably see the material?______A. In a computer book.B. In a science report.C. In a newspaper.D. In a travel guide.DJackson was walking home from school one afternoon when his untied shoelaces (鞋带) caught his foot. He almost fell. He put down his backpack and tied them.Eva and Dave were riding down the other side of the street. Suddenly, Dave stopped and pointed.“Whoa! Did you see that?” he asked. “Jackson just totally fell down there!”“Oh, no! Is he okay?” asked Eva.“It looks like he hurt his knee.”Just as they were still talking about this, Mandy caught up with them. “What are you guys talking about?”she asked.“Jackson just fell and hurt his knee,” said Eva.“Was he bleeding (流血)?” asked Mandy.The story began to spread. Within an hour, Kevin heard the whole story. “Jackson got hit by a car on his way home. There was blood everywhere, and he was sent to hospital.That night, Oliver got more information. “▲ He doesn’t even remember anything about the accident! He won’t be at school for at least four weeks.”The next morning, everybody at school was talking about Jackson.“Lucky Jackson,” Maya said. “He gets to miss so much school.”“The poor guy can’t even move, and you think he’s lucky?” said Kathy.Bob shook his head sadly, “He was so good at soccer—what if he can never play again?”“Maybe we should send him a card or visit him in the hospital,” suggested Bill.“Will he even remember us?” asked Gina.“I can’t believe he lost his memory!” Lisa cried.Just then, Jackson came around the corner and walked over to Gina and Lisa. “Hey guys, what’s going on?” he asked.Everyone stopped talking and stared at him.12.What was Jackson doing when he almost fell?A. Tying his shoelaces.B. Riding his bike home.C. Walking in the street.D. Putting down his backpack.13.Which of the following is the best to fill in the “▲” in the passage?A. Jackson fell down and hurt his knee.B. Jackson got hit by a car and kept bleeding.C. Jackson got caught by his shoelaces and fell.D. Jackson broke his leg and his head was hurt.14.From the last sentence of the passage, we can infer that everyone was ________.A. shockedB. scaredC. upsetD. disappointed15.The best title for the passage can probably be ________.A. A Funny FriendB. He Said, She SaidC. A Terrible AccidentD. He Hurt, She CaredEDear future Linda (or rather myself),I hope when you read this letter you donˈt find my writing too messy! At the moment, Iˈm15 years old and living at home with my family. I love school and have lots of good friends. We do lots of fun things together like parties, ice skating and swimming. My biggest worry is not doing well in my school exams, but Iˈm working really hard so hopefully I have nothing to worry about.Thereˈs so much I (you!) want to do. I hope youˈve travelled all over the world and seen lots of things and met lots of people. I hope youˈve visited the Great Wall in China and the pyramids in Egypt, shopped in New York City and in Paris, seen polar bears in Norway and the Great Barrier Reef in Australia. Iˈve just remembered, you always wanted to see elephants in India—I hope youˈve managed to do that too.I promise myself Iˈll always try my best and have no regrets. I never want to forget where every step of my life has taken me. Already it seems as if so much has happened. Iˈve moved from primary to junior middle school (about to graduate), been taught to swim and dance (I love ballet dancing), learned to speak Chinese and French, and raised money for those in need by selling old toys and books.I really hope youˈre happy. I hope you have a successful career that you enjoy doing and look forward to each morning when you wake up. I hope youˈre surrounded by good friends and family and maybe also have a family of your own. More than anything else, I hope youˈve enjoyed every single moment so far!Love Linda16.How does Linda develop Paragraph 2?A. By comparing facts.B. By telling stories.C. By giving examples.D. By listing numbers.17.Linda promises herself to ________.A. stay with her familyB. visit her friends moreC. always try her bestD. travel as much as she can18.Linda hopes she will have ________.A. a lovely homeB. a lot of holidaysC. a lot of moneyD. a career she loves19.From the passage, we know Linda is ________ about her study and life.A. hopefulB. worriedC. uncertainD. curiousFThe summer vacation is on the way!Spend time on your computers or on your mobile phones ?Stay at home and watch TV ?Why don't you join one of the following clubs to develop your new interests and hobbies ?DANCE CLUB Like to dance7 Come and join our club.Members meetfrom 2 pm to 5 pm on Mondays to practice dancing.There will be a big show in the end and you r parents will be invited to watch yourwonderful performance.COOKING CLUB Can you cook ?No ?Do you like cooking ?Yes ?Our club is the most popular one with more than 50 members.Membersmeet at 9 am every Sunday to learn to cook a dish.Then you can tastethe delicious food cooked by yourself with your partners.Of course ,you can also put your works on WeChat.PHOTOGRAPHY CLUB The club is perfect for students who lovetaking pictures.Members take courses on Fridays ,from 9 am to 11am.You will enjoy photos that top photographers have taken in thecourses.The best teachers from art schools will also teach you how totake wonderful photos.CHESS CLUB If you are interested in improving your creativity andproblem-solving ability ,you can't miss the chess club.Members meet at 2:30 pm on Wednesdays to play and study chess together.You willlearn more about the knowledge and skills of playing chess.20.Who will be invited to watch your performance in the dance club ? ______A. Your parents.B. Your teachers.C. Your friends.D. Your classmates.21.If Kate wants to learn how to make delicious food,what club can she join?______A. Chess club.B. Dance club.C. Cooking club.D. Photography club.22.How long do the courses last on Fridays in the photography club?______A. One hour.B. Two hours.C. Three hours.D. Four hours.23.Which of the following is TRUE according to the text?______A. There will be a big show in the photography club.B. Cooking club members meet at 9 am every Friday.C. Dance club is the most popular one with more than 50 members.D. Chess club can help improve your creativity and problem-solving ability.24.What does the writer advise students to do during the summer vacation?______A. To use mobile phones.B. To spend time on computers.C. To stay at home and watch TV.D. To develop new interests and hobbies.GTen years ago, J.B.Gill decided to make a change. He moved from the city to start hisown farm. As one of the members of a pop group, Gill had lived a busy life but the farmgave him a way to relax.Although farming was new to him, Gill took the challenge and his experiences helpedhim write his book Ace and the Animal Heroes. The story follows Ace, whose lifechanges greatly when he moves to the countryside. After trying on a pair of magicalwellies (长筒靴), Ace realizes he can speak to the animals, who make up their minds toprotect the farm.Gill says that if he had his own pair of magical wellies, he would love to speak to wildlife, especially the wild deer(鹿) that sometimes appear near his farm. As they have no owners, Gill feels like he's sharing their home. "It's really interesting to hear what they're thinking and know where they're at," he said.Gill got his ideas for writing from the animals on his family farm. His children, Ace and Chiara, helped out withhis book. Together, Gill's family made sure that the pictures in the book looked like the animals they'd been based on. He said, "All of those have been really great to piece the whole book together."25.What did Gill decide to do ten years ago?A. Live a busy life.B. Start his own farm.C. Move to the city.D. Form a pop group. .26.What's paragraph 2 mainly about?A. Gill's farm.B. Gill's family.C. Gill's book.D. Gill's animals.27.What can we learn about Gill from paragraph 3?A. He cares about wildlife.B. He develops many interests.C. He was born with magic.D. He is the owner of the deer.28.Where did Gill get the idea for his book?A. From his group members.B. From his children's pictures.C. From the magical wellies.D. From the animals on the farm.HDo you know that over 1/3 of all food produced in the world goes to waste? According to the United Nations (UN), every year around the world, about one billion (十亿) tons of food is wasted. At the same time, there are nearly one billion people who go hungry. Simply 1/4 of the food wasted is enough to keep them out of hunger. In addition, the wasted food produces over three billion tons of carbon dioxide (CO2), which speeds up climate (气候) change. What can we do to solve this food waste problem?One effective solution is balancing food production with demand (需求). In hotels and other similar places, special instruments should be used so that cooking specialists just prepare and cook food as it is ordered.Another effective solution is starting programs to reduce (减少) food waste. Stores and buyers can try their best to be creative in food waste reduction. For example, stores can provide customers with instructions telling them how to make full use of food. Buyers can try not fixing their eyes only on food of the best quality (质量). Sometimes, the food of non-top quality is also good enough to eat, or can be bought and then used to make delicious dishes.One of the hardest solutions to achieve is for each and every one to buy and prepare food with a plan of their own so that less food is wasted. Challenging as it is, the use of meal plans in preparing food can play an important role in ending food waste in the family.Food recycling is one of the known solutions. Efforts are now already in progress. Food that is not safe for humans to eat is recycled into other products such as animal feeds and clothing. Yet, there is still a long way to go and much for improvement in this area.In a word, food waste has been one of the biggest problems in the world that have influenced us greatly. Many solutions have been found and many more are yet to be worked out. If each of us can put in more efforts, food waste is sure to be reduced for the good of our future.29.According to the passage, what is a possible result of food waste?A. The problem of worldwide hunger.B. A big increase in food production.C. The speed-up of climate change.D. A sudden drop in population.30.What can we learn from the passage?A. Food recycling has been hugely successful.B. Buyers should give up non-top quality food.C. Stores should train people to make delicious dishes.D. Meal plans in the family are hard to put into practice.31.What is the passage mainly about?A. Benefits of reducing food waste.B. Solutions to the food waste problem.C. The importance of fighting food waste.D. The attitude to the food waste problem.IWhen considering the kind of experience that makes life better, most people first think that happiness depends on experiencing pleasure: good food, good jobs, all the comforts that money can buy. If we couldn't have these, we might as well sit in front of the television on a quiet evening.Pleasure is an important part of the quality of life, but by itself it doesn't bring happiness. When people think further about what makes a worthy life, they tend (倾向于) to move beyond pleasant memories and begin to remember other events, other experiences that overlap (有重叠) pleasurable ones but fall into a group with a separate name: enjoyment. Enjoyable events take place when people have not only satisfied a need or met someearlier expectation, but also achieved something unexpected.Enjoyment is characterized by a sense of curiosity, of achievement. Playing a tennis game that improves one's ability is enjoyable, as is reading a book that shows things in a new light, as is having a conversation that leads us to express ideas we didn't know we had. None of these experiences may be especially pleasurable when they are taking place, but when we think back on them afterwards, we would say, "That really was fun" and wish they would happen again. After an enjoyable event we know that we have changed, and grown.Experiences that give pleasure can also give enjoyment, but the two feelings are quite different. For example, everybody takes pleasure in eating. However, to enjoys food is more difficult—you have to pay enough attention to a meal, so as to sense and tell its various tastes. As this example suggests, we can experience pleasure without any psychic energy, while enjoyment happens only as a result of full attention. A person can feel pleasure without any effort, as long as certain parts in his brain are stimulated (刺激). But it's impossible to enjoy a tennis game or a book without full attention. It's for this reason that pleasure does not last long, nor does it make us grow. Growth requires full attention to goals that are new, that are relatively challenging.Without enjoyment, life will go on, and it can even be pleasant. But it depends heavily on luck and the external (外部的) environment. To achieve personal control over the quality of experience, however, we need to learn how to build enjoyment into what happens day in, day out.32.You will most probably experience enjoyment when you ________.A. buy expensive shoesB. order a delicious mealC. talk with friends for new ideasD. sit quietly in front of a television33.What do you know about pleasure and enjoyment from the passage?A. Enjoyment grows out of pleasure.B. Pleasure and enjoyment come hand in hand.C. Pleasurable experiences are part of enjoyable ones.D. Some experiences provide both pleasure and enjoyment.34.The words "psychic energy" in Paragraph 4 are closest in meaning to ________.A. attentionB. interestC. abilityD. knowledge35.The writer probably agrees that ________.A. feeling pleasure stops people from achieving growthB. feeling enjoyment comes with achieving growthC. a worthy life depends on luck and environmentD. pleasure is the key to a happy and worthy lifeJA young man with excellent grades wanted to get a job in a big company,He met the manager for the interview.The manager asked, "Who paid for your education?""My parents." The young man replied."Where do they work?""They work as clothes cleaners."Then,the manager asked the young man to show his hands.He found the young man's hands were so smooth,and asked, "Have you ever helped your parents wash the clothes?""Never.""Now go home and clean your parents' hands,then see me tomorrow morning."The young man felt upset.When he got home,he asked his parents to let him clean their hands.They felt strange but happy.While the young man was cleaning their hands,he found his parents' hands were so wrinkled (起皱的),and there were so many bruises (瘀伤) in their hands.His tears fell.After cleaning his parents' hands,he quietly washed all the rest of clothes.The next morning,he went to the manager's office.The manager asked him, "Can you tell me what you did and learned yesterday in your house?" He told the manager all he did with tears in his eyes and added, "Now I know what appreciation (感激) is.Without my parents,I would not be who I am today...By helping my parents,I realize how much they've done for me.And I also realize the importance and value of helping one's family."The manager smiled and said, "This is what I'm looking for."36.Why did the young man meet the manager?______A. Because the manager was his friend.B. Because the manager needed his help.C. Because he wanted to find a job.D. Because he wanted to ask for information.37.What did the young man's parents do?______A. Street cleaners.B. Clothes cleaners.C. Factory workers.D. Farm workers.38.What did the manager ask the young man to do after going home?______A. To wash the clothes.B. To talk with his parents.C. To clean the house.D. To clean his parents' hands.39.What can we infer (推断) from the last paragraph?______A. The young man got the job.B. The young man failed the interview.C. The manager laughed at the young man.D. The manager was angry with the young man.40.What does the text mainly tell us?______A. We should face difficulties bravely.B. We should learn to be thankful.C. Excellent grades are the most important.D. It's hard to get a job in a big company.答案和解析1~4.【答案】A、D、B、C【解析】【文章大意】本文主要讲述了Auggie在参加学校组织的露营时发生了一些不好的事,他回到家中和妈妈讲述了他的经历,妈妈告诉他世界上的好人远比坏人多。

Quick fix society对快节奏生活的感悟英文版

Quick fix society对快节奏生活的感悟英文版

More terrible is that people begin to feel that it is waste of your time to deal with interpersonal relationship, they become numb to friends. They quickly communicate with friends and quickly forget. only a rough understanding, unwilling to fraternize.
Thanks for your listening.
Slow or fast, Is up to youhe Past
Remember young days in the past. People were sincere and honest. They honored what they said. Early morning in the railway station. Long, dark and empty was the street. The soybean milk diner was steaming with heat.
got her salary, she would take me to the supermarket, let me choose a few things which I love to eat, although sometimes just a pack of tomato chips, can also makes me happy for a long time, that is not only the love of food, but also the joy of waiting.

最新日常英语常用词汇

最新日常英语常用词汇

最新日常英语常用词汇最新日常英语常用词汇大全引导语:在日常英语交流中少不了一些英语常用词汇,以下是店铺分享给大家的最新日常英语常用词汇大全,欢迎阅读!1 the2 be3 of4 and5 a6 to7 in8 he9 have10 it11 that12 for13 they14 I15 with16 as17 not18 on19 she20 at21 by22 this23 we24 you25 do27 from28 or29 which30 one31 would32 all33 will34 there35 say36 who37 make38 when39 can40 more41 if42 no43 man44 out45 other46 so47 what48 time49 up50 go51 about52 than53 into54 could55 state57 new58 year59 some60 take61 come62 these63 know64 see65 use66 get67 like68 then69 first70 any71 work72 now73 may74 such75 give76 over77 think78 most79 even80 find81 day82 also83 after84 way85 many87 look88 before89 great90 7 back91 through92 long93 where94 much95 should96 well97 people98 down99 own 100 just 101 because 102 good 103 each 104 those 105 feel 106 seem 107 how 108 high 109 too 110 place 111 little 112 world 113 very 114 still 115 nation117 old 118 life119 tell120 write 121 become 122 here 123 show 124 house 125 both 126 between 127 need 128 mean 129 call 130 develop 131 under 132 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far237 always 238 service 239 away240 report 241 something 242 company 243 week244 church 245 toward 246 start247 social 248 room 249 figure 250 nature 251 though 252 young 253 less254 enough 255 almost 256 read257 include 258 president 259 nothing 260 yet261 better 262 big263 boy264 cost265 business266 value267 second 268 why269 clear270 expect 271 family 272 complete 273 act274 sense 275 mind276 experience 277 art278 next279 near280 direct 281 car282 law283 industry 284 important 285 girl286 god287 several 288 matter 289 usual290 rather 291 per292 often293 kind294 among 295 white296 reason 297 action 298 return 299 foot300 care301 simple 302 within 303 love304 human 305 along306 appear 307 doctor 308 believe 309 speak310 active311 student 312 month 313 drive314 concern 315 best316 door317 hope318 example 319 inform 320 body321 ever322 least323 probable 324 understand 325 reach327 different 328 idea329 whole 330 control 331 condition 332 field333 pass334 fall335 note336 special 337 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639 catch640 opportunity 641 likely642 recognize 643 permit 644 serious 645 attack646 floor647 association 648 spring649 lot650 stock651 lack652 hair653 science 654 relation 655 profession 656 pattern657 quick658 medical 659 influence 660 occasion 661 machine 662 compare 663 husband 664 blue665 international 666 fair667 especially 668 indeed669 imagine 670 surprise 671 average 672 official673 temperature 674 difficult 675 sing676 hit677 tree678 race679 police680 touch681 relative682 throw683 quality684 former685 pull686 chance687 prove688 argue689 settle690 growth691 date692 heat693 save694 performance 695 count696 production 697 listen698 main699 pick700 size701 cool702 army703 patient704 combine 705 summer 706 hall707 slight708 command 709 enjoy710 length711 proper712 express 713 health714 chief715 evening 716 store717 language 718 degree 719 lay720 current 721 gun722 dog723 hotel724 strange 725 separate 726 boat727 fail728 clean729 dress730 anyone 731 gain732 pain733 object 734 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discussion 833 address 834 fly835 dependent 836 ball838 frame 839 extreme 840 engineer 841 thick 842 comfort 843 latter 844 camp 845 oil846 discover 847 examine 848 difficulty 849 tooth 850 middle 851 choice 852 refer 853 enemy 854 practical 855 marriage 856 bridge 857 declare 858 lady859 cross 860 daily 861 afternoon 862 attend 863 director 864 balance 865 wash 866 capital868 block 869 citizen 870 mouth 871 hill872 green 873 please 874 motor 875 agency 876 encourage 877 governor 878 worry 879 affair880 shoulder 881 bright 882 mass883 sample 884 pretty 885 repeat 886 roll887 push888 trip889 council 890 clothe 891 parent 892 forward 893 sharp 894 straight 895 gas896 weight897 discuss 898 fix899 load900 master 901 whatever 902 round903 rapid904 laugh905 finger906 spot907 propose 908 shop909 broad910 replace 911 reply912 extent 913 lock914 employee 915 ahead 916 sight917 spread 918 wind919 approve 920 destroy 921 none922 pound 923 fame924 importance 925 reflect 926 advantage927 match928 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nobody 1110 valley 1111 tool 1112 presence 1113 cook 1114 railroad 1115 minister 1116 coffee 1117 brush 1118 beside 1119 collect 1120 guide 1121 luck 1122 profit 1123 lord 1124 everybody 1125 prison 1126 cloud 1127 slave 1128 chairman 1129 soil1130 distinguish 1131 introduce 1132 urge 1133 blind 1134 arise 1135 upper 1136 curve1137 membership 1138 key1139 entertain1140 soul1141 neighborhood 1142 friendly 1143 pair 1144 stone1145 lean1146 protect1147 advertise1148 mystery1149 welcome1150 knee1151 jump1152 snake1153 stream1154 avenue1155 brown1156 disease1157 hat1158 excellent1159 formal1160 snow1161 sheet1162 somehow1163 unity1164 sky1165 rough1166 smooth1167 weather1168 steady 1169 threaten 1170 depth 1171 oppose 1172 deliver 1173 ancient 1174 pray1175 adopt 1176 birth 1177 appearance 1178 universe 1179 busy 1180 hurry 1181 coast 1182 forth 1183 smell 1184 furnish 1185 female 1186 hide1187 wire1188 proposal 1189 ought 1190 victory 1191 quarter 1192 engine 1193 customer 1194 waste 1195 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absolute 1281 succeed 1282 surround 1283 proud 1284 dear1285 card1286 lake1287 breath1288 afraid 1289 silence 1290 onto 1291 shoe 1292 somewhere 1293 chain 1294 slide 1295 copy 1296 machinery 1297 wake 1298 severe 1299 pocket 1300 bone 1301 honest 1302 freeze 1303 dictionary 1304 calm 1305 swim 1306 ice1307 male 1308 skin1309 crack 1310 rush1311 wet1312 meat 1313 commerce 1314 joint 1315 gift1316 host1317 suspect1319 uncle 1320 afford 1321 instant 1322 satisfactory 1323 height 1324 track 1325 confidence 1326 grass 1327 suggestion 1328 favorite 1329 breakfast 1330 apart 1331 chest 1332 entrance 1333 march 1334 sink1335 northern 1336 iron1337 alive 1338 ill1339 bag1340 disturb 1341 native 1342 bedroom 1343 violent 1344 beneath 1345 pause 1346 tough 1347 substance1349 charm 1350 absence 1351 factory 1352 spite 1353 meal 1354 universal 1355 accident 1356 highway 1357 sentence 1358 liberty 1359 wise1360 noise 1361 discovery 1362 tube1363 flash 1364 twist 1365 fence 1366 childhood 1367 joy1368 sister 1369 sad1370 efficiency 1371 disappear 1372 defeat 1373 extensive 1374 rent1375 comparison 1376 possess 1377 grace1379 liquid 1380 scientist 1381 ease1382 heaven 1383 milk1384 sympathy 1385 rank1386 restaurant 1387 frequency 1388 angry 1389 shade 1390 accuse 1391 necessity 1392 knock 1393 loud1394 permanent 1395 row1396 lovely 1397 confuse 1398 gold1399 frighten 1400 solve 1401 grave 1402 salary 1403 photograph 1404 advice 1405 abroad 1406 wound 1407 virtue1408 dare 1409 queen 1410 extra 1411 attract 1412 numerous 1413 pink 1414 gate 1415 expensive 1416 shut 1417 chicken 1418 forgive 1419 holy 1420 wooden 1421 prompt 1422 crime 1423 sorry 1424 republic 1425 anger 1426 visitor 1427 pile1428 violence 1429 steel 1430 wing 1431 stair 1432 partner 1433 delay 1434 gentleman 1435 pour 1436 confusion 1437 damage1438 kick1439 safety 1440 burst 1441 network 1442 resistance 1443 screw 1444 pride 1445 till1446 hire1447 verb1448 preach 1449 clerk 1450 everywhere 1451 anyway 1452 fan1453 connect 1454 egg1455 efficient 1456 grain 1457 calculate 1458 drag 1459 opposition 1460 worship 1461 arrest 1462 discipline 1463 string 1464 harbor 1465 camera 1466 mechanism 1467 cow1468 grand 1469 funny 1470 insurance 1471 reduction 1472 strict1473 lesson 1474 tight1475 sand1476 plate 1477 qualify 1478 elsewhere 1479 mad1480 interference 1481 pupil 1482 fold1483 royal1484 valuable 1485 whisper 1486 anybody 1487 hurt1488 excess 1489 quantity 1490 fun1491 mud1492 extension 1493 recognition 1494 kiss1495 crop1496 sail1497 attractive。

弹性城市指标体系

弹性城市指标体系

City Resilience IndexCity Resilience Framework April 2014© Ove Arup & Partners International Limited 2014AcknowledgementsOn behalf of the study team, I would liketo thank The Rockefeller Foundation for giving Arup International Development the opportunity to undertake this study. Our special thanks go to Dr. Nancy Kete, Sundaa Bridgett-Jones and Lily Fu for their support throughout. We would also like to thank the Rebuild by Design, 100 Resilient Cities – pioneered by The Rockefeller Foundation– and the Asian Cities Climate Change Resilience Network teams. Their comments and feedback have been very valuable toour work.Our particular thanks go to everyone who contributed to the fieldwork, especiallyour local partners: Fundación Alto Río (Concepción, Chile); GIP Pacífico and Findeter (Cali, Colombia); City of New Orleans and the American Red Cross Southeast Louisiana Chapter (USA); Arup Cape Town (South Africa); TARU Leading Edge (Surat, India); and Mercy Corps (Semarang, Indonesia). Their assistance during the fieldwork made a significant contribution to the final quality and outcomes of the study.Jo da SilvaDirectorArup International DevelopmentOn behalf of Arup International Development’s study team: Sachin Bhoite, Kieran Birtill, Stephen Cook, Sandra Diaz, Vicky Evans, Andrea Fernandez, Laura Frost, Sam Kernaghan, Ashlee Loiacono, Braulio Eduardo Morera, Geoffrey Morgan, Elizabeth Parker, Jo da Silva, Samantha Stratton-Short, Flora Tonking.Graphic design: Charlotte Svensson.Unless specified, all images are copyright Arup.© Ove Arup & Partners International Limited 2014(Front cover) Cali: Centro Administrativo MunicipalForewordIn 1958, Jane Jacobs, a community activist, received a Rockefeller Foundation grantto expand upon her ideas about how a city should look, feel, and work. The book she published three years later − The Death and Life of Great American Cities − transformed how city dwellers, urban academics and policy-makers think about cities and urban planning. Jacobs challenged the prevailing assumptions of what makes a city thrive. Over the past five decades, the values and ideas put forward by Jacobs and others have been profoundly important as questionsof identity, voice, inclusion, access and opportunity have been negotiated in the context of dynamic urban growth and globalisation.This legacy of progressive urban thinking becomes even more crucial as we lookto the future. Just as cities are hubsfor innovations and investments that expand opportunities, they are also living laboratories forced to confront challenges of increasing complexity. Indeed, the role of cities has become central in debates around our planetary boundaries, economic futures, social stability and climate change. What and who makes a city resilient – and not just liveable now or sustainable for the long term – has become an increasingly critical question, one we set out to answer in late 2012 with our partners at Arup through the creation of a City Resilience Index.The Rockefeller Foundation has been pioneering work on climate resilience in both rural and urban regions for more than a decade. By 2012, the idea of resilience as the critical lens through which to consider not only climate change, but also disaster risk reduction more generally, including financial shocks, terrorism and slow-moving chronic stresses, was gaining traction globally. But, producing a meaningful index for something as complex as the resilience of a city is fraught with reputational, conceptual and execution risk. We stumbled again and again on major conceptual and practical challenges.We found potential partners ready to jump into the metrics and indicators, but few with the experience to work with usto understand what does and does not contribute to urban resilience. We risked investing in an index that measured and compared cities based on available data, but did not necessarily help cities better understand and assess their own resilience.We found perspectives were siloed, shaped by experience and expertise in one or another aspect of resilience, disaster risk reduction, infrastructure resilience, climate change, national security or business continuity. What Arup has been able to bring is thought leadership and the capacity to create a comprehensive framework that reflects reality. A city’s resilience depends on its physical assets as well as its policies, social capital and institutions.This report presents the inclusive framework for articulating city resilience that the Foundation was looking for, to underpin the City Resilience Index. It has already proven useful in the agenda-setting workshops in cities across the globe that are participating in the 100 Resilient Cities Challenge. These workshops, in turn, have helped and will continue to help shape the framework and contribute to the final phase, developing the indicators and variables that will comprise the City Resilience Index.This framework will form the basis of a tool that should enable all of us interested in city resilience to convene around a common understanding of that idea, and begin to‘baseline’ what matters most for making cities more resilient. Both the framework and the index are intended to facilitate a process of engagement with and within cities that generates dialogue and deeper understanding. Ultimately, this will leadto new ideas and opportunities to engage new actors in civil society, government and business on what makes a city resilient.Dr. Nancy KeteManaging DirectorThe Rockefeller Foundation1 City Resilience Framework - The Rockefeller Foundation | Arup“In order to get a grip on it, one must be able to relate resilience to other properties that one has some means of ascertaining, through observation.”Martin-Breen & Andries (2011) Resilience: A literature review. The Rockefeller Foundation: New York City, p. 11Understanding city resilienceWhy city resilience?As the 21st century unfolds, an increasing majority of the world’s population will live in cities. Human wellbeing in cities relies on a complex web of interconnected institutions, infrastructure and information. People are drawn to cities as centresof economic activity, opportunity and innovation. But cities are also places where stresses accumulate or sudden shocks occur that may result in social breakdown, physical collapse or economic deprivation. That is, unless a city is resilient.Cities have always faced risks, and many cities that have existed for centuries have demonstrated their resilience in the faceof resource shortages, natural hazards, and conflict. In the 21st century, global pressures that play out at a city scale − such as climate change, disease pandemics, economic fluctuations, and terrorism − pose new challenges. The scale of urban riskis increasing due to the number of people living in cities. Risk is also increasingly unpredictable due to the complexity of city systems and the uncertainty associated with many hazards – notably climate change. Risk assessments and measures to reduce specific foreseeable risks will continue to play an important role in urban planning. In addition, cities need to ensure that their development strategies and investment decisions enhance, rather than undermine, the city’s resilience. If governments, donors, investors, policy-makers, and the private sector are to collectively support and foster more resilient cities, there needs to be a common understanding of what constitutes a resilient city and how it can be achieved. The City Resilience Framework responds to this challenge by providing an accessible, evidence-based articulation of city resilience. Over the coming months, it will be further developed to create the City Resilience Index, which will introduce variables that provide a robust basis for measuring resilience at the city scale. The primary audience for this tool is municipal governments. But, the framework, indicators and variables are also intended to support dialogue between other stakeholders who contribute to building more resilient cities globally.What is city resilience?Definition | City resilience describesthe capacity of cities to function, so that the people living and working in cities– particularly the poor and vulnerable – survive and thrive no matter what stresses or shocks they encounter.Resilience is a term that emerged from the field of ecology in the 1970s, to describe the capacity of a system to maintainor recover functionality in the event of disruption or disturbance. It is applicableto cities because they are complex systems that are constantly adapting to changing circumstances. The notion of a resilient city becomes conceptually relevant when chronic stresses or sudden shocks threaten widespread disruption or the collapse of physical or social systems. The conceptual limitation of resilience is that it does not necessarily account for the power dynamics that are inherent in the way cities function and cope with disruptions.In the context of cities, resilience has helped to bridge the gap between disaster risk reduction and climate change adaptation.It moves away from traditional disaster risk management, which is founded on risk assessments that relate to specific hazards. Instead, it accepts the possibility that a wide range of disruptive events – both stresses and shocks – may occur but are not necessarily predictable. Resilience focuses on enhancing the performance of a system in the face of multiple hazards, rather than preventing or mitigating the loss of assets due to specific events.“By April 2014, to articulateurban resilience in a measurable,evidence-based and accessibleway that can inform urbanplanning, practice, and investmentpatterns which better enableurban communities (e.g. poor andvulnerable, businesses, coastal) tosurvive and thrive multiple shocksand stresses.”Opportunity statement (RockefellerGrantee Workshop, New York City,February 2013)(Image opposite)Area of redevelopment in the Silo District, Cape Town.3City Resilience Framework - The Rockefeller Foundation | Arup4City Resilience Framework - The Rockefeller Foundation | ArupLearning from cities Fieldwork | To ensure the framework is widely applicable and grounded in the experiences of cities, the second stage of research involved fieldwork in six cities: Cali, Colombia; Concepción, Chile; New Orleans, USA; Cape Town, South Africa; Surat, India; and Semarang, Indonesia. These cities were selected as they had either recently experienced a major shock or are suffering chronic stresses, and as a group are geographically diverse. The primary purpose of the fieldwork was to understand what contributes to resilience in cities, and how resilience is understood from the perspective of different city stakeholder groups in different contexts. In each city, we carried out workshops, focus groups and key informant interviews with people from the municipal government, utility providers, business and civil society. Across the six cities, we collected data from 450 consultees and identified 1546 factors. Factors are defined as things (physical) or practices/procedures or behaviours (non-physical) that, in the opinion of the consultees, contribute to the resilience of their cities. A detailed analysis of the factors identified 12 key themes: essential needs; health management; livelihood support; law enforcement; social harmonisation; information and knowledge management; capacity and coordination; critical infrastructure management; environmental management; urban strategy and planning; economic sustainability; accessibility. These themes represent what the city stakeholders perceived to be the key city functions relevant to improving resilience. They map very closely to the functions that were derived from the desk-top analysis, with the following exceptions:Infrastructure + environment | Physical assets were least mentioned by consultees in the field, whereas they feature very strongly in the literature review. In the fieldwork research, emphasis was placed on proactive management and maintenance of infrastructure and the environment, rather CaliConcepción© Municipality of Concepción New Orleans Semarang Surat Learning from literatureApproaches | V arious approaches have been taken to framing or assessing resilience. They focus either on urban assets or systems, and, to varying degrees, consider man-made infrastructure, the natural environment, urban management and human behaviour. Asset-based approaches tend to focus on physical assets, rather than considering intangible assets that influence human behaviour, such as culture, social networks and knowledge. They neglect the role that assets play in city systems, and, therefore, overlook the importance of assets outside the city boundary; for example, a reservoir that may be a critical part of the water supply or flood management system.System-based approaches align more closely with the concept of resilience, and the long-standing notion of cities as ‘systems of systems’. Social systems determine human behaviour, which is also influenced by physical systems in the urban environment. V arious approaches exist, but they mostly examine the resilience of individual sub-systems rather than attempting to consider the resilience of the city as a system in itself. This promotes a sectoral approach and means that interdependencies between different systems at different scales, and the governing structures that influence the way systems work, are not easily considered.Finally, empirical evidence throughout the literature suggests that urban systems that exhibit particular qualities (or characteristics) are more likely to be resilient. The seven qualities summarised opposite are derived from published literature, including the set of characteristics developed previously by Arup and the Institute for Social and Environmental Transition, as used by the Asian Cities Climate Change Resilience Network. These qualities apply at a city scale and to individual systems.We concluded that what was missing is a comprehensive, holistic framework that combines the physical aspects of cities with the less tangible aspects associated with human behaviour; that is relevant in the context of economic, physical and social disruption; and that applies at the city scale rather than to individual systems within a city. Finally, it needs to incorporate the qualities that describe a resilient city (or system).Learning from case studies Functions and failure | A performance-based approach, which defines resilience in terms of a city’s ability to fulfil and sustain its core functions, offers a more comprehensive and holistic approach. As a city’s functions rely on a combination of assets, systems, practices and actions undertaken by multiple actors, a performance-based approach has greater potential to address questions of interdependency, power dynamics and scale.Based on the literature review, a draft hypothesis was developed which proposed that urban resilience could be framed in relation to seven critical functions of a city. This was tested through a desk-based analysis of the ‘factors’ of resilience identified from more than 150 sources, which examined cities experiencing shocks or stresses, together with recent guidance on urban resilience. This analysis resulted in a refined list of eight city functions that are critical to resilience. The functions propose that a resilient city: delivers basic needs; safeguards human life; protects, maintains and enhances assets; facilitates human relationships and identity; promotes knowledge; defends the rule of law, justice and equity; supports livelihoods; stimulates economic prosperity. The city’s ability to perform these functions determines whether the city is resilient or not. Resilience could be perceived as good health, a safe environment, social harmony and prosperity. Conversely, a city that is not resilient would be identified by ill-health or insecurity, an unsafe environment, conflict and deprivation.Cape TownEvery city is unique. The wayresilience manifests itself playsout differently in different places.The City Resilience Frameworkprovides a lens through whichthe complexity of cities and thenumerous factors that contributeto a city’s resilience can beunderstood. It comprises 12 keyindicators that describe thefundamental attributes of a resilientcity.City Resilience FrameworkA resilient city is a city where there is or are…1. Minimal human vulnerability Indicated by the extent to which everyone’s basic needs are met.2. Diverse livelihoods and employment Facilitated by access to finance, ability to accrue savings, skills training, business support and social welfare.3. Adequate safeguards to human life and healthRelying on integrated health facilitiesand services, and responsive emergency services.4. Collective identity and mutual support Observed as active community engagement, strong social networks and social integration.5. Social stability and security Including law enforcement, crime prevention, justice, and emergency management.6. Availability of financial resources and contingency fundsObserved as sound financial management, diverse revenue streams, the ability to attract business investment, adequate investment, and emergency funds. 7. Reduced physical exposure and vulnerabilityIndicated by environmental stewardship; appropriate infrastructure; effective landuse planning; and enforcement of planning regulations.8. Continuity of critical services Indicated by diverse provision and active management; maintenance of ecosystems and infrastructure; and contingency planning9. Reliable communications and mobility Indicated by diverse and affordable multi-modal transport systems and information and communication technology (ICT) networks; and contingency planning.10. Effective leadership and management Involving government, business and civil society, and indicated by trusted individuals; multi-stakeholder consultation; and evidence-based decision-making.11. Empowered stakeholdersIndicated by education for all, and accessto up-to-date information and knowledgeto enable people and organisations to take appropriate action.12. Integrated development planning Indicated by the presence of a city vision; an integrated development strategy; and plans that are regularly reviewed and updated by cross-departmental working groups.(Image across)View of Concepción, Chile.7City Resilience Framework - The Rockefeller Foundation | Arup8City Resilience Framework - The Rockefeller Foundation | Arup Qualities The indicators are complemented by qualities that distinguish a resilient city from one that is simply liveable, sustainable or prosperous. These qualities are considered to be important in preventing breakdown or failure; or enabling appropriate and timely action to be taken. They can be observed in relation to the various assets, systems, behaviours and practices that collectively contribute to achieving the 12 outcomes (or indicators). For example, health services that are flexible can reallocate staff to deal with an outbreak of disease. Protective infrastructure that is robust will not fail catastrophically when design thresholds are exceeded. Energy systems with redundancy can accommodate surges in demand or disruption to supply networks. Planning processes that are reflective are better placed to respond to changing circumstances. Families that are resourceful will have put aside savings or invested in insurance. Early warning systems that are inclusive will minimise loss of life and property. City resilience is complex. The three layers of the City Resilience Framework – categories, indicators and qualities – each contribute to a richer articulation of resilience. The framework can be used to facilitate a common understanding of resilience amongst diverse stakeholders. It can also be used to identify where there are critical gaps, where action and investment to build resilience will be most effective, or where deeper analysis or understanding is required. The final layer will be the variables and metrics that result in the City Resilience Index. This will enable cities to carry out an objective assessment of their resilience and measure progress against an initial baseline. IndicatorsCategoriesIndicators The relative importance of the 12 indicators is likely to depend on the urban context and the challenges a city faces. However, our research tells us that, generally, these factors are what matter most when a city faces a wide range of chronic problems or a sudden catastrophe. They represent the backbone of a resilient city. They are what enable people to survive and thrive and businesses to prosper despite adverse circumstances.The twelve indicators provide a holistic articulation of resilience which equates to the elements of a city’s immune system. A weakness in one area may compromise the city’s resilience overall, unless it is compensated for by strength elsewhere. In Guangzhou, China, public squares were redesigned to encourage social interaction between migrant workers as part of an integrated approach to urban planning. In Surat, India, there has been substantial investment in health services to offset the lack of family support and social networks among migrant workers.The indicators are performance indicators; they describe the outcome of actions to build resilience, not the actions themselves. This acknowledges that resilience results from individual and collective action at various levels, delivered by multiple stakeholders ranging from households to municipal government. In Cape Town, South Africa, emergency response in some townships has fallen to community groups, as the city police force is unwilling to operate in these areas due to concerns for their safety. In the Philippines, the efficacy of a community-based early warning system in Metro Manila has been strengthened through access to data and knowledge as a result of a partnership between a local non-governmental agency and the university. QualitiesCategoriesThe 12 indicators fall into four categories: the health and wellbeing of individuals (people); infrastructure & environment (place); economy and society (organisation); and, finally, leadership and strategy (knowledge). For each, it is possible to envisage a best case which represents a resilient city, and a worst case which equates to breakdown or collapse. A city characterised by poverty, social conflict, poor quality infrastructure and weak governance is not resilient. This is evident in Port au Prince, Haiti, where recovery following the devastation caused by an earthquake on 12 January 2010 has proven particularly challenging.The categories can be used to explain New York City’s resilience, as demonstrated following Superstorm Sandy in 2012, and, previously, after the 9/11 terrorist attack in 2001. This was due to the city’s relative prosperity, but also to collective identity and effective city leadership. These factors meant that people were willing to help each other and unite around the common goal of getting the city back to normal as quickly as possible. Emergency plans were in place that meant that urban systems and services were rapidly reinstated and civil order was maintained.Wealthier cities are not necessarily more resilient, as demonstrated by the decline of the US city of Detroit, which became overly dependent on a single industry, or the flooding which brought Bangkok, Thailand, to a standstill in 2010, affecting supply chains globally. Conversely, relatively poor cities can make choices that build resilience. Gorakhpur, India, is working to build resilience at the ward level in response to annual waterlogging in poorer parts of the city. By improving solid waste management practices to unblock drains, and increasing drainage of waterlogged areas, the city has reduced incidences of diseases such as malaria and Japanese encephalitis, which are spread by vectors that breed in waterlogged areas.“Resilience is based on the shifting relationship between scales, and between autonomy on the one hand and connectivity on the other.”Allan, P. & Bryant, M. (2011) ‘Resilience as a framework for urbanism and recovery’. Journal of Landscape Architecture 6(2), p. 439City Resilience Framework - The Rockefeller Foundation | Arup1. Minimal human vulnerability This relates to the extent to which everyone’s basic needs are met. Minimising underlying human vulnerabilities enables individuals and households to achieve a standard of living which goes beyond mere survival. A basic level of wellbeing also allows people to deal with unforeseen circumstances. This is only possible once their physiological needs are met through a basic level of provision of food, water and sanitation, energy and shelter.The focus of this indicator is on providing an adequate and dependable supply of essential services to a city’s whole population. Access to shelter and food – particularly for vulnerable groups – as well as suffi cient, safe, and reliable citywide water, sanitation and energy networks are key to achieving this goal. Evidence from cities suggests that the affordability of these services is also critical to ensuring the whole population has daily access, including during times of disruption. The robustness of essential city networks becomes particularly important in severe environmental events. For example: electricity power lines may be damaged by storms.If failure occurs, resourceful city utility companies are able to respond quickly in line with coordinated and pre-prepared emergency plans. Inclusive plans are also essentialto ensure that all communities receive a minimum supply of basic assets, notably water and food, particularly in extreme circumstances.Specifi c sub-indicators that underpin this indicator area include: Food; Water and sanitation; Energy; Housing.2. Diverse livelihoods andemploymentThis is facilitated by access to fi nance,ability to accrue savings, skills training,business support, and social welfare.Diverse livelihood opportunities andsupport mechanisms allow citizens toproactively respond to changing conditionswithin their city without undermining theirwellbeing. Access to fi nance, skills trainingand business support enables individualsto pursue a range of options to secure thecritical assets necessary to meet their basicneeds. Long-term, secure livelihoods allowpeople to accrue personal savings that willsupport their development, as well as theirsurvival during times of crisis.Mechanisms through which diverselivelihood and employment opportunitiescan be generated include training and skillsdevelopment, microfi nance, incentiveand innovation programmes, as well asa living wage. Financial resources forbusiness development and incentivesfor innovation allow individuals to seekdiverse employment options during times ofeconomic constraint or change. Contingencymeasures, such as insurance and socialwelfare, contribute to supporting householdsthrough challenging circumstances.An inclusive approach to livelihoodsensures that all citizens in a city haveunrestricted access to legitimateoccupations, regardless of race, ethnicity,gender or sexual orientation. A range ofdiverse (redundant) small, medium andlarge businesses in different economicsectors helps people to access jobopportunities, even during challengingmacro-economic circumstances. In thelong term, microfi nance, savings, training,business support and social welfare form asafety net that enables people to be fl exibleduring times of stress.Specifi c sub-indicators that underpinthis indicator area include: Livelihoodopportunities; Skills and training;Development and innovation; Access tofi nancial assistance.3. Adequate safeguards to humanlife and healthThis relies on integrated health facilitiesand services, and responsive emergencyservices.Health systems are critical to the day-to-day prevention of illness and the spread ofdisease, as well as protecting the populationduring emergencies. They comprise adiverse suite of practices and infrastructure,which help to maintain public health andtreat chronic and acute health problems.Health services encompass a variety ofpractices, including: education; sanitation;epidemiological surveillance; vaccination;and provision of healthcare services. Theseare focused on ensuring both physical andmental health. Accessible and affordableday-to-day individual healthcare, as well asappropriate population-based interventions(i.e. targeted at the community or city level),are key features of a functioning city healthsystem.Measures to address injuries and addictionare also important to reduce the burdenof ill-health in urban settings. Effective,inclusive and well-prepared medical staffand procedures ensure that all individualshave access to health services before, aswell as during, emergencies. Responsiveemergency services provide surge capacityto support peak demand during a crisis.In order to achieve the above, appropriatehealth infrastructure is critical.Refl ective learning and future planningensure that public health practices − suchas prevention through education − areappropriate for the social and physicalcontext of a given city. Services orfacilities that target vulnerable groupsensure that preventive and responsivestrategies are inclusive and able to reachthe entire population. In emergencies, adiverse network of medical practitionersand facilities throughout the city ensuresthe availability of additional resources(redundancy) that can be deployedimmediately wherever they are needed.Specifi c sub-indicators that underpinthis indicator area include: Public healthmanagement; Access to affordablehealth services; Emergency facilities andpractitioners.City Resilience Framework - The Rockefeller Foundation | Arup10。

乒乓球英语作文

乒乓球英语作文

乒乓球英语作文英文回答:What is the history of table tennis?Table tennis emerged in England in the late 19th century, with the first official rules being established in 1887. Initially played on dinner tables using makeshift equipment, it evolved into a popular parlor game.What are the rules of table tennis?Table tennis is played on a 9-foot by 5-foot table with a net dividing the court in half. Players take turnshitting a lightweight ball back and forth over the net. Points are scored when an opponent fails to return the ball or hits it out of bounds.What are the different strokes used in table tennis?The main strokes used in table tennis include the forehand drive, backhand drive, forehand push, backhand push, and the serve.What are the different strategies used in table tennis?Playing table tennis effectively requires a combination of techniques and strategies. Common tactics include controlling the pace and spin of the ball, strategizing to outmaneuver opponents, and developing a strong defense.What are the physical benefits of playing table tennis?Table tennis is an excellent form of exercise,providing numerous physical benefits. It helps improve cardiovascular health, hand-eye coordination, reflexes, and agility.What are the mental benefits of playing table tennis?Beyond its physical benefits, table tennis also offers mental benefits. It enhances problem-solving skills,concentration, and decision-making abilities.What are the different types of table tennis tournaments?Table tennis tournaments vary in規模 and prestige, ranging from local competitions to international tournaments such as the World Championships and the Olympics.What are the different types of table tennis equipment?Table tennis equipment includes the table, paddles, net, and balls. Paddles come in various shapes, sizes, and materials, with players choosing the equipment that best suits their playing style.What are the different types of table tennis players?Table tennis players can be categorized based on their playing styles, including aggressive attackers, all-rounders, and defensive players.How can I improve my table tennis skills?To improve your table tennis skills, regular practice is essential. Additionally, seek guidance from a coach, watch professional matches to analyze techniques, and study training materials.中文回答:乒乓球的历史是什么?乒乓球起源于19世纪末的英国,1887年制定了第一批官方规则。

quick-fix-society-课文翻译

quick-fix-society-课文翻译

急于求成的社会Quick Fix Society詹妮特·曼德尔·戈德斯坦Janet Mendell Goldstein我和老公在西弗吉尼亚州度了一周的假,刚回来。

My husband and I just got back from a week's vacation in West Virginia.不用说,我们迫不及待地想到那里,于是便走了宾夕法尼亚收费高速公路和几条州际公路。

Of course, we couldn’t wait to get there, so we took the Pennsylvania Turnpike and a couple of interstates.“看哪,那些美丽的农场!”老公高声喊道,田园景色以每小时五十五英里的速度在我们身边滑过。

"Look at those gorgeous farms!" my husband exclaimed as pastoral scenery slid by us at 55 mph.“你看见那些奶牛了吗?”可是,每小时五十五英里的速度,很难看清任何东西。

美丽的农场像移动的绿色棋盘,成群的奶牛在后视镜里缩成了几个小黑点。

“Did you see those cows?”But at 55 mph, it's difficult to see anything; the gorgeous farms look like moving green checkerboards, and the herd of cows is reduced to a few dots in the rear-view mirror.四个小时里,我们唯一真正的乐趣就是数出口的标志,还有就是想再次停车时会有什么样的感觉。

For four hours, our only real amusement consisted of counting exit signs and wondering what it would feel like to hold still again.的确,去那里看上去没多少快乐,事实上根本就没一点儿快乐。

译林版初二上册英语单词表

译林版初二上册英语单词表

Unit 11. adj.口渴的thirsty2. adj.诚实的;正直的honest3. n.秘密secret4. 保守秘密(短语)keep a secret5. n. 欢乐,高兴;乐趣joy6. vi&vt.关心,关注,在意care7. 关心,关怀(短语) care about8. pron. 你自己yourself9. n.(13至19岁的)青少年teenager10. n.杂志magazine11. adj.好看的,漂亮的g ood-looking12. adj.幽默的humorous13. adj.礼貌的polite14. adj.爱整洁的,整洁的tidy15. v. 成为;适合make16. vt. 信任trust17. n. 谎言lie18. n.玩笑joke19. adj.确实的;的确true20. adj.慷慨的,大方的generous21. adj. 乐意的,愿意的willing22. 在任何时候(短语)any time(=anytime)23. n.嗓音voice24. n.歌手singer25. adv.几乎,差不多almost26. adj.圆形的round27. n.感觉;观念,意识 sense28. n.幽默(英)humour =(美)humor29. adj.无聊的bored30. vi可容纳,装进fit31. vt.碰,撞;把...撞击成 knock32. prep. 到…的上面onto33. adj笔直的straight34. adj可爱的,惹人喜爱的sweet35. vi.微笑smile36. n个性personality37. vt.& vi. 选择;挑选choose38. adj更差,更糟,更坏(bad的比较级)worse39. adj最差,最糟,最坏(bad的最高级)worst40. n高,高度height39. n重量weight 40. n秒sec. (=second)41. n.竞赛,比赛;竞争competition42. n测试,考察testr43. n游泳者swimmer44. n打算,计划plan45. adj社会的social46. n.社会工作者social worker47. n.马尾辫ponytail48. adj害羞的shy49. adj方形的square50. adj微笑的,带着笑意的smiling51. adj英俊的handsome52. adj胖的fat53. adj勤奋的,工作努力的hard-working54. adj耐心的patient55. n.微笑smile56. adj不快乐的,悲伤的unhappy57. adj杰出的,极好excellentUnit21.n. 广告advertisement (=ad)2.adj. 英国的British3.n. 饼干(英)biscuit4.n. 卡车(英)lorry5.n. 橡皮(英)rubber6.adj.美国的American7.n. 橡皮(美) eraser8.n. <美>英式足球soccer9. n. 假期(美)vacation10. n. 饼干(美)cookie11. n. 秋天(美)autumn12. n. 商店(美)store13. 卡车(美)truck14. n. 院子(美)yard15. n. 电影(美)movie16. adj. 男女混合的;混合的mixed17. n. 法语French18. adj. 外国的foreign19. n. 语言language20. prep.在······期间during21. vt.讨论、议论discuss22. 在课堂上in class23. n. 家伙(口)guy24. n. 好朋友,搭档buddy25. vt.主动提出,自愿给予offer26.vt. & vi. 结束end27. n. 棒球baseball28. vt. & vi.赢得,赢,获胜 win29. adj. 最少的,最小的least30. adv.较远(far的比较级)further / farther31. adv.最远(far最高级)furthest/ farthest32. vt.花费(时间或金钱)spend33.花时间做某事spend time on/doing sth34. n. 制服uniform35. n. 国际象棋chess36. 至多,不超过at most37. adj. 每日的,日常的daily38. adj. 每周的weekly39. adj. 快的quick40. prep. 自始至终,从头到尾through41. 浏览,快速查看look through42. adj. 真实的,真的real43. 起初,首先短语at first44. 继续、重复做某事keep (on) doing sth45. vt. & vi.完成、结束finish46. n. 午餐时间lunchtime47. n. 物理(学)physics48. n. 羽毛球badminton49. adj. 理想的idealUnit31. 来吧;赶快come on2. pron. 我们自己ourselves3. 玩得愉快enjoy oneself4. n. 澳大利亚Australia5. 保重take care6. n. 咖啡coffee7. n. 顶部,(物体的)上面top8. n. 总统,国家主席president9. adj. 宽的,宽广的wide10. n. 钢steel11. n. 吨ton 12. adv. 够好,蛮不错fine13. vt. & vi. 加入,参加 join14. pron. 我自己myself15. vi. 发光,照耀shine16. adj. 晴朗的,清晰的clear17. n. 天,天空sky18. n. 旅行,旅程journey19. adj. 乏味的boring20. adv. 最后finally21. vi. 到达arrive到达arrive at / in22. 迫不及待can’t wait to do sth23. 下车get off24. n. 令人感兴趣的事或人;兴趣interest25. 景点place of interest26. 不相信自己的眼睛,非常惊讶not believe one’s eyes27. adj. 主要的main28. n. [复]名胜,风景sights29. n. 文化culture30. n. 网络Internet31. n. 页,页面,页码page32. n. 主页home page33. pron. 你们自己yourselves34. pron. 他们自己themselves35. 独立地,独自by oneself36. pron. 它自己itself37. vt. & vi. 拉,拖,移开 pull38. n. 岩石rock39. adv. 幸好,幸运的是 luckily40. n. 登山者,攀爬者climber41. n. 决赛final42. n. 支持support43. 进行,发生take place44. vi.& vt. 欢呼,喝彩cheer45. vt. 到达reach46. n. 中场休息half-time47. 上车get on48. n. 费用,价钱cost49. vi. 休息,歇息rest50. adj. 免费的free51. adj. 无助的helpless52. adj. 有用的,有益的useful53. adj. 无用的useless54. n. 欢呼声,喝彩声cheer55. n. 希望hope56. n. 意思meaning57. n. 味道,品味taste58. adj. 兴高采烈的cheerful59. adj. 多彩的colourful60. n. 票,入场券ticket61. vt. 留着,不退还keep62. n. 广场squareUnit41. n. 指示instruction2.最好had better (=’d better)3. n. 工具tool4. n.刷子,画笔brush5. n. 胶水glue6. n. 绳索rope7. n. 剪刀scissors8. n. 胶带,磁带tape9. n. 自己动手做DIY10. adv.确切地,精确地exactly11. 代表,象征stand for12. vt. 修补repair13. vt. 装饰decorate14. 而不是,代替 instead of15. n. 玫瑰花rose16. adj.着迷的狂热的发疯的crazy17. 对······着迷的be crazy about18. adj.可怕的terrible19. adv.曾经,一度 once20. 安装put in21. n. 错误,失误mistake22.犯错误make a mistake23. 供电中断,停电 power cut24. n. 管子,水管pipe25. vt. 使充满fill26. 用···充满···fill···with ···27.不仅···而且···;···和···都not only···but (also)28. n. 天花板ceiling29. n. 架子,搁板shelf30. vt. & vi.建议,忠告,劝告advise31. n. 课程,过程course 32. adv.已经already33. adv.反而,却instead34. vt. & vi. 经常去,出席attend35. vt. 剪下,切下,割下cut36. n. 句子sentence37.n.葡萄grape38.n.草莓strawberry39. n. 调羹spoon40. n. 沙拉salad41. n. 奶油,乳脂,霜cream42. vt. & vi. 混合mix43. vt. & vi. 增加,补充add44.n. 提示,指点tip45. n. 例子,榜样example46.例如for example47.使处于某种状态leave48. n. 调味汁,酱sauce49. n. 火腿ham50. adj.正确的correct51. adj.完成finished52. adj.确定的certain53. adj.积极的,活跃的,主动的active54. adj.可能的possible55. vt. & vi. 收拾,整理tidy56.收拾妥,整理好tidy up57. adj.秘密的secret58.保密keep a secret59. adv.错误地,不对wrong60.犯错,弄错,机器出故障go wrong61. vt. & vi. 拼写spell62. 剪出cut out63. n. 气球balloon64. vt. & vi. 粘住,钉住stick65. n. 封面,盖子,罩cover66. vt. 完成complete67. n. 颜料paint68. n. 家具furnitureUnit51.adj.野生的n.自然环境wild2.adj.自由的,不受束缚的free3.n.一道菜,盘,碟dish4.不可能(口)no way5.n.同情pity6.同情,怜悯have/take pity on7.vi.死die8.实际上,事实上in fact9.n.海豚dolphin10.n.大熊猫giant panda11.n.松鼠squirrel12.n.斑马zebra13.vt. 意思是,意味着 mean14.出生be born15.n.开始,起初beginning16.一开始in the beginning17. adv. 令人遗憾地,不幸地,伤心地sadly18.n.面临,面对face19.adj.严重的serious20.以食···为生live on21.adv. 主要地,大部分mainly22.adv.然而however23.n.结果result24.因此as a result25.n.危险danger26.处境危险in danger27.n.行动,行为action28.采取行动take action29.立刻,马上right away30.n.(动植物)保护区reserve31.n.法律,法规law32.pron. 没有一个(人或物)none33.出生时,诞生时at birth34.adj.关闭的closed35.n.蝙蝠bat36.n.蜜蜂bee37.adj.迷路的,迷失的lost38.迷路get lost39.与···同样the same as40.vt. & vi.储存,节省save41.n.条纹stripe42.n.一会儿,一段时间while43.n.特性,才能quality44.n.猎人hunter45.vt. 捉住,捕捉catch46.n.狼wolf47. adj. 厚的,密的,浓的thick 48.vt. 失去,被···夺去,输掉lose49.n.生存,生计living50.vt. & vi.杀死kill51.n.人human52.(正式信件署名前的套话)你的真诚的yours sincerely53.adj.难过的,遗憾的 sorry54.n.遗憾,可惜pity55.vt. & vi.卖,出售sell56.n.憾事,羞愧shame57.vt. & vi.行动;表演act58.n.疾病illness59因为,由于because of60.vt. & vi.接受,收受accept61.n.报告report62.n.尾巴tail63.n.昆虫insect64.vt. & vi.活动,移动,搬迁move65.adv.缓慢地slowly66.n.白天daytime67.adv. 要不然,否则otherwiseUnit61.n.观鸟birdwatching2.n.市场market3.是的(口)yeah4.n.母鸡hen5.adj. 美味的,可口的(口)yummy6. n.鶴crane7. n.麻雀sparrow8. n.羽毛feather9. n.天鹅swan10.n. 鹰eagle11. adj. 宽的,宽大的b road12. n.翅膀wing13.n.种类type14. adj. 罕见的,稀有的rare15. n.大自然,自然界nature16. n.(尤指为野生动物保存的)湿地wetland17. vt.提供provide18. n.庇护所cover19. n.野生动物wildlife20. adj. 极好的,完美的p erfect21. adv. 周围,绕一圈,转过来round22. 一年到头all year round22. conj. 然而while23.n.停留,逗留stay24.adv. 容易地,不费力地easily25.n.分;分币cent26.n. <英>百分之一pecent27.以便,为的是in order to28. n.空间space29.vi.& vt. 领导,带领lead30.导致lead to31.越来越少less and less32.adv. 此外moreover33.n.渔民,钓鱼的人fisherman34. vi. 捕鱼,钓鱼fish35.n.政府government36.vt. 防止,预防prevent37.n.协会,社会society38.vt. 记录record39.n.改变,变化change40.n.旅行者,观光者tourist41. vi.& vt. 计算(或清点)总数;数数count42.vt.描述describe43.vi.& vt. 理解,明白 understand44.n.重要性importance45.写下,记下write down46.vt. 覆盖,包括cover47.n.丹顶鹤red-crowned crane48.n.[复]望远镜binoculars49.adv. 清晰地clearly50.n.说话人,演讲者speaker51.n.旅行tour52.n.申请application53.n.表格form54.n.地址address55.n.主席chairperson56. vt.介绍introduce57.adj. 自然的,天然的naturalUnit71.vt. & vi. 打赌;敢说bet2.adj.有雾的,多雾的foggy3.adj.有雨的rainy4.adj.有雪的snowy5.n.蝴蝶butterfly6.n.阵雨,阵雪shower7.n.记忆,回忆memory8.n.小河,溪流stream9.n.阴凉处,树荫处shade10.n.堆pile11.prep.在···之上upon (=on)12. vt. & vi. 收割,收获harvest13. n.庄稼,收成crop14. conj. 当···时,随着as15.n.温度temperature16. vt. & vi. 下降,落下 drop17. vi.上升,升起rise18. n.云cloud19. vt.踢kick20. n.发烧fever21. vi.咳嗽cough22. adj.糟糕的,很坏的awful23.n.暴风雪snowstorm24. n.风wind25.adv.大约around26.n.阳光sunshine27.n.其余的部分(人)rest28.n.度数degree29.n.一点,少量bit有一点 a bit30. vt. & vi. 吹;刮blow31.adv.大声地loudly32 vt. & vi. 给···打电话;响起铃声.ring33.n.雾fog34.adj.困倦的,瞌睡的sleepy35.n.光亮,光泽shine36.adj.光亮的,反光的shiny37.adj.突然的sudden38. n.雪球snowball39. n.打仗(架)fight40.adj.深的deep41.adj.结冰的frozen42.n.陆地land43.adj.激动人心的exciting44.vt.扔,投throw45.vt. & vi. 尖叫scream46.n.雪人snowman <复snowmen>47.n.冰ice48.adv.到处everyoneUnit81.n. 灾难,不幸,祸患disaster2. vt.用拖把擦干净mop3.adj.完全地up4.n. 地震earthquake5.成千上万的thousands of6.n. 事故,意外的事accident7.n.长途汽车coach8.vi. & vt.猛撞,碰撞crash9.n. 洪水,水灾flood10.冲走wash away11.n. 村庄,乡村village12.n. 闪电lightning13.n. 风暴,暴风雨storm14.n. 雷声,雷thunder15.着火catch fire16.adj.轻微的slight17.n. 摇动,震动shake18.adj.响亮的,大声的,喧闹的loud19.n. 炸弹bomb20.vi. & vt.摇动,震动shake21.n. 害怕,恐惧fear22.n.方向direction 四面八方in all directions23. conj.当···的时候,和···同时w hile24.n. 砖,砖块brick25.崩塌,坍塌come down26.adj.寂静的silent27.一点也不not...at all28.conj.是否if29.adj.紧张不安的nervous30.n. 心脏heart31. vi. & vt.(使)规律作响,作节奏运动beat32.adj.困住的trapped33.n. 头脑mind34. vi. & vt.(使)平静,(使)镇定calm35.冷静calm down36. conj.由于,既然s ince37.adv.仍然still 38.adj.活着的alive39. n. 黑暗dark40.找到出路find one’s way out41.n. 呼喊,呼叫声shout42.最后,终于 at last43.n. 日光daylight44.adj.安全的safe45.adj.睡着的asleep46.conj.在···以后after47.vi.损坏;打破break48. (车辆或机器)出故障,坏掉break down49. 尽可能as...as possible50.n. 毛巾,浴巾towel51.n. 规则rule52. n. 铁路railway53. n. 烧伤,烫伤,灼伤burn54. n. 女儿daughter55. n. (外)孙女granddaughter56. n. 儿子son57. n. (外)孙子grandson58. n. 木板board59. n. 工作日(周一至周五的任何一天)weekday60. n. 头痛headache61. n. 乡下,农村countryside62. n. 家务活housework63. n. 烧饼,薄饼pancake64. adv.几乎,将近nearly65. vt.清除,清理clear66. adv.在后面behind。

MOTOTRBO 双向无线电选择指南说明书

MOTOTRBO 双向无线电选择指南说明书

MOTOTRBO™PAGE 2START WITH COVERAGE AND CAPACITYSmall campus or sprawling facility, single location or satellite work crews, how do you find the right radio for an enterprise? Whether businesses want to connect on site or communicate with a workforce on the go, coverage and capacity needs will drive the system type. First find out how many users, talkgroups and channels a customer will need.DEFINE WHO WILL USE THE DEVICETracking inventory throughout the warehouse, transporting equipment to the job site or managing guests across the resort, today’s workforce must exchange business-critical voice and data communications. And MOTOTRBO makes efficient information-sharing a reality for businesses on the move.Are your customers looking for feature-rich solutions in an ultra-thin device? Then the SL1K digital portables are the perfect fit – the ultimate in discreet communication, where function meets style, they complement executive attire.Are your customers looking for high powered performance combined with day-in, day-out durability? The XiR ™ P8600 Series portable radios meets the challenge, integrating voice and data and offering enhanced features such as GPS, integrated Bluetooth ® audio & data, and Intelligent Audio.Are your customers seeking a tough-as-nails mobile that goes the distance and delivers expanded capabilities like integrated GPS, text messaging and Bluetooth ® audio and data? Then the XiR ™ M8600 Series is the ideal match.For customers looking for a scalable portable solution to help achieve greater productivity, safety and cost-effectiveness, the XiR P6600 Series can help remaster their workplace and the way people collaborate.FIND THE RADIO THAT FITSFrom the front desk to the factory dock, moving across campus or around the country, MOTOTRBO radios are connecting more people effortlessly and efficiently wherever they work. Information is instantaneous. Decision-making becomes easier. Safety gets stronger. Productivity increases. Service improves and customers are more satisfied.Whether your customers want ultra-thin, rugged, or scalable portables or extra-tough mobiles with integratedBluetooth ® or industry-leading data applications, we have the right radio that fits their needs today and evolves with new features to address their requirements tomorrow.Our radios are designed with a robust mix of features to increase workforce efficiency, productivity and safety – such as digital telephone patch for talking with a landline or mobile phone, emergency notification for use during critical situations, and intrinsically safe certifications for hazardous work environments.MOTOTRBO RADIOS MADE FOR THE WAY PEOPLE WORKSL1K: ULTRA-THIN AND LIGHTFOR THE ULTIMATE IN DISCREET COMMUNICATIONOptimize data applications, from enhanced work ticket management to text messaging, on a large, full-color screen that’s easy to read. Experience integrated Bluetooth® data and Intelligent Audio, in a shape so sophisticated, it’s unlike any radio you’ve ever used. xiR P8200 SERIES PORTABLE ANDxiR M8200 SERIES: TRANSFORM BUSINESS WITH THE ORIGINAL HIGH-POWERED PORTABLES AND MOBILES Get increased capacity, integrated data applications including GPS, text messaging and access to the industry’s largest application developer program, exceptional voice quality and extended battery life.xiR P8600 SERIES AND xiR M8600 SERIES: TAKE YOUR ENTERPRISE EVEN FURTHER WITH FULL-FEATURED PORTABLES AND MOBILESEnjoy exceptional voice and data communication with integrated Bluetooth audio and data, integrated GPS and text messaging, full color displays with day/night mode, and best-in-class audio that includes Intelligent Audio and customizable voice announcement.xiR P6600 SERIES:DIGITAL NOW WITHIN REACHThe XiR P6600 Series offers best-in-class audio in a scalable solution that allows users to migrate at their own pace. With analog/digital interoperability and the ability to expand features with a simple software upgrade, you can make the transition to digital at your own pace and budget.PAGE 4PAGE 5MOTOTRBO SYSTEMSTHE BEST FIT FOR ANY BUSINESS FOOTPRINTWant to increase the number of users on a system, extend coverage, connect employees in different locations or deliver voice and data without adding newfrequencies? MOTOTRBO has a scalable solution that fits your customers’ locations, facilities and workforce.• C onventional systems combine the best of two-way radio with analog and digital technology to deliver integrated voice and data communication, increased capacity, enhanced features, exceptional voice quality and extended battery performance.• I P Site Connect uses the Internet to extendMOTOTRBO’s voice and data capabilities. Link up to 15 sites at geographically dispersed locations, create wide-area coverage or enhance coverage at a single site with physical barriers.• C apacity Plus is the single site digital trunking solution that maximizes the capacity of MOTOTRBO. Use it for a high volume of voice and datacommunication and link over a thousand users at a single site without adding new frequencies.• L inked Capacity Plus is an entry level, multi-site digital trunking system configuration for the MOTOTRBO platform. It leverages the high capacity of Capacity Plus, with the wide area coverage capabilities of IP Site Connect to keep your staff at various locations connected with an affordable highcapacity, wide area trunking solution.PAGE 6MOTOTRBO REPEATERSINCREASE USERS, ExTEND COVERAGE AND CONNECT WORKERSxiR R8200 REPEATERDelivers 100% continuous duty at 40W/UHF, 45W/VHF and 35W/800MHz and two simultaneous voice or data paths in digital TDMA mode.Operates in analog or digital mode and has an integrated power supplywith connector for optional external DC battery backup.PAGE 7PAGE 8A more detailed product comparison matrix is available on Motorola Online. For more information on how to remaster the workforce with the right radio, visit /mototrbo.MOTOROLA, MOTO, MOTOROLA SOLUTIONS and the Stylized M Logo are trademarks or registered trademarks of Motorola Trademark Holdings, LLC and are used under license. All other trademarks are the property of their respective owners. © 2012 Motorola Solutions, Inc. All rights reserved. APAC_TRBO_Selection Guide_0512Motorola Solutions Singapore Pte Ltd12 Ang Mo Kio Street 64, Ang Mo Kio Industrial Park 3, UE Biz Hub, Block A, Level 7 Singapore 569088。

2019年6月、12月大学英语六级真题及答案解析(完整版)

2019年6月、12月大学英语六级真题及答案解析(完整版)

2019年6月、12月大学英语六级真题及答案解析(完整版)Part Ⅰ Writing (30 minutes)Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write an essay on the importance of having a sense of community responsibility.You should write at least 150 words but no more than 200 words.Part Ⅱ Listening Comprehension (30 minutes)Section ADirections:In this section, you will hear two long conversations.At the end of each conversation, you will hear four questions.Both the conversation and the questions will be spoken only once.After you hear a question, you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A), B), C)and D).Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 1 with a single line through the centre.Questions l to 4 are based on the conversations you have just heard.1.A) It focuses exclusively on jazz.B) It sponsors major jazz concerts.C) It has several branches in London.D) It displays albums by new music talents.2.A) It originated with cowboys.B) Its market has now shrunk.C) Its listeners are mostly young people.D) It remains as widespread as hip hop music.3.A) Its definition is varied and complicated.B) It is still going through experimentation.C) It is frequently accompanied by singing.D) Its style has remained largely unchanged.4.A) Learn to play them.B) Take music lessons.C) Listen to them yourself.D) Consul jazz musicians.Questions 5 to 8 are based on the conversations you have just heard.5.A) She paid her mortgage.B) She called on the man.C) She made a business plan.D) She went to the bank.6.A) Her previous debt hadn’t been cleared yet.B) Her credit history was considered poor.C) She had apparently asked for too much.D) She didn’t pay her mortgage in time.7.A) Pay a debt long overdue.B) Buy a piece of property.C) Start her own business.D) Check her credit history.8.A) Seek advice from an expert about fund raising.B) Ask for smaller loans from different lenders.C) Build up her own finances step by step.D) Revise her business proposal carefully.Section BDirections: In this section, you will hear two passages.At the end of each passage, you will hear three or four questions.Both the passage and the questions will be spoken only once.After you hear a question, you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A), B), C)and D).Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 1 with a single line through the centre.Questions 9 to 11 are based on the passage you have just heard.9.A) It is profitable and environmentally friendly.B) It is well located and completely automated.C) It is small and unconventional.D) It is fertile and productive.10.A) Their urge to make farming more enjoyable.B) Their desire to improve farming equipment.C) Their hope to revitalize traditional farming.D) Their wish to set a new farming standard11.A) It saves a lot of electricity.B) It needs little maintenance.C) It causes hardly any pollution.D) It loosens soil while weeding.Questions 12 to 15 are based on the passage you have just heard.12.A) It has turned certain insects into a new food source.B) It has started on expand business outside the UK.C) It has imported some exotic foods from overseas.D) It has joined hands with Sainsbury’s to sell pet insects.13.A) It was really unforgettable.B) It was a pleasant surprise.C) It hurt his throat slightly.D) It made him feel strange.14.A) They are more tasty than beef, chicken or pork.B) They are more nutritious than soups and salads.C) They contain more protein than conventional meats.D) They will soon gain popularity throughout the world.15.A) It is environmentally friendly.B) It is a promising industry.C It requires new technology.D) It saves huge amounts of labour.Section CDirections: In this section, you will hear three recordings of lectures or talks followed by three or four questions.The recording will be played only once.After you hear a question, you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A), B), C)and D).Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 1 with a single line through the centre.Questions 16 to 18 are based on the recording you have just heard.16.A)To categorize different types of learners.B) To find out what students prefer to learn.C) To understand the mechanism of the human brain.D) To see if they are inherent traits affecting learning.17.A) It was defective.B)It was misguided.C) It was original in design.D) It was thought-provoking.18.A) Auditory aids are as important as visual aids.B) Visual aids are helpful to all types of learners.C) Reading plain texts is more effective than viewing pictures.D) Scientific concepts are hard to understand without visual aids.Questions 19 to 21 are based on the recording you have just heard.19.A) Not playing a role in a workplace revolution.B) Not benefiting from free-market capitalism.C) Not earning enough money to provide for the family.D) Not spending enough time on family life and leisure.20.A) People would be working only fifteen hours a week now.B) The balance of power in the workplace would change.C) Technological advances would create many new jobs.D) Most workers could afford to have a house of their own.21.A) Loss of workers’personal dignity.B) Deprivation of workers’ creativity.C) Deterioration of workers’ mental health.D) Unequal distribution of working hours.Questions 22 to 25 are based on the recording you have just heard.22.A) It is the worst managed airport in German history.B) It is now the biggest and busiest airport in Europe.C) It has become something of a joke among Germans.D) It has become a typical symbol of German efficiency.23.A) The city’s airports are outdated.B) The city had just been reunified.C) The city wanted to boost its economy.D) The city wanted to attract more tourists.24.A) The municipal government kept changing hands.B) The construction firm breached the contract.C) Shortage of funding delayed its construction.D) Problems of different kinds kept popping up.25.A) Tourism industry in Berlin suffers.B)All kinds of equipment gets rusted.C) Huge maintenance costs accumulate.D) Complaints by local residents increase.Part Ⅲ Reading Comprehension (40 minutes)Section ADirections: In this section, there is a passage with ten blanks.You are required to select one word for each blank from a list of choices given in a word bank following the passage.Read the passage through carefully before making your choices.Each choice in the bank is identified by a letter.Please mark the corresponding letter for each item on Answer Sheet 2with a single line through the centre.You may not use any of the words in the bank more than once.Questions 26 to 35 are based on the following passage.The number of devices you can talk to is multiplying—first it was your phone, then your car, and now you can tell your kitchen appliances what to do.But even without gadgets that understand our spoken commands, research suggests that, as bizarre as it sounds, under certain 26 , people regularly ascribe human traits to everyday objects.Sometimes we see things as human because we are 27 .In one experiment, people who reported feeling isolated were more likely than others to attribute 28 to various gadgets.In turn, feeling close to objects can 29 loneliness.When college students were reminded of a time they had been 30 in a social setting, they compensated by exaggerating their number of friends—unless they were first given tasks that caused them to interact with their phone as if it had human qualities.According to the researchers, the participants' phones 31 substituted for real friends.At other times, we personify products in an effort to understand them.One study found that three in four respondents yelled at their computer.Further, the more their computer gave them problems, the more likely the respondents were to report that it had its own “beliefs and 32 .”So how do people assign traits to an object? In part, we rely on looks.On humans, wide faces are 33 with dominance.Similarly, people rated cars, clocks, and watches with wide faces as more dominant-looking than narrow-faced ones, and preferred them—especially in 34 situations.An analysis of car sales in Germany found that cars with gills (护栅) that were upturned like smiles sold best.The purchasers saw this 35 as increasing a car's friendliness.A) alleviate I) desiresB) apparently J) excludedC) arrogant K) featureD) associated L) lonelyE) circumstances M) separateF) competitive N) spectacularlyG) conceded O) warrantH) consciousnessSection BDirections: In this section, you are going to read a passage with ten statements attached to it.Each statement contains information given in one of the paragraphs.Identify the paragraph from which the information is derived.You may choose a paragraph more than once.Each paragraph is marked with a letter.Answer the questions by marking the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2.[A] Though he didn’t come from a farming family, from a young age Tim Joseph was fascinated by the idea of living off the land.Reading magazines like The Stockman Grass Farmer and Graze, he got hooked on the idea of grass-fed agriculture.The idea that all energy and wealth comes from the sun really intrigued him He thought theshorter the distance between the sun and the end product, the higher the profit to the farmer.[B] Joseph wanted to put this theory to the test.In 2009, he and his wife Laura launched Maple Hill Creamery, an organic, all grass-fed yogurt company in northern New York.He quickly learned what the market has demonstrated: Demand forgrass-fed products currently exceeds supply.Grass-fed beef is enjoying a 25-30% annual growth rate.Sales of grass-fed yogurt and kefir (发酵乳饮品) on the other hand, have in the last year increased by over 38%.This is in comparison with a drop of just under 1% in the total yogurt and kefir market according to natural and organic market research company SPINS.Joseph’s top priority became getting his hands on enough grass-fed milk to keep customers satisfied, since his own 64-cow herd wasn’t going to suffice[C] His first partnership was with Paul and Phyllis Amburgh, owners of the Dharma Lea farm in New York.The Amburghs, too, were true believers in grass-fed.In addition to supplying milk from their own 85-head herd, they began to help other farmers in the area convent from conventional to certified organic and grass-fed in order to enter the Maple Hill supply chain.Since 2010, the couple has helped 125 small dairy farms convert to grass-fed, with more than 80% of those farms coming on board during the last two years.[D] All this conversion has helped Maple Hill grow 40-50% every year since it began with no end in sight.Joseph has learned that a farmer has to have a certain mindset to successfully convert.But convincing open-minded dairy people is actually not that hard, when you look at the economics.Grass-fed milk can fetch up to 2.5 times the price of conventional milk.Another factor is the squeeze that conventional dairy farmers have felt as the price of grain they feed their cows has gone up, tightening their profit margins.By replacing expensive grain feed with regenerative management practices, grass-fed farmers are insulated from jumps in the price of feed.These practices include grazing animals on grasses grown from the pastureland’s natural seed bunk, and fertilized by the cows’own fertilizer[E] Champions of this type of regenerative grazing also point to its animal welfare, climate and health benefits: Grass-fed animals live longer out of confinement.Grazing herds stimulate microbial (微生物的) activity in the soil, helping to capture water and separate carbon.And grass-fed dairy and meat have been shown to be higher in certain nutrients and healthy fats.[F] In the grass fed system, farmers are also not subject to the wildly fluctuating milk prices of the international commodity market.The unpredictability of global demand and the lag-time it takes to add more cows to a herd to meet demand can result in events like the recent cheese surplus.Going grass-fed is a safe refuge, a way forfamily-scale farms to stay ually a farmer will get to the point where financially, what they’re doing is not working.That’s when they call Maple Hill.If the farm is well managed and has enough land, and the desire to convert is sincere, a relationship can begin.Through regular regional educational meetings, a large annual meeting, individual farm visits and thousands of phone calls, the Amburghs pass on the principles of pasture management.Maple Hill signs a contract pledging to buy the farmer’s milk at a guaranteed base price, plus quality premiums and incentives for higher protein, butter fat and other solids.[G] While Maple Hill's conversion program is unusually hands on and comprehensive, it’s just one of a growing number of businesses committed to slowly changing the way America farms.Joseph calls sharing his knowledge network through peer-to-peer learning a core piece of the company’s st summer, Massachusettsgrass-fed beef advocate John Smith launched Big Picture Beef, a network of small grass-fed beef farms in New England and New York that is projected to bring to market 2,500 head of cattle from 125 producers this year.Early indications are that Smith will have no shortage of farm members.Since he began to informally announce the network at farming conferences and on social media, he’s received a steady stream of inquiries from interested farmers.[H] Smith says he’ll provide services ranging from formal seminars to on-farm workshops on holistic (整体的) management, to one-on-one hand-holding and an almost 24/7 phone hotline for farmers who are converting.In exchange, he guarantees an above-market price for each animal and a calf-to-customer electronic ear tag ID system like that used in the European Union.[1] Though advocates portray grass fed products as a win-win situation for all, they do have downsides.Price, for one, is an issue.Joseph says his products are priced10-20% above organic versions, but depending on the product chosen, compared to non-organic conventional yogurt, consumers could pay a premium of 30-50% or more for grass-fed.As for the meat, Smith says his grass-fed hamburger will be priced20-25% over the conventional alternative.But a look at the prices on online grocer Fresh Direct suggests a grass-fed premium of anywhere from 35-60%,[J] And not every farmer has the option of going grass-fed.For both beef and dairy production it requires, at least in the beginning, more pastureland.Grass-fed beef production tends to be more labor-intensive as well.But Smith counters that if you factor in the hidden cost of government corn subsidies, environment degradation, and decreased human heath and animal welfare, grass-fed is the more cost-effective model.“The sun provides the lowest cost of production and the cheapest meat,”he says.[K] Another grass-fed booster spurring farmers to convert is EPIC, which makes meat-based protein bars.Founders Taylor Collins and his wife, Katie Forrest, used to be endurance athletes; now they’re advocates of grass-fed meat.Soon after launching EPIC’S most successful product - the Bison Bacon Cranberry Bar - Collins and Forrest found they’d exhausted their sources for bison (北美野牛) raised exclusively on pasture.When they started researching the supply chain, they learned that only 2-3% of all bison is actually grass-fed.The rest is feed-lot confined and fed grain and corn.[L] But after General Mills bought EPIC in 2016, Collins and Forrest suddenly had the resources they needed to expand their supply chain.So the company teamed up with Wisconsin-based rancher Northstar Bison.EPIC fronted the money for the purchase of $2.5 million worth of young bison that will be raised according to its grass-fed protocols, with a guaranteed purchase price.The message to young people who might not otherwise be able to afford to break into the business is,“You can purchase this $3 million piece of land here, because I’m guaranteeing you today you'll have 1,000 bison on it.’We’re bringing new blood into the old, conventional farming ecosystem, which is really cool to see,”Collins explains.36.Farmers going grass-fed are not affected by the ever-changing milk prices of the global market.37.Over the years, Tim Joseph’s partners have helped many dairy farmers to switch to grass-fed.38.One advocate believes that many other benefits should be taken into consideration when we assess the cost-effectiveness of grass-fed farming.39.Many dairy farmers were persuaded to switch to grass-fed when they saw its advantage in terms of profits.40.Tim Joseph’s grass-fed program is only one example of how American farming practice is changing.41.Tim Joseph was fascinated by the notion that sunlight brings energy and wealth to mankind.42.One problem with grass-fed products is that they are usually more expensive than conventional ones.43.Grass fed products have proved to be healthier and more nutritious.44.When Tim Joseph started his business, he found grass-fed products fell short of demand.45.A snack bar producer discovered that the supply of purely grass-fed bison met was scarce.Section CDirections: There are 2 passages in this section.Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements.For each of them there are four choices marked A), B), C)and D).You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre.Passage OneQuestions 46 to 50 are based on the following passage.Schools are not just a microcosm(缩影) of society: they mediate it too.The best seek to alleviate the external pressures on their pupils while equipping them better to understand and handle the world outside-- at once sheltering them and broadening their horizons.This is ambitious in any circumstances.and in a divided and unequal society the two ideals can clash outright(直接地).Trips that many adults would consider the adventure of a lifetime-treks in Borneo, a sports tour to Barbados-appear to have become almost routine at some state schools.Parents are being asked for thousands of pounds.Though schools cannot profit from these trips, the companies that arrange them do.Meanwhile, pupils arrive at school hungry because their families can’t afford breakfast.The Child Poverty Action Group says nine out of 30 in every classroom fall below the poverty line.The discrepancy is startlingly apparent.Introducing a fundraising requirement for students does not help, as better-off children can tap up richer aunts and neighbours.Probing the rock pools of a local beach or practising French on a language exchange can fire children’s passions, boost their skills and open their eyes to life’s cational outings help bright but disadvantaged students to get better scores in A-level tests.In this globalised age, there is a good case for international travel.and some parents say they can manage the cost of a school trip abroad more easily than a family holiday.Even in the face of immense and mounting financial pressures.some schools have shown remarkable determination and ingenuity in ensuring that all their pupils are able to take up opportunities that may be trulylife-changing.They should be applauded.Methods such as whole-schoolfundraising.with the proceeds(收益) pooled, can help to extend opportunities and fuel community spirit.But £3,000 trips cannot be justified when the average income for families with children is just over £30,000.Such initiatives close doors for many pupils.Some parents pull their children out of school because of expensive field trips.Even parents who can see that a trip is little more than a party or celebration may well feel guilt that their child is left behind.The Department for Education’s guidance says schools can charge only for board and lodging if the trip is part of the syllabus, and that students receiving government aid are exempt from these costs.However, many schools seem to ignore the advice; and it does not cover the kind of glamorous, exotic trips.which are becoming increasingly common.Schools cannot be expected to bring together communities single-handed.But the least we should expect is that they do not foster divisions and exclude those who are already disadvantaged.46.What does the author say best schools should do?A) Prepare students to both challenge and change the divided unequal society.B) Protect students from social pressures and enable them to face the world.C) Motivate students to develop their physical as well as intellectual abilities.D) Encourage students to be ambitious and help them to achieve their goals.47.What does the author think about school field trips?A) They enable students from different backgrounds to mix with each other.B)They widen the gap between privileged and disadvantaged students.C) They give the disadvantaged students a chance to see the world.D) They only benefit students with rich relatives and neighbours.48.What does the author suggest can help build community spirit?A) Events aiming to improve community services.B) Activities that help to fuel students’ ingenuity.C) Events that require mutual understanding.D) Activities involving all students on campus.49.What do we learn about low-income parents regarding school field trips?A) They want their children to participate even though they don’t see much benefit.B) They don’t want their kids to participate but find it hard to keep them from going.C) They don’t want their kids to miss any chance to broaden their horizons despite the cost.D)They want their children to experience adventures but they don’t want them to run risks,50.What is the author’s expectation of schools?A) Bringing a community together with ingenuity.B) Resolving the existing discrepancies in society.C) Avoiding creating new gaps among students.D) Giving poor students preferential treatment.Passage TwoQuestions 51 to 55 are based on the following passage.Rising temperatures and overfishing in the pristine(未受污染的) waters around the Antarctic could see king penguin populations pushed to the brink of extinction by the end of the century, according to a new study.The study’s report states that as global warming transforms the environment in the world’s last great wilderness, 70 percent of king penguins could either disappear or be forced to find new breeding grounds. Co-author Céline Le Bohec, from the University of Strasbourg in France, warned:“If there’re no actions aimed at haling or controlling global warming, and the pace of the current human- induced changes such as climate change and overfishing stays thesame, the species may son disappear.”The findings come amid growing concern over the future of the Antarctic.Earlier this month a separate study found that a combination of climate change and industrial fishing is threatening the krill (磷虾) population in Antarctic waters, with a potentially disastrous impact on whales, seals and penguins.But today’s report is the starkest warning yet of the potentially devastating impact of climate change and human exploitation on the Antarctic’s delicate ecosystems.Le Bohec said: “Unless current greenhouse gas emissions drop, 70 percent of king penguins - 1.1 million breeding pairs - will be forced to relocate their breeding grounds, or face extinction by 2100.”King penguins are the second-largest type of penguin and only breed on specific isolated islands in the Southern Ocean where there is no ice cover and easy access to the sea.As the ocean warms, a body of water called the Antarctic Polar Front - an upward movement of nutrient-rich sea that supports a huge abundance of marine life - is being pushed further south, This means that king penguins, which feed on fish and krill in this body of water, have to travel further to their feeding grounds, leaving their hungry chicks for longer.And as the distance between their breeding grounds and their food grows, entire colonies could be wiped out.Le Bohec said:“The plight of the king penguin should serve as a warning about the future of the entire marine environment in the Antarctic.Penguins, like other seabirds and marine mammals, occupy higher levels in the food chain and they are what we call bio-indicators of their ecosystems." Penguins are sensitive indicators of changes in marine ecosystems.As such, they are key species for understanding and predicting impacts of global change on Antarctic and sub-Antarctic marine ecosystems.The report found that although some king penguins may be able to relocate to new breeding grounds closer to their retreating food source, suitable new habitats would be scarce.Only a handful of islands in the Southern Ocean are suitable for sustaining large breeding colonies.51.What will happen by 2100, according to a new study?A)King penguins in the Antarctic will be on the verge of dying out.B)Sea water will rise to a much higher level around the Antarctic.C) The melting ice cover will destroy the great Antarctic wilderness.D) The pristine waters around the Antarctic will disappear forever.52.What do we learn from the findings of a separate study?A)Shrinking krill population and rising temperatures could force Antarctic whales to migrate.B)Human activities have accelerated climate change in the Antarctic region in recent years.C)Industrial fishing and climate change could be fatal to certain Antarctic species.D)Krill fishing in the Antarctic has worsened the pollution of the pristine waters.53.What does the passage say about king penguins?A) They will turn out to be the second-largest species of birds to become extinct.B) Many of them will have to migrate to isolated islands in the Southern Ocean.C) They feed primarily on only a few kinds of krill in the Antarctic Polar Front.D) The majority of them may have to find new breeding grounds in the future.54.What happens when sea levels rise in the Antarctic?A) Many baby king penguins can’t have food in time.B) Many king penguins could no longer live on krill.C) Whales will invade king penguins’ breeding grounds.D) Whales will have to travel long distances to find food.55.What do we learn about the Southern Ocean?A)The king penguins there are reluctant to leave for new breeding grounds.B)Its conservation is key to the sustainable propagation of Antarctic species.C)It is most likely to become the ultimate retreat for species like the king penguin.D)Only a few of its islands can serve as huge breeding grounds for king penguins.Part Ⅳ Translation (30 minutes)Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to translate a passage from Chinese into English.You should write your answer on Answer Sheet 2.荷花是中国的名花之一, 深受人们喜爱。

现代大学英语(精读)2--lesson9

现代大学英语(精读)2--lesson9

Para 5Biblioteka word “fast”quick fix
quick fix: a repair to sth or an answer to a problem that happens quickly, but may work for only a short time; ways of getting things done quickly e.g. There is no ~ for stopping pollution Congress is trying to resist ~ solutions.
Words and Expressions
1.gorgeous: 1)splendidly or showily brilliant or magnificent; e.g. a gorgeous Victorian gown; the pianist’s gorgeous technique 2)(infml)delightful; e.g. He says that she is a gorgeous person. 3)(infml)very beautiful (the meaning in the text); Synonyms: magnificent, glorious, beautiful, grand, grandiose, imposing, majestic, stately, marvelous.
3.Fifth Symphony Dit—dit—dit—daaah! Three quick Gs and a long E-flat-----Ludwig von Beethoven’s Fifth symphony just could be the most memorable musical phrase of all time. But that’s just the first five seconds. As for the rest, in nearly every note, Beethoven’s Fifth Symphony tops the list of favorites. Clearly, Beethoven crafted something universal and powerful that reverberates with ageless significance in every listener regardless of their depth of musical culture. With his classics, represented by Fate, Beethoven ushered in a new era of music, the Romanticism.

Quick-Fix-Society(ppt文档)

Quick-Fix-Society(ppt文档)
3. How is “quick fix society” reflected in the following aspects?
transportation and communication eating habits and consumption habits entertainment working style
Quick Fix Society
By Janet Mendell Goldstein
Warm Up
Different lifestyles
Fast lifestyle
Slow lifestyle
Discussion
VS
Which lifestyle do you prefer?
Warm-up Questions or near cities. Turnpike:pay money before you use it .
(宾夕法尼亚荷兰小镇)
Location :The heart of the Pennsylvania Dutch Country is Lancaster Country(兰开斯特的国家).It is located in south central Pennsylvania,one of half an hours west of Philadelphia .Most of the Amish( 门诺 教派的) Country attrations are in Lancaster country,and almost of the local Amish people(阿米希 人) live here as well.
Quotes
We live in a fast-paced society. Walking slows us

教案Unit 5 Quick fix society资料讲解

教案Unit 5 Quick fix society资料讲解

教案U n i t5Q u i c kf i x s o c i e t yUnit 5 Quick fix societyObjectivesThrough this lesson, students willbe able to recap the basic facts of the plane crush and the following rescueefforts, esp. what the man in the water did;think about the question of heroism and the power of man;analyze the organization and the language style of the text;learn the related vocabulary and other useful words and phrases in the text. Warming-up ActivitiesWhich lifestyle do you prefer?Background information1.About the authorJanet Mendell Goldstein(1940—)received her advanced degrees at Harvard University and the University of Pennsylvania. An educator for 30 years ,she now works as an editorial consultant ,freelance [‘fri:’lɑ:ns]自由职业的writer ,and textbook author .Her work has appeared in a variety of newspapers and magazines ,including the English Journal, Faith and Aspiration ,and The Philadelphia Inquirer费城问询报. This text is adapted from an essay out of a series that she has written about contemporary life.2.English Journal is a journal of ideas for English language arts teachers in junior and seniorhigh schools and middle schools. EJ presents information on the teaching of writing and reading, literature, and language. Each issue examines the relationship of theory and research to classroom practice and reviews current materials of interest to English teachers, including books and electronic media. Published bimonthly, September, November, January, March, May, and July.Symbols of the USAThere are many symbols that represent the United States of America. Some of the most popular ones are the Stars and Stripes (the US flag), the bald eagle (the national bird), the Washington Monument, the Lincoln Memorial, the Statue of Liberty (a gift from France), Yankee Doodle, Uncle Sam (a cartoon figure designed by Thomas Nast), etc.The Commonwealth 州of Virginia is a U.S. state on the Atlantic Coast of the Southern United States. Virginia is nicknamed the “Old Dominion [də‘minjən] 自治领” and sometimes the “Mother of Presidents” a fter the eight U.S. presidents born there. The geography and climate of the state are shaped by the Blue Ridge Mountains乔治亚山脉 and the Chesapeake Bay切萨皮克湾, which provide habitat for much of its flora植物群and fauna动物群. The capital of the Commonwealth is Richmond里士满; Virginia Beach is the most populous city and Fairfax County 维吉尼亚州地名the most populous political subdivision分支,分部. The state population is over eight million.Pennsylvania: A state of the eastern United States. It was admitted as one of the originalThirteen Colonies in 1787. First explored in the early 1600's, the region was settled by Swedes in 1634 and granted by royal charter to William Penn in 1681.Pennsylvania played a crucial role in the American Revolution and in the formation of the new republic. Harrisburg哈里斯堡is the capital and Philadelphia is the largest city. Philadelphia locates on the west bank of Delaware. The site was selected by William Penn with the name of “city of brotherly love”. It was “the birthplace of the nation” and the Declara tion of Independence was signed here. Another major city is Pittsburgh匹兹堡.Cliff’s notes is a series of reference book written to help undergraduate students to understand and appreciate important literary works.With such notes, students don’t have to rea d the work itself and be able to write papers and take exams.Fifth symphony : Dit—dit—dit—daaah!Three quick Gs and a long E-flat-----Ludwig von Beethoven’s Fifth symphony just could be the most memorable musical phrase of all time. But that’s just the fi rst five seconds. As for the rest, in nearly every note, Beethoven’s Fifth Symphony tops the list of favorites. Clearly, Beethoven crafted something universal and powerful that reverberates反射回响with ageless significance in every listener regardless of their depth of musical culture.With his classics, represented by Fate, Beethoven ushered陪同招待in a new era of music, the Romanticism.Fast roads in the U.S.Highways: connect citiesSuperhighways: a road with six or more lanesInterstate highways: connect cities in different statesFreeways: roads within a cityExpressways: fast roads in or near citiesTurnpike: pay money before you use it.3.Genreexplanatory WritingComparison and Contrast (e.g. para.1,2, 4)Use of Rhetorical Questions (e.g. para.3,5,7)Repetition of Structure and Words( Para 4 if-clauses,Para 5 word “fast”)Text analysis1.ThemeLet’s slow down and enjoy what nature offers us and what mankind has left us and rediscover life. (The theme is summed up at the very end.)2.Structure of the textPart I: Para. 1-3Two trips and a discoveryPart II: Para. 4-6Three features of a quick fix societyPart III: Para. 7-8The author’s proposal of slowing down and rediscovering lifeIntroductionThe writer compares her ride on fast roads and her return trip of a country road. The contrast made her thinking whether there was sth. Wrong with American’s quick fix lifestyle. BodyNow instead of laterFaster instead of slowerSuperficially instead of thoroughlyConclusionLet’s sl ow down,enjoy what nature offers us,what mankind has left us,thenrediscover life.。

人教版新教材高中英语素养突破必修一 4.2

人教版新教材高中英语素养突破必修一 4.2

Section ⅡReading and ThinkingⅠ.核心单词根据音标及词义写出正确的单词1.stadium/'steɪdiəm/n.(pl.stadiums or stadia)体育场;运动场2.event/ɪ'vent/n.比赛项目;大事;公开活动3.track/træk/n.跑道;足迹;铁路轨道v t.&v i.追踪;跟踪4.sweat/swet/v t.使出汗;出汗弄湿v i.出汗;流汗n.汗水;出汗5.legend/'ledʒənd/n.传奇故事(或人物);传说6.athlete/'æθliːt/n.运动员;运动健儿7.host/həʊst/v t.主办;主持n.主人;东道主;节目主持人8.master/'mɑːstə(r)/n.高手;主人v t.精通;掌握9.honour/'ɒnə(r)/n.荣誉;尊敬;荣幸10._medal/'medl/n.奖章;勋章11.captain/'kæptɪn/n.(运动队)队长;船长;机长12.graceful/ɡreɪs fl/adj.优美的;优雅的Ⅱ.拓展词汇根据音标及词义写出正确的单词,并牢记拓展词汇1.fitness/'fɪtnəs/n.健康;健壮;适合→fit adj. 健康的2.champion/'tʃæmpiən/n.冠军;优胜者→championshipn.锦标赛;冠军赛;冠军称号3.determination/dɪˌtɜːmɪ'neɪʃn/n.决心;决定→determine v t.决定;确定;下定决心→determined adj.坚决的;有决心的4.injure/'ɪndʒə(r)/v t. 使受伤;损害→injured adj.受伤的;有伤的→injury n.伤害;损伤5.strength/streθ/n.力量;体力→strengthen v t.加强;巩固→strong adj.强壮的;坚强的6.failure/'feɪljə(r)/n.失败;失败的人(或事物) →fail v i.失败Ⅲ.重点短语根据汉语意思补全短语1.work_out 锻炼;计算出;解决2.make it 获得成功;准时到达3.set an example 树立榜样4.fall_apart 破裂;破碎;崩溃5.lose heart 丧失信心;泄气6.give up 放弃;投降7.at home and_abroad 国内外8.take part in 参加9.lose weight 减肥10.be up to 由……决定11.be known as 作为……而出名12.the secret to 成功的秘诀13.share... with... 与……分享Ⅳ.重点句型1.名词短语作同位语Zhangjiakou, a_beautiful_city_in_northern_China,_will host the Youth Ski Race in December.张家口,一个美丽的中国北方城市,将在12月举办青年滑雪比赛。

text appreciation

text appreciation
To be continued on the next page.
Find out the words that show the contrast in the first two paragraphs.
More examples
Pastoral scenery slid by us at 55mph.
The theme is summed up at the very end.
and
enjoy
what
us and
nature has
offers us
and what mankind left
rediscover life.
W
B
T
L
E
The end of Theme.
Lesson 9 Quick Fix Society
W
B
T
L
E
To be continued on the next page.
Lesson 9 Quick Fix Society
II. Writing Devices
Rhetorical Questions
If winter comes, can spring be far behind?
—Percy Bysshe Shelley, Ode to the West Wind
W
B
T
L
E
Background
Lesson 9 Quick Fix Society
Genre
Explanatory Writing
Comparison and Contrast (e.g. para. 4)
Exemplification (e.g. para.5)

Quick_Fix_Society

Quick_Fix_Society


E.g. Conversion of sexist English into nonsexist English is not a quick fix—it is anything but mechanical.将性别歧 视的英语转变为非性别歧视的英语不是权宜之计,这一过 程只是机械性的改变,别无意义.
Gettysburg Address
Fourscore and seven years ago, our fathers brought forth upon this continent a new Nation, conceived in Liberty, and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal. Now, we are engaged in a great Civil War, testing whether that Nation, or any nation so conceived and so dedicated, can long endure. We are met on a great battlefield of that war. We have come to dedicate a portion of that field as a final resting-place for those who gave their lives that Nation might live. It is altogether fitting and proper that wehway:connect cities
Superhighway:a road with six or more lanes

社区活动英语作文

社区活动英语作文

In our community,there is a vibrant array of activities that cater to a diverse group of residents,from the young to the elderly.These events not only foster a sense of community but also provide opportunities for personal growth and social interaction. Heres a glimpse into the various activities that take place within our community.munity Gardening:Residents come together to cultivate a shared garden,where they grow a variety of fruits, vegetables,and flowers.This not only beautifies the neighborhood but also promotes healthy eating habits.The gardening sessions are also a great way for people to learn about sustainable agriculture and environmental conservation.2.Book Clubs:For the literary enthusiasts,community book clubs are a regular fixture.These clubs provide a platform for members to discuss their favorite books,share reviews,and explore new genres.The book club also organizes author visits and literary events,which are open to the public.3.Fitness Classes:To encourage a healthy lifestyle,the community center offers a range of fitness classes, including yoga,pilates,and aerobics.These classes are conducted by certified trainers and are suitable for all fitness levels.They are a great way to stay active and meet likeminded individuals.4.Art Workshops:For those with a creative streak,art workshops are a popular choice.These workshops cover a wide range of mediums,from painting and sculpture to photography and digital art.They are designed to cater to both beginners and experienced artists,providing a space for expression and learning.5.Cultural Events:The community regularly hosts cultural events that celebrate the diversity of its residents. These events may include traditional dances,music performances,and food festivals. They provide an opportunity for residents to learn about different cultures and traditions, fostering a sense of unity and respect.6.Volunteer Opportunities:Volunteering is highly encouraged within the community.There are various initiatives that residents can participate in,such as helping at the local food bank,participating in neighborhood cleanups,or assisting with community events.Volunteering is a rewarding way to give back to the community and make a positive impact.cational Seminars:To support lifelong learning,the community organizes educational seminars on a variety of topics.These may include financial literacy,health and wellness,or technology workshops.The seminars are conducted by experts in their respective fields and are designed to be informative and engaging.8.Youth Programs:For the younger members of the community,there are numerous programs designed to keep them engaged and entertained.These may include afterschool clubs,sports teams, and summer camps.The programs aim to provide a safe and nurturing environment for children to grow and learn.9.Senior Citizen Activities:The community also takes care of its senior citizens by organizing activities tailored to their needs and interests.These may include bridge clubs,walking groups,and reminiscence sessions.The aim is to ensure that seniors feel valued and included within the community.munity Meetings:Regular community meetings are held to discuss local issues,plan future events,and provide a platform for residents to voice their concerns.These meetings are an essential part of maintaining open communication and ensuring that the communitys needs are met. In conclusion,the community activities play a crucial role in enhancing the quality of life for all residents.They provide a sense of belonging and contribute to the overall wellbeing of the community.Whether its through physical activities,intellectual pursuits, or social engagement,there is something for everyone to enjoy and benefit from.。

每天打篮球健康英语作文

每天打篮球健康英语作文

Playing basketball every day is a fantastic way to maintain a healthy lifestyle.Heres a detailed English composition on the benefits of this daily routine:Basketball is a sport that combines physical activity with strategic thinking.It is not only a game but also a means to improve health and wellbeing.When you play basketball every day,you engage in a variety of exercises that benefit your body in numerous ways.1.Cardiovascular Health:Playing basketball daily helps to strengthen your heart and lungs.The constant running and jumping involved in the game increases your heart rate,which in turn improves your cardiovascular fitness.This can lead to a reduced risk of heart diseases and high blood pressure.2.Muscle Strength and Endurance:Basketball works out various muscle groups,including your legs,arms,and core.The sport requires you to jump,sprint,and hold your body in various positions,which helps to build muscle strength and endurance.This can make everyday activities easier and improve your overall physical performance.3.Flexibility and Agility:Daily basketball practice enhances your flexibility and agility.The sport requires quick movements and changes in direction,which helps to improve your range of motion and coordination.This can also help prevent injuries by making your body more adaptable to sudden movements.4.Weight Management:Playing basketball is an effective way to burn calories and manage your weight.The highintensity nature of the game can help you shed excess pounds and maintain a healthy body mass index BMI.This is crucial for overall health and can help prevent obesityrelated diseases.5.Mental Health Benefits:Basketball is not just a physical workout it also has mental health benefits.The game requires concentration and strategic thinking,which can help to improve cognitive function and reduce stress.Additionally,the social aspect of playing with a team can boost your mood and provide a sense of community.6.Discipline and Time Management:Committing to playing basketball every day teaches discipline and helps you learn to manage your time effectively.You learn to prioritize your health and fitness,which cantranslate into other areas of your life,such as work and personal responsibilities.7.Social Interaction:Basketball is a team sport,which means you get to interact with others regularly.This social interaction can improve your communication skills,teamwork,and leadership abilities.It also provides an opportunity to make new friends and build a supportive network.8.Skill Development:Daily practice helps to hone your basketball skills,such as dribbling,shooting,and passing.This continuous improvement can boost your selfconfidence and provide a sense of accomplishment.9.Enjoyment and Fun:Most importantly,playing basketball should be enjoyable and fun.Engaging in an activity you love every day can significantly improve your quality of life and make your exercise routine something to look forward to,rather than a chore.In conclusion,incorporating basketball into your daily routine can have a profound impact on your health and wellbeing.Its a holistic approach to staying fit,both physically and mentally,and can be a rewarding and enjoyable way to spend your time.Whether youre a beginner or an experienced player,the benefits of daily basketball are undeniable.。

CRTSIII型板式无砟轨道建造全新理念

CRTSIII型板式无砟轨道建造全新理念

二、CRTSIII型板式无砟轨道技术特点
Ⅱ、 Technical Characteristics of CRTSⅢ
ballastless track
(一)结构简单
Ⅰ simple structure
1、结构组成
1、structure composition
防水层
±0.0 -252
3100 2800 2500
• 限位结构:门型筋+凹凸槽钢筋混凝土。
• Spacing structure: gate reinforcement +
concave/convex groove-shaped reinforced concrete
其结构技术特点:
Technical Characteristics :
(1)路基纵连结构
(1) longitudinal-coupled subgrade
• 路基结构是由散粒体填筑形成,路基表面刚度较
小。若采用单元结构,列车通过时,由于路基表
面刚度较低,对板端支承反力,约束力不够,板
端竖向位移较大,形成振动源,对高速列车安全
性和舒适性影响较大。
• The subgrade structure is made of granular materials and the
surface rigidity of the subgrade is relatively low. If the unit structure is adopted, when the train passes on it, the supporting force at the end of slab and binding force are not enough so that the vertical displacement at the end of slab is comparatively large, because of the low surface rigidity of the subgrade, which results in vibration source that has great influence on the safety and convenience of the high-speed train.

你为什么爱打篮球作文英语

你为什么爱打篮球作文英语

Basketball is a sport that has captured the hearts of millions around the world,and for me,its no different.The love for basketball is a passion that is deeply rooted in the excitement,camaraderie,and the thrill of competition that it offers.Here are the reasons why I am so fond of playing basketball:1.Physical Fitness:Basketball is an excellent way to stay in shape.It involves a lot of running,jumping,and quick movements that help to improve cardiovascular health,build muscle strength,and increase flexibility.The constant movement keeps the heart rate up, which is great for overall fitness.2.Mental Agility:The game requires quick thinking and strategic planning.Players must be able to read the game,anticipate the moves of their opponents,and make splitsecond decisions.This mental exercise is not only beneficial for the game but also sharpens cognitive skills in everyday life.3.Teamwork:Basketball is a team sport,and playing it teaches the importance of collaboration and communication.Working together towards a common goal,supporting teammates,and understanding each others strengths and weaknesses are all crucial aspects of the game that translate well into professional and personal relationships.petitive Spirit:The thrill of competition is undeniable.The adrenaline rush when you score a point,the satisfaction of a wellexecuted defensive play,and the challenge of outplaying your opponents are all part of the competitive spirit that basketball fosters.5.Cultural Experience:Basketball is a global sport,and playing it allows me to connect with people from different cultures and backgrounds.Its a universal language that brings people together,and its fascinating to learn about different styles of play and the history of the game in different countries.6.Personal Growth:The discipline required to improve ones skills,the resilience to bounce back from losses,and the humility to learn from mistakes are all valuable life lessons that basketball imparts.Its a journey of personal growth that extends beyond the court.7.Fun and Friendship:At its core,basketball is a game,and its meant to be fun.The joy of playing with friends,the laughter during practice,and the shared experiences of victory and defeat all contribute to the deep friendships that are often formed through the sport.munity Involvement:Participating in local leagues or school teams allows for asense of community involvement.Its a way to contribute to the local sports culture and to represent ones community in a positive light.9.Ambition and Goals:Setting personal goals,such as improving ones shooting percentage or becoming a better team leader,provides a sense of purpose and ambition. Achieving these goals can be incredibly rewarding and motivating.10.Lifelong Passion:For many,basketball is more than just a pastime its a lifelong passion.The love for the game continues to grow with each dribble,each pass,and each shot,making it a constant source of joy and fulfillment.In conclusion,my love for basketball is a multifaceted experience that encompasses physical,mental,social,and emotional aspects.Its a sport that challenges me,brings me joy,and connects me with others in a way that few other activities can.Whether its the early morning practice sessions or the latenight games,basketball is a part of my life that I cherish deeply.。

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Quick Fix SocietyJanet Mendell Goldstein [1] My husband and I just got back from a week’s vacation in West Virginia. Of course, we couldn’t wait to get there, so we took the Pennsylvania Turnpike and a couple of interstates. “Look at those gorgeous farms!”my husband exclaimed as pastoral scenery slid by us at 55 mph. “Did you see those cows?” But at 55 mph, it’s difficult to see anything; the gorgeous farms look like moving green checkerboards, and the herd of cows is reduced to a few dots in the rear-view mirror. For four hours, our only real amusement consisted of counting exit signs and wondering what it would feel like to hold still agai n. Getting there certainly didn’t seem like half the fun; in fact, getting there wasn't any fun at all.[2] So, when it was time to return to our home outside of Philadelphia, I insisted that we take a different route. “Let's explore that countryside,” I suggested. The two days it took us to make the return trip were filled with new experiences. We toured a Civil War battlefield and stood on the little hill that fifteen thousand Confederate soldiers had tried to take on another hot July afternoon, one hundred and twenty-five years ago, not knowing that half of them would get killed in the vain attempt. We drove slowly through main streets of sleepy Pennsylvania Dutch towns, slowing to twenty miles an hour so as not to crowd the horses and horse carriages on their way to market. We admired toy trains and antique cars in county museums and saved 70 percent in factory outlets. We stuffed ourselves with spicy salads and homemade bread in an "all-you-can-eat" farmhouse restaurant, then wandered outside to enjoy the sunshine and the herds of cows — no little dots this time — lying in it. And we returned home refreshed, revitalized, and reeducated. This time, getting there had been the fun. [3] Why is it that the featureless turnpikes and interstates are the routes of choice for so many of us? Why doesn’t everybody try slowing down and exploring the countryside? But more and more, the fast lane seems to be the only way for us to go. In fact, most Americans are constantly in a hurry — and not just to get from Point A to Point B. Our country has become a nation in search of the quick fix — in more ways than one.[4] Now instead of later: Once upon a time, Americans understood the principle of deferred gratification. We put a little of each paycheck away “for a rainy day”. If we wanted a new sofa or a week at a lakeside cabin, we saved up for it, and the banks helped us out by providing special Christmas Club and Vacation Club accounts. If we lived in the right part of the country, we planted corn and beans and waited patiently for the harvest. If we wanted to be thinner, we simply ate less of our favorite foods and waited patiently for the scale to drop, a pou nd at a time. But today we aren’t so patient. We take out loans instead of making deposits, or we use our credit card to get that furniture or vacation trip —relax now, pay later. We buy our food, like our clothing, ready-made and off the rack. And if we’re in a hurry to lose weight, we try the latest miracle diet, guaranteed to take away ten pounds in ten days... unless we’re rich enough to afford liposuction.[5] Faster instead of slower: Not only do we want it now; we don’t even want to be kept waiting for it. This general impatience, the “I-hate-to-wait” attitude, has infected every level of our lives. Instead of standing in line at the bank, we withdraw twenty dollars in as many seconds from an automatic teller machine. Then we take our fast money to a fast convenience store (why wait in line at the supermarket?), where we buy a frozen dinner all wrapped up and ready to be put into the microwave... unless we don’t care to wait even that long and pick up some fast food instead. And if our fast meal doesn’t agree with us, we hurry to the medicine cabinet for — you guessed it — some fast relief. We like fast pictures, so we buy Polaroid cameras. We like fast entertainment, so we record our favorite TV show on the VCR. We like our information fast, too: messages flashed on a computer screen, documents faxed from your telephone to mine, current events in 90-second bursts on Eyewitness News, history reduced to "Bicentennial Minutes". Symbolically, the American eagle now flies for Express Mail. How dare anyone keep America waiting longer than overnight?[6] Superficially instead of thoroughly: What's more, we don’t even want all of it. Once, we lingered over every word of a classic novel or the latest best seller. Today, since faster is better, we read the condensed version or put a tape of the book into our car's tape player to listen to on the way to work. Or we buy the Cliff's Notes, especially if we are students, so we don't have to deal with the book at all. Once, we listened to every note of Beethoven's Fifth Symphony. Today, we don’t have the time; instead, we can enjoy 26 seconds of that famous “da-da-da-DUM” theme — and 99 other musical excerpts almost as famous —on our “Greatest Moments of the Classics”CD. After all, why waste 45 minutes listening to the whole thing when someone else has saved us the trouble of picking out the best parts? Our magazine articles come to us pre-digested in Reader’s Digest. Our news briefings, thanks to USA Today, are more brief than ever. Even our personal relationships have become compressed. Instead of devoting large parts of our days to our loved ones, we replace them with something called "quality time", which, more often than not, is no time at all. As we rush from book to music to news item to relationship, we do not realize that we are living our lives by the iceberg principle — paying attention only to the top and ignoring the 8/9 that lies just below the surface.[7] When did it all begin, this urge to do it now, to get it over with, to skim the surface of life? Why are we in such a hurry to save time? And what are we going to do with all the time we save besides, of course, rushing out to save some more? The sad truth is that we don’t know how to use the time we save, because all we’re good at is saving time… not spending time.[8] Don’t get me wrong. I’m not saying we should go back to growing our own vegetabl es or making our own clothes. I’m not even advocating a mass movement to cut all our credit cards into little pieces. But I am saying that all of us need to think more seriously about putting the brakes on our “we-want-it-all-and-we-want-it-now”lifestyle before we speed completely out of control. Let’s take the time to read every word of that story, hear every note of that music, and enjoy every subtle change of that countryside. Let's rediscover life in the slow lane.译文快节奏的社会[1] 我和丈夫在西弗吉尼亚度过了一周刚刚回来。

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