SAE J817-2-1991 ENGINEERING DESIGN SERVICEABILITY GUIDELINES.CONSTRUCTION AND INDUSTRIAL MACHINERY—
SAE J1772-2010

__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ SAE Technical Standards Board Rules provide that: “This report is published by SAE to advance the state of technical and engineering sciences. The use of this report is entirely voluntary, and its applicability and suitability for any particular use, including any patent infringement arising therefrom, is the sole responsibility of the user.” SAE reviews each technical report at least every five years at which time it may be reaffirmed, revised, or cancelled. SAE invites your written comments and suggestions. Copyright © 2010 SAE InternationalAll rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of SAE. TO PLACE A DOCUMENT ORDER: Tel: 877-606-7323 (inside USA and Canada) Tel: 724-776-4970 (outside USA) Fax: 724-776-0790Email: CustomerService@SAE WEB ADDRESS:h ttp://SAE values your input. To provide feedback on this Technical Report, please visit/technical/standards/J1772_201001SURFACEVEHICLERECOMMENDED PRACTICEJ1772™ JAN2010Issued 1996-10Revised 2010-01Superseding J1772™ NOV2001(R) SAE Electric Vehicle and Plug in Hybrid Electric Vehicle Conductive Charge CouplerRATIONALEThis recommended practice redefines AC Level 1 and AC Level 2 charge levels and specifies a new conductive charge coupler and electrical interfaces for AC Level 1 and AC Level 2 charging. The coupler and interfaces for DC charging are currently being developed and will be added to this document upon completion. Adoption of multiple standard charge couplers based on charge level will enable selection of an appropriate charge coupler based on vehicle requirements thus allowing for better vehicle packaging, reduced cost, and ease of customer use.FOREWORDEnergy stored in a battery provides power for an Electric Vehicle (EV) or Plug In Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEV). Conductive charging is a method for connecting the electric power supply network to the EV/PHEV for the purpose of transferring energy to charge the battery and operate other vehicle electrical systems, establishing a reliable equipment grounding path, and exchanging control information between the EV/PHEV and the supply equipment. This document describes the electrical and physical interfaces between the EV/PHEV and supply equipment to facilitate conductive charging. Functional and performance requirements for the EV/PHEV and supply equipment are also specified. This document contains 51 pages, including this page, and should not be used as a design tool if any of the pages are missing.NOTE: T his SAE Recommended Practice is intended as a guide toward standard practice and is subject to change inorder to harmonize with international standards and to keep pace with experience and technical advances.TABLE OF CONTENTS1. SCOPE .......................................................................................................................................................... 4 2. REFERENCES .............................................................................................................................................. 4 2.1 Applicable Publications ................................................................................................................................. 4 2.1.1 SAE Publications ........................................................................................................................................... 4 2.1.2 Canadian Standards Association Publication .. (4)2.1.3 Federal Communication Commission Publications ...................................................................................... 4 2.1.4 International Electrotechnical Commission Publication ................................................................................ 5 2.1.5 International Standards Organization Publication ........................................................................................ 5 2.1.6 National Fire Protection Association Publication .......................................................................................... 5 2.1.7 Underwriters Laboratories Inc. Publications ................................................................................................. 5 2.2 Related Publications ..................................................................................................................................... 5 2.2.1 SAE Publications ........................................................................................................................................... 6 2.2.2 International Electrotechnical Commission Publications .............................................................................. 6 2.2.3Underwriters Laboratories Inc. Publications (6)零点花园标准区欢迎您!零点花园标准区欢迎您!/bbs/?fromuid=3554433.DEFINITIONS (7)3.1AC Level 1 Charging (7)3.2AC Level 2 Charging (7)3.3Charger (7)3.4Chassis Ground (7)3.5Conductive (7)3.6Connector (Charge) (7)3.7Contact (Charge) (7)3.8Control Pilot (7)3.9Coupler (Charge) (8)3.10DC Charging (8)3.11Electric Vehicle (EV) (8)3.12Electric Vehicle Supply Equipment (EVSE) (8)3.13Equipment Ground (Grounding Conductor) (8)3.14EV/PHEV Charging System (8)3.15Insulator (8)3.16Off-Board Charger (8)3.17On-Board Charger (8)3.18Plug In Hybrid Electric Vehicle (PHEV) (8)3.19Vehicle Inlet (Charge) (9)4.GENERAL CONDUCTIVE CHARGING SYSTEM DESCRIPTION (9)4.1AC Level 1 and AC Level 2 Interface Functions (9)4.2AC Level 1 Charging (11)4.3AC Level 2 Charging (12)4.4DC Charging (12)5.CONTROL AND DATA (12)5.1Typical Control Pilot Circuit (13)5.2Equivalent Control Pilot Circuit (13)5.3Control Pilot Functions (15)5.3.1Verification of Vehicle Connection (15)5.3.2EVSE Ready to Supply Energy (15)5.3.3EV/PHEV Ready to Accept Energy (15)5.3.4Determination of Indoor Ventilation (15)5.3.5EVSE Current Capacity (15)5.3.6Verification of Equipment Grounding Continuity (17)5.4Proximity Detection (17)5.5Digital Data Transfer (18)5.6Typical Start Up Sequence (20)6.GENERAL EV/PHEV REQUIREMENTS (21)6.1EV/PHEV Cable Ampacity Coordination (21)6.2Environmental (22)7.GENERAL EVSE REQUIREMENTS (22)7.1EVSE Electromagnetic Emissions (22)7.1.1EVSE Conducted Emissions (22)7.1.2EVSE Radiated Emissions (22)7.2EVSE Electromagnetic Immunity (22)7.3EVSE Electrostatic Discharge (24)7.4EVSE Harmonic Distortion Immunity (24)7.5EVSE Electrical Fast Transient Immunity (24)7.6EVSE Voltage Dips, Short Interruptions and Voltage Variations Immunity (24)7.7EVSE Magnetic Field Immunity (24)7.8EVSE Capacitor Switching Transient Test (24)7.9EVSE Voltage Surge Test (24)零点花园标准区欢迎您!The Standard is downloaded from Standard Sharing7.10Installation Requirements (25)7.11General Product Standards (25)7.12Personnel Protection System (25)7.13AC Present Indicator (25)7.14Conductor Cord Requirements (25)7.15Coupler Requirements (25)8.COUPLER REQUIREMENTS (25)8.1Vehicle Inlet/ Connector Compatibility (25)8.2Ergonomic Requirements (25)8.2.1Ease of Use (25)8.2.2Indexing (25)8.2.3Alignment (26)8.2.4Tactile Feel (26)8.2.5Latching (26)8.3Safety Requirements (26)8.3.1Isolation (26)8.3.2Exposure of Contacts (26)8.3.3Sharp Edges (26)8.3.4Touch Temperature (26)8.3.5Hazardous Conditions (26)8.3.6Unauthorized Access (26)8.4Performance Requirements (26)8.4.1Design Life (27)8.4.2Impact Resistance (27)8.4.3Vehicle Drive-Over (27)8.5Environmental Requirements (27)8.5.1General Environmental Considerations (27)8.5.2Temperature Range (27)8.5.3Temperature Rise (27)8.5.4Insulation Resistance (27)8.5.5Fluid Resistance (27)8.5.6Mechanical Requirements (27)8.5.7Sealing Requirements (28)8.6General Coupler Physical Description (28)8.6.1Vehicle Inlet General requirements (28)8.6.2Connector General Requirements (29)8.7Dimensional Requirements (29)8.7.1Interface Contacts Sizing (29)8.7.2Vehicle Inlet Physical Dimensions (29)8.7.3Connector Physical Dimensions (29)8.7.4Vehicle Inlet Access Zone (29)8.7.5Contact Sequencing (29)9.CHARGE STATUS INDICATOR (30)10.CONNECTOR / VEHICLE INLET OPTIONAL MARKING (30)11.NOTES (30)11.1Marginal Indicia (30)APPENDIX A HISTORY EVSE/VEHICLE INTERFACE (31)APPENDIX B AC LEVEL 3 CHARGING (34)APPENDIX C PREVIOUS CHARGE COUPLER DESIGNS (37)APPENDIX D CHARGE COUPLER DIMENSIONAL REQUIREMENTS (NON LOCKABLE) (43)APPENDIX E CHARGE COUPLER DIMENSIONAL REQUIREMENTS (LOCKABLE) (49)零点花园标准区欢迎您!1. SCOPEThis SAE Recommended Practice covers the general physical, electrical, functional and performance requirements to facilitate conductive charging of EV/PHEV vehicles in North America. This document defines a common EV/PHEV and supply equipment vehicle conductive charging method including operational requirements and the functional and dimensional requirements for the vehicle inlet and mating connector.2. REFERENCES2.1 Applicable PublicationsThe following publications form a part of this specification to the extent specified herein. Unless otherwise indicated, the latest issue of SAE and other applicable publications shall apply.Publications2.1.1 SAEAvailable from SAE International, 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA 15096-0001, Tel: 877-606-7323 (inside USA and Canada) or 724-776-4970 (outside USA), .SAE J1113-21 Electromagnetic Compatibility Measurement Procedure for Vehicle Components—Part 21: Immunity to Electromagnetic Fields, 30 MHz to 18 GHz, Absorber-Lined ChamberSAE J1211 Handbook for Robustness Validation of Automotive Electrical/Electronic ModulesSAE J1850 Class B Data Communications Network InterfaceSAE J2293-1 Energy Transfer System for Electric Vehicles—Part 1: Functional Requirements and System ArchitecturesSAE J2293-2 Energy Transfer System for Electric Vehicles—Part 2: Communication Requirements and Network Architecture2.1.2 Canadian Standards Association PublicationAvailable from Canadian Standards Association, 170 Rexdale Boulevard, Rexdale, Ontario, Canada M9W 1R3, www.csa.ca.Canadian Electrical Code Part 1, Section 862.1.3 Federal Communication Commission PublicationsAvailable from the United States Government Printing Office, 732 North Capitol Street, NW, Washington, DC 20401, Tel: 202-512-1800, /cfr/retrieve.html.CFR 40 Code of Federal Regulations—Title 40, Part 600, Subchapter QCFR 47 Code of Federal Regulations—Title 47, Parts 15A, 15B, and 18C零点花园标准区欢迎您!The Standard is downloaded from Standard Sharing2.1.4 InternationalElectrotechnical Commission PublicationAvailable from International Electrotechnical Commission, 3, rue de Verambe, P.O. Box 131, 1211 Geneva 20, Switzerland, Tel: +41-22-919-02-11, www.iec.ch.IEC Publications are also available from the American National Standards Institute, 25 West 43rd Street, New York, NY 10036-8002, Tel: 212-642-4900, .CISPR 12 Vehicles, boats and internal combustion engines—Radio disturbance characteristics—Limits and methods of measurement for the protection of off-board receivers61000-4-6 Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC)—Part 4-6: Testing and measurement techniques—Immunity to conducted disturbances, induced by radiofrequency fields2.1.5 International Standards Organization PublicationAvailable from International Organization for Standardization, 1 rue de Varembe, Case Postale 56, CH-1211 Geneva 20, Switzerland, Tel: +41-22-749-01-11, .Also available from American National Standards Institute, 25 West 43rd Street, New York, NY 10036-8002, Tel: 212-642-4900, .ISO 11451-2 Road vehicles—Vehicle test methods for electrical disturbances from narrowband radiated electromagnetic energy—Part 2: Off-vehicle radiation sources2.1.6 National Fire Protection Association PublicationAvailable from the National Fire Protection Agency, 1 Batterymarch Park, Quincy, MA 02169-7471, Tel: 617-770-3000, .National Electrical Code, NFPA 70 Article 625 (2008 edition)Laboratories Inc. Publications2.1.7 UnderwritersAvailable from Underwriters Laboratories Inc., 333 Pfingsten Road, Northbrook, IL 60062-2096, Tel: 847-272-8800, .UL 50 Standard for Enclosures for Electrical EquipmentUL 1439 Determination of Sharpness of Edges on EquipmentUL 2202 EV Charging System EquipmentUL 2231-1 Personnel Protection Systems for Electric Vehicle Supply Circuits: General RequirementsUL 2231-2 Personnel Protection Systems for Electric Vehicle Supply Circuits: Particular Requirements for Protection Devices for Use in Charging SystemsUL 2251 Plugs, Receptacles, and Couplers for Electric Vehicles2.2 Related PublicationsThe following publications are provide for information purposes only and are not a required part of this document.零点花园标准区欢迎您!2.2.1 SAEPublicationsAvailable from SAE International, 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA 15096-0001, Tel: 877-606-7323 (inside USA and Canada) or 724-776-4970 (outside USA), .SAE J551-5 Performance Levels and Methods of Measurement of Magnetic and Electric Field Strength from Electric Vehicles, Broadband, 9 kHz to 30 MHzSAE J1742 Connections for High Voltage On-Board Vehicle Electrical Wiring Harness—Test Methods and General Performance RequirementsSAE J1773 SAE Electric Vehicle Inductively Coupled ChargingSAE J1812 Function Performance Status Classification for EMC Immunity TestingSAE J2178-1 Class B Data Communication Network Messages—Detailed Header Formats and Physical Address AssignmentsSAE J2178-2 Class B Data Communication Network Messages—Part 2: Data Parameter DefinitionsSAE J2178-3 Class B Data Communication Network Messages—Part 3: Frame IDs for Single-Byte Forms of HeadersSAE J2178-4 Class B Data Communication Network Messages—Message Definitions for Three Byte HeadersElectrotechnical Commission Publications2.2.2 InternationalAvailable from International Electrotechnical Commission, 3, rue de Verambe, P.O. Box 131, 1211 Geneva 20, Switzerland, Tel: +41-22-919-02-11, www.iec.ch.IEC Publications are also available from the American National Standards Institute, 25 West 43rd Street, New York, NY 10036-8002, Tel: 212-642-4900, .61000-4-3 Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC)—Part 4-3: Testing and measurement techniques—Radiated, radio-frequency, electromagnetic field immunity testIEC 61851-1 Electric Vehicle Conductive Charging System—Part 1: General RequirementsIEC 61851-21 Electric Vehicle Conductive Charging System—Part 21: Electric Vehicle Requirements for Connection to an AC / DC SupplyIEC 61851-22 Electric Vehicle Conductive Charging System—Part 22: AC Electric Vehicle Charging StationLaboratories Inc. Publications2.2.3 UnderwritersAvailable from Underwriters Laboratories Inc., 333 Pfingsten Road, Northbrook, IL 60062-2096, Tel: 847-272-8800, .UL 94 Tests for Flammability of Plastic Materials for Parts in Devices and AppliancesUL 231 Power OutletsUL 746A Standard for Polymeric Materials—Short Term Property EvaluationsUL 840 Insulation Coordination Including Clearance and Creepage Distances for Electrical EquipmentUL 2594 Outline of Investigation—Electric Vehicle Supply Equipment零点花园标准区欢迎您!The Standard is downloaded from Standard Sharing3. DEFINITIONS3.1 AC Level 1 ChargingA method that allows an EV/PHEV to be connected to the most common grounded electrical receptacles (NEMA 5-15R and NEMA 5-20R). The vehicle shall be fitted with an on-board charger capable of accepting energy from the existing single phase alternating current (AC) supply network. The maximum power supplied for AC Level 1 charging shall conform to the values in Table 1. A cord and plug EVSE with a NEMA 5-15P plug may be used with a NEMA 5-20R receptacle. A cord and plug EVSE with a NEMA 5-20P plug is not compatible with a NEMA 5-15R receptacle.3.2 AC Level 2 ChargingA method that uses dedicated AC EV/PHEV supply equipment in either private or public locations. The vehicle shall be fitted with an on-board charger capable of accepting energy from single phase alternating current (AC) electric vehicle supply equipment. The maximum power supplied for AC Level 2 charging shall conform to the values in Table 1.3.3 ChargerAn electrical device that converts alternating current energy to regulated direct current for replenishing the energy of an energy storage device (i.e., battery) and may also provide energy for operating other vehicle electrical systems.3.4 Chassis GroundThe conductor used to connect the non-current carrying metal parts of the vehicle high voltage system to the equipment ground.3.5 ConductiveHaving the ability to transmit electricity through a physical path (conductor).3.6 Connector (Charge)A conductive device that by insertion into a vehicle inlet establishes an electrical connection to the electric vehicle for the purpose of transferring energy and exchanging information. This is part of the coupler.3.7 Contact (Charge)A conductive element in a connector that mates with a corresponding element in the vehicle inlet to provide an electrical path.3.8 Control PilotAn electrical signal that is sourced by the Electric Vehicle Supply Equipment (EVSE). Control Pilot is the primary control conductor and is connected to the equipment ground through control circuitry on the vehicle and performs the following functions:a. Verifies that the vehicle is present and connectedb. Permits energization/de-energization of the supplyc. Transmits supply equipment current rating to the vehicled. Monitors the presence of the equipment grounde. Establishes vehicle ventilation requirements零点花园标准区欢迎您!3.9 Coupler (Charge)A mating vehicle inlet and connector set.3.10 DC ChargingA method that uses dedicated direct current (DC) EV/PHEV supply equipment to provide energy from an appropriate off-board charger to the EV/PHEV in either private or public locations.3.11 Electric Vehicle (EV)An automotive type vehicle, intended for highway use, primarily powered by an electric motor that draws from a rechargeable energy storage device. For the purpose of this document the definition in the United States Code of Federal Regulations – Title 40, Part 600, Subchapter Q is used. Specifically, an automobile means:a. Any four wheeled vehicle propelled by a combustion engine using on-board fuel or by an electric motor drawingcurrent from a rechargeable storage battery or other portable energy devices (rechargeable using energy from a source off the vehicle such as residential electric service).b. Which is manufactured primarily for use on public streets, roads, and highways.c. Which is rated not more that 3855.6 kg (8500 lb), which has a curb weight of not more than 2721.6 kg (6000 lb), andwhich has a basic frontal area of not more than 4.18 m2 (45 ft2).3.12 Electric Vehicle Supply Equipment (EVSE)The conductors, including the ungrounded, grounded, and equipment grounding conductors, the electric vehicle connectors, attachment plugs, and all other fittings, devices, power outlets, or apparatuses installed specifically for the purpose of delivering energy from the premises wiring to the electric vehicle. Charging cords with NEMA 5-15P and NEMA 5-20P attachment plugs are considered EVSEs.3.13 Equipment Ground (Grounding Conductor)A conductor used to connect the non-current carrying metal parts of the EV/PHEV supply equipment to the systemgrounding conductor, the grounding electrode conductor, or both, at the service equipment.3.14 EV/PHEV Charging SystemThe equipment required to condition and transfer energy from the constant frequency, constant voltage supply network to the direct current, variable voltage EV/PHEV traction battery bus for the purpose of charging the battery and/or operating vehicle electrical systems while connected.3.15 InsulatorThe portion of a charging system that provides for the separation, support, sealing, and protection from live parts.3.16 Off-Board ChargerA charger located off of the vehicle.3.17 On-Board ChargerA charger located on the vehicle.3.18 Plug In Hybrid Electric Vehicle (PHEV)A hybrid vehicle with the ability to store and use off-board electrical energy in a rechargeable energy storage device.零点花园标准区欢迎您!The Standard is downloaded from Standard Sharing3.19 Vehicle Inlet (Charge)The device on the electric vehicle into which the connector is inserted for the purpose of transferring energy andexchanging information. This is part of the coupler.4. GENERAL CONDUCTIVE CHARGING SYSTEM DESCRIPTIONIn the most fundamental sense, there are 3 functions, 2 electrical and 1 mechanical, that must be performed to allow charging of the EV/PHEV battery from the electric supply network. The electric supply network transmits alternating current electrical energy at various nominal voltages (rms) and a frequency of 60 Hz. The EV/PHEV battery is a DC device that operates at a varying voltage depending on the nominal battery voltage, state-of-charge, and charge/discharge rate. The first electrical function converts the AC to DC and is commonly referred to as rectification. The second electrical function is the control or regulation of the supply voltage to a level that permits a managed charge rate based on the battery charge acceptance characteristics – i.e., voltage, capacity, electrochemistry, and other parameters. The combination of these two functions are the embodiment of a charger. The mechanical function is the physical coupling or connecting of the EV/PHEV to the EVSE and is performed by the user. The conductive charging system consists of a charger and a coupler. The conductive system architecture is suitable for use with electrical ratings as specified in Table 1 and as shown in Figure 1.TABLE 1 - CHARGE METHOD ELECTRICAL RATINGS (NORTH AMERICA)Charge Method Nominal Supply Voltage(Volts) Maximum Current (Amps-continuous) Branch Circuit Breakerrating (Amps) AC Level 1 120 V AC, 1-phase 12 A 15 A (minimum)120 V AC, 1-phase16 A 20 AAC Level 2 208 to 240 V AC, 1-phase ≤ 80 A Per NEC 625 DC ChargingUnder DevelopmentConductive CouplerEV Supply EquipmentElectric VehicleFIGURE 1 - CONDUCTIVE EV/PHEV CHARGING SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE4.1AC Level 1 and AC Level 2 Interface FunctionsThe conductive coupler consists of a connector/vehicle inlet set with electromechanical contacts imbedded in an insulator and contained within a housing for each of the mating parts. The contacts provide a physical connection at the vehicle interface for the power conductors, equipment grounding conductor, and control pilot conductor between the EV/PHEV and EVSE. In addition a proximity sense conductor is provided between the EV/PHEV and charge connector. The interface consists of 5 contacts that perform the interface functions as shown in Figure 2 and specified in Table 2.零点花园标准区欢迎您!FIGURE 2 - AC LEVEL 1 AND AC LEVEL 2 CONDUCTIVE COUPLER CONTACT INTERFACE FUNCTIONSTABLE 2 - AC LEVEL 1 AND AC LEVEL 2 CONDUCTIVE COUPLER CONTACT FUNCTIONSContact #Connector Function Vehicle Inlet Function Description1 AC Power (L1) Charger 1 Power for AC Level 1 and2 2 AC Power (L2,N) Charger 2Power for AC Level 1 and 23 Equipment ground Chassis ground Connect EVSE equipment grounding conductor to EV/PHEV chassis ground during charging4 Control pilot Control pilot Primary control conductor (operation described in Section 5)5 Proximity DetectionProximity DetectionAllows vehicle to detect presence of charge connector零点花园标准区欢迎您!The Standard is downloaded from Standard Sharing4.2 AC Level 1 ChargingA method of EV/PHEV charging that extends AC power from the most common grounded electrical receptacle to an on-board charger using an appropriate cord set, as shown in Figure 3 at the electrical ratings specified in Table 1. AC level 1 allows connection to existing electrical receptacles in compliance with the National Electrical Code - Article 625.FIGURE 3 - AC LEVEL 1 SYSTEM CONFIGURATIONFigure Illustrates Vehicle Charging零点花园标准区欢迎您!4.3 AC Level 2 ChargingThe primary method of EV/PHEV charging that extends AC power from the electric supply to an on-board charger from a dedicated EVSE as shown in Figure 4. The electrical ratings are similar to large household appliances and specified in Table 1. AC Level 2 may be utilized at home, workplace, and public charging facilities.FIGURE 4 - AC LEVEL 2 SYSTEM CONFIGURATIONFigure Illustrates Vehicle Charging4.4 DC ChargingUnder development.5. CONTROL AND DATAThe control pilot circuit is the primary control means to ensure proper operation when connecting an EV/PHEV to the EVSE. This section describes the functions and sequencing of events for this circuit based on the recommended typical implementation or equivalent circuit parameters.零点花园标准区欢迎您!The Standard is downloaded from Standard Sharing5.1 Typical Control Pilot CircuitA typical control pilot circuit is shown in Figure 5.FIGURE 5 - TYPICAL CONTROL PILOT CIRCUIT5.2 Equivalent Control Pilot CircuitThe equivalent control pilot circuit and vehicle states are shown in Figure 6 and defined in Table 3, Table 4, and Table 5.FIGURE 6 - CONTROL PILOT EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT零点花园标准区欢迎您!TABLE 3 - DEFINITION OF VEHICLE STATESVehicle State Designation Voltage (vdc Nominal) Description of Vehicle StateState A 12.0(1)Vehicle not connectedState B 9.0(2)(3)Vehicle connected / not ready to accept energyState C 6.0(2)Vehicle connected / ready to accept energy / indoorcharging area ventilation not requiredState D 3.0(2)Vehicle connected / ready to accept energy / indoorcharging area ventilation requiredState E 0 EVSE disconnected, utility power not available, orother EVSE problemState F –12.0(1)EVSE not available, or other EVSE problem1. Static voltage.2. Positive portion of 1 KHz square wave, measured after transition has fully settled.3. From a transition from State A to State B begins as a static DC voltage which transitions to PWM upon the EVSE detection of vehicleconnected / not ready to accept energy.TABLE 4 - EVSE CONTROL PILOT CIRCUIT PARAMETERS (SEE FIGURE 6)Parameter(1)Symbol Units Nominal Value Maximum Value Minimum Value Generatorvoltage high, open circuit Voch Volts 12.00 12.60 11.40voltage low, open circuit Vocl Volts –12.00 –12.60 –11.40Frequency FoHertz10001020980 pulse width(2)Pwo Microsec Per Figure 7 Nom, + 25 µs Nom, - 25 µsrise time(3) TrgMicrosecn.a.2n.a. fall time(3) TfgMicrosecn.a.2n.a. settling time(4) TsgMicrosecn.a.3 n.a. Output Componentsequivalent source resistance R1 Ohms 1000 1030(5) 970(5)total equivalent EVSE capacitance, w/o cable C1 Picofaradsn.a. n.a. 300(6)total equivalent EVSEcapacitance, including cableC1 + Cc Picofarads n.a. 3100 n.a.1. Tolerances to be maintained over the environmental conditions and useful life as specified by the manufacturer.2. Measured at 50% points of complete negative-to-positive or positive-to-negative transitions.3. 10% to 90% of complete negative-to-positive transition or 90% to 10% of complete positive-to-negative transition measured betweenthe pulse generator output and R1. Note that the term Generator is referring to the EVSE circuitry prior to and driving the 1KΩ sourceresistor with a ±12V square wave. This circuitry should have rise/fall times faster than 2 µsec. Rise/fall times slower than this will beginto add noticeably to the output rise/fall times dictated by the 1KΩ resistor and all capacitance on the Pilot line.4. To 95% of steady-state value, measured from start of transition.5. Maximum and minimum resistor values are ±3% about nominal.6. Guarantees rise time slow enough to remove transmission line effects from cable.零点花园标准区欢迎您!The Standard is downloaded from Standard Sharing。
SAE J1986-1993 BALANCE WEIGHT AND RIM FLANGE DESIGN SPECIFICATIONS, TEST PROCEDURES, AND PERFORMANCE

SAE Technical Standards Board Rules provide that: “This report is published by SAE to advance the state of technical and engineering sciences. The use of this report is entirely voluntary, and its applicability and suitability for any particular use, including any patent infringement arising therefrom, is the sole responsibility of the user.”SAE reviews each technical report at least every five years at which time it may be reaffirmed, revised, or cancelled. SAE invites your written comments and suggestions.QUESTIONS REGARDING THIS DOCUMENT: (724) 772-8512 FAX: (724) 776-0243TO PLACE A DOCUMENT ORDER; (724) 776-4970 FAX: (724) 776-0790SAE WEB ADDRESS SURFACE VEHICLE 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA 15096-0001RECOMMENDED PRACTICEAn American National Standard J1986ISSUED FEB93Issued1993-02BALANCE WEIGHT AND RIM FLANGE DESIGN SPECIFICATIONS, TEST PROCEDURES, ANDPERFORMANCE RECOMMENDATIONSForeword—This Document has not changed other than to put it into the new SAE Technical Standards Board Format.1.Scope—This SAE Recommended Practice is intended to serve as a guide for standardization of features,dimensions, and configurations of balance weights and rim flanges for aluminum and steel wheels intended foruse on passenger cars, light trucks, and multipurpose vehicles to assure good insertion and retention of thebalance weight on the rim flange. This document also provides test procedures and minimum performancerequirements for testing balance weight retention. Alternate materials and geometries can be addressed inthe future.2.References2.1Applicable Publications—The following publications form a part of this specification to the extent specifiedherein.2.1.1T IRE & R IM A SSOCIATION P UBLICATIONS —Available from The Tire & Rim Association, Inc., 175 MontroseWest Avenue, Suite 150, Copley, OH 44321.Tire & Rim Association Y earbook3.Definitions 3.1Balance Weight Assembly—An assembly of the weight and the clip which is intended for mounting on therim flange to balance the tire/wheel assembly about its axis of rotation and thus minimize vibrations due to therotation of the tire/wheel assembly.3.1.1W EIGHT —Metal (usually lead) of a specified mass with contours to conform to the surface of the rim flange.3.1.2C LIP —Specially formed metal affixed to the weight to mount the balance weight on the rim flange.3.1.3S PUR —An optional part of a clip protruding from its surface interfacing with the rim flange.3.1.4B ALANCE W EIGHTC OATING —Noncorrosive material coating (polyester, nylon, etc.) to prevent corrosion.3.1.5B ALANCE W EIGHT K EY D IMENSIONS—Dimensions which are essential for fitting the balance weight on the rimflange.3.1.6B ALANCE W EIGHT S IZE—The balance weight size is determined by the magnitude of the balance weight massand is expressed in g (oz).3.1.7B ALANCE W EIGHT R ETENTION F ORCE—A static force required to remove the balance weight from the rimflange as set forth in Section 7.3.1.8B ALANCE W EIGHT R ETENTION—An ability of the balance weight to maintain its secure position on the rimflange in various service conditions on the road as well as in the laboratory.3.1.9I NTERFERENCE—The measure of balance weight press fit computed as the difference between the flangethickness and the weight gap.3.1.10C LIP S PRING R ATE—The change of clamping force per unit change of deflection.3.1.11For further definitions and descriptions of nomenclature of balance weights Figure 1.3.1.12R IM F LANGE—That part of the rim where the balance weight is mounted.3.1.12.1Rim Flange Key Dimensions—Dimensions which are essential for fitting the balance weight on the rimflange.3.1.12.2For further definitions and descriptions of nomenclature of rim flange features, Figure 2 for aluminumwheels and Figure 3 for steel wheels.4.Balance Weight Assembly Types—Balance weight types are identified and marked by letter codes (Table 1).Four different types of balance weights have been evaluated and recommended for use in the industry: P, C, T, and MC (Figure 4). Alternate balance weight types, for example AW, currently in use are not included.TABLE 1—TYPICAL APPLICATION CHART BALANCE WEIGHT SELECTIONTypeSteelWheelAlum.WheelFlange LipThicknessmm (in)FlangeOffsetmm (in)Rim ContourP X 2.67—3.81(0.105—0.150)10.5 ± 1.2(0.41 ± 0.05)J, JB, JJC X 2.03—2.67(0.080—0.105)10.5 ± 1.2(0.41 ± 0.05)J, JB, JJT X 3.43—4.83(0.135—0.190)10.5 ± 1.2(0.41 ± 0.05)J, JB, JJRolled Steel TypeMC X X 4.57—5.21(0.180—0.205)10.5 ± 1.2(0.41 ± 0.05)J, JB, JJAluminum Per Design GuideFIGURE 1—BALANCE WEIGHT ASSEMBL Y TERMINOLOGYFIGURE 2—ALUMINUM WHEEL RIM FLANGE TERMINOLOGYFIGURE 3—STEEL WHEEL RIM FLANGE TERMINOLOGYFIGURE 4—BALANCE WEIGHT ASSEMBLY TYPES5.Rim Flange Types—Rim flange types are identified by letter codes. Rim flange types covered by thisdocument are: J, JB, and JJ. Alternate rim flange types, for example L, currently in use are not included.Configurations of these rim flanges are shown in the Tire and Rim Association (TRA) yearbook. Dimensions shown in the TRA book are limited to those pertaining to the rim flange contour on the tire side and do not include dimensions on the balance weight side. Recommended rim flange dimensions and configurations on the balance weight side are discussed in Section 5 and are shown in Figures 5, 6, and 7.6.Recommended Rim Flange Features, Dimensions, and Configurations6.1Machined/As Cast Aluminum Wheels—Recommended rim flange features, dimensions, and configurationsare shown in Figures 5 and 6. The rim flanges shown in Figures 5 and 6 are intended for MC type balance weights.6.2Rolled Aluminum Rims—Recommended rim flange features, dimensions, and configurations have not yetbeen established.6.3Steel Wheels—Recommended rim flange features, dimensions, and configurations are shown in Figure7.7.Balance Weight Assembly Selection—Recommended balance weights for different rim types are shown inTable 1.8.Test Procedure (Static)8.1Preparation of Balance Weights for Test8.1.1S ELECTION O F B ALANCE W EIGHTS—For each test use a set of new balance weights of different sizesrepresentative of the wheel for which they are intended. The balance weights of each size shall be equally divided into two groups each containing the same number. For testing purposes, one group shall be mounted on the outboard flange and the other group on the inboard flange.8.1.2M EASUREMENTS O F K EY D IMENSIONS O F B ALANCE W EIGHTS—For balance weights intended for aluminumwheels, measure weight gap and spur depth. For balance weights intended for steel wheels, measure weight gap only. The measured values of weight gap and spur depth shall be within design specification shown in Table 2.8.1.3M ARKING O F B ALANCE W EIGHTS—Individual balance weights of different sizes shall be picked at random fromthe selected group and marked by using sequential numbers. One half of the group are to be tested on the outboard flange and the other half on the inboard rim flange.8.2Preparation of the Wheel8.2.1C LEANING—Clean the surfaces of the outboard and the inboard rim flanges to remove any dirt or grease byusing solvent which leaves no residue.8.2.2M ARKING—Using a felt pen, make equally spaced marks around the circumference of the outboard andinboard flanges to indicate mounting points for each of the balance weights. The flange surface at each mounting point shall be free of scratches, gouges, and welds.8.2.3M EASUREMENT O F R IM F LANGE D IMENSIONS—Measure and record the following three dimensions on theoutboard and inboard rim flanges: Flange Lip Thickness, Flange Offset, and Flange Width Figure 2 and Figure 3. All measured dimensions shall be within design specifications shown in Figures 5, 6, or 7.8.3Test Equipment—The test equipment shall be capable of removing the balance weight from the rim flange aswell as measuring and reading the maximum force required to initiate movement.8.4Test Sequence—Test shall be conducted in the following sequence:8.4.1Install the probe for moving the balance weight on the rim flange in the center hole of the fixture with the flatedge facing up Figure 8.8.4.2Install the balance weight on the inboard and outboard rim flange by using a nonmetallic hammer. Strike the balance weight in such a manner that one blow properly seats it on the rim flange.8.4.3Install the wheel in the test fixture and center it on the base of the fixture as shown in Figure 8.8.4.4Set the probe in the center of the hole or notch located in the clip by adjusting its horizontal, vertical, and angular positions while avoiding contact with the rim flange during test sequence.8.4.5Set the force indicator on the test equipment to zero.8.4.6Gradually increase the force on the lever until the balance weight moves. Record the maximum indicated force.8.4.7Discard the balance weight removed from the rim flange and do not use it in future testing.8.4.8Reset the wheel for the next position of balance weight removal.8.4.9Repeat steps 8.4.2 through 8.4.8 for each balance weight installed on the inboard and outboard rim flange following a sequential order of balance weight numbers.9.Performance Requirements—The minimum value of balance weight retention force determined in accordance with the Static Test procedure described in Section 7 shall be equal to or greater than 155 N (35lbf). Balance weight assemblies showing retention force values below 155 N (35 lbf) should be evaluated with the balance weight manufacturer as dynamic testing may be required.TABLE 2—RECOMMENDED BALANCE WEIGHT DESIGN SPECIFCATIONSBal Wt Type Wheel Design Specified Recommended Limits mm (in)Weight Gap Design Specified Recommended Limits mm (in)SpurRecommendedInterferencemm (in)PSteel 2.03—2.41(0.080—0.95)0.64(0.025) min CSteel 1.57—1.98(0.062—0.078)0.64(0.025) min TSteel 2.67—3.05(0.105—0.120)0.64(0.025) min MC Alum. 4.06—4.45(0.160—0.175)0.76—1.14(0.030—0.045)0.64(0.025) minWEIGHT—OPTION #1BALANCE WEIGHT—OPTION #2FIGURE 7—RECOMMENDED DESIGN PRACTICE STEEL WHEELS "P, C, T" TYPE BALANCE WEIGHTSFIGURE 8—TYPICAL FIXTURE FOR REMOVAL OF BALANCE WEIGHTS AND ENLARGED VIEWOF PUSH-OFF PIVOTPREPARED BY THE SAE WHEEL ST ANDARDS COMMITTEERationale—Balance weight retention is typically thought of as the ability of the weight to remain on the wheel throughout road use of a vehicle. To duplicate this "retention" in service use, a series of tests were developed to comprehend the direct ability of a balance weight to retain on a wheel. In service use, there is no force normal to the weight that will pull the weight off as the wheel rotates. Rather, there exists a centrifugal force coupled with the attachment clip that keeps the weight in its installed position.The effort is to provide sufficient engineering data to support the recommended designs of wheels and balance weights shown in SAE J1986.Relationship of SAE Standard to ISO Standard—Not applicable.Application—This SAE Recommended Practice is intended to serve as a guide for standardization of features, dimensions, and configurations of balance weights and rim flanges for aluminum and steel wheels intended for use on passenger cars, light trucks, and multipurpose vehicles to assure good insertion and retention of the balance weight on the rim flange. This document also provides test procedures and minimum performance requirements for testing balance weight retention. Alternate materials and geometries can be addressed in the future.Reference SectionTire & Rim Association Y earbookDeveloped by the SAE Wheel Standards Committee。
SAE--J617-1992

SAE Technical Standards Board Rules provide that: “This report is published by SAE to advance the state of technical and engineering sciences. The use of this report is entirely voluntary, and its applicability and suitability for any particular use, including any patent infringement arising therefrom, is the sole responsibility of the user.”SAE reviews each technical report at least every five years at which time it may be reaffirmed, revised, or cancelled. SAE invites your written comments and suggestions.QUESTIONS REGARDING THIS DOCUMENT: (724) 772-8512 FAX: (724) 776-0243TO PLACE A DOCUMENT ORDER; (724) 776-4970 FAX: (724) 776-0790SAE WEB ADDRESS 2.1.2ANSI AND ISO P UBLICATIONS—Available from ANSI, 11 West 42nd Street, New Y ork, NY 10036-8002.ANSI B1.1—Unified Inch Screw Threads (UN and UNR Thread Form)ANSI Y14.5—Dimensioning and T olerancingISO 7648—Flywheel housings for reciprocating internal combustion enginesISO 7649—Road vehicles—Clutch housings for reciprocating internal combustion engines3.Dimensions and Tolerances—Dimensions and tolerances shown are millimeter (inch). Geometric symbolsused conform to ANSI Y14.5.4.Engine Flywheel Housings—Figures and tables listed as follows furnish the dimensions and the holepatterns for dry type engine flywheel housing:Figure 1—Flywheel Housing Dimension and Hole Pattern (for 8, 12, 16, and 24 bolt hole patterns).Figure 2—Flywheel Housing Flange DimensionsFigure 3—Depth of Pilot Bore (Dimensions E)T able 1 and 2—Flywheel Housing DimensionFor dimensions of "Engine Flywheels Housing with Sealed Flanges" (wet type housing), see SAE J1172.When designing the "Engine Flywheel Housing," refer to SAE J542, SAE J543, SAE J615, SAE J616, SAE J1033, SAE J1172, ISO 7648, and ISO 7649.5.Mating Transmission Housing Flanges—Only the "SAE" flange area of the mating dry type transmissionhousing is covered by this document.The nominal male pilot diameter of the mating transmission housing flange shall be the same as the nominal diameter "A" of the flywheel housing, Figure 1.For mating transmission housing flange dimensions, tolerances, hole sizes, and runout requirements, see Figure 4 and Table 1, Table 2, and T able 3.FIGURE 1—FL YWHEEL HOUSING DIMENSIONS AND HOLE PATTERN, mm (in)FIGURE 2—FLYWHEEL HOUSING FLANGE DIMENSIONS, mm (in)FOR VARIOUS CRANKSHAFT—FL YWHEEL MOUNTING SYSTEMSFIGURE 4—MATING TRANSMISSION HOUSING FLANGE DIMENSIONS, mm (in)TABLE 1—FLYWHEEL HOUSING DIMENSIONS, MM (IN)—FIGURE 1 AND FIGURE 2SAE No.(1)1.For differentiating housings using metric tapped holes, add ("M") designation to the housing size: Example: SAE 2M indicating SAE 2 flywheel housing with metric tapped holes.A (Pilot Dia)Nominal Dimension A (Pilot Dia)Tolerance −0.000FIM Pilot Bore "A"and Face "X" RunoutTolerance (t)(2)2.Figures shown for bore and face runout are full indicator readings (FIM). Runout to be measured on assembled engine mounted on its supports and held in its normal operating position. For measuring procedure see SAE J1033.BC(Bolt Circle)6266.70 (10.500)+0.13 (0.005)0.18 (0.007)307.8 (12.12)285.75 (11.250)5314.32 (12.375)+0.13 (0.005)0.20 (0.008)355.6 (14.00)333.38 (13.125)4361.95 (14.250)+0.13 (0.005)0.23 (0.009)403.4 (15.88)381.00 (15.000)3409.58 (16.125)+0.13 (0.005)0.25 (0.010)450.8 (17.75)428.62 (16.875)2447.68 (17.625)+0.13 (0.005)0.28 (0.011)489.0 (19.25)466.72 (18.375)1511.18 (20.125)+0.20 (0.008)0.30 (0.012)552.4 (21.75)530.22 (20.875)1/2584.2 (23.000)+0.20 (0.008)0.36 (0.014)647.7 (25.50)619.12 (24.375)0647.70 (25.500)+0.25 (0.010)0.41 (0.016)711.2 (28.00)679.45 (26.750)00784.4 (31.000)+0.25 (0.010)0.48 (0.019)882.6 (34.75)850.90 (33.50)TABLE 2—FLYWHEEL HOUSING DIMENSIONS, MM (IN)—FIGURE 1 AND FIGURE 2SAE No.(1)1.For differentiating housings using metric tapped holes, add "M" deignation to the housing size: Example: SAE 2M indi-cating SAE 2 flywheel housing with metric tapped holes.E Nominal Dimension ETolerance±Tapped Mounting Holes (1)(2)(3)(4)No.2.Tapped holes shall be equally spaced on each side of the vertical centerline "Y" axis. Figure 1.3.Tapped holes shall be threaded in accordance with: Metric: ISO Coarse pitch series thread class fit 6H as specified in ISO 965/11. Inch: UNC Class 2B of ANSI B1.1 screw threads.4.Minimum bolt thread engagement length shall be 1.5 times the nominal bolt diameter for "Gray Iron" housing and 2 times the nominal bolt diameter for aluminum housings. Recommended minimum thread engagement length values are for SAE Grade 8 bolt and torque application.Tapped Mounting Holes (1)(2)(3)(4)Metric Tapped Mounting Holes (1)(2)(3)(4)Inch6 71.4 (2.81) 1.52 (0.06) 8M10 x 1.503/8 – 165 71.4 (2.81)(5)5.An "E" dimension of 100.1 (3.94) is required for SAE No. 5 housing when an 8 size driving ring type overcenter clutch, conforming to SAE J621 is used.1.52 (0.06) 8M10 x 1.503/8 – 164100.1 (3.94 (6)6.An "E" dimension of 71.4 (2.81) is required for SAE No. 4 housing when 6-1/2 or 7-1/2 size driving ring type overcenter clutches conforming to SAE J621 are used.1.52 (0.06)12M10 x 1.503/8 – 163100.1 (3.94) 1.52 (0.06)12M10 x 1.503/8 - 162100.1 (3.94) 1.52 (0.06)12(7)7.Optional 24 bolt spacing for SAE no. 1 and 2 aluminum housings.M10 x 1.503/8 – 161100.1 (3.94)(8)8.An "E" dimension of 133.4 (5.25) is optional for flywheel housing when numbers 1, 1/2, 0, and 00 when multiplate clutches are used.1.52 (0.06)12(7)M10 x 1.507/16 – 141/2100.1 (3.94)(8) 1.52 (0.06)12M12 x 1.751/2 – 130100.1 (3.94)(8)2.03 (0.08)16M12 x 1.751/2 – 1300100.1 (3.94)(8)2.03 (0.08)16M12 x 1.751/2 - 13TABLE 3—TOLERANCES AND HOLE SIZES FOR MATING TRANSMISSION HOUSING FLANGES, mm (in)Housing SAE No.(1)1.For differentiating housings with metric bolt holes, add "M" designation to the housing size, Example: SAE 2M.Pilot Diameter "A" Tolerance+0 (2)2.For nominal flange pilot diameter, T able 1 Table 2.Pilot Diameter "A"and Face "X" RunoutTolerance (t)FIM (3)3.Figures shown for bore and face runout are full indicator readings (FIM). For runout measuring procedure, consult with transmission manufacturer.Drill Thru (4)(5)Holes Metric Bolt Size4.For hole spacing, Figure 1. For hole locating tolerance, Figure 4.5.For nominal bolt circle "C," T able 1 T able 2.Drill Thru (4)(5)Holes Metric Hole Size mm Drill Thru (4)(5)Holes Inch Bolt Size Drill Thru (4)(5)Holes Inch Hole Size in6, 5, 4−0.13 (−0.005)0.13 (0.005)M1011.20(6)6.These holes may be drilled to 11.00 (0.433) diameter to provide common hole size for metric and inch bolts. 3.8 bolts should be used with thick hard washers.3/80.422(6)3, 2−0.13 (−0.005)0.20 (0.008)M1011.20(6)3/80.422(6)1−0.13 (−0.005)0.20 (0.008)M1011.207/160.4841/2, 0, 00−0.20 (−0.008)0.25 (0.010)M1213.501/20.563Notes:6.Notes6.1Marginal Indicia—The change bar (l) located in the left margin is for the convenience of the user in locatingareas where technical revisions have been made to the previous issue of the report. An (R) symbol to the left of the document title indicates a complete revision of the report.PREPARED BY THE SAE CLUTCH, FL YWHEEL, AND HOUSING STANDARDS COMMITTEERationale—The following revisions are made to this SAE Standard.1.Revised Title. Title was "Engine Flywheel Housings." Revised to "Engine Flywheel Housing andMating Transmission Housing Flanges."NOTE—Current SAE J617c covered the mating transmission housing flanges, but the title did not specify it.2.Revised approving committee and revision note. SAE J617c was revised by Construction MachineryT echnical Committee on June 1976. This document should be controlled and approved by the Engine Committee.3.Revised Scope to indicate areas covered by this document.4.Added Purpose.5.Added References, Applicable SAE Documents, and Applicable ISO Documents.6.Added dimensions and tolerances note.7.Added "Engine Flywheel Housing Group" (Item 4), to correlate applying figures and tables.8.Added "Mating Transmission Housing Flange Group" (Item 5), to correlate applying figures andtables.9.Revised and rearranged bolt spacing on Figure 1, added (X) and (Y) axis, and 24 bolt hole pattern.10.Added Figure 2—"Flywheel Housing Flange Dimension" for better clarification (Removed fromFigure 1):•Geometric Symbols•Flange Runout Tolerances•Tapped holes true position locating tolerance11.Added Figure 3—"Depth of Pilot Bore (Dimension E) for Various Crankshaft—Flywheel MountingSystem."NOTE—Did it because location of "E" dimension causing confusion. Pictorial illustration eliminates any question.12.Revised T able 1:•Revised tabulation order of engine housing sizes—from smallest to largest size.•Specified pilot diameter "A" tolerance next to diameter A.•Revised SAE Flange pilot bore and face runout limits.NOTE—This was done because current runout tolerances are difficult to hold. Proposed new runout limits are in line with ISO limits. (SAE No. 3 thru 00)•Added tolerance to "E" dimension (for this purpose engine industry was surveyed).•Added metric bolt sizes (same as ISO).•Added optional 24 bolt hole pattern for SAE No. 1 and 2 aluminum flywheel housings.•Added instructions to differentiate housings using metric size bolts (Note 1).•Added bolt grade and torque limit to minimum bolt thread engagement length recommendations.•Removed reference note d—for 3/8 size bolts used on SAE No. 1 housing prior to 1953. (30+ years passed).13.Provided Figure 4—"Mating T ransmission Housing Flange Dimension" for better clarification.•Geometric symbols•Flange runout tolerances•Drill thru holes locating toleranceSAE J617 Revised MAY9214.Provided Table 2—"T olerances and Hole Sizes for Mating Transmission Housing Flanges"•Revised piloting diameter tolerance:From -0.005 to -0.008 for SAE 1/2, 0, 00 housings•Revised SAE flange radial and face runout limits:From 0.005 FIM to 0.008 FIM—For SAE 3, 2, 1 housingsFrom 0.005 FIM to 0.010 FIM—For SAE 1/2, 0, 00 housings•Provided hole sizes for metric bolts•Increased clearance holes sizes:From 0.047 to 0.06 for SAE 1/2, 0, 00 housingsRelationship of SAE Standard to ISO Standard—Not applicable.Application—This SAE Standard specifies the major dimensions and tolerances for Engine Flywheel Housings and the Mating Transmission Housing Flanges. It also locates the crankshaft flange face, or the transmission pilot bore (or pilot bearing bore) stop face in relation to housing SAE flange face.This document is not intended to cover the design of the flywheel housing face mating with the engine crankcase rear face or the design of housing walls and ribs. Housing strength analysis and the selection of housing materials are also excluded.This document applies to any internal combustion engine which can utilize SAE No. 6 through SAE No.00 size flywheel housing for mounting a transmission.Reference SectionSAE J542—Starting Motor Mounting (For Starter Mounting Pads on Flywheel Housing and Ring Gear Face Location on Flywheels)SAE J543—Starting Motor Pinions and Ring Gears (For Starting Motor Mounting Center Distance)SAE J615—Engine Mountings (Side Pad and Arm Type)SAE J616—Engine Foot MountingsSAE J621—Industrial Power Takeoffs with Driving Ring-T ype Overcenter ClutchesSAE J1033—Procedure for Measuring Bore and Face Runout of Flywheels, Flywheel Housings, and Flywheel Housing AdapterSAE J1172—Engine Flywheel Housing with Sealed FlangesANSI B1.1—Unified Inch Screw Threads (UN and UNR Thread Form)ANSI Y14.5—Dimensioning and T olerancingISO 7648—Flywheel housings for reciprocating internal combustion enginesISO 7649—Road vehicles—Clutch housings for reciprocating internal combustion enginesDeveloped by the SAE Clutch, Flywheel, and Housing Standards Committee。
贴片三极管代码

67 BFP67 Tfk X - npn Rf fT 7.5GHz 10V 50mA
67R BFP67R Tfk WQ - npn Rf fT 7.5GHz 10V 50mA
68Y BZV49-C68 Phi O SOT89 68V 1W zener
6B MUN5112 Mot N SOT323 MUN2112
6BR BC817-25R Phi R SOT23R BC337-25
6BZ BC817-25 Zet N SOT23 BC337-25
6C BC817-40 Phi N SOT23 BC337-40
6Cs BC817-40 Sie N SOT23 BC337-40
2SC1815 HF BC857B 3F
2SC945 CR BC858A 3J
MMBT3904 1AM BC858B 3K
MMBT3906 2A BC858C 3L
MMBT2222 1P 2SA733 CS
64s BAT64-04W Sie D SOT323 dual ser gp Schottky 40V 250mA
65s BAT64-05 Sie B SOT23 dual cc gp Schottky 40V 250mA
65s BAT64-05W Sie B SOT323 dual cc gp Schottky 40V 250mA
6C MMBFU310 Mot F SOT23 n-ch jfet U310
6C MUN2113 Mot N SOT23 pnp dtr 47k+47k
SAE_J2044-2002标准_油管、油泵、燃油滤清器、油轨等管接头的执行标准

SAE Technical Standards Board Rules provide that: “This report is published by SAE to advance the state of technical and engineering sciences. The use of this report is entirely voluntary, and its applicability and suitability for any particular use, including any patent infringement arising therefrom, is the sole responsibility of the user.”SAE reviews each technical report at least every five years at which time it may be reaffirmed, revised, or cancelled. SAE invites your written comments and suggestions. Copyright ©2002 Society of Automotive Engineers, Inc.All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of SAE.TO PLACE A DOCUMENT ORDER:Tel: 877-606-7323 (inside USA and Canada)Tel: 724-776-4970 (outside USA)Fax: 724-776-0790Email: custsvc@6.4.3Test Requirement (Side Load Fracture Test) (9)6.4.4Acceptance Criteria (9)6.5Resistance to Evaporative Emissions (10)6.5.1Test Procedure (10)6.5.2Acceptance Criteria (10)6.6Electrical Resistance (10)6.6.1Test Procedure (10)6.6.2Acceptance Criteria (10)7.Design Verification/Validation Testing (11)7.1Corrosion (11)7.1.1Test Procedure (11)7.1.2Acceptance Criteria (11)7.2Zinc Chloride Resistance (11)7.2.1Test Procedure (11)7.2.2Acceptance Criteria (11)7.3External Chemical and Environmental Resistance (11)7.3.1Test Procedure (11)7.3.2Fluid or Medium (12)7.3.3Acceptance Criteria (12)7.4Fuel Compatibility (12)7.4.1Test Procedure (12)7.4.2Test Fuels (12)7.4.3Test Requirement (12)7.4.4Acceptance Criteria (12)7.5Life Cycle (13)7.5.1Test Procedure (13)7.5.2Vibration Frequency (13)7.5.3Acceleration (13)7.5.4Vibration Duration (13)7.5.5Fluid Pressure (13)7.5.6Fluid Flow (Liquid Fuel Quick Connectors Only) (13)7.5.7Test Duration (13)7.5.8Test Cycle (14)7.5.9Acceptance Criteria (15)7.6Flow Restriction (16)7.7Elevated Temperature Burst (16)7.7.1Test Procedure (16)7.7.2Acceptance Criteria (17)8.Design Verification/Validation and In-Process Testing Matrix (17)9.Notes (17)9.1Marginal Indicia (17)Appendix A Mating Tube End Template Examples (18)1.Scope—This SAE Recommended Practice defines standard tube end form dimensions so as to guaranteeinterchangeability between all connector designs of the same size and the standard end form. This document also defines the minimum functional requirements for quick connect couplings between flexible tubing or hose and rigid tubing or tubular fittings used in supply, return, and vapor/emissions in fuel systems. This document applies to automotive and light truck applications under the following conditions:a.Gasoline and diesel fuel delivery systems or their vapor venting or evaporative emission controlsystems.b.Operating pressure up to 500 kPa, 5 bar, (72 psig).c.Operating vacuum down to –50 kPa, –0.5 bar (–7.2 psi).d.Operating temperatures from –40 °C (–40 °F) to 115 °C (239 °F).Quick connect couplings function by joining the connector to a mating tube end form then pulling back to assure a complete connection. The requirements stated in this document apply to new connectors in assembly operations unless otherwise indicated. For service operations, the mating tube should be lubricated with SAE 30-weight oil before re-connecting.NOTE—New connector designs using the same materials as previously tested connectors may use the original results as surrogate data for 7.1, 7.2, 7.3, and 7.4.Vehicle OEM fuel system specifications may impose additional requirements beyond the scope of this general SAE document. In those cases, the OEM specification takes precedence over this document.2.References2.1Applicable Publications—The following publications form a part of this specification to the extent specifiedherein. Unless otherwise specified, the latest issue of SAE publications shall apply.2.1.1SAE P UBLICATIO NS—Available from SAE, 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA 15096-0001.SAE J1645—Fuel System—Electrostatic ChargeSAE J1681—Gasoline, Alcohol, and Diesel Fuel Surrogates for Materials TestingSAEJ1737—Test Procedure to Determine the Hydrocarbon Losses from Fuel Tubes, Hoses, Fittings, and Fuel Line Assemblies by RecirculationSAE J2045—Performance Requirements for Fuel System Tubing Assemblies2.1.2ASTM P UBLICATION—Available from ASTM, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959.ASTM B 117—Method of Salt Spray (Fog) Testing2.2Related Publication—The following publication is provided for information purposes only and is not a requiredpart of this specification.2.2.1SAE P UBLICATIO N—Available from SAE, 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA 15096-0001.SAE J30—Fuel and Oil Hoses3.Definitions3.1Unexposed coupling—One that has not been used or deteriorated since manufacture.3.2Lot—A group of couplings that can be traced to a single assembly set-up or material lot. No more than oneweek production in a lot.4.Size Designation—The following system of size designations apply to the tube end and connector portions ofquick connect couplings. The connector size designation consists of two numbers. The first number designates the OD of the mating tube end. The second number designates the tubing size suited for the stem.EXAMPLE—9.5 mm x 8 mm connector fits a 9.5 mm male and 8 mm flexible tubing or hose. The mating tube end size designations refers to the nominal OD of the sealing surface. Refer to Figure 1 for anillustration of this Coupling Nomenclature.FIGURE 1—CONNECTOR NOMENCLATUREDetails for standard coupling sizes and dimensions for standard tube end forms are shown on Figure 2.NOTE—On metal or nonmetallic tubing, the OD is used to designate size and on flexible hose and tubing, the ID is used to designate size.5.Test Temperatures—Unless otherwise specified, all tests will be performed at room temperature 23 °C ± 2 °C(73.4 °F ± 4 °F).6.Functional Requirements—This section defines the minimum functional requirements for quick connectorcouplings used in flexible tubing fuel systems.6.1Leak Test—In order to provide a production compatible process, all leak testing should be performed usingcompressed air in a manner that insures the connectors will not leak liquid fuel or vapor.6.1.1T EST P ROCEDURE (L OW P RESSURE)a.Insert leak test pin, shown in Figure 3, into the connector.b.Pressurize between the seals with suitable air leak test equipment to 69 kPa ± 7 kPa, 0.69 bar ±0.07bar (10 psig ± 1 psig).NOTE—For single seal connectors, the stem must be capped or sealed.6.1.2A CCEP TANCE C RITERIA (L OW P RESS URE)—Maximum leak rate 2 cc/min at stabilization.6.1.3T EST P ROCEDURE (H IGH P RE SSURE)a.Insert leak test pin, shown in Figure 3, into the connector.b.For liquid fuel quick connector couplings, pressurize between the seals with suitable air leak testequipment to 1034 kPa ± 35 kPa, 10.34 bar ± 0.35 bar (150 psig ± 5 psig).c.For vapor/emission quick connector couplings, pressurize between the seals with suitable air leak testequipment to 138 kPa ± 10 kPa, 1.38 bar ± 0.10 bar (20 psig ± 2 psig).FIGURE 2—MATING TUBE FORM6.1.4A CCEP TANCE C RITERIA (H IGH P RESSURE)—Maximum leak rate 5 cc/min at stabilization.NOTE 1—For single seal connectors, the stem must be capped or sealed.NOTE 2—Appropriate safety precautions should be taken when testing with high-pressure air.6.1.5T EST P ROCEDURE (V ACUUM)a.Insert leak test pin shown in Figure 3 into connector.b.Apply a vacuum of 7 kPa with suitable vacuum leak test equipment.6.1.6A CCEP TANCE C RITERIA (V ACUUM)—Maximum leak rate 2 cc/min at stabilization.FIGURE 3—LEAK TEST PIN6.2Assembly Effort—Quick connect coupling assembly effort is the peak force required to fully assemble (latchor retain) the mating tube end into the connector. Use a suitable tensile/compression tester to verify conformance to this document.6.2.1T EST P ROCEDURE (N EW P ARTS)a.Test a minimum of 10 couplings.b.Test the quick connect coupling as supplied. Do not add additional lubrication to the quick connectcoupling or test pin.c.Attach quick connect coupling to a suitable test fixture.d.Wipe the test pins, before each test, with a clean lint-free cloth to prevent an accumulation oflubrication.e.Insert assembly test pin, shown in Figure 4, into the quick connect coupling at a rate of 51 mm/min ± 5mm/min (2 in/min ± 0.2 in/min) and measure assembly effort. (Simulated maximum tube end form)6.2.2T EST P ROCEDURE—Connectors after Section 7 exposure.a.Allow samples to dry 48 h before insertion testing.b.Lubricate test pin with SAE 30-weight oil by dipping the end in oil up to the retaining bead.c.Insert assembly test pin, shown in Figure 4, into the quick connector at a rate of 51 mm/min ± 5 mm/min (2 in/min ± 0.2 in/min) and measure assembly effort.6.2.3A CCEP TANCE C RITERIAa.Maximum first time assembly effort must not exceed 67 N (15 lb) for sizes <11 mm male tubes, and111 N (25 lb) for sizes ≥11 mm male tubes.b.Maximum assembly effort after Section 7 exposures must not exceed 111 N (25 lb) for <11 mm maletubes and 156 N (35 lb) for ≥11 mm male tubes.FIGURE 4—ASSEMBLY TEST PIN6.3Pull-Apart Effort—Quick connect coupling pull-apart effort is the peak force required to pull the mating tubeend out of the quick connect coupling. Use a suitable tensile tester to verify conformance to this document.For hose pull-off, see SAE J2045.6.3.1T EST P ROCEDUREa.Attach the quick connector body stem to a fixture suitable for pulling axially through the centerline ofthe quick connector.e the pull-apart test pin shown in Figure 5. (Simulated minimum mating end form)c.Apply a tensile load, at a rate of 51 mm/min ± 5 mm/min (2 in/min ± 0.2 in/min), until completeseparation occurs.6.3.2A CCEP TANCE C RITERIAa.Minimum Force P required to separate the test pin from the fuel quick connector should be, P = 56d upto a maximum of 600 N (135 lb) or for unexposed connectors and P = 37d up to a maximum of 400 N(90 lb) after Section 7 exposure where P = Force in Newtons and d = Nominal Tube Diameter inmillimeters.b.Minimum Force P required to separate the test pin from the vapor/emissions quick connector shouldbe P = 16d up to a maximum of 400 N (90 lb) for unexposed connectors, P = 12d up to a maximum of300 N (67 lb) after Section 7 exposure.FIGURE 5—PULL APART PIN6.4Side Load Capability—Quick connect couplings must be able to withstand side loads typical of what might beimposed by hose routing in a vehicle application as well as from having the hose pushed aside to reach other objects on the vehicle during service procedures. The connector side load capability is measured using a side load leak test and a side load fracture test. All connector designs and all tube end forms on metal or plastic molded parts must meet the requirements of this procedure.6.4.1T EST P ROCEDUREa.Insert quick connector into a length of design intent flexible tubing or hose with the opposite endsealed.b.Attach the quick connector to a suitable side load leak fixture or the plastic molded part, shown inFigure 6. (Simulated minimum end form)c.For liquid fuel quick connect couplings, pressurize the assembly with 1034 kPa ± 35 kPa, 10.34 bar ±0.35 bar (150 psig ± 5 psig) air pressure.d.For vapor/emission quick connect couplings, pressurize the assembly with 69 kPa ± 14 kPa, 0.69 bar± 0.14 bar (10 psig ± 2 psig) air pressure.e.Side load the hose or tube center point with the required load specified and perform the leak test.f.Mount a sample in the fracture fixture or plastic molded part, side load quick connector, at a rate of12.7 mm/min ± 5 mm/min (0.5 in/min ± 0.2 in/min), until the specified force is applied or fracture of thequick connector occurs. Kinking of design intent hose is permitted.6.4.2A CCEP TANCE C RITERIA (S IDE L OAD L EAK T ES T)a.No leaks, fracture, or rupture of the quick connector or its components or the plastic molded tube endpermitted below the minimum F = 19d up to maximum of 225 N (50 lb), where F = Side Load inNewtons and d = nominal tube diameter in millimeters.b.Maximum leak rate is 8 cc/min at stabilization with 10.34 bar ± 0.34 bar (150 psig ± 5 psig) appliedpressure for liquid connectors or 69 kPa ± 14 kPa, 0.69 bar ± 0.14 bar (10 psig ± 2 psig) appliedpressure for vapor connectors.6.4.3T EST R EQ UIREMENT (S IDE L OA D F RACTURE T EST)—Push above the end of the stem.6.4.4A CCEP TANCE C RITERIA—No fracture, rupture, or yield of the quick connector or its components or the plasticmolded tube end permitted, below the minimum of F = 28d up to a maximum of 400 N (90 lb), where F = Side Load in Newtons and d = nominal tube diameter in millimetersFIGURE 6—SIDE LOAD TEST FIXTURE6.5Resistance to Evaporative Emissions—Fuel line couplings are an integral part of the fuel system barrier toevaporative emissions. They are viewed as potential leak sites in the system. This method is to be used to determine hydrocarbon losses from permeation or micro leaks that are characteristic of each connector design.6.5.1T EST P ROCEDUREa.Because the losses from a single coupling are normally too small to measure accurately, it isrecommended that a test specimen be created consisting of 10 couplings. The value measured isthen divided by the number of connectors in the test specimen to arrive at the per connector value.b.Connector stem is to be inserted into the design intent flexible tubing or hose and a design intent tubeend inserted into the connector. The flexible tubing or hose should have its permeation propertiesmeasured independently using the same test fluid, preconditioning time and temperature, testtemperature and measurement technique. The value measure in this test is then corrected bysubtracting the permeation contribution from the flexible tubing.c.For the purpose of making the correction described in b. (previously) measure the length of flexibletubing in the test specimen that will be exposed to fuel during the test. For each section of flexibletubing this should be measured from a point half way up the stem on one connector to the same pointon the next connector in line.d.Precondition the test specimen per SAE J1737 until steady state permeation/leak measurements areobtained. Use Test Fluid C per SAE J1681. Precondition at 40 °C and 60 °C for separate tests ateach of those temperatures.e.Measure the hydrocarbon losses using a suitable SAE test method (i.e., SAE J1737, Mini-SHED,weight loss, etc) providing it is sufficiently accurate and the flexible tubing has been permeation testedusing the same method. Test at steady state temperatures of 40 °C and 60 °C.f.Correct the measured value for the multi-coupling test specimen by first subtracting the permeationvalue attributed to the flexible tubing then dividing that value by the number of couplings in the testspecimen.6.5.2A CCEP TANCE C RITERIA—None. Report value for each size and material combination only.6.6Electrical Resistance—If required by the OEM, all connectors used in fuel system applications involvingflowing liquid fuel must be sufficiently conductive and capable of creating an electrical connection with the flexible tubing into which they are inserted and with the tube end form that is inserted into them in order to prevent the buildup of harmful electrostatic charges.6.6.1T EST P ROCEDUREa.Test specimen is to consist of a coupling representative of the design as it will be installed in a vehicleapplication. The coupling is to be in the middle of the specimen. The length of both the flexible tubingor hose and rigid tubing must be 250 mm.b.Expose the specimens in accordance with 7.4 of this document then dry the exterior thoroughly.c.Measure electrical resistance per SAE J1645 between the inner surfaces at each end of the specimen.CAUTION—Measurement device may produce hazardous electrical charge, handle components with insulated means.d.With the measurement system in place and recording, using insulated tongs or grasping device, movethe connector both axially and tangentially with respect to the installed tube end.6.6.2A CCEP TANCE C RITERIAa.Measured resistance must be less than 106Ω (at 500 V).b.Electrical continuity must be maintained in all orientations of the connector relative to the tube end.c.Maintain material certification log to show in-process capability.7.Design Verification/Validation Testing7.1Corrosion—The corrosion test is performed to assure that the quick connector components will meet thefunctional requirements of the fuel system after exposure to the corrosion test.7.1.1T EST P ROCEDUREa.Insert design intent mating tube ends, shown in Figure 2, into the quick connect couplings.b.Cap the mating tube ends and the stem ends of the quick connect couplings, so internal surfacesremain free of water and corrosion.c.Perform salt spray test per ASTM B 117.7.1.2A CCEP TANCE C RITERIA—The quick connect couplings shall be capable of meeting the functionalrequirements of 6.1, 6.2, and 6.3 after 500 h salt spray. Appearance is not a functional requirement.7.2Zinc Chloride Resistance—Zinc chloride is an environmental stress-cracking agent to which somehygroscopic polymers are sensitive. This test is performed to assure that the quick connect couplings meets their functional requirements after exposure to zinc chloride.7.2.1T EST P ROCEDUREa.Insert mating tube ends, shown in Figure 2, into the quick connect couplings.b.Cap the mating tube ends and stem ends of the quick connect couplings, so internal surfaces remainfree of water and corrosion.c.Immerse the couplings in a 50% aqueous solution (by weight) of zinc chloride for 200 h at 23°C (roomtemperature). Cover or cap the container to prevent the solution from changing concentrationsignificantly during the exposure. When in doubt, measure the concentration of ZnCl at the completionof the test.d.When the exposure is complete, remove the quick connect couplings from the zinc chloride solution,do not rinse or clean.e.The quick connect couplings must then be held at room temperature for 24 h.f.Quick connect couplings are to be inspected after each exposure sequence for any evidence ofcracking.7.2.2A CCEP TANCE C RITERIAa.No cracks or fractures of the quick connector or its components permitted.b.The quick connect couplings shall be capable of meeting the functional requirements of 6.1, 6.2, and6.3 after exposure to zinc chloride.7.3External Chemical and Environmental Resistance—Quick connect couplings may be exposed to a range ofchemicals typical of the automotive environment. This chemical resistance test is performed to assure that the quick connect couplings will meet their functional after exposure to typical automotive fluids.7.3.1T EST P ROCEDUREa.Insert mating tube ends, shown in Figure 2, into the quick connect couplings.b.Cap mating tube ends and stem ends of the quick connect couplings.c.Submerge the quick connect coupling assemblies completely.d.At the end of 60 days, dry connectors at room temperature for 48 h.7.3.2F LUID OR M EDIUM—See Table 1.7.3.3A CCEP TANCE C RITERIA—The quick connect couplings shall be capable of meeting the functionalrequirements of 6.1, 6.2, and 6.3 upon completion of the external chemical and environmental testing.NOTE—New connector sizes using the same materials and architectural design as previously tested connectors may use the original results as surrogate data.TABLE 1—FLUID OR MEDIUM(1)Fluid or Medium Exposure Time ProcedureAutomatic Transmission Fluid60 Days Soak @ room tempMotor Oil60 Days Soak @ room tempBrake Fluid (Dot 3)60 Days Soak @ room tempEthylene Glycol (50% Water)60 Days Soak @ room tempPropylene Glycol (50% Water)60 Days Soak @ room tempDiesel Fuel60 Days Soak @ room tempEngine Degreaser60 Days Soak @ room temp1.The fluids in Table 2 shall be considered generic or those that are common to the industry.7.4Fuel Compatibility—The fuel compatibility test is performed to assure that the quick connector will meet thefunctional requirements of the fuel system after exposure to specific fuel blends.NOTE—The intention of the document is that all couplings be fully interchangeable. As such couplings must be qualified to operate with all available fuels. Connectors made of materials that are not suitable foruse in some fuels must be clearly labeled to identify their limitations.7.4.1T EST P ROCEDUREa.Insert mating tube ends, shown in Figure 2, into the connectors.b.The samples shall have fuel contact surfaces exposed to the fuels specified in 7.4.2, see Table 2.c.Replace the fuel every 7 days.d.New samples must be used for each test.7.4.2T EST F UE LS—Reference SAE J1681 and Table 2.7.4.3T EST R EQ UIREMENT—One-half the samples shall be tested immediately after removal from the test fuel andthe remaining samples shall be tested after a 48-h dry-out period.7.4.4A CCEP TANCE C RITERIA—The quick connect coupling shall meet the functional requirements of 6.1, 6.2, and6.3 after the completion of the fuel compatibility test.NOTE—New connector sizes using the same materials and architectural design as previously tested connectors may use the original results as surrogate data.TABLE 2—TEST FLUIDSTest Fluid (Per SAE J1681)Exposure Time ProcedureASTM Reference Fuel C60 Days Soak @ 40 °CSAE CE10 (Fuel C Plus 10% Ethyl Alcohol)60 Days Soak @ 40 °CSAE CM30 (Fuel C Plus 30% Methyl Alcohol)60 Days Soak @ 40 °CSAE CME15 (Fuel C Plus 15% MTBE)60 Days Soak @ 40 °CSAE CP (Auto-Oxidized Fuel)60 Days Soak @ 40 °C7.5Life Cycle—The life cycle test is performed to assure that the quick connector will meet the functionalrequirements of the fuel system when exposed to pressure, vibration, and temperature cycles typical of severe duty in automotive applications.7.5.1T EST P ROCEDUREa.Insert a connector in each end of a 500 mm (19.69 in) length of suitable flexible tubing.b.Leak test the assembly per 6.1, except use mating tube end shown in Figure 2.c.Connect the assembly to a test fixture, shown in Figure 7 using production intent tubes.d.Test fluid (liquid fuel quick connect couplings)—Mobil Arctic 155 refrigerant oil or equivalent.e.Test fluid (vapor/emission quick connect couplings)—Air.NOTE—Use of flammable materials is not recommended. However, tests in fuel or fuel surrogates can produce better results at low temperatures.7.5.2V IBRATIO N F REQUENCY—Continuously sweep the frequency from 7 Hz to 200 Hz, with 3 sweeps per hour. 7.5.3A CCELERATION—See Table 3.TABLE 3—ACCELERATION(1)Maintain Acceleration Load From To18 m/s2 (2 G)7 Hz25 Hz90 (10 G)2550182 (20 G) 5075163 (18 G) 75100145 (16 G)100125127 (14 G)125150109 (12 G)15017590 (10 G)1752001.This test may be interrupted or shut down for weekends at the end of anysection.7.5.4V IBRATIO N D URATION—Maintain vibration as specified in 7.5.8 (Test Cycles).7.5.5F LUID P RESSUREa.For liquid fuel quick connect couplings during pressure portions of the test, alternate pressure between0 and 1034 kPa ± 35 kPa, 10.34 bar ± 0.35 bar (150 psig ± 5 psig). Alternate pressure one time perminute (i.e., 1 min at each pressure).b.For vapor/emission quick connect couplings during pressure portions of the test, alternate pressurebetween 0 and 69 kPa ± 2 kPa, 0.69 bar ± 0.02 bar (10 psig ± 0.3 psig). Alternate pressure one timeminute (i.e., 1 min at each pressure).NOTE—Pressure transition rate is to be as close to a square wave as practical but not so abrupt that pressure overshoot occurs. This may require up to 3 s.7.5.6F LUID F LOW (L IQUID F UEL Q UICK C ONNECT C OUP LINGS O NLY)—Flow rate during the specified test cycle is1.33 Lpm ± 0.2 Lpm (0.46 gpm ± 0.07 gpm) through each quick connect coupling.7.5.7T EST D URATION—336 h (14 test cycles) (14 days)7.5.8T EST C YCLES—The test cycle consists of five sections to simulate hot operation, hot soak, hot operation afterhot soak, cold soak, and cold operation. See Table 4.NOTE—Included at the beginning of the hot and cold test sections are temperature transitions times of 1h maximum.7.5.8.1Hot Operation Testa.Length of Time—7 hb.Chamber Temperature—125 °C ± 5 °C (257 °F ± 9 °F)c.Fluid Temperature (liquid fuel quick connect couplings only)—66 °C ± 5 °C (151 °F ± 9 °F)d.Fluid Pressure—yese.Fluid Flow—yesf.Vibration—yes7.5.8.2Hot Soaka.Length of Time—2 hb.Chamber Temperature—125 °C ± 5 °C (257 °F ± 9 °F)c.Fluid Temperature (liquid fuel quick connect couplings only)—Heat to chamber temperatured.Fluid Pressure—yese.Fluid Flow—nof.Vibration—no7.5.8.3Hot Operation after Hot Soaka.Length of Time—7 hb.Chamber Temperature—125 °C ± 5 °C (25 7°F ± 9 °F)c.Fluid Temperature (liquid fuel quick connect couplings only)—66 °C ± 5 °C (151 °F ± 9 °F)d.Fluid Pressure—yese.Fluid Flow—yesf.Vibration—yes7.5.8.4Cold Soaka.Length of Time—7 hb.Chamber Temperature— –40 °C (-40 °F)c.Fluid Temperature (liquid fuel quick connect couplings only)—Cool to chamber temperatured.Fluid Pressure—yese.Fluid Flow—nof.Vibration—no7.5.8.5Cold Operationa.Length of Time—1 hb.Chamber Temperature— –40 °C (–40 °F)c.Fluid Temperature (liquid fuel quick connect couplings only)—Cool to chamber temperatured.Fluid Pressure—yese.Fluid Flow—yesf.Vibration—yes7.5.9A CCEP TANCE C RITERIAa.No fluid leaks permitted during or at completion of test, for Vapor connector couplings, air leak test per6.1.b.The connector shall meet the functional requirements of 6.1, 6.2, and 6.3 after the completion of thelife cycle test.c.Perform visual inspection of connector and its components. No fractures, cracks, or unusual wearpermitted.FIGURE 7—LIFE CYCLE TEST SET UP7.6Flow Restriction—Quick connect couplings shall be designed to provide minimal flow restriction. 7.6.1T EST P ROCEDURE a.Insert connector into its intended flexible tubing.b.Connect the flexible tubing to a source for controlled flow of water.c.Measure the pressure required to create 120 L/h flow through each connector design.7.6.2A CCEP TANCE C RITERIA —None. Measure and report value.7.7Elevated Temperature Burst—The elevated temperature burst test is performed to assure that the quick connect coupling will withstand the pressure requirements of the fuel system at the maximum operating temperature. This test can be performed as part of the tube and hose assembly requirements of SAE J2045 or as follows.7.7.1T EST P ROCEDURE a.Insert a quick connector in each end of a 500 mm (19.69 in) length of tubing or reinforced fuel hose.Secure each end with a hose clamp if required, to prevent failure of the stem to hose interface.b.Insert male tube ends, shown in Figure 2, into the quick connect couplings.c.Attach assembly to a suitable, air or hydraulic, burst pressure source.d.Place the assembly in a suitable environmental chamber and soak at 115 °C (239 °F) for 1 h.e.Perform burst by pressurizing the hose assembly at a rate of 3450 kPa/min (500 psig/min) until burst or rupture occurs.TABLE 4—LIFE CYCLE TEST SCHEDULESection Hour Chamber TemperatureFluid TemperatureFluid PressureFluid FlowVibration 7.5.8.11 125 °C (1)1.Temperature may be in transition.125 °C (1)Yes Yes Yes 2125°66°Yes Yes Yes 3125°66°Yes Yes Yes 4125°66°Yes Yes Yes 5125°66°Yes Yes Yes 6125°66°Yes Yes Yes 7125°66°Yes Yes Yes 7.5.8.28125°125°(1)Yes No No 9 125°125°Yes No No 7.5.8.310125°66°(1)Yes Yes Yes 11125°66°Yes Yes Yes 12125°66°Yes Yes Yes 13125°66°Yes Yes Yes 14125°66°Yes Yes Yes 15125°66°Yes Yes Yes 16125°66°Yes Yes Yes 7.5.8.417–40 °C (1)–40°(1)Yes No No 18–40°–40°Yes No No 19–40°–40°Yes No No 20–40°–40°Yes No No 21–40°–40°Yes No No 22–40°–40°Yes No No 23–40°–40°Yes No No 7.5.8.524–40°–40°YesYesYes。
SAEJ(标准参考)翻译

1 范围该SAE标准涵盖了应用于汽车球墨铸铁铸件和相关的行业的铸铁试件的金相组织和最低机械性能要求。
铸件需详细说明是铸态或热处理状态。
如果铸件需热处理,需获得客户的批准。
本附录提供了在化学成分,显微组织和力学性能,铸造性能等方面面信息以及为特定条件服务的其他信息。
在此标准的SI单位是磅2.2参考文献2.1 相关出版物The following publications form a part of the specification to the extent specified herein. Unless otherwise indicated, the latest revision of SAE publications shall apply2.1.1 ASTM 国际出版物Available from ASTM INTERNA TIONAL, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959ASTM E10 –-Standard Test Method for Brinell Hardness of Metallic MaterialsASTM E23—Standard Test Methods for Notched Bar Impact Testing of Metallic Materials ASTM E111—Standard Test Method for Young's Modulus, Tangent Modulus and Chord Modulus ASTM A247—Standard Test Method for Evaluation the Microstructure of Graphite in Iron CastingsASTM A536—Standard Specification for Ductile Iron CastingsSTP-455—Gray, Ductile, and Malleable Iron Castings Current Capabilities (out-of-print)2.1.2其他出版物Metals Handbook, V ol. 1, 2, and 5, 8th Edition, American Society for Metals, Metals Park, OH Gray and Ductile Iron Castings Handbook, Gray and Ductile Iron Founder Society, Cleveland, OH H. D. Angus, Physical Engineering Properties of Cast Iron, British Cast Iron Research Association, Birmingham, England3.3 牌号机械性能和冶金描述如表1所示。
SAEJ1857-2003飞轮标准

SAE Technical Standards Board Rules provide that: “This report is published by SAE to advance the state of technical and engineering sciences. The use of this report is entirely voluntary, and its applicability and suitability for any particular use, including any patent infringement arising therefrom, is the sole responsibility of the user.”SAE reviews each technical report at least every five years at which time it may be reaffirmed, revised, or cancelled. SAE invites your written comments and suggestions. Copyright © 2003 Society of Automotive Engineers, Inc.All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of SAE.TO PLACE A DOCUMENT ORDER:Tel: 877-606-7323 (inside USA and Canada)Tel: 724-776-4970 (outside USA)Fax: 724-776-0790Email: custsvc@TABLE 1—FLAT TYPE FLYWHEELS FOR USE WITH 14-in SINGLE-AND TWIN-PLATE CLUTCHES—FLYWHEEL DIMENSIONS(REFERENCE FIGURE 1)mminReference NoteA 180 - 184.257.09 - 7.25B 420.0 Min 16.54 Min (1)(2)1.Clutch is located with mounting screws and no pilot lip is required. B gives outer diameter of flat face required to seat the clutch against the flywheel.2.Face runout is 0.013 mm (0.0005 in) TIR per inch of diameter and applies between diame-ter A and B. Reference SAE J1033.E 100.1 3.94(3)3.Preferred dimensions. Optional design: 105.0 mm (4.13 in).F 393.715.50G 66.5 2.62K 16.00.63(4)(5)4.Pilot bearing dimensions. Reference SAE J1731 for flywheel pilot bearing bore toler-ances.5.Preferred bearing. Optional Bearing: K = 15.0 mm (0.59 in) and L = 52.0 mm (2.05 in).L 62.0 2.44(4)(5)N6.6 Min 0.260 Min (6)6.N is the clearance required for clutch dampers, including the maximum clutch face wear. Refer to SAE J1806 for specific details of the clutch envelopes.P 62.0 Min 2.44 Min(7)7.P is the clearance required for the clutch and transmission shaft.T3/8-16 NC-2B ↓ 20 Min12 Holes Equally SpacedCounterbore ý 9.54 to 9.603/8-16 NC-2B ↓ 0.79 Min12 Holes Equally spaced Counterbore ý 0.376 to 0.378(8)8.Clutch to be piloted by using shoulder cap screws. Contact clutch manufacturers for the clutch mounting bolt dimensions and tolerances.TWIN-PLATE CLUTCHES3.2Pot Type Flywheels for Use with 14-in Twin-Plate Clutches (Typically Heavy-Duty Applications)—See Table 2 and Figure 2.TABLE 2—POT TYPE FLYWHEELS FOR USE WITH 14-in TWIN-PLATECLUTCHES—FLYWHEEL DIMENSIONS(REFERENCE FIGURE 2)mminReference NotesA 180.0 - 184.07.09 - 7.24D 374.00 - 374.7814.725 - 14.755E 100.1 3.94F 393.715.5G 63.52.50H 374.65 - 374.7314.750 - 14.753J 74.47 - 74.73 2.932 - 2.942K 19.10.75(1)(2)1.Pilot bearing dimensions. Reference SAE J1731 for flywheel pilot bearing bore tolerances.2.Preferred bearing. Optional Bearing: K = 16.0 mm (0.63 in) and L = 62.0 mm (2.445 in).L 72.0 2.83(1)(2)M 4.57 min.0.18 min N 6.6 Min 0.260 Min (3)3.N is the clearance required for clutch dampers, including the maximum clutch face wear. Refer to SAE J1806 for specific details of the clutch envelopes.P 72.0 Min2.83 Min (4)4.P is the clearance required for the clutch and transmission shaft.T3/8-16 NC-2B ↓ 55.3 Min12 Holes Equally Spaced 3/8-16 NC-2B ↓ 2.18 Min12 Holes Equally Spaced U 19.10.75V12.67 - 12.7112 Holes Equally Spaced0.4990 to 0.500512 Holes Equally SpacedFIGURE 2—POT TYPE FLYWHEEL FOR 14-in TWIN-PLATE CLUTCHES3.3Flat Type Flywheels for Use with 15.5-in Twin-Plate Clutches and 16-in Single-Plate Clutches (Typically Heavy-Duty Applications)—See Tables 3 and 4 and Figure 3.TABLE 3—FLAT TYPE FLYWHEELS FOR USE WITH 15.5-in TWIN-PLATE CLUTCHESAND 16-in SINGLE-PLATE CLUTCHES—FLYWHEEL DIMENSIONS(REFERENCE FIGURE 3)mminReference NotesA See Table 4See Table 4E 100.1 3.94F 422.2816.625G 63.52.50H 435.76 - 435.8417.156 - 17.159K 19.00.75(1)(2)1.Pilot bearing dimensions. Reference SAE J1731 for flywheel pilot bearing bore tolerances.2.Preferred bearing. Optional bearing: K = 16.0 mm (0.63 in) and L = 62.0 mm (2.445 in).L 72.0 2.83(1)(2)M 3.56 - 4.570.140 - 0.180N See Table 4See Table 4(3)3.N is the clearance required for clutch dampers, including the maximum clutch face wear. Refer to SAE J1806 for specific details of the clutch envelopes.P 72.0 Min 2.83 Min (4)4.P is the clearance required for the clutch and transmission shaft. Details of the clutch envelopes.T7/16-14 NC-2B ↓ 20.0 Min.12 Holes Equally Spaced7/16-14 NC-2B ↓ 0.79 Min.12 Holes Equally SpacedTABLE 4—FLYWHEEL DIMENSIONS(REFERENCE FIGURE 3)Type A mm A in N mm N in 1(1)1.Traditional Dimensions for Either Organic or Ceramic Faced Clutches.219.0 - 222.58.62 - 8.76 6.60 Min 0.260 Min 2(2)2.Dimensions for Larger Damper Section Ceramic Faced Clutches.256.5 - 257.510.10 - 10.149.40 Min0.370 Min16-in SINGLE-PLATE CLUTCHES3.4Flat Type Flywheels for Use with 17-in Single-Plate Clutches (Typically Heavy-Duty Applications)—See Tables 5 and 6 and Figures 4 and 5.TABLE 5—FLAT TYPE FLYWHEELS FOR USE WITH 17-in SINGLE-PLATE CLUTCHES—FLYWHEEL DIMENSIONS (REFERENCE FIGURE 4)mminReference NotesA See Table 6See Table 6E 100.1 3.94F 450.0017.717G 59.92.36H 475.00 - 475.1018.701 - 18.705K 19.00.75(1)1.Pilot bearing dimensions. Reference SAE J1731 for flywheel pilot bearing bore tolerances.L 72.0 2.83(1)M 5.5 - 8.50.22 - 0.33N See Table 6See Table 6(2)2.N is the clearance required for clutch dampers, including the maximum clutch face wear. Refer to SAE J1806 for specific details of the clutch envelopes.P 72.0 Min2.83 Min(3)3.P is the clearance required for the clutch and transmission shaft.T7/16-14 NC-2B ↓ 20.0 Min 12 HolesUnequally Spaced7/16-14 NC-2B ↓ 0.79 Min 12 HolesUnequally Spaced(4)(5)4.American standard thread size. Optional thread size is metric M10 x 1.5 - 6H.5.See Figure 5 for bolt hole spacing.TABLE 6—FLYWHEEL DIMENSIONSREFERENCE FIGURE 4Type A mm A in N mm N in 1(1)1.Traditional Dimensions for Either Organic or Ceramic Faced Clutches.235.7 - 238.39.28 - 9.387.65 Min 0.301 Min 2(2)2.Dimensions for Larger Damper Section Ceramic Faced Clutches256.5 - 257.510.10 - 10.149.40 Min0.370 MinFIGURE 4—FLAT FLYWHEEL FOR 17-in SINGLE-PLATE CLUTCHESFIGURE 5—BOLT HOLE SPACING FOR FLAT FLYWHEEL17-in SINGLE-PLATE CLUTCHES4.Notes4.1Marginal Indicia—The change bar (l) located in the left margin is for the convenience of the user in locatingareas where revisions have been made to the previous issue of the report. An (R) symbol to the left of the document title indicates a complete revision of the report.PREPARED BY THE SAE TRUCK AND BUS CLUTCH SUBCOMMITTEE OF THESAE TRUCK AND BUS CHASSIS AND POWERTRAIN COMMITTEESAE J1857 Revised APR2003Rationale—The only change to this document was changing the value in the Dimensional Tolerancing box in Table 1 under “in” from 0.25 to 0.0098 or 0.010.Relationship of SAE Standard to ISO Standard—Not applicable.Application—This SAE Recommended Practice defines flywheel configurations to promote standardization of clutch installation and mounting dimensions for flywheels used with pull type single and twin plate truck clutches.Reference SectionSAE J1033—Procedure for Measuring Bore and Face Runout of Flywheels, Flywheel Housings, and Flywheel Housings AdaptersSAE J1731—Pilot Bearings for Truck and Bus ApplicationsSAE J1806—Clutch Dimensions for Truck and Bus ApplicationsDeveloped by the SAE Truck and Bus Clutch SubcommitteeSponsored by the SAE Truck and Bus Chassis and Powertrain Committee。
SAEJ827v002-High-Carbon Cast-Steel Shot

SAE Technical Standards Board Rules provide that: “This report is published by SAE to advance the state of technical and engineering sciences. The use of this report is entirely voluntary, and its applicability and suitability for any particular use, including any patent infringement arising therefrom, is the sole responsibility of the user.”SAE reviews each technical report at least every five years at which time it may be reaffirmed, revised, or cancelled. SAE invites your written comments and suggestions.Copyright © 2005 SAE InternationalAll rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying,recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of SAE.TO PLACE A DOCUMENT ORDER:Tel: 877-606-7323 (inside USA and Canada)Tel: 724-776-4970 (outside USA)Fax: 724-776-0790Email: custsvc@SURFACE VEHICLE RECOMMENDED PRACTICE J827REAF.JUL2005Issued 1962-06Reaffirmed2005-07Superseding J827 SEP1996High-Carbon Cast-Steel Shot1.Scope—This SAE Recommended Practice describes chemical composition and physical characteristicrequirements for high-carbon cast-steel shot to be used for shot peening or blast cleaning operations.1.1Rationale—This document has been reaffirmed to comply with the SAE 5-Y ear Review policy.2.References2.1Applicable Publications—The following publications form a part of this specification to the extent specified herein. The latest issue of SAE, ASTM, and ISO publications shall apply.2.1.1SAE P UBLICATIONS —Available from SAE, 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA 15096-0001.SAE J444—Cast Shot and Grit Size Specifications for Peening and CleaningSAE J445—Metallic Shot and Grit Mechanical Testing 2.1.2ASTM P UBLICATIONS —Available from ASTM, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959.ASTM B 215, Method B—Methods of Sampling Finished Lots of Metal PowdersASTM E 140—Hardness Conversion Tables for Metals (Relationship Between Brinell Hardness, Vickers Hardness, Rockwell Hardness, Rockwell Superficial Hardness, and Knoop Hardness)ASTM E 384—T est Method for Microhardness of Materials2.2Related Publications—The following publications are provided for information purposes only and are not arequired part of this document.2.2.1ISO P UBLICATIONS —Available from ANSI, 25 West 43rd Street, New Y ork, NY 10036-8002.ISO 11124 Part 3—High-carbon cast-sheet steel shot and gritISO 11125 Part 1—Preparation of steel substrates before application of paints and related products—Test methods for metallic abrasives—Part 1: SamplingISO 11125 Part 2—Preparation of steel substrates before application of paints and related products—Test methods for metallic abrasives—Part 2: Determination of particle size distributionISO 11125 Part 3—Preparation of steel substrates before application of paints and related products—Test methods for metallic abrasives—Part 3: Determination of hardnessISO 11125 Part 4—Preparation of steel substrates before application of paints and related products—Test methods for metallic abrasives—Part 4: Determination of apparent densityISO 11125 Part 5—Preparation of steel substrates before application of paints and related products—Test methods for metallic abrasives—Part 5: Determination of percentage defective particles andmicrostructureISO 11125 Part 6—Preparation of steel substrates before application of paints and related products—Test methods for metallic abrasives—Part 6: Determination of foreign matterISO 11125 Part 7—Preparation of steel substrates before application of paints and related products—Test methods for metallic abrasives—Part 7: Determination of moisture3.Description—High-carbon cast-steel shot is obtained by atomizing molten steel. The shot is heat treated andscreened to produce a range of sizes from HCS S70 to HCS S1320 or larger as described in SAE J444. Other sizes are available.4.Size Classification—Cast-steel shot shall be identified by HCS S for shot, followed by three numbersrepresenting the size in ten thousandths of inches, in accordance with SAE J444.EXAMPLE—HCS330 indicates a cast-steel shot identified by a nominal sieve opening of 050 mm (0.0331 in).5.Chemical Composition—The finished shot shall have the chemical composition shown in Table 1:TABLE 1—CHEMICAL COMPOSITIONElement Weight PercentCarbon0.80 – 1.2%ManganeseHCS S70 to HCS S1100.35 – 1.2%HCS S1700.5 – 1.2%HCS S230 and up0.6 – 1.2%Silicon0.4% minimumSulfur0.050% maximumPhosphorous0.050% maximum6.Hardness6.1Standard Hardness—The hardness of 90% of all shot particles shall be within the range of 40 to 51 HRC. 6.2Special Hardnesses—Shot for peening and blast cleaning is manufactured from 40 to 65 HRC. The user mayspecify a range to suit the application. The minimum hardness range that can be specified is 7 points HRC. 7.Microstructure—The microstructure of high-carbon cast-steel shot shall be uniform martensite, tempered to adegree consistent with the hardness range, with fine, well distributed carbides, if any.8.General Appearance—High-carbon cast-steel shot is generally spherical and shall have no more than 20% ofthe particles with objectionable characteristics. Any one particle tested that has more than one different defect, shall only be counted once.8.1Objectionable Characteristics8.1.1P ARTICLE S HAPE—No more than 5% of the particles in a shot sample shall be elongated. An elongatedparticle is one whose length is in excess of twice the maximum particle width.8.1.2V OIDS—No more than 10% of the particles in a sample shall contain objectionable voids. Such a void is asmooth-surfaced, internal hole whose cross-sectional area is larger than 10% of the cross-section area of the particle.8.1.3S HRINKAGE—No more than 10% of the particles in a sample shall contain objectionable shrinkage. Such ashrinkage is an internal cavity with an irregular dendritic surface whose area is larger than 40% of the particle area.8.1.4C RACKS—No more than 15% of the particles in a shot sample shall contain objectionable cracks. Such acrack is a linear discontinuity longer than three times its width, longer than 20% of the shortest cross section of the particle, and radial in orientation.8.1.5M ICROSTRUCTURE—Carbide networks, partial decarburization, grain boundary segregation, or pearlite areundesirable. No more than 15% of the particles tested shall contain these defects.8.1.6N ONMAGNETIC M ATERIAL—No more than 1% of the shot sample, by weight, shall be of nonmagnetic material.9.Density—The density of high-carbon cast-steel shot shall be not less than 7 g/cm3.10.Inspection Procedures10.1Sampling—Samples for testing shall be representative of each shipment or production lot. The method ofsampling shall be ASTM B 215, Method B.10.2Sample Mounting for Testing—Shot samples used for testing for hardness, microstructure, and objectionabledefects shall be mounted one layer deep in bakelite or other suitable strong metallurgical sample mounting media.The mounted sample shall be ground to the center of the particles and polished by methods acceptable for microscopic examination. When grinding and polishing the sample, care must be taken not to overheat the sample and affect microstructure and/or hardness.10.3Hardness Testing—Hardness measurements shall be taken at the half radius on a minimum of 10 particles inthe mounted samples.The hardness shall be determined by using ASTM E 384 and using a 500 g load for sizes HCS S280 and finer, and 500 or 1000 g load for sizes HCS S330 and larger. Other microhardness test methods may be used as long as a reliable hardness conversion can be obtained by calibrating the test machine against known standards. Approximate conversion to Rockwell C Hardness Numbers can be obtained from ASTM 140 and from manufacturers of hardness testers.10.4Microstructure—The mounted and polished sample shall be etched with 2% Nital or other suitable etchantand examined at approximately 500X magnification.10.5Objectionable Characteristics—Objectionable characteristics shall be examined at 10X magnification. Aminimum of 50 particles contained in the mount shall be evaluated.10.6Density—Density shall be determined by placing 50 mL of water or alcohol in a 100 mL graduate, adding100g of shot and recording the increase in volume. Dividing 100 g by the volume increase will give the density in g/cm3. A pycnometer method may be used for more critical density measurements.10.7Nonmagnetic Material—A hand magnet will be used to separate the magnetic shot from the nonmagneticcontaminants. The nonmagnetic contaminants shall be weighed and their percentage of the original sample weight calculated.10.8Chemical Analysis—Any suitable ASTM Analytical procedure for steel may be used to test chemicalcomposition.10.9Mechanical Tests—See SAE J445 for methods of checking uniformity of shipments of shot.PREPARED BY THE SAE SURFACE ENHANCEMENT DIVISION OF THESAE FATIGUE DESIGN AND EVALUATION EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE。
SAE J1681-2000 Gasoline, Alcohol, and Diesel Fuel Surrogates for Materials Testing

SAE Technical Standards Board Rules provide that: “This report is published by SAE to advance the state of technical and engineering sciences. The use of this report is entirely voluntary, and its applicability and suitability for any particular use, including any patent infringement arising therefrom, is the sole responsibility of the user.”SAE reviews each technical report at least every five years at which time it may be reaffirmed, revised, or cancelled. SAE invites your written comments and suggestions.TO PLACE A DOCUMENT ORDER: (724) 776-4970 FAX: (724) 776-0790SAE WEB ADDRESS Copyright 2000 Society of Automotive Engineers, Inc.For the purposes of this document, the term FUEL is used in conjunction with fully blended hydrocarbon or hydrocarbon oxygenate mixtures for use in commercial automotive engines. The term FLUID is applied to mixtures of specific controlled components used to simulate the effects of fuels.1.1Purpose—The purpose of this document is to define standardized surrogate gasoline and diesel mixtures tobe used in materials testing, and to publish these compositions. This document also promotes the use of its standardized test fluids to permit consistent results from materials testing and more uniform specification of materials. Formulations in this document are intended to exaggerate the effects of typical severe fuel on materials, as well as to allow the tests to be conducted in a reasonable amount of time.2.References2.1Applicable Publications—The following publications form a part of this specification to the extent specifiedherein. Unless otherwise indicated, the latest version of SAE publications shall apply.2.1.1SAE P UBLICATIONS—Available from SAE, 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA 15096-0001.SAE J1681 MAR93—Gasoline/Methanol Mixtures for Materials TestingSAE J1748—Methods for Determining Physical Properties of Polymeric Materials Exposed to Gasoline/ Oxygenate Fuel Mixture2.1.2ASTM P UBLICATIONS—Available from ASTM, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959.ASTM D56—Test Method for Flash Point by Tag Closed TesterASTM D86—Test Method for Distillation of Petroleum ProductsASTM D93—Flash Point by Pensky-Martens Closed Cup TesterASTM D130—Test Method for Detection of Copper Corrosion from Petroleum Products by the Copper Strip Tarnish TestASTM D156—Test Method for Saybolt Color of Petroleum Products (Saybolt Chromometer Method)ASTM D287—Test Method for API Gravity of Crude Petroluem and Petroleum Products (Hydrometer Method)ASTM D323—Test Method for Vapor Pressure of Petroleum Products (Reid Method)ASTM D381—Test method for Existent Gum in Fuels by Jet EvaporationASTM D445—Test Method for Kinematic Viscosity of Transparent and Opaque Liquids (the Calculation of Dynamic Viscosity)ASTM D471/ISO1817and ISO4639-3—Rubber Hoses and Tubing for Fuel Circuits for Internal Combustion Engines - Part 3, Oxidized FuelASTM D525—Test Method for Oxidation Stability of Gasoline (Induction Period Method)ASTM D611—Test Methods for Aniline Point and Mixed Aniline Point of Petroleum Products and Hydrocarbon SolventsASTM D613—Test Method for Cetane Number of Diesel Fuel OilASTM D664—Test Method for Acid Numer of Petroleum Products by Potentiometric TitrationASTM D841—Specification for Nitration Grade TolueneASTM D847—Test Method for Acidity of Benzene, Toluene, Xylenes, Solvent Napththas, and Similar Industrial Aromatic HydrocarbonsASTM D 848—Test Method for Acid Wash Color of Industrial Aromatic HydrocarbonsASTM D 849—Test Method for Carbon Strip Corrosion by Industrial Aromatic HydrocarbonsASTM D 850—Test Method for Distillation of Industrial Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Related MaterialsASTM D853—Test Method for Hydrogen Sulfide and Sulfur Dioxide Content (Qualitative) of Industrial Aromatic HydrocarbonsASTM D 874—Test Method for Sulfated Ash from Lubricating Oils and AdditivesASTM D 891—Test Methods for Specific Gravity, Apparent, of Liquid Industrial ChemicalsASTM D1152-97—Standard Specification for Methanol (Methyl Alcohol)ASTM D 1193—Specification for Reagent WaterASTM D1209—Test Method for Color of Clear Liquids (Platinum-Cobalt Scale)ASTM D 1266—Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products (Lamp Method)ASTM D1298—Test Method for Density, Relative Density (Specific Gravity), or API Gravity of Crude Petroleum and Liquid Petroleum Products by Hydrometer MethodASTM D1319—Test Method for Hydrocarbon Types in Liquid Petroleum Products by Fluorescent Indicator AdsorptionASTM D1353—Test method for Nonvolatile Matter in Volatile Solvents for Use in Paint, varnish, Lacquer, and Related ProductsASTM D1363—Test method for Permanganate Time of Acetone and MethanolASTM D1364—Test Method for Water in Volatile Solvents (Karl Fischer Reagent Titration Method) ASTM D1612—Test Method for Acetone in Methanol (Methyl Alcohol)ASTM D1613-96—Standard Test Method for Acidity in Volatile Solvents and Chemical Intermediates Used in Paint, Varnish, Lacquer and Related ProductsASTM D1722—Test Method for Water Miscibility of Water-Soluble SolventsASTM D2268—Test Method for Analysis of High-Purity n-Heptane and Isooctane by Capillary Gas ChromatographyASTM D2360—Test Method for Trace Impurities in Monocyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons by Gas ChromatographyASTM D2500—Test Method for Cloud Point of Petroleum OilsASTM D2622—Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products by X-Ray SpectrometryASTM D2699—Test Method for Research Octane Number of Spark-Ignition Engine FuelASTM D 2700—Test Method for Motor Octane Number of Spark-Ignition FuelASTM D 2709—Test Method for Water and Sediment in Middle Distillate Fuels by CentrifugeASTM D3120—Test Method for Trace Quantities of Sulfur in Light Liquid Petroleum Hydrocarbons by Oxidative MicrocoulometryASTM D3231—Test Method for Phosphorus In GasolineASTM D3237—Test Method for Lead in Gasoline by Atomic Absorption SpectrometryASTM D3606—Test Method for the Determination of Benzene and Toluene in Finished Motor and Aviation Gasoline by Gas ChromatographyASTM D4045—Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products by Hydrogenolysis and Rateometric ColorimetryASTM D4052—Test Method for Density and Relative Density of Liquids by Digital Density MeterASTM D4176—Test Method for Free Water and Particulate Contamination in Distillate Fuels (Visual Inspection Procedures)ASTM D4294—Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products by Energy-Dispersive X-Ray Fluorescence SpectroscopyASTM D4530—Test Method for Determination of Carbon Residue (Micro Method)ASTM D4806—Standard Specification for Denatured Fuel Alcohol for Blending with Gasolines for Use as Automotive Spark Ignition Engine FuelASTM D4814—Specification for Automotive Spark-Ignition Engine FuelASTM D4815—Test Method for Determination of MTBE, ETBE, TAME, DIPE, tertiary-Amyl Alcohol and C1 to C4 Alcohols in Gasoline by Gas ChromatographyASTM D5191—Test Method for Vapor Pressure of Petroleum Products (Mini Method)ASTM D5254—Practice for Minimum Set of Data Elements to Identify a Ground-Water SiteASTM D5441—Test Method for Analysis of Methyl tert-Butyl Ether (MTBE) by Gas Chromatography ASTM D5453—Test Method for the Determination of Total Sulfur in Light Hydrocarbons, Motor Fuels and Oils by Ultraviolet FluorescenceASTM D5797-96—Standard Specification for Fuel Methanol (M70 - M85) for Automotive Spark Ignition EnginesASTM D5798-98a—Standard Specification for Fuel Ethanol (Ed75 - Ed85) for Automotive Spark Ignition EnginesASTM D 6423-99—Standard Test Method for Determination of pHe of Ethanol. Denatured Fuel Ethanol and Fuel Ethanol (Ed75-Ed85)ASTM E 203—Test Method for Water Using Karl Fischer ReagentASTM E298-98—Standard Test Method for Assay of Organic PeroxidesASTM E 346—Test Methods for Analysis of MethanolASTM as PS122-99—Provisional Standard Specification for BioDiesel Fuel (B100) Blend Stock for Distillate Fuels2.1.3ARB P UBLICATION—Available from State of California Air Resources Board in Sacramento.ARB MLD 162.1.4CEC P UBLICATIONS—Available from Coordinating European Council for the Development of PerformanceTests for Transportation Fuels, Lubricants and other Fluids, Madou Plaza - 25th Floor, Place Madou 1, B-1030 Brussels, BelgiumCEC-RF-01-A-80CEC-RF-08-A-852.1.5DIN P UBLICATION—Available from SAE, 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA 15096-0001.DIN 51 6042.1.6F EDERAL P UBLICATIONS—Available from the Superintendent of Documents, U. S. Government Printing Office,Mail Stop: SSOP, Washington, DC 20402-9320. http://nara/cfr/cfr-table-search.html.27 CFR 21.242.1.7ISO P UBLICATION—Available from ANSI, 11 West 42nd Street, New York, NY 10036-8002.ISO 1817—Rubber, vulcanized—Determination of the effect of liquids2.1.8NF P UBLICATIONS—Available from ????NF EN 22719NF ISO 3991NF T 60-700NF T 60-702NF T 60-7032.1.9O THER P UBLICATIONSMazich, Rossi, and Smith, “Macromolecules 25, 6929,” (1992)2.2Related Publication—The following publication is for information purposes only and is not a required part ofthis specification.SAE J1747—Recommended Methods for Conducting Corrosion Tests in Gasoline/Methanol Fuel Mixtures 3.Explanation of Commercial Automotive Fuel Components3.1General—Automotive fuels are made from many compounds that are derived from petroleum, natural gas,and biomass. Materials that come into contact with fuel components are affected in different ways. This document identifies the significant components of fuel mixtures and includes those components in recommended testing formulations. A discussion of the fuel components is offered.3.2Major Fuel Components3.2.1A LKANES—The alkane component group includes straight chain, branched chain, and cyclic aliphatichydrocarbons. The alkanes are often referred to as paraffins and are derived from the naphtha fractions from a refinery or gas processing facility.Polymeric materials can sorb alkanes, which can in turn cause swelling. Extensive earlier work on rubber materials was performed using the alkane isooctane (2,2,4 - trimethyl pentane).3.2.2A ROMATICS—The aromatics group includes molecules based on the six-member ring compound benzene,and substituted benzenes, such as toluene, and xylenes. The aromatics also include molecules containing additional carbons in various configurations and positions on a benzene molecule.Polymeric materials can undergo swelling and decomposition when exposed to high concentrations of aromatics. Extensive earlier work on rubber materials was performed using the aromatic toluene, generally in a mixture with the alkane isooctane.3.2.3O XYGENATES—The oxygenates in fuel blends include lower molecular weight alcohols, such as methanol(MeOH) and ethanol (EtOH). The oxygenates also include ethers such as methyl tertiary - butyl ether (MTBE), ethyl tertiary - butyl ether (ETBE), and tertiary-amyl methyl ether (TAME). The oxygenated compounds are manufactured to create useful fuel components starting with natural gas, certain natural gas liquids, certain refinery and petrochemical intermediates, and alcohols generated from biomass feeds that are readily available to the fuel industry.Oxygenates in diesel fuel are currently limited to fatty acid methyl esters. In Europe, methyl esters are made from the trans-esterification of rapeseed oil with methanol predominate. These are referred to as rapeseed methyl esters (RME). In the US, vegetable oils (predominantly soybean oil), animal fats, and used cooking oils are reacted with either methanol or ethanol to form fatty acid alkyl esters. The US product is referred to as BioDiesel. These two products are currently being blended into commercial diesel fuels; however, volumes of these products in the market are still small.Oxygenates can affect polymers (including elastomers and plastics) and polymer systems (including laminates and multi-layered components). Oxygenates and some compounds derived from these oxygenates can also affect metals, especially when moisture is present in the fuel.3.3Other Fuel Contaminants/Minor Fuel Components3.3.1G ENERAL—During the manufacturing, transfer, storage, and use of fuels, many chemical reactions can occurto fuels and fuel components. The products of these reactions can in turn affect the properties of the materials that are in contact with the fuels.Contaminated fuels can represent especially severe environments for polymer, elastomer, plastic, and metal fuel system parts. Several different types of contaminants commonly found in commercial fuels are added to the test fluids described in this document to increase the severity of the test fluids for more rapid materials testing.3.3.2A CIDS—Organic acids such as formic acid and acetic acid are present in certain fuels along with itscorresponding alcohol (MeOH and EtOH, respectively. The acid is formed either in the alcohol production process or due to oxidation of the alcohol during handling, transfer, or storage. Ethanol may also contain trace amounts of sulfuric acid, a strong mineral acid that also originates in the production process.Organic sulfur-containing acids and corresponding sulfur-containing esters can be formed by sulfur containing gasoline components that react with alcohols, notably ethanol and acetic acid/ethanol mixtures.These acids affect materials that are in contact with the fuel.An acid/alcohol mixture with some water and salts present (see 3.3.4) is referred to as an “aggressive alcohol.” Aggressive alcohol fluids are used in this document to test materials in harsh testing conditions. 3.3.3P EROXIDES—Fuel hydrocarbons can undergo natural oxidation in the presence of heat and oxygen.Unsaturated hydrocarbons, such as olefins, degrade more easily. Organic peroxides form as a result of fuel oxidation (often referred to as auto-oxidation). These peroxides decompose to form free radicals that can chemically attack reactive sites (primarily at carbon double bonds but also hydrogen bonds to the carbon backbone) on polymers and elastomers in the fuel system. Other by-products of these degradation processes are acids that cause corrosion of metal components in the fuel system and gums and varnish that can coat the fuel system.Although time and temperature alone are capable of decomposing peroxides, transition metals capable of a one electron transition, such as copper, will catalyze the decomposition of organic peroxides thereby accelerating this reaction.3.3.4I ONIC C OMPOUNDS—Sodium chloride or salt, is a compound that often makes its way into fuel systems. Infuels that contain moisture, the salt can adversely affect materials, especially metals.Water has been mentioned in conjunction with several of the components. Water allows and contributes to many reactions concerning fuel components. Many of these reactions adversely affect materials in fuel systems.3.3.5S ULFUR—Commercial gasolines contain varying amounts of sulfur in several forms. Prior to the introductionof reformulated gasoline, the average 1990 sulfur content in U. S. gasolines was 338 ppm. The ASTM D 4814 standard for gasoline allows up to 1000 ppm of total sulfur, the U. S. Federal RFG gasoline specification currently has no limit for total sulfur, and California CARB Phase 2 reformulated gasoline (RFG) regulations allow an average of 30 ppm of total sulfur. Similar restrictions on sulfur are becoming common around the world. In Europe, gasoline sulfur levels will be limited to 50 ppm after 2005.One process in the refining and gasoline processing industry is the “sweetening” of gasoline components by converting mercaptans (R – S – H) to disulfides. Disulfide compounds are in the form of R1 – S – S – R2, where the groups R1 and R2 are generally C1 to C4 alkyl radicals. Disulfides can be converted to sulfonic and sulfinic acids in the presence of atmospheric oxygen and water.Disulfides and their related sulfonic and sulfinic acid oxidation products have significant effects on metals, some elastomers, and some plastics. The stability of fuels and test fluids containing these sulfur compounds is not well understood. Further research is required before sulfur impurities can be recommended for addition to material testing fluid formulations of this document.Commercial diesel fuels also contain varying amounts of sulfur. The 1996 average sulfur content in U. S.and European diesel fuels was 310 ppm while the application specifications limit sulfur to 500 ppm max. The trend to lower sulfur diesel is underway, with the 2005 European target sulfur content set at 50 ppm. Similar reductions on diesel fuel sulfur are becoming common around the world.ponents of Materials Test Fluids—Due to the complexity and variability of commercial automotive fuels,they are not suitable for repeatable and reproducible material qualification testing. This document recommends the use of controlled test fluids to simulate commercial fuels. The components of these fluids are described in this section with further details in the appendices.4.1Hydrocarbon Fluids4.1.1G ENERAL—The first component in the materials testing fluid formula is the hydrocarbon fluid. There areseveral hydrocarbon fluids recommended for materials testing. These test fluids are designed to simulate more severe, real world fuels as described in Section 3. Suppliers and specifications for the hydrocarbon fluids are presented in Appendix A.4.1.2F UEL C—Standard ASTM test fluids are described in ASTM D 471/ISO 1817. These fluids are commonlyused as the hydrocarbon component of a test fluid. ASTM test fluids are composed of isooctane or mixtures of isooctane and toluene. The ratios of isooctane and toluene vary, and each mixture has a separate letter designation (A through D). Fuel A is 100% isooctane; Fuel B is 70% isooctane, balance toluene; Fuel C is 50% isooctane, balance toluene; and Fuel D is 60% isooctane, balance toluene.The most notable ASTM test fluid is “Fuel C.” Fuel C, as previously mentioned, is a mixture that contains 50volume percent isooctane and 50 volume percent toluene. Fuel C has been the ASTM fuel most often associated with materials testing since 1980. Fuel C is designated with a “C” in the nomenclature of this document. Suppliers and specifications for isooctane and toluene components are presented in Appendix A.4.1.3S URROGATE F UEL C—Since isooctane is a relatively expensive compound, this doucment now allows use ofcertain isoparaffin solvents that are suitable substitutes for isooctane. Surrogate Fuel C is a mixture that contains 50 volume percent of the substitute isoparaffin solvent, and 50 volume percent toluene. The substituted isoparaffin fluid is designated as “SC” in the nomenclature of this document. Suppliers and specifications for the substitute isoparaffin solvents are also presented in Appendix A.The user is cautioned to repeat tests using Fuel C if the results from using Fuel SC fall close to the borderline of allowable material tolerances.A comparison and validation of two isoparaffin surrogates with isooctane can be found in Appendix F.4.1.4R EFERENCE G ASOLINES—Reference gasolines can be used in place of the hydrocarbon test fluids listedpreviously, when test fluids more representative of commercial fuels are required. For example, for component subsystem or system design validation, several reference gasolines that are produced for use in vehicles are being recommended for use as hydrocarbon fluids. Suppliers and specifications for the reference gasolines are presented in Appendix B.4.1.5R EFERENCE D IESEL F UELS—Reference diesel fuel can be used in place of the hydrocarbon test fluids listedpreviously, when a diesel test fluid more representative of commercial diesel fuel is required. Reference diesel fuels that are produced for use in diesel engines are being recommended for use as the hydrocarbon fluid for component subsystem or system design validation.Suppliers and specifications for the reference diesel fuel are also presented in Appendix B.4.2Oxygenates4.2.1G ENERAL—The second (and optional third) formula components of this document are oxygenatedcompounds. The two oxygenates most commonly found in commercial gasoline fuels in the US are ethanol (EtOH) and methyl tertiary-butyl ether (MTBE). These oxygenates are used in US reformulated gasoline (RFG), California Phase II RFG, Oxy-Fuel and gasohol in the general range of 5 to 10% by volume for ethanol and 5 to 15% by volume for methyl tertiary-butyl ether. Other oxygenates that can be added to gasoline include methanol (MeOH), ethyl tertiary-butyl ether (ETBE), and tertiary-amyl methyl ether (TAME).Of these oxygenates, methanol is generally not found in commercial gasolines sold in the US ETBE and TAME are only occasionally used as the oxygenated component of gasoline at this time.There are two oxygenates derived from agricultural sources that can be used in diesel fuel. They are rapeseed methyl esters (RME) in Europe and BioDiesel in the US. BioDiesel is composed of methyl and/or ethyl esters of vegetable oils, animal fats, used cooking oils, or combinations of the previous. In order to standardize testing soy methyl esters (SME) derived from the trans-esterification of soybean oil with methanol has been selected as the diesel oxygenate of choice to represent the US market. Soy is the most highly unsaturated of the available oils/esters, which make it potentially the most aggressive test fluid.4.2.2E THANOL—The most common source for ethanol is from biomass (corn, grain, sugar cane, etc.)fermentation. Since there are multiple feed sources and several fermentation/purification processes, the minor components of biomass derived ethanols vary greatly. This document recommends the use of synthetic ethanol that has a recognized set of specifications shown in Appendix C. The ethanol and its associated denaturant specified in this document will help to minimize some of the variables in the use of ethanol as a test fluid component.The document specifies the denaturant that is used in the synthetic ethanol. The denaturant specified is approved by the U. S. Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco & Firearms (BATF), and will render the ethanol as “completely denatured.” This denaturant is made primarily of heptane isomers, and was chosen so that the denaturant would have a minimal effect on the test fluid. At the same time, the chosen denaturant will allow the testing laboratory to avoid the expenditure of resources on the BATF record keeping requirements associated with non-denatured ethanol or “specially denatured” ethanols.Ethanol derived from biomass contains a complex set of acid(s) and buffers associated with the acid(s). The buffering process is not fully understood at this time, but acetic acid that is found in biomass derived ethanol has been found to act as a buffer, tending to control the pH of the alcohol when strong acids such as sulfuric acid are present.A new method analogous to pH, called pH e, has been developed for use with ethanol. The method formeasuring pH e is ASTM D 6423-99. This method uses special pH electrodes and a pH meter recommended for use with ion specific electrodes to rank ethanols for acid strength on an arbitrary scale. The method was developed to overcome the shortcomings of ASTM D 1613 Acidity method which only measures buffering capacity and cannot distinguish between weak and strong acids. Many ethanol producers are currently using the ASTM D 6423 method to monitor and control strong acids in biomass derived ethanol. ASTM has successfully balloted pH e specification limits of 6.5 to 9.0 for inclusion into ASTM D 4806.4.2.3M ETHYL T ERTIARY-B UTYL E THER (MTBE)—MTBE is the most prevalent oxygenate/octane booster found incurrent gasoline formulations. MTBE is used worldwide as a replacement for tetraethyl lead, which is legally prohibited from many automotive fuels. Suppliers and specifications for the oxygenated components are presented in Appendix C.4.2.4M ETHANOL—The methanol specified is synthetic commercial methanol derived from natural gas. Thespecifications for methanol found in ASTM D 1152 are recommended by this document. Suppliers and specifications for the oxygenated components are presented in Appendix C.4.2.5F ATTY A CID M ETHYL-E STERS—Rapeseed methyl esters (RME) are being used in European diesel fuels. Thespecifications are found in Appendix C. Fatty acid alkyl esters, referred to as BioDiesel, are starting to be introduced into the U.S. diesel fuel markets. A provisional specification for BioDiesel has been developed by ASTM as PS122-99. Soy methyl ester made to this specification is recommended by this document and can be found in Appendix C.4.2.6O THER O XYGENATES—Higher molecular weight alcohols (isopropyl alcohol and tertiary-butyl alcohol) andethers (diisopropyl ether and ethyl tertiary-amyl ether) may also find some limited usage in commercial gasolines. However, the effects of alcohols on polymers, elastomers, and metals generally decrease as the molecular weight increases.4.2.7A LTERNATIVE S PARK I GNITION E NGINE F UELS—Several alternative gasoline fuels are composed primarily ofalcohols. The two most common alcohol blends are ethanol (70 to 85%) and methanol (70 to 85%), with the balance composed of a hydrocarbon mixture, such as unleaded gasoline. These alternative fuels currently make up a very small portion of the U. S. market and are specified in ASTM D 5798 and ASTM D 5797 respectively. Alternative fuels are currently used more extensively in markets outside of the U. S. Brazil, for example, uses a hydrated ethanol fuel containing 5 to 7% water and Brazilian gasohol containing approximately 25% anhydrous ethanol in gasoline.In alternative fuels, more than one oxygenate may be added to a test fluid, but the use of multiple oxygenates is not common in U. S. commercial fuels. The nomenclature of this document (Section 5) provides for fuels containing multiple oxygenates.4.3Other Fuel Contaminants/Minor Fuel Components4.3.1G ENERAL—The organic peroxide, aggressive alcohol, and aggressive water (for hydrocarbons) are the onlyminor components currently recommended by this document.4.3.2A GGRESSIVE A LCOHOL—An “Aggressive” alcohol contains the alcohol, salts, water, and a correspondingorganic acid. Aggressive ethanol also contains sulfuric acid, a contaminant found in some commercial biomass derived ethanols. The specifications and suppliers for aggressive alcohol components are found in Appendix D. The formulations for making aggressive alcohols are found in Appendix E.4.3.3C ORROSIVE W ATER FOR M ETALS T ESTING—Corrosive water for hydrocarbons is composed of Reagent Waterand salt. Fluids C and SC (or C and SC with MTBE) are the only fluids that can contain Corrosive Water and are used for metals testing only. The formulation used in making corrosive water is also found in Appendix E.4.3.4P EROXIDES—Tertiary-butyl hydroperoxide (TBHP) is the recommended organic peroxide to be added intotest fluids to simulate and create an oxidized fuel. TBHP is normally sold either as a 70% aqueous solution or as part of a hydrocarbon solution. In order to control the amount of TBHP added, the peroxide content of the TBHP solution must be known. This determination can be performed by the supplier and provided with the product, or the testing laboratory can perform it prior to use. The specifications and suppliers for TBHP are found in Appendix D.Small amounts of copper, especially cuprous, (Cu+1) compounds are often added to a test fluid that contains organic peroxides to accelerate the decomposition of peroxides into free radicals. Copper compounds are documented in the literature as promoters of free radicals, and their use offers an acceptable method to reduce testing time in sour fuel mixtures. Copper is often found in fuel systems in the form of electrical circuit components, fuel pump motor windings and armatures and in associated wiring. The specifications and suppliers for potentially useful copper compounds are found in Appendix D.Copper addition to test fluids containing TBHP in prior work was accomplished using a cupric (Cu+2) salt such as copper naphthenate. In the Cupric form, heat and time were required to convert some Cu+2 into Cu+1 in order to make it available as a catalyst in peroxide decomposition reactions. Results from current and prior testing using cupric salts as a promoter are considered valid. If a suitable cuprous (Cu+1) compound which is both soluble and active can be found, its use will accelerate the formation of free radicals in the test fluid, which in turn accelerates the oxidation of the test fluid and generates quicker results.It should be noted that adjustments in test time and/or temperature should be made if changing from a test fluid which either contained or did not contain the copper ion. For example, to duplicate tests conducted with the copper ion using a test fluid without the copper ion might require raising the test temperature 10°C to 20°C or increasing the exposure time by a factor of 2 to 4 at the same temperature.。
机械图纸中词汇英语缩写

机械图纸英语翻译以下是我在工作中常用的ALL WELDS CONTINUOUS UNLESS OTHERWISE STATED. 未注焊缝均为连续焊ALL WELDS 3mm FILLET UNLESS OTHERWISE STATED 未注焊角高3mm.ALL UNSPECIFIED RADI - R3 未注圆角R3REMOVE ALL BURRS AND SHARP EDGES 棱角倒钝CHANNEL 槽钢RSA 708 角钢70*70*8M30*1.5pitch M30*1.5的锥螺纹Tackweld 点焊OD 1/4" outside dimension 1/4"的缩写外径直1/4"75 CRS 尺寸为75 材质为冷轧钢板410 OPENING REF 410 开口参考尺寸40 REF 尺寸为40,参考值2.5" BSP 2.5〞圆锥管螺纹2.5" BSPT HE*AGON 2.5〞六角圆锥管螺纹(即对丝)30*2.5 FLAT BAR 30*2.5 扁钢TYP 2 POSNS 2处11 TOTAL COILS APRO*.9 WORKING COILS APRO*.RIGHT HAND WOUND ONLY,END COILS SQUARE TO TOUCH.总圈数约11圈;工作圈数约9圈;右旋;弹簧的端部磨平以便于接触.(此为弹簧技术说明)FEMALE: 扣(母扣)MALE: 外扣(公扣)偏心轴 eccentric shaft销轴 PIN开口销 COTTER PIN 螺杆 screw紧定螺钉 SET SCREW圆螺母 ROUND NUT六角螺钉 SOCKET HEAD CAP SCREW六角螺钉 HE* HD SETSCREW六角螺栓 HE* HD BOLT挡圈 closing ring弹性挡圈 circlip轴承隔套 distance sleeve of a*letree 轴承 a*letree深沟球轴承 DEEP GROOVE BALL BEARING 无扣长 non-buckle longth弹簧 SPRING吊环螺钉 LIFTING EYE BOLT开槽盘头螺钉 SLOTTED PAN HEAD SCREW 圆锥滚子轴承 TAPERED ROLLER BEARING 推力球轴承THRUST BALL BEARING平键 FLAT KEY弹簧垫圈 SINGLE COIL SPRING WASHER平垫圈 FLAT WASHER螺母 FULL NYLOCK NUT圆螺母 ROUND NUTREMOVE ALL BURRS AND SHARP EDGES 所有尖角/棱角倒角并去毛刺40 REF 为测量的参考尺寸OD 1/4’ outside dimension 1/4"的缩写外径直1/4’------->应该为:外径值1/4"75 CRS 尺75 材质为冷轧钢板 ------->应该为:尺寸75 材质为冷轧钢板我见过18GA(.048")CRS、16GA(.060)CRS、14GA(.075)CRS,其中GA是表示厚度的,但与英寸的关系还没研究明白;照此推算75是相当薄的缩写全称翻译ACCESS AccessoryADJ Adjustable,Adjust 调整ADPT Adapter 使适应ADV Advance 提前AL Aluminum 铝ALLOW Allowance 允许ALT Alternate 改变ALY Alloy 合金AMT Amout 数量ANL Anneal 锻炼ANSL Amer Natl Stds Institute APPRO* Appro*imate 大约ASME Amer Society of Mech Engrs ASSEM Assemble 装配ASSY Assembly 装配AUTH Authorized 授权的AUTO Automatic 自动的AU* Au*iliary 辅助的AVG Average 平均AWG American Wire GaugeBC Bolt Circle 螺栓圆周BET Between 之间BEV Bevel 斜角BHN Brinell Hardness Number 布氏硬度值BLK Blank ,Block 空白B/NM Bill of Material 材料费BOT Bottom 底部BP or B/P Blueprint 蓝图BRG Bearing 轴承BRK Break 破裂BRKT Bracket 支架BRO Broach 钻孔BRS Brass 黄铜BRZ Bronze 青铜B&S Brown&Shape 棕色&形状BSC Basic 根本的BUSH Bushing 套管BWG Birmingham Wire GaugeC TO C Center-to-Center 中心到中心CAD puter-Aided Drafting 电脑辅助设计CAM puter-Aided MfgCAP Capacity 容量CAP SCR Cap Screw 螺帽CARB Carburize 使渗碳CBORE Counterbore 扩孔CCW Counter Clockwise 逆时针CDRILL CounerdrillCDS Cold-Drawn Steel缩写全称翻译EFF Effective 有效的ENCL Enclose,Enclosure 附上ENG Engine 引擎ENGR Engineer 工程师ENGRG Engineering 工程学EQLSP Equally Spaced 等距EQUIV Equivalent 相等EST Estimate 估计E* E*tra 额外E*H E*haust 消耗E*P E*perimental 实验性的E*T E*ension,E*ternal 围,外部FAB Fabricate 伪造FAO Finish All OverFDRY Foundry 铸造FIG Figure 数据FIL Fillet,fillister 带子FIM Full Indicator MovementFIN FinishFL* Fi*ture 构造FL* Floor.Fluid,Flush 基地,液体,冲洗FLE* Fle*ible 易弯曲的FLG Flange 边缘FORG Forging 锻炼FR Frame,Front 边框FIG Fitting 装置FURN Furnish 提供FWD Forward 向前GA Gage,Gauge 测量GALV Galvanized 电镀GR Grade 等级GRD Grind 磨碎GRV Groove 凹槽GSKT Gasket 垫圈H&G Harden and Grind 加硬和磨碎HD Head 主要的HDL Handle 处理HDLS Headless 无领导的HDN Harden 使硬化HDW Hardware 硬件HE* He*agon 六边形HGR Hanger 衣架HGT Height 高度HOR Horizontal 水平的HRS Hot-Rolled SteelHSG Housing 外罩HT TR Heat Treal我见过18GA(.048")CRS、16GA(.060)CRS、14GA(.075)CRS,其中GA是表示厚度的,但与英寸的关系还没研究明白;照此推算75是相当薄的缩写全称翻译ACCESS AccessoryADJ Adjustable,Adjust 调整ADPT Adapter 使适应ADV Advance 提前AL Aluminum 铝ALLOW Allowance 允许ALT Alternate 改变ALY Alloy 合金AMT Amout 数量ANL Anneal 锻炼ANSL Amer Natl Stds Institute APPRO* Appro*imate 大约ASME Amer Society of Mech Engrs ASSEM Assemble 装配ASSY Assembly 装配AUTH Authorized 授权的AUTO Automatic 自动的AU* Au*iliary 辅助的AVG Average 平均AWG American Wire GaugeBC Bolt Circle 螺栓圆周BET Between 之间BEV Bevel 斜角BHN Brinell Hardness Number 布氏硬度值BLK Blank ,Block 空白B/NM Bill of Material 材料费BOT Bottom 底部BP or B/P Blueprint 蓝图BRG Bearing 轴承BRK Break 破裂BRKT Bracket 支架BRO Broach 钻孔BRS Brass 黄铜BRZ Bronze 青铜B&S Brown&Shape 棕色&形状BSC Basic 根本的BUSH Bushing 套管BWG Birmingham Wire GaugeC TO C Center-to-Center 中心到中心CAD puter-Aided Drafting 电脑辅助设计CAM puter-Aided MfgCAP Capacity 容量CAP SCR Cap Screw 螺帽CARB Carburize 使渗碳CBORE Counterbore 扩孔CCW Counter Clockwise 逆时针CDRILL CounerdrillCDS Cold-Drawn Steel缩写全称翻译EFF Effective 有效的ENCL Enclose,Enclosure 附上ENG Engine 引擎ENGR Engineer 工程师ENGRG Engineering 工程学EQLSP Equally Spaced 等距EQUIV Equivalent 相等EST Estimate 估计E* E*tra 额外E*H E*haust 消耗E*P E*perimental 实验性的E*T E*ension,E*ternal 围,外部FAB Fabricate 伪造FAO Finish All OverFDRY Foundry 铸造FIG Figure 数据FIL Fillet,fillister 带子FIM Full Indicator MovementFIN FinishFL* Fi*ture 构造FL* Floor.Fluid,Flush 基地,液体,冲洗FLE* Fle*ible 易弯曲的FLG Flange 边缘FORG Forging 锻炼FR Frame,Front 边框FIG Fitting 装置FURN Furnish 提供FWD Forward 向前GA Gage,Gauge 测量GALV Galvanized 电镀GR Grade 等级GRD Grind 磨碎GRV Groove 凹槽GSKT Gasket 垫圈H&G Harden and Grind 加硬和磨碎HD Head 主要的HDL Handle 处理HDLS Headless 无领导的HDN Harden 使硬化HDW Hardware 硬件HE* He*agon 六边形HGR Hanger 衣架HGT Height 高度HOR Horizontal 水平的HRS Hot-Rolled SteelHSG Housing 外罩HT TR Heat Treal缩写全称翻译NTS Not to ScaleOA Over All 所有OBS ObsotetcOC On CenterOD Outside Diameter 外直径OPP Opposite 对立OPTL Optional 可选择的OR Outside Radius 外半径ORIG Original 初始的PAT. Patent 专利PATT Pattern 形式PC Piece,Pitch Circle 件,节距圆PCH Punch 打孔PD Pitch DiameterPERF Perforate 打孔PERM Permanent 永久的PERP Perpendicular 垂直的PFD Preferred 首选的PKG Package,Packing 包装PL Parting Line,Places,PlatePNEU PncumaticPNL Panel 面板POL Polish 磨光POS Position,Postive 位置PR Pair 对立PRI Primary 根本的PROC Process 程序PROD Product,Production 产品,产量PSI Pounds per Square InchPT Part,Point 零件,点QTR Quarter 四份之一QTY Quantity 数量QUAL Quality 质量R Radius 半径RA Rockwell Harden,A-ScaleRB Rockwell Harden,B-ScaleRC Rockwell Harden,C-ScaleRECD Received 巳收到的RECT Rectangle 长方形REF Reference 相关的REINF Reinforce 增强REL Release,Relief 释放,缓解REM Remove 移除REQD Requird 有需要REE Retainer,ReturnREV Reverse,Revision,Revolution RFS Regardless of Feature Size RGH Rough 粗糙的RH Right Hand 右手RIV Rivet 起皱RM Ream 扩展RND Round 周围RPM Revolutions per MinuteRPW Resistance Projection Weld SAE Society of Automotive Engrs SCH Schedule 进度表CFS Cold-Finished SteelCH Case HardenCHAM Chamfer 斜面CHAN Channel 渠道CHG Change 改变CHK Check 核查CI Cast Iron 铸铁CIR Circle, Circular 圆周CIRC Circumference 圆周CL Centerline 中心线CLP Clamp 夹子C puter Numerical Control 电脑数值控制B bination 联合L mercial 商业的CONC Concentric 同中心的CONN Connect,Connector 连接器COV Cover 盖子CPLG Coupling 联结CQ mercial Quality 商业等级钢CRS Cold Stds AssociationCRT Cathode Ray Tube 阴级射线管CS Cast Steel 铸铁CSA Canadian Stds AssociationCSK Countersink 埋头孔CSTG Casting 铸件CTR Center 中心CU Cubic 立方米CW Clockwise 顺时针CYL Cylinder,Cylindrical 柱面DBL Double 双倍DEC Decimal 小数DEG Degree 摄氏度DET Detail 详情DEV Develop 开展DFT Draft 草稿DIA Diameter 直径DIM Dimension 尺寸DIST Distance 距离DN Down 向下DP Deep,Diametral Pitch 深度,径节DR Drill,Drill Rod 钻孔DSGN Design 设计DVTL Dovetail 吻合DWG Drawing 图纸DWL Dowel 木钉DWN Drawn 拔出EA Each 每个ECC Eccentric 乖僻缩写全称翻译HVY Heavy 重量HYD Hydraulic 水压ID Inside Diameter 部直径IDENT Identification 鉴定ILLUS Illustration 说明IN Inch 英寸INCL Include,Including 包括INCR Increase 增加INFO Information 信息INSP Inspect 检查INSTL Install 安装INST Instruct,Instrument 指示,工具INT Interior,Internal,Intersect 部的,在的,穿插IR Inside Radius 部半径ISO Internal Stds Organization 国际标准化组织JCT Junction 连结JNT Journal 杂志JT Joint 连接K Key 关键KNRL Knurl 硬节KST KeyseatKWY Keyway 键沟LB Pound 英镑LBL Label 标签LG Length,Long 长度LH Left Hand 左手LMC Least Material ConditionLOC Locate 位于LT Light 光LTR Letter 信LUB Lubricate 润滑MACH Machine 机器MAINT Maintenance 维护MATL Material 材料MA* Ma*imum 最大MECH Mechanical,Mechanism 机械MED Medium 媒介MFG Manufacturing 制造业MI Malleable Iron 可锻造的铁MIN Minimum, Minute 最小,秒MISC Miscellaneous 混杂的MM Millimeter 毫米MMC Ma* Material ConditionMS Machine SteelMTG Mouting 装备MULT Multiple 倍数MWG Music Wire GagugNA Not Applicable 不可应用的NATL National 国的NC Numerical Control 数字电脑控制NEG Negative 忽略的NO. NumberNOM Nominal 名义上的NPSM Natl Pipe Straight MechNPT Natl Pipe Tapered缩写全称翻译SCR Screw 螺丝SEC Second 秒SECT Section 局部SEP Separate 独立SEQ Sequence 顺序SER Serial,Series 系列SERR Serrate 锯齿状SF SpotfaceSFT Shaft 轴SGL Single 单个SH Sheet 纸SI Intl System of UnitsSL Slide 使滑动SLV Sleeve 袖子SOC Socket 插座SP Space,Spaced,Spare 空间SPL Special 特别SPEC Specification 规格SPG Spring 跳SPHER Spherical 球体SPRKT Sprocket 链轮齿SQ Square 平方SST Stainless Steel 纯铁STD Standard 标准STK Stock 存货STL Steel 铁STR Straight,Strip 直的SUB Substitute 替代物SUP Supply,Support 供给SURF Surface 外表SYM Symmetrical 对称的SYS System 系统T Teeth,Tooth 牙齿TECH Technical 技术TEMP Template,Temporary 模板,暂时的THD Thread 线THK Thick 厚的TOL Tolerance 公差TOT Total 总计TPF Taper per FootTPI Taper per In,Threads per Inch TPR Taper 锥形TS Tool SteelTYP Typical 典型UNC Unified Natl CoarseUNEF Unified Natl E*tra FineUNF Unified Natl FineUNIV Universal 普遍VAR Variable 变量VERT Vertical 垂直的VOL Volume 音量VS Versus 与..相对W Wide,Width 宽度WASH Washer 洗衣机WDF Woodruff 车叶草WI Wrought Iron 熟铁WT Weight 重量齿轮及齿轮加工中英文对照-A局部A.1. abrasive tooth wear 齿面研磨磨损2. absolute tangential velocity 绝对切向速度3. accelerometer 加速表4. addendum 齿顶高5. addendum angle 齿顶角6. addendum circle 齿顶圆7. addendum surface 上齿面8. adhesive wear 粘着磨损9. adjustability 可调性10. adjustability coefficients 可调系数11. adjusting wedge 圆盘端铣刀的可调型楔块12. allowable stress 允许应力13. alternate blade cutter 双面刀盘14. angular backlash 角侧隙15. angular bevel gears 斜交锥齿轮16. angular displacement 角移位17. angular pitch 齿端距18. angular testing machine 可调角度试验机19. approach action 啮入20. arbor 心轴21. arbor distance 心轴距22. arc of approach 啮入弧23. arc of recess 啮出弧24. attraction 收紧25. average cutter diameter 平均刀尖直径26. a*ial displacement 轴向位移27. a*ial factor 轴向系数28. a*ial locating surface 轴向定位面29. a*ial pitch 轴向齿距30. a*ial plane 轴向平面31. a*ial rakeangle 轴向前角32. a*ial thrust 轴向推力33. a*le testing machine 传动桥试验机第4楼Piping work: 铺管工程Steam trace: 加热蒸汽管道Cutting: 切割socket weld 承插焊接fillet weld 角焊,填角焊branch connection 分支接续fabrication tolerance .制造容差local heat treatment 局部热处理threaded pipe 螺纹管seal welding 密封焊接flange joint 凸缘接头undercut 底切feeder 馈电线conduit outlet 电线引出口seal fitting 密封接头, 密封配件Screw thread lubricant 螺纹润滑剂Seal 绝缘层weld reinforcement 焊补缀强lock washer 锁紧[止动, 防松]垫圈electrical panel 配电板,配电盘nipple 螺纹接头zinc plated 镀锌的ring joint 环接, 围缘接合bolt 螺栓control 控制器National Electrical Code 全国电气规程master schedule 主要图表, 综合图表, 设计任务书, 主要作业表torque wrench 转矩扳手job site 施工现场flange connection 凸缘联接Hard hat 平安帽Goggles 护目镜Stockpile 贮存packing list 装箱单crate 柳条箱purchased material list 原材料进货单back-feed 反应wire coil 线盘线卷NPT thread 美国标准锥管螺纹cable gland 电缆衬垫terminal block 线弧, 接头排接线盒, 接线板, 线夹power drill 机械钻connector 接线器insulated sleeve 绝缘套管wire connector 接线器wire terminal 电线接头control wiring 控制线路motor lead 电动机引出线power wiring 电力布线tender document 提供证件orifice plate 挡板nut 螺母flange gasket 法兰垫片dimensional inspection 尺寸检验burn through 烧蚀piping system 管道系统reinforcement of weld 加强焊缝械专业词汇表"机械(常用)""abrasion, abrasive wear","磨料磨损" "active force, applied force","作用力" "actual size","实际尺寸""addendum angle","齿顶角" "addendum","齿顶高""addendum modification","径向变位" "addendum modification (for e*ternal gears)","径向变位量""addendum modification coefficient","径向变位系数""additive ","添加剂""adhesion wear","黏着磨损""adjusted rating life","修正额定寿命" "aerodynamic bearing","气体静压滑动轴承""air spring","空气弹簧""angle drive","角度传动""angle of contact","包角""angle of transmission","作用角" "angular bevel gear ","斜交锥齿轮" "angular contact bearing","角接触推力轴承""angular contact bearing","角接触轴承" "anti-friction bearing material","减磨轴承材料""approach, engaging-in","啮入" "archimedes spiral","阿基米德螺线" "attitude angle","偏位角""auto-controlled clutch","自控离合器" "a*ial load factor","轴向载荷系数""a*ial modification","齿向修形""a*ial module","轴向模数""a*ial pitch","轴向齿距""a*ial plane","轴平面""a*ial plane of wormwheel","蜗轮轴平面""a*ial profile","轴向齿廓""back cone","背锥面""back cone angle","背锥角" "back cone distance","中点锥距" "back cone tooth profile","背锥齿廓" "back to back arrangement (rolling bearing)","背对背配置(滚动轴承)" "balancing mass","平衡质量""ball oscillating teeth","滚珠活齿" "ball screw","滚珠丝杠""ball screw","滚珠丝杠""ball bearing","球轴承""band brake","带式制动器""base circle","基圆""base heli*","基圆螺旋线""base tangent length","公法线长度" "basic profile","根本牙型""basic rack","根本齿条""basic rack tooth profile","根本齿廓" "basic rating life","根本额定寿命" "basic size","根本尺寸""bath lubrication","油浴润滑" "bathtub curve","浴盆曲线" "bearing","轴承""bearing a*ial load","轴承轴向载荷" "bearing bore diameter","轴承径" "bearing bush","轴套""Bearing characteristic number","轴承特性系数""bearing liner","轴承衬""bearing load carrying capacity","轴承承载能力""bearing mean specific load","轴承压强""bearing outside diameter","轴承外径" "bearing radial load","轴承径向载荷" "bearing ring","轴承套圈""bearing series (rolling bearing)","轴承系列(滚动轴承)""bearing width","轴承宽度""bearing with solid lubricant","固体润滑滑动轴承""belleville spring","碟形弹簧""belt drive","带传动""belt length","带长""bending vibration","弯曲振动" "bevel gear","锥齿轮""bevel gear with a*es at right angles","正交锥齿轮""bevel gear with circular arc tooth profile","双重锥度齿锥齿轮""bevel gear with circular arc tooth profile","圆弧齿廓锥齿轮""bevel gear with standard taoered tooth profile","正常锥度齿锥齿轮""bevel gear with straight tooth profile","直线齿廓锥齿轮""bevel gear wuth 90° face angle","平顶齿轮""block brake","块式制动器""block chain","块链""bobed bearing","多油叶滑动轴承" "bolt","螺栓""bottom clearance","顶隙""bottom land","齿槽底面""boundary dimension (rolling bearing)","外形尺寸(滚动轴承)" "boundary lubrication ","边界摩擦" "brake","制动器""brake drum","制动鼓""brake lining","制动衬片""brake piece","制动块""brake shoe","制动蹄""brake-band clutch","闸带离合器" "bush chain","套筒链""cage","保持架""cam","凸轮""cam contour, cam profile","凸轮工作轮廓""cam follower","凸轮从动件""cam pitch curve","凸轮理论轮廓" "Cavitation wear","气蚀磨损""center distance","中心距""center distance modification coefficient","中心距变动系数""center gear","中心轮""centric slider-crank mechanism","对心曲柄滑块机构""centrifugal clutch","离心离合器" "centrifugal tension","离心拉力" "centrifugal force","离心力" "centrode mechanism","瞬心线机构" "Ceramic friction material ","金属瓷" "chain","链条""chain coupling","链条联轴器""chain transmission","链传动" "chainwheel, sprocket","链轮" "chordal height","弦齿高""circular arc profile","圆弧齿廓" "circular heli*","圆柱螺旋线" "circular-arc gear","圆弧圆柱齿轮" "Circulating lubrication","循环润滑" "circumferential backlash","圆周侧隙" "classical V-belt","普通V带" "clearance fit","间隙配合""clevis pin with head","销轴""clutch ","离合器""coefficient of travel speed variation, advance- to-return time ratio","行程速度变化系数""bined spring","组合弹簧""mon ape* ","公共锥顶""pensator (hydrostatic bearing)","补偿器(静压轴承〕""post bearing material","复合轴承材料" "pound planetary gear train","组合行星齿轮系""pound hinges, multiple hinges","复合铰链""concave side","凹面""cone pulley","锥轮""conical pin , taper pin","圆锥销" "conical spiral","圆锥螺旋线" "conical spring","截锥螺旋弹簧" "conjugate flank","共轭齿面" "conjugate profile","共轭齿廓" "connecting link","联接链节" "Consistency","稠度""constant loading","恒幅载荷" "constant rate (stiffness) spring","等刚度弹簧""constant velocity motion curve","等速运动轨迹""contact fatigue ","接触疲劳" "Contact fatigue","接触疲劳""contact ratio","重合度""Continuous lubrication ","连续润滑" "continuous system","连续系统" "contrate gear","端面齿轮" "controlled clutch","操纵离合器" "conventional belt","普通平带" "conve* side","凸面""conveyor chain","输送链" "corresponding flanks","同侧齿面" "cosine acceleration motion curve","余弦加速度运动轨迹""cotter pin ,split pin","开口销" "cotton belt","编织平带""counterpart rack ","产形齿条" "couple","力偶""coupled modes","耦合振型""coupler, floating link","连杆" "coupling ","联轴器""coupling with corrugated pipe","波纹管联轴器""coupling with elastic spider","梅花形弹性联轴器""coupling with non-metallic elastic element","非金属弹性元件联轴器" "coupling with rubber plates","橡胶板联轴器""coupling with rubber type element","轮胎式联轴器""crank","曲柄""cranked link chain","弯板链""crank-rocker mechanism","曲柄摇杆机构""crest","齿顶""crew mechanism","螺旋机构""cross recessed countersunk head screw","十字槽沉头螺钉""cross recessed pan head screw","十字槽盘头螺钉""cross-belt drive","穿插传动" "crossed helical gear pair","交织轴斜齿轮副""crossed roller bearing","穿插滚子轴承""crossing point of a*es","轴线交点" "crown gear","冠轮""crowned teeth","鼓形齿""cumulative error in pitch ","螺距累积误差""cumulative fatigue damage","疲劳积累损伤""curtate cycloid","短幅摆线""curtate epicycloid","短幅外摆线" "curtate involute","缩短渐开线" "curvature correction factor (spring)","曲度系数(弹簧)""curved tooth bevel gear","曲线齿锥齿轮""cycl, , ic loading","循环载荷" "cycloid","摆线""cycloidal drive with small teeth difference","摆线少齿差传动" "cycloidal profile","摆线齿廓" "cycloidal-pin gear speed reducer","摆线针轮减速器""cylindrical gear","圆柱齿轮" "cylindrical helical pression spring","圆柱螺旋压缩弹簧""cylindrical helical tension spring","圆柱螺旋拉伸弹簧""cylindrical helical torsion spring","圆柱螺旋扭转弹簧""cylindrical pin, straight pin","圆柱销""cylindrical roller bearing","圆柱滚子轴承""cylindrical worm","单导程圆柱蜗杆" "cylindrical worm","圆柱蜗杆" "damping","阻尼""datum circumference","基准圆周长" "datum diameter","基准直径""datum line differential","基准线差" "datum plane","基准平面""datum width","基准宽度" "dedendum","齿根高""dedendum anle","齿根角""deep groove ball bearing","深沟球轴承""degree of freedom","自由度""deviation ","尺寸偏差""deviation in pitch ","螺距偏差" "diameter series (rolling bearing)","直径系列(滚动轴承)""diametral pitch","径节""diaphragm coupling","膜片联轴器" "differential mechanism","差动机构" "differential screw mechanism","差动螺旋机构""dimension series (rolling bearing)","尺寸系列(滚动轴承)""discrete system","离散系统" "disengaging time (clutch)","别离时间(离合器)""distortion","畸变""double direction thrust bearing","双向推力轴承""double row bearing","双列轴承" "double V-belt","双面V带""double-circular-arc gear","双圆弧齿轮""driven","从动件""driven gear","从动齿轮""driven pulley","从动带轮""driving gear","主动齿轮""driving pulley","主动带轮""driving force","驱动力""driving link ","主动件""dry friction ","干摩擦""dual clutch","双作用离合器""dual lead cylindrical worm","双导程圆柱蜗杆""duple* roller chain","双排滚子链" "dynamic load","动载荷""dynamic balance of rotor","转子的动平衡""dynamic load","动载荷""dynamics of machinery","机械动力学" "eccentric element","偏心元件" "eccentric mechanism","偏心轮机构" "effective circumference","有效圆周长" "effective coil number","有效圈数" "effective diameter","有效直径" "effective line differential","有效线差""effective stress concentration factor","有效应力集中系数""effective tension","有效拉力" "effective width","有效宽度" "effective resistance","工作阻力" "efficiency","效率""elastic pin coupling ","弹性柱销齿式联轴器""elasto-hydrodynamic lubrication ","弹性流体动力润滑""electromagnetic clutch","电磁离合器" "electromagnetic whirlpool brake","电磁涡流制动器""electrostatic bearing","静电轴承" "elliptic bearing","椭圆滑动轴承" "embeddability","嵌入性""end relief","齿端修薄" "engagement","啮合""engaging time(clutch)","接合时间(离合器)""engaging(clutch)","接合过程(离合器)" "epicycloid","外摆线""epicycloid gear","摆线齿锥齿轮" "equidistant curve of curtate hypocycloid","短幅外摆线的等距曲线" "equidistant curve of epicycloid","摆线的等距曲线""equidistant curve of epicycloid","外摆线的等距曲线""equidistant curve of prolate epicycloid","长幅外摆线的等距曲线" "equilibrium","力平衡""Equivalent coefficient of friction","当量摩擦系数""equivalent load","当量载荷" "equivalent force","等效力" "equivalent link","等效构件" "equivalent mass","等效质量" "equivalent moment","等效力矩" "escapement","擒纵机构""e*ternal thread","外螺纹""e*ternal gear","外齿轮""e*ternal pin wheel","外齿针齿轮""e*ternal tab washer","外舌止动垫圈" "e*ternal teeth lock washer ","外齿锁紧垫圈""E*treme-pressure lubrication","极压润滑""face to face arrangement (rolling bearing)","面对面配置(滚动轴承)" "facewidth","齿宽""failure","失效""farthest dwell angle","远休止角" "Fastener","紧固件""fatigue limit","疲劳极限""fatigue strength","疲劳强度" "fault","故障""feather key","滑键""feather key ,dive key","导向平键" "fillet","齿根过渡曲面""fillet radius","齿根圆角半径""filling slot balll bearing","装填槽球轴承""finite life design","有限寿命设计" "flange coupling","凸缘联轴器" "flanged bearing","凸缘轴承""flat belt drive","平带传动""flat key","平键""flat spring","片弹簧""flat spring coupling","簧片联轴器" "fle*ibility of spring ","弹簧柔度" "fle*ible gear, fle*pline","柔性齿轮" "floating bearing","浮环滑动轴承" "fluctuating load","变载荷""fluid friction ","流体摩擦""fluid lubrication ","液体润滑" "flywheel","飞轮""forced vibration","受迫振动" "foundation bolt","地脚螺栓""four-bar mechanism","四杆机构""four-point contact ball bearing","四点接触轴承""fracture mechanics ","断裂力学" "free height (spring)","自由高度(弹簧)""Fretting wear","微动磨损" "Friction","摩擦" "friction brake","摩擦制动器" "friction clutch","摩擦式离合器" "Friction material ","摩擦材料" "friction wheel drive","摩擦轮传动" "Friction coefficient","摩擦系数" "frictional conformability","摩擦顺应性""frictional conpatibility","摩擦相容性""front cone","前锥面""full plement bearing","装满滚动体的轴承""gas whirl ","气膜振荡""gas lubrication ","气体润滑" "gear","齿轮""gear coupling","齿式联轴器""gear drive","齿轮传动""gear drive with intersecting a*es","相交轴齿轮传动""gear drive with non-parallel non-intersecting a*es","交织轴齿轮传动""gear drive with parallel a*es","平行轴齿轮传动""gear pair with modified center distance","角变位齿轮副""gear pair with negative modified center distance","负角变位齿轮副""gear pair with positive modified center distance","正角变位齿轮副""gear pair with reference center distance","高变位齿轮副""gear ratio","齿数比""gear teeth","轮齿""gear with addendum modification ","变位齿轮""general flat key","普通平键" "generating cylinder","发生圆柱面" "generating diameter","发生圆直径" "generating flank","产形齿面" "geneva mechanism","槽轮机构""gib-head taper key","钩头楔键" "gorge","咽喉面""gorge circle","喉圆"。
食品相关类英文杂志名称

Food chemistryJournal of Biological ChemistryComparative Biochemistry and PhysiologyProceedings of the national Academy of the united of America European Journal of BiochemistryJournal of Biochemsitry (Tokyo)Archives of biochemistry and biophysicsFood scienceJ Fish BiolJ B CJournal of Food Protection(收费)Japan J Fish AcadFish Physiol BiochemAqaucultureBioscience Biotechnology BiochemstryBiochemistry MoscowInternational dairy journalAppl Microbiol BiotechnolElectron。
J。
Environ。
Agric. Food Chem1 CHEM SENSES 2.6472 CRIT REV FOOD SCI 2.5623 J CEREAL SCI 1.9244 BIOTECHNOL PROGR 1.8215 J FOOD PROTECT 1.8086 J DAIRY SCI 1。
6917 FOOD CHEM TOXICOL 1.5988 INT J FOOD MICROBIOL 1.5799 J AGR FOOD CHEM 1。
57610 FOOD HYDROCOLLOID 1.38611 TRENDS FOOD SCI TECH 1。
37912 J DAIRY RES 1.37413 J AOAC INT 1.3314 INT DAIRY J 1。
31115 J AM OIL CHEM SOC 1。
汽车空气滤清器技术交流

油浴式和干式空气滤清器之间的比较
内容空气滤清器基本知识空气滤清器预滤器介绍空气滤清器滤芯保养与更换空气滤清器的性能与试验空气滤清器的选择与评价空气滤清器基本知识空气滤清器的作用空气滤清器的种类空气滤清器的过滤原理油浴式和干式空气滤清器之间的比较空气滤清器的作用空气滤清器是发动机最重要的过滤器外部对发动机的污染90来自空气燃烧1体积燃料需要12000体积空气发动机进气端空气杂质浓度001mgm过滤效率999阻拦最具破坏性的细小杂质颗粒空气滤清器的作用减少研磨杂质和腐蚀污染物降低发动机的进气噪声保护空气流量传感器不受污染物的侵害空气滤清器的种类一般来说空气滤清器的型式有两种即湿式油浴式和干式纸质
Housing cracked
空气滤清器的性能和试验
空气滤清器性能评价: 在额定流量下 ★原始阻力: ≤2.5kPa,报警压力或终止压力,一般 6~6.5kPa ★原始滤清效率≥ 99.5% ★全寿命滤清效率 99.7~99.9% ★容灰量:一般5~15kg (无旋流式空气预滤器)
空气滤清器的性能和试验
日常维护 无论在每日检查或者在加油
的时候都应该检查以确保空滤和 发动机之间的所有连接管路都是 密封的。这包括所有的软管连接 和空滤的上盖。排尘阀始终保持 垂直向下以利于排尘。任何异常 都应该马上被处理。
空气滤清器滤芯保养(一)
何时需要清理保养主滤芯? 每行使6000-8000公里或堵塞指示
贴片晶体管参数代码查询890abc

33V Zener Diode 33V zener 0.225W 6.0V zener 0.225W npn dtr 2k2+2k2 npn dtr 2k2+2k2 78L 9.0V 0.1A regulator 6V Zener Diode 6.2V zener 0.225W npn dtr 4k7+ 4k7 npn dtr 4k7+ 4k7 78L 10V 0.1A regulator 6.2V Zener Diode 6.8V zener 0.225W npn dtr 4k7+ 47k npn dtr 4k7+ 47k 78L 12V 0.1A regulator 6.8V Zener Diode 7.5V zener 0.225W npn dtr 22k + 47k npn dtr 22k + 47k 78L 15V 0.1A regulator 7.5V Zener Diode 8.2V zener 0.225W 78L 18V 0.1A regulator 8.2V Zener Diode 8.7V zener 0.225W 78L 20V 0.1A regulator 8.7V Zener Diode 36V Zener Diode 9.1V zener 0.225W 78L 24V 0.1A regulator 9.1V Zener Diode 10V zener 0.225W 10V Zener Diode 11V zener 0.225W
MMBZ5255B Mot PMBZ5255B Sie
MMBZ5231B Mot MUN2216 MUN5216 NJM78L07A CMSZ5231B Mot Mot NJR CSC
MMBZ5232B Mot MUN2230 MUN5230 NJM78L08A CMSZ5232B CMPZ5256B Mot Mot NJR CSC CSC
文献翻译的英文原文

ReviewHydropower’s future,the environment,and global electricity systemsR.SternbergDepartment of Earth and Environmental Studies,Montclair State University,1Normal Ave,Montclair,NJ07043-1624,United StatesContents1.Introduction (713)2.Purpose of study (714)3.Hydropower as instrument of change (714)4.Water management-hydropower and water availability (715)5.The environment and hydropower (718)6.Hydropower and changing electricity economies (719)7.Hydropower and governments’energy plans (720)8.Hydropower-geopolitics (721)9.Hydropower’s future in afluid energy world (722)Acknowledgements (723)References (723)1.IntroductionWater management emerged out of the agricultural revolution. Agricultural origins are associated with regions of water deficits.To foster productivity water had to be diverted to land to be sown.The urban revolution reinforced this process.Water management had rustic origins;it is the cumulative effect and the changes emerged that imparted growing significance to effective water utilization.Mesopotamia and the Nile valley were hearth regions for applied hydraulic manipulations.It is the industrial revolution that turned to use of hydropower to move machinery by means of waterwheels along stream courses to avail itself of this energy source.Hydro-power at this juncture became a magnet for industrial location in the UK as well in New England.Even in Paterson,NJ in the early19th century,the Great Falls served to power the local silk industry,the Colt(sixth-shooter fame),and the local locomotive factories. Hydropower for electricity generation had to await the convergence of scientific efforts of numerous researchers’experiments whose efforts matured to control and produce electricity.Faraday was theRenewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews14(2010)713–723A R T I C L E I N F OArticle history:Received2July2009Accepted11August2009Keywords:HydropowerHydropower project planning comparative energy sourcesEnvironmental conservationGeopoliticsDamless hydropowerHydrokinetic A B S T R A C THydropower is a well established electricity system on the global scene.Global electricity needs by far exceed the amount of electricity that hydrosystems can provide to meet global electricity needs.Much of the world’s hydropower remains to be brought into production.Improved technology,better calibrated environmental parameters for large projects have become the norm in the past15years.How and why does hydropower retain a prominent role in electricity production?How and why does hydropowerfind social acceptance in diverse social systems?How does hydropower project planning address issues beyond electricity generation?How does the systems approach to hydropower installations further analysis of comparative energy sources powering electricity systems?Attention to the environmental impact of hydropower facilities forms an integral part of systems analysis.Similarly,the technical, political and economic variables call for balanced analysis to identify the viability status of hydro projects.Economic competition among energy systems requires in context assessments as these shape decision making in planning of hydropower systems.Moreover,technological change has to be given a time frame during which the sector advances in productivity and share in expanding electricity generation.The low production costs per kWh assure hydropower at this juncture,2009,a very viable future.ß2009Elsevier Ltd.All rights reserved.E-mail address:fsternie@.Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews j o u r n a l ho m e pa g e:w w w.e l s e v i e r.c o m/l o c a t e/r s e r1364-0321/$–see front matterß2009Elsevier Ltd.All rights reserved. doi:10.1016/j.rser.2009.08.016first to achieve the production of electricity in 1831,but another fifty years were needed to produce electricity derived from a water powered waterwheel,invented by Francis in 1851.Hydropower’s history covers 130years,but its role in electricity use is disproportionate when the consequences are globally assessed.Electricity has become a pervasive,ubiquitous energy source in nearly all spheres of life.In the 21st century,virtually nothing functions without electricity,whether it’s an electric tooth brush or a space shuttle,and everything in between.Electricity dependence has reached near universal status.Dependable electricity availability has become a condition that shapes policies and challenges economic planning and production,necessitates environmental preservation,and fosters energy-electricity conservation.Electricity can be produced in numerous ways in terms of resources used,such as oil,gas,coal,geothermal,biomass,eolian,nuclear,solar,and water,as electricity enters the transmission system,it is impossible to tell its source of origin,especially when numerous different sources are used.It is the availability and dependability of the electricity driven resource that matters as the per capita consumption rises globally inexorably (see Table 1).Hydropower’s future has to be considered as a transition stage for many states of the world that have fluvial systems that can be drawn into the electricity generating system.Environmental conditions,political planning,economic options,available tech-nical personnel,existing electro-mechanical industries,and energy-kind competition,each of these variables shapes the decision-making process when,if and where to place such electricity generating utilities.Hydropower plants turn out to be very long term projects,hence their future is planning dependent and anticipated economic viability measured.Electricity systemswill exist for the predictable future;it is the energy source(s)that may change radically.In this context,hydropower may serve for a longer time as major ‘‘energy bridge’’to a different energy future.2.Purpose of studyWith most of the world’s hydropower potential available for near future development,it is local interests and sovereign states that decide how to manage their water resource base.Hydropower projects require prolonged planning and construction ernments change,electricity needs shift,and increase but the basic physical conditions tend to retain their physical character-istics for a predictable time span.Given the increased environ-mental awareness,why and how do hydropower systems continue to find social and political acceptance in diverse social systems?How does hydropower project planning address issues beyond electricity generation?How does the systems approach to hydro-power installations further analysis of comparative energy sources powering electricity systems?How compatible is hydropower with the changing energy matrix?Hydropower installations appear in phases,in response to electricity demand and a state’s preparedness to absorb the added electricity supply.It is in the BRIC (Brazil,Russia,India,China)states where this progression can be represented in regional and chronological detail.And techno-logical changes in hydropower have to be anticipated,such as hydrokinetic systems,e.g.3.Hydropower as instrument of changeHydropower turned into an instrument of production change,powering the beginning of the industrial revolution,notably in theTable 11950to 2000world electricity systems installed MW increased by nearly 2,100%or about 42%/year.Worldwide increasing electricity dependence fosters larger generating systems and changing technologies advance electricity conservation.World Electricity Systems-World Regions-1950–1960(MW,kWh/p/y)19501960ThermHyd Tot kWh/p/y Therm Hyd Tot kWh/p/y World 10247357360154092382369957149571520,755763Africa 3062485352166728519799264128Asia 732875841491241201191651236631122Europe 556652735583259733117262538791718851607N.Amer.N/A N/A N/A 2061161375535692152533643S.Amer.2892216450561677225609613321349Oceania2045944208910194856275576501960World Electricity Systems-World Regions-1970–1980(MW,kWh/p/y)19701980ThermHyd Tot kWh/p/y Therm Hyd Tot kWh/p/y World 8179452906521,125,3921347140341646539620130061601Africa 16608750824116244297281317042898321Asia 9399542775138537279226923718218324294510Europe 2239349936533083230773506191371695347634551N.Amer.3217668811441671159345472031321807429897611S.Amer.1441614654290705642609941914683831131Oceania1289668881997636202259810234329925322World Electricity Systems-World Regions-1990–2000(MW,kWh/p/y)19902000ThermHyd Tot kWh/p/y Therm Hyd Tot kWh/p/y World 177159162842927461272207223061676380833778282475Africa 5237019332727424867745122104101463524Asia 40497312059257294281775072019226910200131288Europe 376809171588678338571062761624131710550705168N.Amer.638100160186926446865868214317895798163810388S.Amer.34759803751168091504521271191491652742055Oceania328901225645750106004055913284543708362Sources :UN [25]energy statistics yearbook-1982,p.684–710.Energy yearbook-1990,p.456–473,energy yearbook-2000,p.478–494.R.Sternberg /Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 14(2010)713–723714UK Midlands.Then it was waterwheel powered with driveshafts to activate textile production.In Brazil,at Juiz de Fora(1889)one of thefirst hydroelectric plants powered a textile mill.Numerous technological changes were needed to achieve greater electricity transmission distances,which freed machinery from transmission belts and introduced the dynamo driven individual machines. Hydropower served as an electricity provider in the industrializa-tion process in France,Germany,Norway,the UK,Italy,and the US. After World War II,Brazil started to foster hydropower projects to serve the major urban cores and the beginning of industrialization [1].Coal rich states such as the UK,USA,and Germany used hydropower and coal powered thermal plants,but coal-poor states such as Italy and France turned to their‘‘white coal,’’the hydropower resource base.For hydropower-rich states such as China,India,Russia,and Brazil,hydropower construction in phases served to promote industrialization.Lenin as early as1920borrowed from a friend ‘‘...The age of steam is the age of the bourgeoisie,the age of electricity is the age of socialism.’’[2].The post World War II industrialization of Japan,S.Korea,and China without hydropower would have had a different pace then actually recorded.It is economy of foreign exchange that plays its part.China has actively fostered its hydropower sector dating to the1970s,and currently it is the premier hydropower in the world.Similarly,much of the USSR’s industrialization was hydropowered.Hydropower serves as an instrument of change and in most instances it is a domestic energy source that fosters exchange rate savings,but also encourages the formation of a domestic electro-mechanical heavy industry to provide the mechanical equipment that can be domestically manufactured(e.g.Mecanica Pesada,Brazil).Another essential component of the hydropower system is the electricity transmission infrastructure,the less complicated component to produce locally.Hydropower turns into an instrument of reciprocal,complementary benefits,providing essential electricity and supporting a host of electro-mechanical industries.4.Water management-hydropower and water availabilityIn the popular perception,hydropower dominates in the world of river regulation.In the numerical context,hydropower in total river water management at this time regulates about12%of the world’s riversfluvial volume(Chao[4],see also[3],p.366).It is the evolution of large dams,1000MW and larger,which create notable reservoirs.Among thefirst of this scale is the Hoover Dam, 1951MW and now there is the Three Gorges Project,22,400MW. One of the largest reservoirs is Lake Nasser with160km3.Actually, 88%of the world’s stored riverwaters serve urban water supply systems,irrigation(which uses70%of the world’s fresh water),flood control,recreational water projects(in the US,this is36%), and canal systems([3],WATER,366).Water management is a most sensitive subject matter.In undergraduate economics,the economics professor(1950)pointed to water as a ubiquitous and free resource,offered as example of a costless factor in economic analysis.Times have changed.As per capita water consumption increases with changing global urba-nization rates,it may become necessary to identify priority ranking for water uses.Implicitly,a water conservation categorization may foster voluntary per capita use reduction in general populations. Water-pricing would encourage increased conservation by means of direct personal economy.Even hydropower plants may have to pay for water use and charge more for electricity to achieve balance in water utilization rates.Hydropower’s water dependence is precipitation and river volume contingent(Table2).Precipitation totals expressed in km3 for the specific watershed provide the hydroproject planner essential parameters for project planning.Another measure that project planners are keenly interested in are streamflow values in m3/s.These are closely related data,but topography and streamgrade influence rate of runoff and speed of streamflow. Water availability may be evaluated on the basis of the km2/km3 ratio as the ratio gets intofive digits,electricity generation tends to lose dependability in contrast to three digits when the generating potential gains in predictability(see Table2).For the world this kind of data collection is uneven in quality,quantity,and time gathered.Data gathering,reporting,and publishing comes with the culture of scientific inquiry,and with scientific experimentation. The absence of this basic data for use in hydropower planning impacts adversely,technically,economically,socially,environ-mentally,and politically.Sound water management under the circumstances stands significantly compromised.The data serves to restrain hasty assumptions about climate as a determining consideration for setting up hydropower projects.Table2Select river basin data for annual water availability.Region River basin km2Water(km3)km2/km3Mean Flow(m3/s)Asia Yangtze18100001003180535000Ganges/Brahmaputra17500001389126020000Indus96000022043643850Mekong646000459140715900Armur1860000355524012500Europe Danube57830017632866450Volga136000025253978000Pechora31700013723144060Rhine10370050.620502200Africa Niger209000030269205700Congo36800001320278842000Nile2870000161178261584North America Mississippi2980000515578617545Columbia66800023728196650Colorado6370001638813168wrence1026000320320610400South America Amazon692000069201000180000Parana3100000811382219500Orinoco1000000101099028000Bio Bio21220365961230Source:Ref.[22],p.5–6,68,124,190,247,307.R.Sternberg/Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews14(2010)713–723715Possibly one of the more favorable rivers for hydropower projects is the Bio-Bio,Chile,as 1km 3needs less than 600km 2in area of surface (see Table 2),and Pange is a top revenue producer per hectare of installed power,about $90,000/year/ha at 57%of installed capacity.The Itaipu experience,different in scale,is exceptional,as it often generates above installed capacity.Water management for hydropower is subject to local norms,a global formula proves elusive to articulate as regions and sites tend to uniqueness.An overview of some of the world’s major rivers,their watershed areas,the approximate amounts of precipitation as recorded in km 3,and their drainage area are reported in km 2and approximate streamflow values provides tangible reference points for hydro-power planning (Fig.1).At this time,the Amazon River volume is less useful for electricity generation than the Colorado River with its 16km 3/year water accumulation versus the Amazon’s 6920km 3/year (see Table 2,Fig.2).How does the Blue Nile (Ethiopia)contribute to the Nile main channel,and for how long have the Ethiopians had dependable data to manage the national hydro-power resource base effectively?In this part of Africa,evaporation rates enter the hydropower planning assessment when Lake Nasser yields 14–15km 3of water to evaporation a year (or about 440m 3/s).One of the more hydropower generating rivers of reference in the table is the Parana-Paraguay-Uruguay-La Plata system,which in the Brazilian segment has 42hydropower projects.The headwater dam Furnas tends to be a key control unit for down-river volume of water and velocity,hence as the water moves downstream,each subsequent dam registers a certain increase in its generating rate.Engineers assume 50–57%average of firm power yield for the year,or a 1000MW unit is projected to generate 500–570MW on a continuous base load for the year.At Itaipu,75–90%yield are the norm,or 12,500+MW at 90%daily (675,000barrels of petroleum/day).675,000barrels of petroleum per day =$33,750,000/day at $50,for the year that equals $12,319,000,000.(It is unwise to use a higher petroleum value,as market fluctuations should constrain unrealistic claims).In five consecutive years the capital generated comes to $61,593,750,000.The two maps of precipitation in select river basins expressed in km 3and stream flow per second in m 3for selected rivers (Figs.1and 2)point to improved resource utilization possibilities with a less environment intrusive technology.Time and investment will be needed to develop run-of-the-river turbines,a form of damless hydroelectricity system.This is a challenge for the next three to four decades as an increase in fossil fuel reduction for multiple resources will gain in global acceptance (merely consider one state burning 2.3Â109tons of coal per year out of the world 5.3Â109tons per year:see [4],p.78).This kind of electricity generating system would be most appropriate initially for very large river system,with the watersheds registering receiving above the 1000km 3/year mark.1The stream flow data are the more informative to assess hydroelectricity generating potential.To this have to be added local geomorphology,notably streambed morphology and river grade.(An excellent source for specific river studies is [5].Many of the rivers mapped are considered in detail in the text).With notable variation in river grade naturally,theoneFig.1.Selected world river annual discharges in km 3.1In August 2008,Itaipu was operating at 12,500MW/day or 90%of installed capacity.Itaipu at this time operates as a run-of-the-river unit.R.Sternberg /Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 14(2010)713–723716created by hydropower dams adds to stream velocity variations between dams and corresponding inter-dam distance variation.The steeper the grade between projects,the more attractive the possibility to install damless turbines with better than average water availability and speed for power generation.Instead of individual dams with specific name-plate installed potential,it is essential to find the approximate size turbine and rotor for certain water volume and river speed to fit into the specific river system.The next step involves optimal separating turbines in the context from upstream to downstream to retain even water speed and pressure for operating efficiency.Placement of the units could be achieved by devising a factory ship that places the supporting pylons,turbine installation,and platform for attaching to the rotor system.Transmission line development would include essential consolidating transformer station loca-tions to up the kV dispatched over longer distances.This more active use of transmission could result in more efficient transmission delivery in the form of notable reductions of electricity losses during the transforming phases,the consolidating one,and the receiving end the transformer station,where transformation generally registers a 7%electricity loss.Numerous technological hurdles have to be overcome to achieve improved returns on these possibly massive projects.In the project planning process productivity dependability comprises a notable aspect to identify the scheme’s long term viability.Stream-flow data and watershed areal extent afford a measure to approximate water volume availability of a specific river segment.As noted above,the larger the surface required to gather runoff,two conditions become apparent:one,the reservoir has to be proportionally sized to store ample seasonal precipitation accumulation to allow a minimal operational timeframe for the installed generating system;and two,the larger drainage surface surrenders a higher percentage of the precipitation to evaporation losses.A project in a watershed area where 1km 3needs 600km 2compared with a drainage shed of 6000km 2/km 3,informs the project planner of potential water availability a potential generating time frame for operating parameters of kWh.Function of the dam in the river system identifies actual watershed areal extent.There is the headwater project and then there is the dam closest to the river estuary,which includes the river’s entire watershed.Tucurui registers about 11,200m 3/s or about 352km 3/year,or the Tucurui watershed of 758,000km 3/year translates into 2152km 2/km 3of precipitation in its watershed,the daily average that transits Tucurui is .96km 3.The Madeira,a tributary to the Amazon,at Porto Velho,averages 19,000m 3/s,or,599.2km 3/y.Its drainage area is 903,500km 2or 1505km 2of surface collects 1km 3of stream flow/year,and 1.64km 3on average transits Porto Velho daily.Each project can be assessed in this way to project its generating production parameters.The Bio Bio Pange Dam,can be considered among the most productive.Itaipu and Xingo (both are in Brazil)are run-of-the-river projects and need to be considered in a different analytical context.With the possible reduction upon dam dependence along river courses,and significant economy in project expenditures,the flooding of productive land or population resettlement would become unnecessary and it would be economically rewarding and be socially constructive,as no resettlements would be called for.Fish life and river transport are other variables that need to be addressed.For protection of fish life there may be forms of barriers that deflect fish to be drawn into the turbine draft.FornavigationFig.2.Selected world river per second m 3stream flow at key control stations.R.Sternberg /Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 14(2010)713–723717the turbine pylons could serve as guides instead of needed buoys.The environmental impact of this system is an unknown.Until a system is in place and its function has been monitored for a decade,any assertion is inappropriate at this stage of knowledge.In most likelihood this system could be the least environment damaging energy system available.Figs.1and 2provide a comparative overview of select river basins.Fig.3affords a measure of how much precipitation in km 3is registered in a specific watershed.What the data does not include is the soil moisture absorption rate or the local evaporation losses.The ratio of km 2to km 3provides an additional parameter of stream flow assessment and predictability.The larger the catchment area per km 3,the more uncertain the streamflow regime.From Table 2,the least reliable river listed is the Colorado,which depends upon over 38,800km 2per km 3of registered precipitation,the Bio Bio in Chile drains 596km 2to collect 1km 3of precipitation.The data point to a possible streamflow reliability measure namely the lower the ratio the more productive the hydro potential of this river.The rivers listed for South America in this table register above average values,notably the Bio Bio and the Orinoco.The mean value for the selected rivers is 5585km 2/km 3.Four of the rivers included in the list exceed the average registered,and two of these,the Colorado,U.S.,Nile,Egypt,Sudan,Ethiopia,and Uganda are seven and three times exceeding the average.It can be said that the lower the measured ratio,the more dependable the river’s productivity potential.5.The environment and hydropowerConstraint in a river system will lead to multiple modifications in its metabolism and its environmental fabric.Actual extent of environmental change depends upon project magnitude,in the case of hydropower it is generally the reservoir size (volume and extent)rather than the installed generating hydropower project altering area project morphology (that affects the larger project area).Two Brazilian projects serve to illustrate different aerial project morphology.Serra da Mesa,head dam on the Tocantins has a 54.4km 3reservoir (Serra da Mesa installed potential is 1998MW);Xingo on the Sao Francisco,3000MW installed,5000MW potential,is a run of the river project,essentially without reservoir as it reworks the turbined waters from the up-river Paulo Afonso system.This affords an overview of the range of differences that are hydropower project associated.Emphasis is on hydropower,and the environmental impact is project size related.Reservoirs for example in Amazonia generate less humidity than the natural vegetation,which impacts the original precipitation pattern.Forest removal in planned reservoir areas in the Amazonian environment has proven difficult because of the rapidity of the regeneration of secondary growth.Forest inundation produces eutrophication and its dissolution depends upon the streamflow regime in volume and velocity.The more frequent the renewal of the reservoir water,the sooner the eutrophication process can be attenuated and in time restore the water body to functional health.At Tucurni,Tocantins River,Brazil,the reservoir water is renewed about every 47days,nearly eight times per year,Balbina dam,Uatuma River,Brazil,requires at least one year to recycle its reservoir volume.Sedimentation is generally part of the natural drainage process from runoff.There is far more complexity to the topic than can be addressed,but a key agent is active land uses.Agriculture,roads,forest clearance,urban systems,rank high as sedimentation agents.Hydropower planners cannot accurately predict the sedimentation rates since land use management practices are uneven in much of the world.Hydropower managers sharetheFig.3.km 2/km 3provides an approximation of water availability,this information can serve to assign reservoir size by the respective project engineer(s).R.Sternberg /Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 14(2010)713–723718topic at meetings and special symposia,addressing the complexity of the issue[6].Continuous expansion of the hydropower systems into open river systems points to conditions of electricity demand for which an effective response has to be found locally.Rising electricity demand and increasing electricity costs point to the shrinking options to policy makers on how to balance environmental conservation and electricity demand.Hydropower professionals are turning increasingly environment sensitive and hydropower projects are designed to minimize environmental stress.In Brazil, the Madeira project is for a15meter high dam,or a barrier that limits the reservoir to thefloodplain accepting bulbar turbines of 72and75MW each([7],77ff).Future hydroprojects can be expected to differ from antecedent projects and be less conspic-uous in the physical landscape.6.Hydropower and changing electricity economiesInvestment resource availability shapes future electricity generating infrastructure.A convergence of multiple interests mold future plans in the hydropower sector and its corresponding construction schedules.Heterogeneity in the resource base of the world’s states,varied stages of domestic infrastructure formation, notably different lifestyles and cultural contexts,and uneven environmental perceptions affect broader generalizations about hydropower’s future[8].As hydropower projects gain in magni-tude,so do the needed investments which have to anticipate returns for the long term.Given these conditions,governments become increasingly the key agencies as paymasters for the key hydropower projects.In the US it was the Hoover Dam,the TVA system,the Columbia River system,and the wrence River projects that can be cited as government sponsored.At the international level reference can be made to the multiple hydropower projects along the Danube,or in the La Plata River system.The latter home to three projects has grown into MERCOSUR,a regional supranational economic union.Cost assessment is generally on price per kW installed. Economy of scale favors large projects as it lowers the cost per installed kW.Emphasis is on the generating facility,but implicit in general consideration is the availability of transforming stations and transmission lines.While these cost elements are not addressed here,they form an integral part of the generating system,the dam([9],NETWORKS,233–261).In the planning and execution phase of hydropower projects,their construction phase is compressed in time,it is the hydropower project that is a timecostly,or the interest charges that consume large sums that play their part in compressing the construction schedules.Hydropower project planners,depending upon project size,have to include a time horizon of30–50years to insure project economic viability. While these professionals address project economic viability,the larger horizon is serving the public needs of a specific country. Larger projects tend to become part of the national budget,hence these projects turn into public property.Mega projects mobilize a large labor force to foster timely completion of the power plant.If30,000people work on such project,allowfive to ten years before thefirst turbine of many comes on line.That means that during these years,payrolls to be met without any income from such projects.And the additional turbines,depending upon their respective size,each generally takes four to six months to install,so when a project has10–20 turbines,anotherfive to eight years are needed to complete the project(see Figs.4–6).At this point,it is easier to explain the initial high cost of hydropower,it is the hiatus of no income to the last unit coming on line.Private investment cannot sustain such investments without income producing operations which clarifies why major projects tend to be publicly owned([10],‘‘LATINA-MERICANIZATION.’’).Much of economic development worldwide has been hydro-powered,whether it came off the waterwheel or from the hydropower plant.In South America urbanization has been largely hydropowered,and that came from government coffers.Hydro-powerfinds general acceptance as a domestically available energy source.The term‘‘white coal’’comes from Switzerland and Italy, two states without domestic coal resources,but with extensive fluvial systems which provide actively used hydropower potential.In the21st century electricity has become a dominant energy source.Its costs reflect the source from which it is derived,hence while the kWh has one price,its production costs are source dictated.At this time hydropower derived electricity continues to be the lowest cost electricity available world-wide(Table3—Energy systems,p.501[11]).Hydropower cannot be expected to meet the world’s electricity needs,it serves as‘‘energy bridge’’to a technology manipulating world.It contributes to infrastructure formation,transmission systems,transformers,and influences electricitypricing.Fig. 4.Itaipu-Binacional an upstream panoramic view.There are20installed generators of700MW and18of these are in continuous operation with two as standbys in case of outage.In August2008daily generation averaged12,560MW,or 90%of installed capacity.The plant can be considered a run-of-the-river unit. Source:RolfSternberg.Fig.5.Standard transmission towers out of Itaipu-Binacional,these are500kV lines,which feed into a transformer station where the electricity is converted to 600kV,DC,and750kV AC for delivery to key consuming poles.Source:Rolf Sternberg.R.Sternberg/Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews14(2010)713–723719。
SAE标准目录

ETA-UTP001 Revision 0(SAE J1263)[P19].pdfETA-UTP001-Effective March 23,2001 Implementation of SAE J1263-1996.pdfNASA-SAE-88-1448 LDV Surveys Over Fighter Model at Moderate High Angles of Attack[P27].pdf SAE- Automotive Chassis Engineering Principles (SECOND EDITION)[P454].pdfSAE- Automotive Chassis-Engineering Principles [SECOND EDITION][P456].pdfSAE- Automotive Physical Layer SAE-J1708 DS36277.pdfSAE- Structural Steel Designer's Handbook (Brockenbrough & Merritt)(3Rd Edition)[P1201].pdf SAE-174M-MAY1998 TORQUE-TENSION TEST PROCEDURESTEEL THREADED FASTENERS,METRIC SERIES.pdfSAE-2006 Formula SAE-Chassis Design(Queen's University)[P18].pdfSAE-720709-1972 Design&Development of a High horsepower torque sensing variable speed drive.pdfSAE-AIR1228-2001 Standard Impulse Machine Equipment&Operation[P6].pdfSAE-AIR1377A-2004 Fire Test Equipment for Flexible Hose&Tube Assemblies[P22].pdfSAE-AIR3260-2006 Identification of Standard Utility Parts - Bolts&Nuts[P4].pdfSAE-AIR4002-1994 8000 psi Hydraulic Systems Experience&Test Results.pdfSAE-AIR4069A-1998 Sealing of Integral Fuel Tanks [P94].pdfSAE-AIR4069A-1998 Sealing of Integral Fuel Tanks[P95].pdfSAE-AIR4176-1995(R2005) Cost Versus Benefits of Engine Monitoring Systems.pdfSAE-AIR5120-2006 Engine Monitoring System Reliability&Validity[P27].pdfSAE-AIR797E-2001 Hose Characteristics&Selection Chart[P15].pdfSAE-AMS1376B-1992 R1998 Remover,Epoxy Paint Acid-Type,Thickened.pdfSAE-AMS1379A-1996 COMPOUND,ALKALINE RUST REMOVER Aircraft Turbine Engine Components[P7].pdfSAE-AMS1380A-1992 SCALE CONDITIONER,ALKALINE Aircraft Turbine Engine Components[P6].pdfSAE-AMS1382A-1991 OXIDE REMOVER COMPOUND,ACIDIC Aircraft Turbine Engine Components[P6].pdfSAE-AMS1383A-1999 Oxide Conditioner,Alkaline Permanganate Aircraft Turbine Engine Components.pdfSAE-AMS1384A-1991 ACID,INHIBITED PHOSPHORIC Aircraft Turbine Engine Components Room Temperature Application[P6].pdfSAE-AMS1385A-2004 Compound,Hot Carbon&Paint Remover Aircraft Turbine Engine Components.pdfSAE-AMS1386A-2004 Compound,Silicone Rubber Remover Aircraft Turbine Engine Components Room Temperature Application.pdfSAE-AMS1387A-2004 Remover,Anti-Galling Compound Aircraft Turbine Engine Components Room Temperature Application.pdfSAE-AMS1424G-2006 (R) Deicing_Anti-Icing Fluid,Aircraft SAE-Type I.pdfSAE-AMS1424H-2007 Deicing_Anti-Icing Fluid,Aircraft,SAE-Type I[P15].pdfSAE-AMS1426C-1993 FLUID,DEICINGANTI-ICING,RUNWAYS&TAXIWAYS Glycol Base.pdf SAE-AMS1428E-2006 Fluid,Aircraft DeicingAnti-Icing,Non-Newtonian (Pseudoplastic),SAE-Types II,III,&IV.pdfSAE-AMS1431B-1998 Compound,Solid Runway&Taxiway Deicing_Anti-Icing.pdfSAE-AMS1435A-1999 Fluid,Generic,Deicing_Anti-Icing Runways&Taxiways.pdfSAE-AMS1453-2004 Disinfectant Cleaner for Aircraft Interior General Purpose Liquid .pdfSAE-AMS1476B-2004 Deodorant,Aircraft Toilet.pdfSAE-AMS1526B-2000 Cleaner for Aircraft Exterior Surfaces Water-Miscible,Pressure-Spraying Type.pdfSAE-AMS1534B-2004 Cleaner,Aircraft Glass Window.pdfSAE-AMS1535C-2002 Cleaner,Transparent Plastic.pdfSAE-AMS1537B-2001 Cleaner,Alkaline Hot-Tank Type.pdfSAE-AMS1538A-1996 DEOXIDER,ACIDIC,FOR MAGNESIUM ALLOYS.pdfSAE-AMS1547-1996 Cleaner,Anodic,Electrolytic,Alkaline For Steel,Tank Type .pdfSAE-AMS1595A-1998 Qualification of Aircraft,Missile&Aerospace Fusion Welders.pdfSAE-AMS1625B-1989 DESMUTTER,ALUMINUM,POWDERED.pdfSAE-AMS1626B-1989 DESMUTTER,ALUMINUM Liquid.pdfSAE-AMS1631C-2005 Cleaner,Carpet Water Extraction Type.pdfSAE-AMS1640B-1988 CORROSION REMOVING COMPOUND For Aircraft Surfaces.pdfSAE-AMS2154-2005 Inspection,Ultrasonic,Wrought Metals,Process For.pdfSAE-AMS2154-2005 Inspection,Ultrasonic,Wrought Metals,Process For[P41].pdfSAE-AMS2175-2003 Castings,Classification&Inspection of.pdfSAE-AMS2241P-2005 Tolerances,Corrosion&Heat-Resistant Steel,Iron Alloy,Titanium,&Titanium Alloy Bars&Wire.pdfSAE-AMS2242F-2006 Tolerances Corrosion&Heat Resistant Steel,Iron Alloy,Titanium,&Titanium Alloy Sheet,Strip,&Plate.pdfSAE-AMS2243H-2006 Tolerances Corrosion&Heat-Resistant Steel Tubing.pdfSAE-AMS2244C-2003 Tolerances (R) Titanium&Titanium Alloy Tubing.pdfSAE-AMS2249F-2005 Chemical Check Analysis Limits Titanium&Titanium Alloys.pdfSAE-AMS2249F-2005 Chemical Check Analysis Limits Titanium&Titanium Alloys[1].pdfSAE-AMS2251G-1998 Tolerances Low-Alloy Steel Bars.pdfSAE-AMS2251H-2006 Tolerances Low-Alloy Steel Bars.pdfSAE-AMS2252D-2006 Tolerances Low-Alloy Steel Sheet,Strip,&Plate.pdfSAE-AMS2269F-2006 Chemical Check Analysis Limits Nickel,Nickel Alloys,and Cobalt Alloys.pdf SAE-AMS2372D 碳钢和低合金钢取样规范[中文版].pdfSAE-AMS2372D-JAN2002 Quality Assurance Sampling&Testing Carbon&Low-Alloy Steel Forgings[P6].pdfSAE-AMS2375D-2007 Control of Forgings Requiring First Article Approval [P6].pdfSAE-AMS2406L-2007 Plating,Chromium Hard Deposit [p7].pdfSAE-AMS2411F-2007 Plating,Silver for High Temperature Applications [P8].pdfSAE-AMS2412H-2007 Plating,Silver Copper Strike,Low Bake[P7].pdfSAE-AMS2417G-2004 Plating,Zinc-Nickel Alloy.pdfSAE-AMS2422E-2007 Plating,Gold[P9].pdfSAE-AMS2435G-2007 Coating,Tungsten Carbide-Cobalt Coating,Detonation Process [P8].pdfSAE-AMS2448-2004 Application of Tungsten Carbide Coatings on Ultra High Strength Steels High Velocity Oxygen Fuel Process[P13].pdfSAE-AMS2448-2004 Application of Tungsten Carbide Coatings on Ultra High Strength Steels High Velocity Oxygen Fuel Process.pdfSAE-AMS2469G-2004 Hard Anodic Coating Treatment of Aluminum&Aluminum Alloys Processing&Performance Requirements.[P8].pdfSAE-AMS2470M-2007 Anodic Treatment of Aluminum Alloys Chromic Acid Process[P8].pdfSAE-AMS2482C-2006 Hard Coating Treatment of Aluminum Alloys Teflon-Impregnated or Codeposited.pdfSAE-AMS2482C-2006 Hard Coating Treatment of Aluminum Alloys Teflon-Impregnated or Codeposited[P7].pdfSAE-AMS2546-2004 Reaffirmed 2010-05 Laser Peening.pdfSAE-AMS2633C-2007 Ultrasonic Inspection Centrifugally-Cast,Corrosion-Resistant Steel Tubular Cylinders[P13].pdfSAE-AMS2643D-2007 Structural Examination of Titanium Alloys Chemical Etch Inspection Procedure [P5].pdfSAE-AMS2647C-2009 Fluorescent Penetrant Inspection Aircraft&Engine Component Maintenance.pdfSAE-AMS2649C-2008 Etch Inspection of High Strength Steel Parts.pdfSAE-AMS2753B-1991 Liquid Salt Bath Ferritic Nitrocarburizing Non-Cyanide Bath[P8].pdfSAE-AMS2757-B-2004 气体氮碳共渗.pdfSAE-AMS2759_11-2005 Stress Relief of Steel Parts[P5].pdfSAE-AMS2759_2C-2000 低合金钢零件的热处理最小拉伸强度大于等于220KSI[中文版][P13].pdfSAE-AMS2759_3C-2000 沉淀硬化不锈钢和马氏体时效钢的热处理[中文版][P16].pdfSAE-AMS2759_3D-2005 Heat Treatment Precipitation-Hardening Corrosion-Resistant&Maraging Steel Parts[P16].pdfSAE-AMS2759_3D-2005 Heat Treatment Precipitation-Hardening Corrosion-Resistant&Maraging Steel Parts[P16][1].pdfSAE-AMS2759-11-1992 Ion Nitriding.pdfSAE-AMS2759-11-2005 Stress Relief of Steel Parts.pdfSAE-AMS27591-12A-2007 Gaseous Nitrocarburizing,Automatically Controlled by Potentials.pdf SAE-AMS2759-12A 2007 Gaseous Nitrocarburizing,Automatically Controlled by Potentials.pdfSAE-AMS2759-1C-2000 最低抗拉强度低于220 ksi (1517 MPa)低合金碳钢零件的热处理.pdf SAE-AMS2759-2C-2000 Heat Treatment of Low-Alloy Steel Parts Minimum Tensile Strength 220 ksi (1 51 7 MPa)&Higher.pdfSAE-AMS2759-2C-2000 中文版低合金钢零件的热处理最小拉伸强度大于等于220KSI(1517MPa).pdfSAE-AMS2759-3C-2000 中文版沉淀硬化不锈钢和马氏体时效钢的热处理.pdfSAE-AMS2759-3D-2005 Heat Treatment Precipitation-Hardening Corrosion-Resistant&Maraging Steel Parts.pdfSAE-AMS2759-4B-2001 Heat Treatment Austenitic Corrosion-Resistant Steel Parts.pdfSAE-AMS2759-5D-2004 Heat Treatment Martensitic Corrosion-Resistant Steel Parts.pdfSAE-AMS2759-6A-2002 Gas Nitriding&Heat Treatment of Low-Alloy Steel Parts.pdfSAE-AMS2759-7A-2006 Carburizing&Heat Treatment of Carburizing Grade Steel Parts.pdfSAE-AMS2759-9_8-1992 Ion Nitriding [P12].pdfSAE-AMS2759C-2000 Heat Treatment of Steel Parts General Requirements[P15].pdfSAE-AMS2770H-2006 Heat Treatment of Wrought Aluminum Alloy Parts.pdfSAE-AMS2771C-2004 Heat Treatment of Aluminum Alloy Castings.pdfSAE-AMS2772C-2002 Heat Treatment of Aluminum Alloy Raw Materials.pdfSAE-AMS2772E-2008 Heat Treatment of Aluminum Alloy Raw Materials.pdfSAE-AMS2809-1986 R2002 Identification Titanium&Titanium Alloy Wrought Products.pdfSAE-AMS2809-2002 Identification Titanium&Titanium Alloy Wrought Products.pdfSAE-AMS2814F-2001 优质焊丝包的包装和标识.pdfSAE-AMS2814F-2001 优质焊丝包的包装和标识[P8].pdfSAE-AMS3021D-2007 Fluid,Reference for Testing Di-Ester (Polyol) Resistant Material [P4].pdfSAE-AMS3302G-1990 Silicone Rubber,General Purpose,50 Durometer.pdfSAE-AMS3650C-1991 Rods,Sheets,&Molded Shapes,Polychlorotrifluoroethylene (PCTFE),Unplasticized.pdfSAE-AMS3901C-1998 Organic Fiber (Para-Aramid),Yarn&Roving,High Modulus[P13].pdfSAE-AMS4045J-2007 Aluminum Alloy Sheet&Plate 5.6Zn-2.5Mg-1.6Cu-0.23Cr 7075 (-T6 Sheet,-T651 Plate)[P5].pdfSAE-AMS4100D-2007 Aluminum Alloy,Alclad,Sheet 5.7Zn-2.2Mg-1.6Cu-0.22Cr (Alclad 7475-T761)[P6].pdfSAE-AMS4108F-2003 Aluminum Alloy,Hand Forgings 6.2Zn-2.3Cu-2.2Mg-0.12Zr (7050-T7452)Solution Heat Treated,Compression Stress-Relieved,and Overaged.pdfSAE-AMS4111D-2007 Aluminum Alloy Forgings 7.7Zn-2.5Mg-1.5Cu-0.16Cr (7049-T73)[P8].pdf SAE-AMS4143D-2001 Aluminum Alloy Forgings&Rolled or Forged Rings 6.3Cu-0.30Mn-0.18Zr-0.10V-0.06Ti (2219-T6) Solution&Precipitation Heat Treated.pdfSAE-AMS4147D-2007 Aluminum Alloy Forgings 5.6Zn-2.5Mg-1.6Cu-0.23Cr(7075-T7352) Solution Heat Treated,Stress Relieved by Compression,&Overaged[P7].pdfSAE-AMS4150L-2003(R2008) Aluminum Alloy,Extrusions&Rings 1.0Mg-0.60Si-0.28Cu-0.20Cr-(6061-T6) Solution&Precipitation Heat Treated.pdfSAE-AMS4152M-2007 Aluminum Alloy,Extrusions 4.4Cu 1.5Mg 0.60Mn Solution Heat Treated[P5].pdfSAE-AMS4157D-2007 Aluminum Alloy Extrusions 7.7Zn-2.4Mg-1.6Cu-0.16Cr (7049-T73511)[P5].pdfSAE-AMS4162D-2003 Aluminum Alloy,Extrusions 6.3Cu - 0.30Mn - 0.18Zr - 0.10V - 0.06Ti (2219-T8511) Solution Treated,Stress Relief Stretched,Straightened,&Precipitation Heat Treated.pdf SAE-AMS4169K-2003 Aluminum Alloy,Extrusions 5.6Zn - 2.5Mg - 1.6Cu - 0.23Cr (7075-T6511)&Precipitation Heat Treated.pdfSAE-AMS4173E-2003 Aluminum Alloy,Extrusions 1.0Mg - 0.60Si - 0.30Cu - 0.20Cr (6061-T6511) Solution Heat Treated Stress.pdfSAE-AMS4206A-2006 Aluminum Alloy,Plate (7055-T7751) 8.0Zn - 2.3Cu - 2.0Mg - 0.16Zr Solution Heat Treated,Stress Relieved,&Overaged.pdfSAE-AMS4218H-2001 Aluminum Alloy Castings 7.0Si 0.35Mg (A356.0-T6P) (Formerly T61P Temper) Solution&Precipitation Heat Treated.pdfSAE-AMS4270B-2007 Aluminum Alloy,Alclad Flat Sheet 4.1Cu-1.4Mg-0.45Mn (Alclad 2424-T3) [P7].pdfSAE-AMS4279B-2006 Aluminum Alloy,Alclad Sheet 4.4Cu 1.5Mg 0.60Mn (2024-T4 Flat Sheet) Solution Heat Treated,High Formability.pdfSAE-AMS4324-2002(R2007) 固溶热处理的、消除应力的和过老化的(7055-T74511)含8.0Zn-2.3Cu-2.0Mg-0.16Zr挤压的铝合金杆材、棒材和型材.pdfSAE-AMS4329A-2006 Aluminum Alloy,Plate (7085-T7651) 7.5Zn - 1.6Cu - 1.5Mg - 0.12Zr Solution Heat Treated,Stress-Relieved,&Ove[P6].pdfSAE-AMS4337A-2006 Aluminum Alloy,Extruded Profiles (7055-T77511) 8.0Zn 2.3Cu 2.0Mg 0.16Zr Solution Heat Treated,Stress Relieved,&Overaged.pdfSAE-AMS4342E-2007 Aluminum Alloy,Extrusions 6.2Zn 2.3Cu 2.2Mg 0.12Zr (7050-T74511) Solution Heat Treated,Stress Relieved,Straightened,&Overaged.pdfSAE-AMS4484K-2007 Magnesium Alloy Castings,Permanent Mold 9.0Al-2.0Zn (AZ92A-T6) [P7].pdfSAE-AMS4500J-2007 Copper,Sheet,Strip,and Plate Soft Annealed [P4].pdfSAE-AMS4640-2005 ALUMINUM BRONZE BARS. RODS. SHAPES. TUBES.&FORGINGS 81.5 CU- 10.A1 - 4.8NI - 3.0FE DRAWN&STRESS RELIEVED (HR50) OR TEMPER ANNEALED (TQ50[P8 OCR].pdfSAE-AMS4775H-2005 Nickel Alloy,Brazing Filler Metal 73Ni - 0.75C - 4.5Si - 14Cr - 3.1B - 4.5Fe 1790 to 1970 °F (977 to 1077 °C) Solidus-Liquidus Range.pdfSAE-AMS4805E-2007 Bearings,Sintered Metal Powder 89Cu-10Sn Oil Impregnated [P6].pdfSAE-AMS4900M-2006 AEROSPACE MATERIAL SPECIFICA TION Titanium Sheet,Strip,&Plate Commercially Pure Annealed,55 ksi (379 MPa) [P6].pdfSAE-AMS4911K-2007 Titanium Alloy,Sheet,Strip,and Plate 6AI-4V Annealed [P7].pdfSAE-AMS4911L-2007 Titanium Alloy,Sheet,Strip,and Plate 6AI-4V Annealed [P7].pdfSAE-AMS4918L-2006 Titanium Alloy,Sheet,Strip,&Plate6AI - 6V - 2Sn Annealed[P7].pdfSAE-AMS4921K-2006 [P8].pdfSAE-AMS4921L-2007 Titanium Bars,Wire,Forgings,and Rings Commercially Pure 70 ksi (483 MPa) Yield Strength [P7].pdfSAE-AMS4928Q-2001 Titanium Alloy Bars,Wire,Forgings,Rings,&Drawn Shapes.pdfSAE-AMS4928R-2007 Titanium Alloy Bars,Wire,Forgings,Rings,&Drawn Shapes 6Al - 4V Annealed.pdfSAE-AMS4931B-2002 含6Al-4V超低填隙的、二次退火的、断裂韧度的钛合金棒材、锻件和环件.pdfSAE-AMS4931C-2007 Titanium Alloy bars,Forgings&Rings 6Al-4V Extra low interstitial(ELI) Duplex.pdfSAE-AMS4933D-2008 Titanium Alloy Extrusions and Flash Welded Rings 8Al-1Mo-1V Solution Heat Treated and Stabilized[P8].pdfSAE-AMS4942E-2006 Titanium Tubing,Seamless Annealed,40.0 ksi (275 MPa) Yield Strength.pdf SAE-AMS4943H-2008 Titanium Alloy.Hydraulic. Seamless Tubing 3.0Al-2.5V Annealed.pdfSAE-AMS4944G-2006 Titanium Alloy Tubing,Seamless,Hydraulic 3.0Al - 2.5V Cold Worked,Stress Relieved.pdfSAE-AMS4958C-2008 Titanium Alloy Bars and Rods 3Al-8V-6Cr-4Mo-4Zr Consumable Electrode Melted Solution Heat Treated and Centerless Ground[P6].pdfSAE-AMS4965J-2007 Titanium Alloy,Bars,Wire,Forgings,and Rings 6.0AI-4.0V Solution Heat Treated&Aged [P8].pdfSAE-AMS4971G-2007 Titanium Alloy,Bars,Wire,Forgings,and Rings 6Al-6V-2Sn Annealed,Heat Treatable[P8].pdfSAE-AMS4975J-2007 Titanium Alloy,Bars,Wire,andRings6.0Al-2.0Sn-4.0Zr-2.0Mo-0.08SiSolution&Precipitation Heat Treated[P7].pdfSAE-AMS4982D-2007 Titanium Alloy Wire 44.5 Cb [P6].pdfSAE-AMS5010K-2006 Steel Bars Free Machining Cold Drawn (SAE-1212 or SAE-1215) UNS G12120[P4].pdfSAE-AMS5046C-2007 Carbon Steel,Sheet,Strip,and Plate (SAE-1020&1025) Annealed[P5].pdfSAE-AMS5047F-2007 Steel,Sheet&Strip 0.08-0.13C,Aluminum Killed (SAE-1010) Deep Forming Grade [P4].pdfSAE-AMS5085G-2008 Steel Sheet. Strip.&Plate 0.47-0.55C (SAE-1050) Annealed.pdfSAE-AMS5349D-2007 Steel,Corrosion-Resistant,Investment Castings 13Cr Free Machining; Hardened&Tempered[P11].pdfSAE-AMS5352E-2007 Steel,Corrosion-Resistant,Investment Castings 17Cr-0.55Mo (0.95-1.20C) Annealed[P9].pdfSAE-AMS5353D-2007 Steel,Corrosion-Resistant,Investment Castings 16Cr-1.8Ni-0.08N ASCast [P10].pdfSAE-AMS5355H-2001 steel,corrosion resistant,investment casting[P14 OCR].pdfSAE-AMS5383E-2007 Nickel Alloy,Corrosion&Heat-Resistant,Investment Castings 52.5Ni-19Cr-3.0Mo-5.1Cb(Nb)-0.90Ti-0.60Al-18Fe[P11].pdfSAE-AMS5385G-1999 铸造状态的含62Co-27Cr-2.8Ni-5.5Mo耐腐蚀和耐热的钴合金熔模铸件.pdfSAE-AMS5398F-2006 Steel,Corrosion Resistant,Sand&Centrifugal Castings 16Cr 4.1Ni 0.22(Cb + Ta) 2.8Cu Solution Heat Treated[P9].pdfSAE-AMS5512L-2007 Steel,Corrosion&Heat-Resistant,Sheet,Strip,and Plate 18Cr-10.5Ni-0.80Cb (SAE-30347)Solution Heat Treated[P5].pdfSAE-AMS5516P-2007 Steel,Corrosion-Resistant,Sheet,Strip,and Plate 18Cr-9.0Ni (SAE-30302)Solution Heat Treated[P5].pdfSAE-AMS5542N-2007 Nickel Alloy,Corrosion&Heat-Resistant,Sheet,Strip,and Plate72Ni-15.5Cr-0.95Cb(Nb)-2.5Ti-0.70Al-7.0Fe[p6].pdfSAE-AMS5548P-2007 Steel,Corrosion&Heat-Resistant,Sheet&Strip 16.5Cr-4.5Ni-2.9Mo-0.10N 1850 to 1975 °F (1010 to 1079 °C) Annealed[P6].pdfSAE-AMS5561G-2007 Steel,Corrosion&Heat-Resistant,Welded&Drawn or Seamless&Drawn Tubing 9.0Mn-20Cr-6.5Ni-0.28N High-Pressure Hydraulic[P8].pdfSAE-AMS5569A-2001 Steel,Corrosion&Heat Resistant,Seamless&Welded Hydraulic Tubing 19Cr-9.5Ni-0.03C max Cold Drawn,1∕8 Hard Temper.pdfSAE-AMS5575N-2007 Steel,Corrosion&Heat-Resistant,Welded Tubing 18Cr-10.5Ni-0.70Cb(Nb) (SAE-30347)Solution Heat Treated[P6].pdfSAE-AMS5581D-2001 Nickel Alloy,Corrosion&Heat Resistant,Seamless or Welded Tubing 62Ni-21.5Cr-9.0Mo-3.7Cb Annealed.pdfSAE-AMS5589E-2007 Nickel Alloy,Corrosion&Heat-Resistant,Seamless Tubing 52.5Ni-19Cr-3.0Mo-5.1Cb (Nb)-0.90Ti-0.50Al-18Fe[P6].pdfSAE-AMS5596K-2007 Nickel Alloy,Corrosion&Heat-Resistant,Sheet,Strip,Foil&Plate 52.5Ni-19Cr-3.0Mo-5.1Cb (Nb)-0.90Ti-0.50Al-18Fe[P8].pdfSAE-AMS5599G-2007 Nickel Alloy,Corrosion&Heat-Resistant,Sheet,Strip,and Plate 62Ni-21.5Cr-9.0Mo-3.7 Cb (Nb)[P5].pdfSAE-AMS5612J-2007 Steel,Corrosion&Heat-Resistant,Bars,Wire,Forgings,Tubing,and Rings 12CrFerrite Controlled,Annealed[P7].pdfSAE-AMS5629E-2002 真空感应加真空自耗预热处理沉淀硬化型耐蚀13Cr-8.0Ni-2.2Mo-1.1Al钢棒、丝、锻件、环和模锻件.pdfSAE-AMS5630G-2000 Steel,Corrosion Resistant,Bars,Wire,and Forgings 17Cr-0.52Mo (0.95-1.20C) (SAE-51440C).pdfSAE-AMS5639H-2002(R2007) 管口连接用备份密封圈的六角螺母[P7].pdfSAE-AMS5643Q-2003 Steel,Corrosion-Resistant,Bars,Wire,Forgings,Tubing,and Rings 16Cr-4.0Ni-0.30Cb-4.0Cu Solution Heat Treated,Precipitation Hardenable.pdfSAE-AMS5659K-1998 Steel,Corrosion Resistant,Bars,Wire,Forgings,Rings,&Extrusions 15Cr - 4.5Ni - 0.30Cb - 3.5Cu Consumable Electrode Melted Solution Heat Treated,Precipitation Hardenable.pdf SAE-AMS5659L-2004 Steel,Corrosion-Resistant,Bars,Wire,Forgings,Rings,&Extrusions[P10].pdf SAE-AMS5662M-2004 镍基高温合金[P17].pdfSAE-AMS5668J-2007 Nickel Alloy,Corrosion&Heat-Resistant,Bars,Forgings,and Rings 72Ni-15.5Cr-7.0Fe-2.5Ti-1.0Cb (Nb)-0.70Al[P7].pdfSAE-AMS5678F-2002(R2007) Steel,Corrosion Resistant,Wire 17Cr-7.1Ni-1.1Al Cold Drawn,Precipitation-Hardenable-UNS S17700.pdfSAE-AMS5688L-2007 Steel,Corrosion Resistant,Wire 18Cr 9.0Ni (SAE-30302) Spring Temper.pdf SAE-AMS5698G-2003(R2007) Nickel Alloy,Corrosion&Heat-Resistant,Wire 72Ni-15.5Cr-0.95Cb-2.5Ti-0.70Al-7.0Fe No.1 Temper,Precipitation Hardenable-UNS N07750.pdf SAE-AMS5699G-2003(R2007) Nickel Alloy,Corrosion&Heat-Resistant,Wire 72Ni 15.5Cr 0.95Cb 2.5Ti 0.70Al 7.0Fe Spring Temper,Precipitation Hardenable.pdfSAE-AMS5713J-2007 Nickel Alloy,Corrosion&Heat-Resistant,Bars,Forgings,&Rings 53Ni - 19Cr - 11Co - 9.8Mo - 3.2Ti - 1.6Al - 0.006B Vacuum Melted,Solution&Precipitation Heat Treated.pdfSAE-AMS5713J-2007 Nickel Alloy,Corrosion&Heat-Resistant,Bars,Forgings,and Rings 53Ni-19Cr-11Co-9.8Mo-3.2Ti-1.6Al-0.006B[P7].pdfSAE-AMS5732J-2006 Steel,Corrosion&Heat-Resistant,Bars,Wire,Forgings,Tubing,and Rings 15Cr-25.5Ni-1.2Mo-2.1Ti-0.006B-0.30V Consumable Electrode Melted 1800 °F (982 °C) Solution&P.pdfSAE-AMS5759-2004 Cobalt Alloy,Corrosion&Heat-Resistant,Bars,Forgings,&Rings 52Co- 20Cr- 10Ni- 15W Solution Heat Treated.pdfSAE-AMS5772D-2004(R2009) Cobalt Alloy,Corrosion&Heat-Resistant,Bars,Forgings&Rings 40Co 22Cr 22Ni 14.5W 0.07La,Solution Heat Treated.pdfSAE-AMS5786E-2002 Nickel Alloy,corrosion&heat-resistant,welding wire 62.5Ni-5.0Cr-24.5Mo-5.5Fe.pdfSAE-AMS5796D-2000 Cobalt Alloy,Corrosion&Heat Resistant,Welding Wire 52Co-20Cr-10Ni-15W.pdfSAE-AMS5830C-2007 Nickel-Iron Alloy,Corrosion&Heat-Resistant,Welding Wire 12.5Cr-42.5Ni-6.0Mo-2.7Ti-0.015B-35Fe.pdfSAE-AMS5830C-2007 Nickel-Iron Alloy,Corrosion&Heat-Resistant,Welding Wire 12.5Cr-42.5Ni-6.0Mo-2.7Ti-0.015B-35Fe[P6].pdfSAE-AMS5857B-2007 Steel,Corrosion-Resistant,Bars&Wire 19Cr-10Ni (SAE-30304)High Yield Strength Solution Heat Treated&Cold Worked[P4].pdfSAE-AMS5869C-2008 Nickel Alloy.Corrosion&Heat-Resistant.Sheet.Strip.and Plate 62Ni-21.5Cr-9.0Mo-3.7Cb Solution Heat Treated.pdfSAE-AMS6257D-2007 Steel Bars,Forgings,and Tubing 1.6Si-0.82Cr-1.8Ni-0.40Mo-0.08V (0.40-0.44C)[P9].pdfSAE-AMS6260P-2007 Steel,Bars,Forgings,and Tubing 1.2Cr-3.2Ni-0.12Mo (0.07-0.13C) (SAE-9310)[P6].pdfSAE-AMS6267G-2007 Steel Bars,Forgings,and Tubing 1.2Cr-3.25Ni-0.12Mo (0.07-0.13C) (SAE-9310)[p6].pdfSAE-AMS6345B-2007 Steel,Sheet,Strip,and Plate 0.95Cr-0.20Mo (0.28-0.33C) (SAE-4130)[p7].pdf SAE-AMS6354F-2007 Steel,Sheet,Strip,and Plate 0.75Si-0.62Cr-0.20Mo-0.10Zr (0.10-0.17C)[P5].pdf SAE-AMS6359H-2007 Steel,Sheet,Strip,and Plate 0.80Cr-1.8Ni-0.25Mo (0.38-0.43C) (SAE-4340)[p6].pdfSAE-AMS6409C-2007 Steel,Bars,Forgings,and Tubing 0.80Cr-1.8Ni-0.25Mo (0.38-0.43C) (SAE-4340)[p8].pdfSAE-AMS6414K-2007 Steel,Bars,Forgings,and Tubing 0.80Cr-1.8Ni-0.25Mo (0.38-0.43C) (SAE-4340)[p9].pdfSAE-AMS6415S-2007 Steel,Bars,Forgings,and Tubing 0.80Cr-1.8Ni-0.25Mo (0.38-0.43C) (SAE-4340)[P8].pdfSAE-AMS6417F-2006 Steel,Bars,Forgings,and Tubing 1.6Si-0.82Cr-1.8Ni-0.40Mo-0.08V (0.38-0.43C)Consumable Electrode Vacuum Remelted.pdfSAE-AMS6440P-2007 Steel,Bars,Forgings,and Tubing 1.45Cr (0.93-1.05C) (SAE-52100) For Bearing Applications[p7].pdfSAE-AMS6454D-2007 Steel,Sheet,Strip,and Plate 1.8Ni-0.80Cr-0.25Mo (0.38-0.43C) (SAE-4340)Vacuum Consumable Electrode Remelted[p7].pdfSAE-AMS6501D-2007 Steel,Maraging,Welding Wire 18Ni-8.0Co-4.9Mo-0.40Ti-0.10Al Vacuum Induction Melted,Environment Controlled Packaging[p6].pdfSAE-AMS753-1998 Corrosion-Resistant Steel Parts Sampling,Inspection&Testing for Surface Passivation[P11].pdfSAE-AMS7721C-2007 Lead Alloy Sheet&Extrusions 93Pb-6.5Sb-0.50Sn ASFabricated[p5].pdfSAE-AMS7731C-2007 Gold Wire&Ribbon 99.97Au Annealed[p6].pdfSAE-AMS7881-2007 Tungsten Carbide-Cobalt Powder Agglomerated&Sintered[p5].pdfSAE-AMS7881-2007 Tungsten Carbide--Cobalt Powder Agglomerated&Sintered[P5].pdfSAE-AMS7882A-2007 Tungsten Carbide-Cobalt Chrome Powder Agglomerated&Sintered[p5].pdf SAE-AMS7882A-2007 Tungsten Carbide--Cobalt Chrome Powder Agglomerated&Sintered[P5].pdf SAE-AMS-A-22771A-2007 Aluminum Alloy Forgings,Heat Treated[p25].pdfSAE-AMS-C-5541A-2003 Chemical Conversion Coatings on Aluminum&Aluminum Alloys.pdfSAE-AMS-F-7190A-2007 Forging,Steel,For Aircraft_Aerospace Equipment&Special Ordnance Applications[p11].pdfSAE-AMS-H-6875-1998(R2006) Heat Treatment of Steel Raw Materials [P29].pdfSAE-AMS-I-23011A-2007 Iron-Nickel Alloys for Sealing to Glasses&Ceramic[P22].pdfSAE-AMS-M-7866A-2007 Molybdenum Disulfide,Technical,Lubrication Grade[p11].pdfSAE-AMS-QQ-A-200-13B-2007 Aluminum Alloy 7178,Bar,Rod,Shapes,Tube,and Wire,Extruded[p8].pdfSAE-AMS-QQ-A-200-14A-2007 Aluminum Alloy,Bar,Rod,Shapes,and Wire,Extruded,7178-T76 Improved Exfoliation Resistance[p8].pdfSAE-AMS-QQ-A-200-5A-2007 Aluminum Alloy 5086,Bar,Rod,Shapes,Tube,andWire,Extruded[p7].pdfSAE-AMS-QQ-A-200-7B-2007 Aluminum Alloy 5456,Bar,Rod,Shapes,Tube,and Wire,Extruded[p6].pdfSAE-AMS-QQ-A-200-9-1997 Aluminum Alloy 6063,Bar,Rod,Shapes,Tube,&Wire,Extruded.pdfSAE-AMS-QQ-A-250-10A-2007 Aluminum Alloy 5454,Plate&Sheet.pdfSAE-AMS-QQ-A-250-11A-2007 Aluminum Alloy 6061,Plate&Sheet.pdfSAE-AMS-QQ-A-250-12-2007 Aluminum Alloy 7075,Plate&Sheet.pdfSAE-AMS-QQ-A-250-13-2007 Aluminum Alloy Alclad 7075,Plate&Sheet.pdfSAE-AMS-QQ-A-250-14A-2007 Aluminum Alloy 7178,Plate&Sheet [p7].pdfSAE-AMS-QQ-A-250-15B-2007 Aluminum Alloy Alclad 7178,Plate&Sheet[p8].pdfSAE-AMS-QQ-A-250-21B-2007 Aluminum Alloy,7178-T76,Plate&Sheet Improved Exfoliation Resistant[p7].pdfSAE-AMS-QQ-A-250-22B-2007 Aluminum Alloy,7178-T76,Alclad Plate&Sheet,Improved Exfoliation Resistant[p10].pdfSAE-AMS-QQ-A-250-28B-2007 Aluminum Alloy,7011 Alclad 7178 Plate&Sheet[p14].pdfSAE-AMS-QQ-A-250-4A-2007 Aluminum Alloy 2024,Plate&Sheet..pdfSAE-AMS-QQ-A-250-5A-2007 Aluminum Alloy Alclad 2024,Plate&Sheet.pdfSAE-AMS-QQ-A-250-8A-1998 Aluminum Alloy 5052,Plate&Sheet.pdfSAE-AMS-QQ-A-250-9A-2006 Aluminum Alloy 5456,Plate&Sheet.pdfSAE-AMS-QQ-A-250A-2004 Aluminum&Aluminum Alloy,Plate&Sheet General Specification for.pdf SAE-AMS-QQ-A-367A-2007 Aluminum Alloy Forgings[p29].pdfSAE-AMS-S-13165 Issued NOV1997 Shot Peening of Metal Parts[P27].pdfSAE-AMS-W-6858A-2000 Welding,Resistance Spot&Seam[P46].pdfSAE-ARP1232B-2001 Gland Design,Elastomeric O-Ring Seals,Static Radial..pdfSAE-ARP1420B-2002 Gas Turbine Engine Inlet Flow Distortion Guidelines.pdfSAE-ARP1420B-2002 Gas Turbine Engine Inlet Flow Distortion Guidelines[P24].pdfSAE-ARP1755B-2000 Effect of Cleaning Agents on Aircraft Engine Materials Stock Loss Test Method.PDFSAE-ARP1962A-1995 TRAINING&APPROVAL OF HEAT-TREA TING PERSONNEL.PDFSAE-ARP4191-2003 C Gas Turbine Engine Performance Presentation[P9].pdfSAE-ARP4191C-2003 Gas Turbine Engine Performance PresentationDigital Computer Programs Using FORTRAN 77.pdfSAE-ARP4191C-2003Gas Turbine Engine Performance Presentation [P9].pdfSAE-ARP4754-1996 ConsiderationsHighly-Integrated or Complex Aircraft Systems[P101].pdfSAE-ARP5316B-2002 Storage of Elastomer Seals&Seal Assemblies Which Include an Elastomer Element Prior to Hardware Assembly.pdfSAE-ARP5580-2001 非机动车用的故障模式和效果分析的推荐实施规范.pdfSAE-ARP598C-2003 Aerospace Microscopic Sizing&Counting of Particulate Contamination for Fluid Power Systems[P16].pdfSAE-AS122026A THRU AS122075A-2007 WASHER-LOCK,SPRING,CADMI[p3].pdfSAE-AS123601 THRU AS123750B-2007 RIVET,SOLID,100 FLUSH HEA[p3].pdfSAE-AS1241-1997 Fire Resistant Phosphate Ester Hydraulic Fluid for Aircraft.pdfSAE-AS14101-1998 低速自调心自润滑关节轴承.pdfSAE-AS14153B-2007 CIRCUIT BREAKER-AIRCRAFT,TRIP-FREE,[P3].pdfSAE-AS14154B-2007 Circuit Breaker-Aircraft,Trip-Free,Push-P[P3].pdfSAE-AS15001B-2007 FITTING,LUBRICATION,HYDRAULIC,SURFACE CHEC[P3].pdfSAE-AS15002B-2007 FITTING,LUBRICATION,HYDRAULIC,SURFACE CHEC[P3].pdfSAE-AS15003B-2007 FITTING,LUBRICATION,HYDRAULIC,SURFACE CHEC[P3].pdfSAE-AS15005B-2007 FITTING,LUBRICATION,HYDRAULIC,THROA T OR SU[P3].pdfSAE-AS15006B-2007 FITTING,LUBRICATION,HYDRAULIC,LEAKPROOF,1_8 PIPE THREADS[P3].pdfSAE-AS155001 THRU AS155300A-2007 STUD,STEPPED,2 DIA ENGAGEME[p3].pdfSAE-AS155301 THRU AS155600A-2007 STUD,STEPPED,2 DIA ENGAGEME[p3].pdfSAE-AS155901 THRU AS156200A-2007 STUD,STEPPED,2 DIA ENGAGEMENT,CADMIUM PLATED,STEEL UNS G87400,[p2].pdfSAE-AS158901 THRU AS159200A-2007 STUD,STEPPED,NECKED,1.5 DIA ENGAGEMENT,CADMIUM PLATED,STEEL[P3].pdfSAE-AS162501 THRU AS162800A-2007 STUD,STEPPED,DRILLED,NECKED,2 DIA ENGAGEMENT,CADMIUM PLATED,STEEL[p3].pdfSAE-AS17108A-2008 (R) bearing,ball,annular,primarily for aircraft generators&motor-generators,wide cartridge,type ii.pdfSAE-AS22759-10-2000 wire,electrical,fluoropolymer-insulated,extruded tfe,nickel-coated copper conductor,1000 volt.pdfSAE-AS22759-86B-2007 wire,electrical,polytetrafluoroethylene polyimide insulated,normal weight,silver coated,copper conductor,200 °c,600 volts.pdfSAE-AS22759-87B-2007 wire,electrical,polytetrafluoroethylene-polyimide insulated,normal weight,nickel coated,copper conductor,260 °c,600 volts.pdfSAE-AS22759-89B-2007 Wire,Electrical,Polytetrafluoroethylene-Polyimide Insulated,Normal Weight,Silver Coated,High Strength or Ultra High Strength Copper Alloy,200-mDC,600 V olts.pdf SAE-AS23190-1-1999(R2006) Straps,Clamps,&Mounting Hardware,Plastic for Cable Harness Tying&Support Clamp,Loop,Nylon,Adjustable,Wire Support[P5].pdfSAE-AS23190-1998 Straps,Clamps,&Mounting Hardware,Plastic&Metal for Cable Harness Tying&Support-FSC 5975[P42].pdfSAE-AS23190-2-1998(R2003) Straps,Clamps,Plastic&Metal,&Mounting Hardware,Plastic for Cable Harness Tying&Support Clamp,Loop,Metal[P9].pdfSAE-AS23190-3-2008 Straps,Clamps,&Mounting Hardware,Plastic&Metal for Cable Harness Tying&Support Strap,Tie down[P3].pdfSAE-AS25244-2007 CIRCUIT BREAKER,TRIP-FREE,PUSH-PULL,5 THRU [P6].pdfSAE-AS25361A-2007 CIRCUIT BREAKER -AIRCRAFT,TRIP-FREE,PUSH-PULL,50 THRU 100 AMP,TYPE I,[P3].pdfSAE-AS3086A-2007 STUD-STRAIGHT,KEY LOCKED,CADMIUM PLA TED,S[p2].pdfSAE-AS3087A-2007 STUD-STRAIGHT,KEY LOCKED,CADMIUM PLA TED,S[P3].pdfSAE-AS3088A-2007 STUD,STRAIGHT,KEY LOCKED,CADMIUM PLA TED,ST[P3].pdfSAE-AS3089A-2007 STUD,STRAIGHT,KEY LOCKED,CADMIUM PLA TED,ST[P3].pdfSAE-AS33514A-2007 Fitting End,Standard Dimensions for Flareles[P3].pdfSAE-AS33515A-2007 FITTING END,STANDARD DIMENSIONS FOR BULKHEAD[P3].pdfSAE-AS39029-19A-2007 CONTACTS,ELECTRICAL CONNECTOR,PIN,CRIMP[P5].pdfSAE-AS39029-21A-2007 CONTACTS,ELECTRICAL CONNECTOR,SOCKET,CR[P5].pdf。
服务质量理论研究综述

服务质量理论研究综述1. 服务质量的概念•服务质量是产品生产的服务或服务业满足规定或潜在要求(或需要)的特征和特性的总和。
•无论是有形产品的生产企业还是服务业,服务质量都是企业在竞争中致胜的法宝。
•服务质量的内涵应包括以下内容:(1)服务质量是顾客感知的对象;(2)服务质量既要有客观方法加以制定和衡量,更多地要按顾客主观的认识衡量和检验;(3)服务质量发生在服务生产和交易过程之中(4)服务质量是在服务企业与顾客交易的真实瞬间实现的;(5)服务质量的提高需要内部形成有效管理和支持系统。
2.国内外研究历史背景2.1国外研究历史背景国外的服务质量理论研究始于20世纪80年代初期,处于西方国家服务营销发展的第二阶段--奠基阶段,这时服务营销已经经历了20世纪50年代开始的孕育阶段,并且在这一阶段,来自外部环境的两大因素使服务营销的研究成果迅速增加。
一是西方特别是北美服务业的全面解禁。
二是美国市场营销协会(A MA)于1981、1982、1983、1985年召开的一系列关于服务研究的国际性学术会议,为学术界和企业界提供了较好的国际间交流与对话的机会。
这一阶段主要是以服务的特征引起的管理问题为主线展开研究的。
其中服务质量(因异质性引起)和服务接触(因同时性引起)以及营销的功能是这一阶段研究的主要问题。
20世纪80年代初期,众多学者对服务的特征如何影响消费者的购买行为,尤其是对服务的品质、优缺点以及潜在的购买风险的评估方面进行了广泛地研究。
2.2国外服务质量理论研究的前人工作2.21 起步阶段(1980~1988)服务质量作为一个术语早就有之,然而在20世纪70年代中期以前,人们往往从内部效率的角度将其内涵界定为服务结果应符合规范。
2023年度世界非轮胎橡胶制品50强排行榜评析

· 478 ·2023年度世界非轮胎橡胶制品50强排行榜评析陈维芳(桂林橡胶机械有限公司,广西 桂林 541002)摘要:评析2023年度世界非轮胎橡胶制品50强排行榜。
世界非轮胎橡胶制品行业50强排名变化较大,1家新企业上榜;非轮胎橡胶制品行业未能延续反弹态势,行业集中度呈继续下降趋势;行业面临原材料、能源、物流和劳动力等成本上涨的压力,预测2023年世界非轮胎橡胶制品行业的销售收入及利润指标不容乐观。
关键词:非轮胎橡胶制品;排行榜;销售额;利润中图分类号:TQ336 文章编号:2095-5448(2023)10-0478-03文献标志码:A DOI :10.12137/j.issn.2095-5448.2023.10.0478由《欧洲橡胶杂志(ERJ )》组织评选的2023年度世界非轮胎橡胶制品50强排行榜公布。
非轮胎橡胶制品50强排名变化较大,1家新企业上榜。
世界非轮胎橡胶制品行业未能延续反弹态势,行业集中度呈继续下降趋势。
行业面临原材料等成本上涨的压力,未来盈利不容乐观。
1 排名变化较大,1家新企业上榜按惯例,2023年度世界非轮胎橡胶制品50强排行榜按企业2022年与非轮胎橡胶制品有关的销售额排名(见表1)。
排名前4位与2022年度排行榜相同。
佛雷依登贝格(德国)以70.518亿美元销售额再度位列榜首。
大陆(德国)以62.195亿美元排名第2位。
哈钦森(法国)以46.270亿美元排名第3位。
派克-汉尼芬(美国)排名第4位。
盖茨集团(美国)前进2位从第7位升至第5位。
NOK (日本)前进2位从第8位升至第6位。
排名第7—10位的依次是特雷勒堡AB (瑞典)、住友瑞科公司(日本)、库珀标准汽车配件(美国)及普利司通(日本)。
排名第11—20位的依次是利洁时benskiser 集团(英国)、Holcim 集团(瑞士)、安徽中鼎密封件(中国)、西部制药(美国)、卡莱尔伙伴(美国)、天纳克公司(美国)、安塞尔(澳大利亚)、森普利特(奥地利)、新百伦运动鞋公司(美国)、株洲时代新材料(中国)及HS 研究股份公司(韩国)。
美国钢铁协会标准AISI

美国钢铁协会标准,AISI标准About AISIFor over a century, North American steel producers have left their day-to-day rivalries behind to work as partners and members of the American Iron and Steel Institute in furthering its mission to promote steel as the material of choice and to enhance the competitiveness of the North American steel industry and its member companies.AISI's overall mission centers around common goals and a clear vision for the future:To provide high-quality, value-added products to a wide array of customers;lead the world in innovation and technology in the production of steel;produce steel in a safe and environmentally friendly manner; andincrease the market for North American Steel in both traditional and innovativeapplications.1 AISI 153-1985 Steel Pile Load Test Data2 AISI 156-1981 Handbook of Corrosion Protection for Steel Pile Structures in Marine Environments3 AISI 157-1982 Steel Pile; Pile Cap Connection4 AISI A-1-1991 Performance of Steel Buildings in Past Earthquakes5 AISI A-2-1991 Steel; An Investment in Seismic Safety6 AISI AU-101-1987 Sheet Steel Thickness Tolerances as Frequently Specified for Automotive Applications Hot Rolled Sheet Steels7 AISI AU-230-1990 Automotive Steels Critical Issues: Weight Cost Safety Recycling Manufacturing8 AISI AU-603C-1990 Coatings for Automotive Sheet Steels9 AISI AU-603D-1990 High Strength Sheet Steel Source Guide10 AISI AU89-1-1989 Automotive Sheet Metal Formability11 AISI BR-901-1990 Capabilities of the Following North American Steel Bar Producers: Companies Bethlehem Steel Co. Bar, Rod & Wire Div. Inland Bar and Structural Republic Engineered Steels Sidbec-Dosco, Inc. Stelco Steel Co. USS/Kobe Steel Co.12 AISI CF-91-1-1991 Preliminary Design Guide for Cold-Formed C- and Z-Members13 AISI CF-93-1-1992 Tensile Strength of Welded Connections14 AISI CF87-1-1987 Development of a Unified Approach to the Design of Cold-Formed Steel Members15 AISI CF92-1-1992 Test Methods for Mechanically Fastened Cold-Formed Steel Connections16 AISI CF92-2-1992 Shear Resistance of Walls with Steel Studs17 AISI E-1-1992 Steel Tanks for Liquid Storage Steel Plate Engineering Data - Volume 118 AISI E-2-1992 Useful Information on the Design of Plate Structures Steel Plate Engineering Data - Volume 219 AISI E-3-1989 Welded Steel Pipe Steel Plate Engineering Data - Volume 320 AISI E-4-1992 Buried Steel Penstocks-First Edition21 AISI E-5-1989 Useful Information on the Design of Steel Bins and Silos22 AISI E-6-1984 Handbook of Steel Pipe23 AISI FIR Fire Protection Through Modern Building Codes 198124 AISI J-1-1991 Properties of Bridge Steels25 AISI J-2-1987 Suggested Autostress Procedures for Load Factor Design of Steel Beam Bridges26 AISI ROL Role of Stainless Steels in Desalination 197427 AISI SG-539-1986 Forming of Galvanized Sheet Steels Guidelines for Automotive Applications28 AISI SG-673-1986 Cold-Formed Steel Design Manual29 AISI SG-673 PART I-1986 Specification for the Design of Cold-Formed Steel Structural Members August 19, 1986, Edition with December 11, 1989 Addendum Cold-Formed Steel Design Manual - Part I30 AISI SG-673 PART II-1986 Commentary on the Specification for the Design ofCold-Formed Steel Structural Members August 19, 1986 Edition with December 11, 1989 Addendum Cold-Formed Steel Design Manual - Part II31 AISI SG-673 PART III-1986 Supplementary Information to the August 19, 1986, Edition of the Specification for the Design of Cold-Formed Steel Structural Members Cold-Formed Steel Design Manual - Part III32 AISI SG-673 PART IV-1986 Illustrative Examples Based on the August 19, 1986, Edition of the Specification for the Design of Cold-Formed Steel Structural Members Cold-Formed Steel Design Manual - Part IV33 AISI SG-673 PART V-1986 Charts and Tables for Use with the August 19, 1986, Edition of the Specification for the Design of Cold-Formed Steel Structural Members Cold-Formed Steel Design Manual - Part V34 AISI SG-673 PART VI-1986 Computer Aids for Use with the August 19, 1986, Edition of the Specification for the Design of Cold-Formed Steel Structural Members Cold-Formed Steel Design Manual - Part VI35 AISI SG-673 PART VII-1986 Test Procedures for Use with the August 19, 1986, Edition of the Specification for the Design of Cold-Formed Steel Structural Members Cold-Formed Steel Design Manual - Part VII36 AISI SG-731-1991 Cracking down on Corrosion Cooperative Efforts Toward Vehicle Durability37 AISI SG-787-1980 Fastening of Lightweight Steel Framing38 AISI SG-836-1981 Sheet Steel Properties and Fatigue Design for Ground Transportation Engineers39 AISI SG-861-1993 Handbook of Steel Drainage & Highway Construction Products40 AISI SG-862-1990 Modern Sewer Design41 AISI SG-910-1991 Cold-Formed Steel Design Computer Programs42 AISI SG-913-1991 LRFD Cold-Formed Steel Design Manual43 AISI SG-913 PART I-1991 Load and Resistance Factor Design Specification forCold-Formed Steel Structural Members March 16, 1991 Edition LRFD Cold-Formed Steel Design Manual - Part I44 AISI SG-913 PART II-1991 Commentary on the Load and Resistance Factor Design Specification for Cold-Formed Steel Structural Members LRFD Cold-Formed Steel DesignManual - Part II45 AISI SG-913 PART III-1991 Supplementary Information on the March 16, 1991 Edition of the Load and Resistance Factor Design Specification for Cold-Formed Steel Structural Members LRFD Cold-Formed Steel Design Manual - Part III46 AISI SG-913 PART IV-1991 Illustrative Examples Based on the March 16, 1991 Edition of the Load and Resistance Factor Design Specification for Cold-Formed Steel Structural Members LRFD Cold-Formed Steel Design Manual-Part IV47 AISI SG-913 PART V-1991 Charts and Tables for Use with the March 16, 1991 Edition of the Load and Resistance Factor Design Specification for Cold-Formed Steel Structural Members LRFD Cold-Formed Steel Design Manual - Part V48 AISI SG-913 PART VI-1991 Computer Aids for Use with the March 16, 1991 Edition of the Load and Resistance Factor Design Specification for Cold-Formed Steel Structural Members LRFD Cold-Formed Steel Design Manual - Part VI49 AISI SG-913 PART VII-1991 Test Procedures for Use with the March 16, 1991 Edition of the Load and Resistance Factor Design Specification for Cold-Formed Steel Structural Members LRFD Cold-Formed Steel Design Manual - Part VII50 AISI SG-936-1986 Spot Welding Sheet Steel Cost-Effective Strength for Automotive Applications51 AISI SG-937-1982 Automotive Steels: They Still Do It Better Cost Savings/Corrosion Protection/Weight Reductions in Components Seen at the 1982 AISI/SAE Exhibit52 AISI SG02-2-2001 Commentary on North American Specification for the Design of Cold-Formed Steel Structural Members53 AISI SG81-5-1981 Welding in the Automotive Industry54 AISI SG83-1-1983 Review of Testing Methods and Existing Data on Corrosion Fatigue55 AISI SG84-1-1984 Effect of Type and Magnitude of Forming Strains on Fatigue Behavior of Two Hot-Rolled Sheet Steels56 AISI SG85-2-1985 Solutions to Manufacturing Problems Using Galvanized Steel57 AISI SG86-7-1986 How to Achieve Quality Sheet Metal Automotive Stampings58 AISI SG503-1976 Design and Fabrication of Cold-Formed Steel Structures59 AISI SG538-1985 Sheet Steel Thickness Tolerances as Frequently Specified for Automotive Applications Cold Rolled and Coated Sheet Steels One-Half ASTM Standard Thickness Tolerances with ISO Minimum Edge Distance60 AISI SG631R-1977 Cost-Effective Weight Reduction with Sheet Steel61 AISI STAINLESS Stainless Steel Cold-Formed Structural Design Manual 197462 AISI Z-5-1979 Fire-Safe Structural Steel63 AISI Z-6-1981 Fire Protection Through Modern Building CodesBasically, AISI is an association that deal with the busisness of making steel - including how to make steel manufacturing safer and more profitable. ASTM, on the other hand, is a body that defines "standardized" testing so that what one manufacturer calls "304 stainless" is the same material (chemically and physically) as everybody else's "304 stainless". See the "blurbs" on each below.~ * ~ * ~The American Iron and Steel Institute (AISI) is an association of North American steel producers. With its predecessor organizations, is one of the oldest trade associations in the United States, dating back to 1855. It assumed its present form in 1908, with Judge Elbert H. Gary, chairman of the United States Steel Corporation, as its first president. Its development was in response to the need for a cooperative agency in the iron and steel industry for collecting and disseminating statistics and information, carrying on investigations, providing a forum for the discussion of problems and generally advancing the interests of the industry.~ * ~ * ~ASTM International is an international voluntary standards organization that develops and produces technical standards for materials, products, systems, and services. It was formed in 1898 in the United States as the American Society for Testing and Materials by a group of scientists and engineers, led by Charles Benjamin Dudley, who wanted to address the frequent rail breaks plaguing the fast-growing railroad industry. The group developed a standard for the steel used to fabricate rails.Today, ASTM International maintains more than 12,000 standards. The Annual Book of ASTM Standards consists of 77 volumes. Membership in the organization is open to anyone with an interest in the fields the organization services. Members represent manufacturers, users, governments, and academia from over 100 countries.ASTM Standards compliance is voluntary but in the United States, with the 1995 passage of the National Technology Transfer and Advancement Act, the U.S. government is required to use privately developed standards whenever possible. As a result, ASTM Standards have been incorporated into or are referred to by many federal regulations.。
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性,平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益,请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间:9:00-18:30)。
(R) ENGINEERING DESIGN SERVICEABILITY GUIDELINES—CONSTRUCTION AND INDUSTRIAL MACHINERY—MAINTAINABILITY INDEX—OFF-ROAD WORK MACHINES
1.
Scope—This SAE Information Report establishes a point system that encourages ease of maintenance actions on off-road work machines. The point system minimizes subjectivity in evaluating maintainability as defined in J817-1. This document applies to machines defined in J1057 and categorized in J1116. References Applicable Publications—The following publications form a part of this specification to the extent specified herein. The latest issue of SAE publications shall apply. SAE PUBLICATIONS—Available from SAE, 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA 15096-0001. SAE J753 MAY91—Lubrication Chart—Construction and Industrial Machinery SAE J817/1 MAR91—Engineering Design Serviceability Guidelines—Construction Machinery—Serviceability Definitions—Off-Road Work Machines SAE J920 SEP85—Technical Publications for Off-Road Work Machines SAE J1057 SEP88—Identification Terminology of Earthmoving Machines SAE J1116 JUN86—Categories of Off-Road Self-Propelled Work Machines
Printed in U.S.A.
SAE J817-2 Revised MAR91 Frequency multipliers are numbers that represent various service intervals. The subtotal of each item is multiplied by the appropriate frequency multiplier to obtain the point total for each item. The point total of all items is the maintainability index for a machine. A low maintainability index is desirable. 3.1 System—The system to fill out the data sheet requires judgment factors and assigns points to approximate the values used to judge machines in the field. The limits of application are: a. The maintainability index is not expressed in time or cost. b. The maintainability index is best used to compare early and late versions of a particular machine, various sized machines in a model line, or similar machines of other manufacturers. It is suggested that the maintainability index not be used to compare vastly dissimilar machines. c. This is a design guideline and general practice for use by designers of off-road work machines as categorized in SAE J1057 and J1116, as it is felt adherence to this guideline will facilitate machine maintenance. The best consistency of results in comparing more than one machine will be obtained by using the same auditor for comparison audits. d. Maintenance innovation and technology are constantly improving. The parameters which make up this document may not be the latest. e. Detailed commentary is essential, especially in high point areas, to fully explain the acceptability or unacceptability of the maintenance item. 3.2 Procedure—List all lubrication and/or maintenance items on the maintenance index data sheet(s), except for those nearly identical or identical items to be covered by the quantity multiplier. The items to be listed will be those defined in the Maintenance Instructions defined in J920, when such instructions are published. The Maintenance Chart defined by J753 may be used in the absence of Maintenance Instructions, but it will probably be less inclusive. Excluded items are the first oil changes at less than the scheduled interval and retightening during the first 100 h. The actual machine(s) shall be used. It will be the responsibility of the auditor to identify obvious errors or omissions in the Maintenance Instructions when preparing maintenance index data sheets. Refueling the machine should be included. Although not essential, it is desirable to list according to frequency, shortest frequency first, as suggested by the format in Figure 1. Figure 1 will be used as a reference throughout this procedure. Items that can be continuously monitored from the operator's station are exempt from point assessments. Dipsticks or level indicators are still needed at fill points and will be assessed points at the change interval. Each phase of a multiple-step operation should be listed and points assessed. For example, an oil change requires draining the crankcase as one operation and filling the crankcase as another operation, so each should be listed. Each item should be listed separately, or combined if nearly identical, through use of the quantity multiplier to give full credit when the number of items is reduced, except when "banking" is used. Banked fittings (two or more of the same interval) shall receive one point for each bank. Banked fittings are defined as a group of fittings in a common location remote from the joints being lubricated. Search the list under the discussion of requirements—location, access, operation, and miscellaneous—for the characteristics which most closely resemble those of the item being rated. Enter the corresponding point value in the appropriate column. Select the frequency multiplier for the proper interval and enter it in the column for each of the maintenance items listed. Add the points across the chart for each item and enter this in the subtotal column. Multiply by the quantity multiplier, if used, to determine subtotal 2. Multiply subtotal 2 by the frequency multiplier to find the total for each item. When the totals have been found for all maintenance items, add them down to find the maintainability index for the entire machine.