The Norman Conquest

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The Norman Conquest - 1066

Progress of the Invasion
• Battle of Hastings on 14 Oct. ----The king was killed.
• marching around the coast of Kent to London, Southwark • English leaders surrendered to William at Berkhamsted. William was acclaimed King of England and crowned on 25 December 1066.Biblioteka Women’s rights
• The Norman Conquest gradually influenced the legal position of women in England
English emmigration
• Following the conquest, large numbers of Anglo-Saxons, including groups of nobles, fled the country .
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The Norman Conquest - 1066
England was united under the leadership of Alfred the Great. He managed to defeat most of the Viking raiders. By the 11 century England was one united country with one single set of laws. Having defeated the vikings, Anglo Saxons were soon given a new challenge

Lectuer 7 The Norman Conquest and The Magna Carta

• By listing all feudal estates, the Domesday Book enabled William to strengthen his authority by demanding oaths of allegiance from all tenants on the land, as well as from the nobles and churchmen on whose land the tenants lived. • The survey was executed by groups of officers called legati, who visited each county and conducted a public inquiry. • These officers asked a set of questions to supply the information from which the Domesday Book was compiled.
Norman Conquest (1066)
the Battle of Hastings
King Harold
Duke of Normandy -William the Conqueror
He was formally crowned on Dec. 25, 1066 in Westminster Abbey, and became William I.
• William was a hard ruler, punishing England, especially the north, when it disputed his authority. • His power and efficiency can be seen in the Domesday Survey, a census for tax purposes. • He appointed an Italian clergyman as archbishop of Canterbury. • He promoted church reform, by the creation of separate church courts, but retained royal control.

The Norman Conquest

4.He was the first Norman King of England from 1066 until 1087.
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His main achievement：
He invaded England in September 1066, defeating Harold II at the Battle of Hastings(黑斯廷战役) on 14 October 1066. He was crowned as the king of England on December 2,1066.
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Cultural heritage
Compiled Doomsday Book (A property record) Bayeux Tapestry explains the events leading up to the Norman conquest of England as well as the events of the invasion itself Built castles throughout England
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哈罗德（图右拔箭者）在黑斯廷斯战役中阵亡
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The origin of Norman Conquest
The Norman conquest of England took place in 1066. At the beginning of 1066, the Anglo Saxon ruler of England, Edward the Confessor was on his deathbed. Since he had no children, there was no direct heir to the throne and he had not publicly designated any heir to succeed him.

Norman Conquest与中世纪英语

• Norman conquest给英国历史带来了深远的影响，它使英国和欧洲大陆的关系更为密切，促进了英国的经济和文化的发展，也带来了Norman人的生活方式和法国的文明。 • Norman人所使用的语言是法语的一种方言，被称为Norman French，是属于拉丁语系的一种语言，同英语的关系颇远。
• 由于大量的法语词持续不断地涌入，英语中常有同源异体词（doubles）的现象发生。因此往往有两个从同一个法语词借入的英语单词，由于借入的时间不同，结果是：不同发音、拼写有差别，词义也有所不同， • 如：warden，guardian； • catch，chase； • warranty，guarantee。
• 6）日常生活：dress，dinner，beef，collar， lace，fry，stable，park，forest。 • 7）舒适、排场及奢华为法语；简陋朴素为英语： • Norman French：castle， city， pleasure， chair • English：house，town，gladness，stool • 8）英语：cow，sheep， pig， calf， deer • 法语：beef，mutton，pork，veal，venison • 9）Norman风格的建筑及关于艺术：pillar， palace，tower，art，beauty，design
• 古代英语不是统一的语言，而是一种有明显方言的语言。古代英语有4种方言，以西 Saxon方言为标准语，Beowulf即为古代英语诗歌。 • 古代英语每个名词的格多达四种，即主格（nominative）、对格（accusative）、所有格（genitive）和与格（dative）。动词也是凭借屈折形式表示人称、数、时态及语气等，词尾变化十分繁杂。

名词解释

Norman C onquest:（诺曼征服）The Norman Conquest of 1066 is perhaps the best-known event in English history. William the conqueror landed his army in Oct.1066 and defeated king Harol d.Then he was crowned king of England on Christmas Day the same year. He replace d .the weak Saxon rule with a strong Norman government. So the feudal system was completely established in EnglandHouse of Lords:(英国国会上议院)Chartist Movement:(宪章运动）In 1836 a group of skilled workers and small shopkeepers for med the London Working Men‘s Association. It aimed ―to se ek by every legal means to place all classes of society in possession of equal political and social rights They drew up a charter of political demands in 1838, with the intension of presenting it to Parliament.Lord Chancellor：(英国上议院的法官）Gold Rush：（淘金）Mayflower：（五月花号）：Pilgrims Thanksgiving Day----The Pilgrims in 1620, 201 of them sailed to the New World in a ship called Mayflower.Louisiana Purchase：（路易斯安娜购买案——美国从法国购买的一个州价值$15million)House of Representatives:(众议院）p243。

英国文学史

III.Sir Gawain and the Green Knight
• 《高文爵士和绿衣骑士》 • It is a verse romance of 2530 lines, derived from Celtic legend.It was considered as the best of Arthurian romance. • A. Plot: • B. Story: • C. Themes: • D. Summary: •
A. Plot
• 1)The Green Knight’s challenge • 2) Sir Gawain’s hard journey • 3) Three days of Gawain’s sojourn(逗留) at the castle • 4) Gawain went to the Green Chapel
• William the Conqueror became the King of England in the year of 1066, thus feudalism was established in England. Middle English literature is a combination of French and Anglo—Saxon elements. English literature almost stood still. During the three centuries after the Norman Conquest, large scale of French literature was introduced into England. And because the church had a practical monopoly of literature during much of the Middle Ages, by far the largest proportion of surviving Middle English literature is religious. Literature that the Normans brought to England is remarkable for its bright, romantic tales of love and adventure, which can be seen in Romance, the most prevailing kind of literature in the feudal England.

英国文学复习总结

英国文学复习总结详解Part one:Early and medieval English literature1.Beowulf《贝奥武甫》------the national epic of the English people ,it is also the epic of the Anglo-Saxon.(P3)2.The name of the terrible monster------Grendel(格伦德尔)(P3)3.the most striking feature in its poetical form is the use of alliteration(头韵)，others are metaphor （暗喻）and understatement(保守陈述)(P5)4The Norman Conquest （诺曼征服）marks the establishment of feudalism in England. (P6)5.The romance(传奇文学)(P8)The most popular of literature in fedual England was the romance. It was a long composition, sometimes in verse, sometimes in prose, describing the life and adventures of a noble hero.The hero of the romance was the the knight, a man of noble birth, skilled in the use of weapons.It was written for the noble class(贵族的文学) Romances falls into three cycles :“matters of Britain”( adventures of King Arthur and his knights of the Round Table),“matters of France” (Emperor Charlemagne and his peers)“matters of Rome”. (Alexander the Great and so forth)6. William Langland威廉·朗兰------ Piers the Plowman《耕者皮尔斯》(P11)7.The ballads(民谣)(P17)The most important department of English folk literature is the ballad.It is a story told in song ,usually in 4-line stanzas[ˈstænzə],with the second and fourth lines rhymed.It was written for common people(平民文学). The subjects of ballads are various in kind,as the struggle of young loves against their feudal-minded families,the conflict between love and wealth ,the cruelty of envy,the criticism of the civil war,and the matters of class struggle. The most famous ballads are the ballads of Robin Hood.8. Geoffrey Chaucer’ Contributions<1>Father of English poetry in 14th century.Chaucer introduces from France the rhymed stanzas of various types instead of the old Anglo-Saxon alliterative verse,especially the rhymed couplet of 5 accents in iambic meter(the heroic couplet) to English poetry.(P26)<2>Chaucer is the first great poet who wrote in the English language. His production of so much excellent poetry is an important factor in establishing English as the literary language of the country.He did much in making the dialect of London the standard for the modern English speech.(P26)<3>the founder of English realism(P23)The Prologue(序言)suppies a miniature of the English society of C haucer’s time<4>. he forerunner of humanisim (P24 倒数第二行)9. Geoffrey Chaucer died in 1400 and was buried in Westminster Abbey（威斯敏斯特教堂）thus founding the “Poets’ Corner”..(P20)10.The Romaunt of the Rose(translated from Franch)《玫瑰传奇》Troilus and Criseyde(adapted from the Italian)《特洛勒斯和克莱西》10. Geoffrey Chaucer 杰弗里·乔叟------The Canterbury Tales《坎特伯雷故事集》The tales of the Knight,the Pardoner（卖赎罪券者），the Nun’s Priest (尼姑的牧师)，the Wife of Bath,together with the Prologue,are the best of the whole collection.(P24)（了解一下）Part two:The English renaissance1.historical background1.The Reformation(宗教改革)2. the Authorized Version(钦定版圣经)3. The Enclosure movement（圈地运动） 4 The commercial expansion（贸易扩张）5 The war with Spain（与西班牙战争）6Renaissance（文艺复兴）7 Humanism（人文主义）（P27-30）2.Thomas More托马斯·莫尔 Utopia《乌托邦》Utopia is More's masterpiece, written in the form of a conversation between More and a returned sailor.It is divided into two books.(P37)Book I of " Utopia" is a picture of contemporary social conditions of England.BookⅡwe have a picture of an ideal commonwealth (Utopia )in some unknown ocean.(P37)3. Thomas Wyatt(托马斯·韦阿特): He first introduced the sonnet into England from Italy.Surrey(萨里)，in his tranlation Virgil’s Aeneid《埃涅伊德》,wrote the first English blank verse(无韵诗)，later masrerly handled by Shakepeare and Milton.4 Philip Sidney(菲利普·锡德尼)Astrophel and Stella《爱星者与星星》Apology for Poetry《为诗辩护》5.WalterRaleigh(华尔特·罗利) Discovery of Guiaana《发现圭亚那》,Historty of the world6."the poets' poet" of the period was Edmund Spenser.T he Shepherd’s Calendar《牧羊人日记》，Epithalamion《新婚颂歌》，masterpiece The Faerie Queen 《仙后》7. The Faerie Queen《仙后》（P42）<1>Spenser’s grestest work,is a long poem planned in 12 books,he only finished 6.the work was dedicated to Queen Elizabeth.<2>each guest has a knight,each knight represents a virtue(美德),as Holiness（圣洁）,Temperance(温和)，Chastity(贞洁)，Friendship,Justice （正义）and Courtesy(谦恭).<3>The knight as a whole symbolize England,the evil figures stand for his enemies,as King Philip of Spain,Mary Queen of Scots(both Catholics) or church of Rome.<4>The thoughts of the poem are nationalism,humanism,puritanism<5>The Faerie Queen is written in a special verse form ,consisits of 8 iambic pentameter lines followed by a ninth line of six iambic feet (an alexandrine亚历山大诗行),with the rhyme scheme abab bcbc c , the form called "Spenserian Stanza"(斯宾塞诗节) （P43）8.John Lyly（约翰·黎里）------Euphues《优弗依斯》was written in a peculiar style known as "Euphuism"（优弗依斯体或绮丽体）(P44)9. Francis Bacon（弗朗西斯·培根）the founder of English materialist philosophy(唯物主义) and modern science（P45）<1>Advancement of Learning《学问的演进》<2> New Instrument《新工具》---a statement of what is called the Inductive Method (归纳法)<3>Eassy《随笔》These essays cover a wide variety of subjects, such as love, truth, friendship, parents and children, beauty, studies, riches, youth and age, garden, death and many others. （P46）Of study《论读书》10.The Miracle Play(奇迹剧)(P46)The miracle were simply plays based on Bible stoies,such as the creation of the world,Noah(诺亚)and the flood, and the birth co Christ.They were at first performed in the churches.But after the actors introduced secular(世俗)and even commercial elements into the performance,it was forbidden inside the church ,so it got into the market place.11.Morality play(道德剧)(P47)A morality presented the conflict of good and evil with allegorical persons,such as Mercy(怜悯)，Peace,Hate,Folly and so on.They contended for the possession of one’s soul.The morality was dreary performance with endless speech-making of those abstract characters.so into the plays Vice(恶习)who was the predecessor of the modern clown.12.The Interlude(插剧)13.The classical drama------comedy and tragedy14."University Wits"(大学才子) They were Lyly, Peele, Marlowe, Greene,Lodge and Nash). wrote for the stage of the time.15. Christopher Marlowe(克里斯托弗·马洛)t he most gifted of the "University Wits".（P50）Marlowe's best plays : Tamburlaine the Grea《帖木儿大帝》t, The Jew of Malta《马耳他的犹太人》and Doctor Faustus《浮士德博士》.（P51）The Tragical History of Doctor Faustus is Marlowe' s masterpiece.The doctor sold his soul to Devil so he may live 24 years in all voluptuousness.(P53)Marlowe's Literary Achievement（P55）<1>Marlowe was the greatest of the pioneers of English drama. He reformed the English drama and perfected the language and verse of dramatic works.<2>He first made blank verse(unrhymed iambic pentameter) the principal instrument of English drama.<3>Marlowe's dramatic achievement lies chiefly in his epical and at times lyrical verse.<4>His works paved the way for the plays of the greatest English dramatist –Shakespeare - whose achievements were the monument of the English Renaissance.16 Ben Jonson（本·琼森）--- V olpone, or the Fox, 《福尔蓬奈，或狐狸》The Alchemist.《炼金术士》，Every Man in His Humour《个性互异》，Bartholomew Fair《巴梭罗缪市集》（P94）William Shakespeare1. Shakespeare’s career may be divided into four major phrases which represent respectively his early, mature, flourishing, and late periods.（P60）详见课本2.His great ComediesA Midsummer Night's Dream《仲夏夜之梦》，The Merchant of Venice《威尼斯商人》，As You Like It《皆大欢喜》，Twelfth Night《第十二夜》are Shakespeare’s great comedies.3.The Character Analysis of Shylock 夏洛克人物形象分析He is greedy. He accumulates as much wealth as he can He is also cruel. In order to revenge, he would rather claim a pound of flesh from his enemy Antonio than get back his loan.他是贪婪的，竭尽全力敛财；他也是残忍的，为了复仇，宁愿割安东尼奥一磅肉用来偿还欠款。

French and English during Norman Conquest诺曼征服时期的英语与法语

4. Knowledge of French Among the Middle Class
• We have mentioned that by the end of the twelfth century the knowledge of English was not unusual among members of the highest class, it seems equally clear that the knowledge of French was often found somewhat further down in the social scale----- the Middle Class-----who were brought into association with the governing class
2.2.1 Knowledge of English among the Upper Class 2.2.2 Knowledge of French among 来自he Middle Class
contents
3. About Loanwords From French
3.1 Borrowing Words Show French Culture’s Influence on British Culture 3.2 Borrowing Words Show the Improvement of National Relationship
1.2 The Norman Conquest
• Edward the Confessor (1042—1066) −the English King
– died in 1066 without an heir – three claimants to the throne

英美概况简答题1

英美概况简答题11.What were the consequences of the Norman ConquestThe Norman Conquest of 1066 is one of the best known events in English history. It brought about many consequences. William confiscated almost all the land and gave it to his Norman followers. He replaced the weak Saxon rule with a strong Norman government. So the feudal system was completely established in England. Relations with the Continent were opened, and civilization and commerce were extended.Norman-French culture, language, manners, and architecture were been introduced. The church was brought into closer connection with Rome, and the church courts were separated from the civil courts.2.Explain the Glorious Revolution in English.In 1685 Charles II died and was succeeded by his brother James II. James was brought up in exile in Europe, was a Catholic. He hoped to rule without giving up his personal religious vies. But England was no more tolerant of a Catholic king in 1688 than 40 years ago. So the English politicians rejected James II, and appealed to a Protestant king, William of Orange, to invade and take the English throne. William landed in England in 1688. The takeover was relatively smooth, with no bloodshed, nor any execution of the king. This was known as the Glorious Revolution.3.What is the basis of British government Explain it in English.The basis of British government is the Constitutional Monarchy. It is a political system that has been practised in Britain since the Glorious revolution of 1688. According to this system, the Constitution is superior to the Monarch. In law, the Monarch has many supreme powers, but in practice, the real power of monarchy has been greatly reduced and today the Queen acts solely on the advice of her ministers. She reigns but does not rule. The real power lies in the Parliament, or to be exact, in the House of Commons.4.How did the English Industrial Revolution proceedThe Industrial Revolution began with the textile industry. It’s characterized by a series of inventions and improvements of machines, such as flying shuttle, spinning Jenny. James Watt produced a efficient steam engine in 1765, which could be applied to textile and other machinery. The most important element in speeding industrialization was the breakthrough in smelting iron with coke instead of charcoal. Similar developments occurred in the forging side of the iron industry which enabled iron to replace wool and stone in many sectors of the economy. As a result of the industrial revolution, Britain was by 1830 the “workshop of the world”, no other country could compete with her in industrial production.5.What were the contents and the significance of the Great CharterThe Great Charter, or the Magna Carta, was document signed in 1215 between the barons and king John. It had altogether 63 clauses. The Great Charter was a statement of the feudal and legal relationship between the Crown and the barons, a guarantee of the freedom of the Church and a limitation of the powers of the king. The spirit of the Great Charter was the limitation of the powers of the king, but it has long been regarded as the foundation of English liberties.6.Why did the Restoration take placeWhen Oliver Cormwell died in 1658 and was succeeded by his son, Richard, the regime began to collapse.One of Cromwell’s generals occu pied London and arranged for new parliamentary elections. The Parliament thus was elected in 1660, and to resolve the crisis, it asked the late king’s son to return from his exile in France as king Charles II. It was called the Restoration.7.What is a constitutional monarchy When did it begin in BritainA constitutional monarchy is a governmental system in which the head of State is a king or a queen whoreigns but does not rule. The country is namely reigned by the Sovereign, but virtually by His or Her Ma jesty’s Government —— a body of Ministers who are the leading members of whichever political party the electorate has voted into office, and who are responsible to Parliament. The Constitutional Monarchy in Britain began in 1689, when king William and Queen Mary jointly accepted the Bill of Rights, and constitutional monarchy, of a monarchy with power limited by Parliament began.8.What is the role of the Monarchy in the British governmentThe sovereign is the symbol of the whole nation. In law, he/she is head of the executive, an integral part of the legislature, head of the judiciary, the commander-in-chief of all the armed forces of the crown and the “supreme governor” of theestablished church of England.9.What are the main functions of ParliamentThe main functions of Parliament are: (1) to pass laws; (2) to provide the means of carrying on the work of government by voting for taxation; (3) to examine government policy and administration, including proposals for expenditure; (4) to debate the major issues of the day.10.Why is the United States regarded as a “melting pot” or a “salad bowl”The United States “is not merely a nation but a nation of nations”. The immigrants came in waves, including the Europeans, the Africans and the Asians. Therefore, America was described as a “melting pot”where various racial and ethnic groups were combined into one culture. Recently, Americans have been called a “salad bowl” in that people of different races and ethnic groups mix harmoniously but at the same time keep their distinct culture and custom.11.What were the causes of the War of IndependenceThe economy in the thirteen colonies developed very fast and people wanted more power to detemine their own business. But the policy of the British government was to bring the development under control and to collect more taxes from the colonies. On April 19, 1775, on their way to Concord to seize the military supplies of the militia there, the British soldiers met armed militiamen. The shots were fired, the War of Independence began.12.Why did the . Civil War break out How did the war endIn the early 1800s, the Northern states turned from farming to manufacturing. Black slavery soon disappeared in the North. But things were different in the South. The South expanded both its agriculture and its slavery. The problem of slavery became a serious political issue. When Abraham Lincoln was elected President, the Southern states broke away and formed a new nation. Then Lincoln was determined to maintain the Union and the war broke out on April 12, 1861, Lincoln issued Emancipation Proclamation. Thus England and France stood by the Union’s side. Many black slaves joined the Union Army. After a series of battles, the South surrendered on April 9, 1865. The Civil War ended.13.What’s the system of checks and balancesThe U.S. government is divided into three branches, the legislative, the executive and the judicial, each has part of the powers but not all the power. And each branch of government can check, or block, the actions of the other branches. The three branches are thus in balance. This called “checks and balances”.14.What are the functions of the CongressThe Congress has many functions, but the most central is the passage of law. One of the most important non-legislative functions of the Congress is the power to investigate. A second important power is to compel testimony from unwilling witness and to cite for contempt of Congress witness who refuse to testify, and for perjury those who give false testimony.15.What’s the United States Bill of RightsIn 1789, James Madison introduced in the House of Representations a series of amendments. Ten of them were ratified in 1791 and became the first ten amendments to the Constitution ——the Bill of Rights, confirming the fundamental rights of American citizens. The First Amendment guarantees freedom of religion, speech, and the press, the rights of peaceful assembly and petition.Land & People (UK, USA)is the full name of the United Kingdom What are the other names2. What are the two large islands that make up the British Isles3. What are the four political divisions of the United Kingdom4. What’s its respective capital（⾸府）5. What’s the national anthem6. What’s its national flower7. What’s its national flag8. What’s its nickname9. What kind of country is Britain in terms of its geographical feature10. Which river is important in Britain11. Can you tell me something about the location of Britain12. What’s the climate like in Britain Why do British people talk about weather very often13. What are the symbols of England14. Can you list some landmarks of London15. What are the symbols of Scotland16. Tell some symbols of Wales17. Tell some symbols of Northern Ireland1. How do you know about the different names of USA2. What’s its national flagdo you know the meaning of its national flag4. What’s the nickname of American people5. What’s its national anthem(国歌)are many things that symbolize American culture, could you say some of them No less than 10 items1.Where is the US Could you tell me its boundary2.How large is it3.What’s its rank respectively all over the world concerning to its area and population4.How many states are there in the mainland of the United States5.And which two states are geographically separated from the other6.What is the capital of the US Can you say some of itstourist attractions 4 or more7. 2 of the most important mountains of the US are__________ and ________.8.“Father of Waters” refers to the ________River.9.The ______River has been called the American Ruhr .10._________forms a natural boundary between Mexico and the United States.5 Great Lakes are Lake_____, Lake_______, Lake______, Lake ______and Lake________.1.Talk about some famous people in different parts of UK.2. Describe the character of the British people briefly.3. Who are the ancestors of the English and who are the ancestors of Scots, Welsh and Irish4. The earliest known settlers on the British Isles were ________.1. The first immigrants in American history came from ____ and ____.2. Uncle Tom’s Cabin and Roots are two novels which give a vivid description of the miserable life of the _____.3. According to American historians and specialists in demography⼈⼝学, there are _____ great population movements in the history of the United States.4. In ______, the Pilgrims sailed to the New World in a ship called ______.5. Traditionally, the mainstream Americans were called WASPs, that is, ______6. What’s the climate like in USA7. Why is USA called a melting pot8. Why is USA called a nation on wheels9. What are American people like in terms of the character10. Name who’s who 名⼈录in America (presidents, writers, scientists, actors or actress and so on. )History ( UK, USA)1. The earliest known settlers on the British Isles were ________.2. Christianity was first brought to England by ________.3. Who were the invaders after 410 AD4. Do you know the conqueror’s name (Norman Conquest)5. The Parliament became a regular agency of the government under ________. (Model Parliament)6. Why was the War of Roses so called7. What was “Glorious Revolution”8. Who was the first prime minister in English history1. The inhabitants prior to the arrival of the Europeans are now called____________.is commonly regarded as the discoverer of America3. The first successful English settlement in America was _________ in 1607.______, in the Second Continental congress, _______ was declared, which was primarily written by ___________.5. The first president of the United States was _______ under the new US Constitution.6. In 1803, the United States paid $15 million to buy 828,000 square miles of land west of the Mississippi from France, this is called _____________.7. In the year _______, after _________ was elected President, the South seceded to establish a rebel government,___________.8. The __________ was the beginning of the ____________ in the late 1920s and 1930s. President Roosevelt’s (FDR)_______ measures was to ________________________.9. The United States declared war against Japan after its surprise attack on ________ on December 7,1941.10. The United States dropped two atomic bombs on ________ and Nagasaki in August 1945, thus hastened the unconditional surrender of Japan.11. After WWII, the United States became one of the two dominant ________, and the ________ began.Politics ( UK, USA)1. What is the basis of the British government2. Who is the head of the country3. Who is the present sovereign of the UK4. How many parts make the British Parliament And what are theyis the president of the House of Lords called6. What are the two major parties7. Who presides the cabinet8. Who has the real power in the country9. Who is the present Prime Minister of the UK10. Where does the Prime Minister live and work1. What is called federalism2. What is Separation of Powers3. Can you tell the two houses that make up the American Congress How many members in each house4. Tell the two major parties in the U.S. and their symbols.5. What is an electoral college6. Which president abolished slavery in his tenureis the only president serving more than two terms in American history8. Who is the first black American president。

英语国家概况笔记

The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland英国的历史分四部分:1.The Origins of a Nation2.The Shaping of the Nation3.Transition to the Mordern Age4.The Rise and Fall of the British EmpireHistory of UKEarly settlers -> Roman Britain -> Anglo-Saxons -> the Viking and Danish Invations -> the Norman ConquestNorman Rule -> the Great Charter -> the Hundred Years' War with France -> the Blackdeath and the peasant uprisingthe English Reformation -> Elizabeth I -> the English Renaissance -> James I -> Charles I -> the Civil War -> the commonwealth -> the Glorius RevolutionTwo parties (Whigs and Tories) -> Agricultural changes -> the Industrial Revolution -> the Chartist Movement -> Trade unions and the Labour Party -> Colonial Expansion -> in the two World WarsChapter 1 Land and People第一部分：Different Names for Britain and its Parts1. 选择题/ 简答题：The official name of the United Kingdom is the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland2.选择题/ 简答题：The British Isles are made up of two large islands-Great Britain (the larger one) and Ireland, and hundreds of small ones.There are three political divisions on the island of Great Britain：England, Scotland and Wales3.简答题：Why do people tend to use "England" and "English" when they mean "Britain" and "British"?England is the largest, most populous and generally speaking the richest section. So people tend to use “England” and “English” when they mean “Britain” and “British”.4.名词解释：the Commonwealth of Nations 或the British CommonwealthThe Commonwealth is a free association of independent countries that were once colonies of Britain. Member nations are joined together economically and have certain trading arrangements. The Commonwealth has no special powers.。

刘炳善《英国文学简史》完整版笔记(汇编)

英国文学简史完全笔记Part one：early and medieval english literatureChapter 1: the making of england1 the Briton2 the Roman Consequent3 the English Consequent4 the social condition of the Anglo-SaxonsChapter 2: Beowulf<Beowulf>贝奥武夫:the national epic of the Anglo-SaxonsEpic: long narrative poems that record the adventures or heroic deeds of a hero enacted in vast landscapes. The style of epic is grand and elevated.e.g. Homer’s Iliad and OdysseyArtistic features:1 Using alliteration2 Using metaphor and understatementDefinition of alliteration: a rhetorical device, meaning some words in a sentence begin with the same consonant sound（头韵）Some examples on P5Definition of understatement: expressing something in a controlled way Understatement is a typical way for Englishmen to express their ideasChapter 3 : Feudal England1 the Norman Conquest:①the Danish invasionKing Alfred: the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle②the Norman Conquest:Marks the establishment of feudalism in England\2 Feuda EnglandSocial features of the Feuda England：Two classes（landlord and peasant）The miseries of the peasant：Black DeathThe raising of 13813 the Romance: knightFamous three:King ArthurSir Gawain and the Green KnightBeowulfChapter 4 William LanglandPiers The Plowman耕者皮尔斯:a picture of feudal England①the exposure of the ruling classes②the story of the Cat and Rats③the marriage of lady Meed④the condition of the peasants⑤the search for truth⑥a representative of the most oppressed section of the peasantryArtistic features:It is written in the form of a dream visionUsing symbolismChapter 5 the English Bllads民谣Oral literatureBallad: is a story told in song, usually in 4-line stanzas, with the second and fourth lines rhymed.The Robin Hood BalladChapter 6 Geoffery Chaucer英国文学史上首先用伦敦方言写作。

norman conquest 诺曼征服

伦敦塔 the Tower of London
温莎城堡
• 温莎城堡（Windsor Castle），位于英国英格兰东南部区域伯克郡温莎-梅登黑德皇家自治市镇温莎，目前是英国王室温莎王朝的家族城堡，也是现今世界上有人居住的城堡中最大的一个。 • 温莎城堡始建于威廉一世时期，城堡的地板面积大约有45,000平方米（484,000平方英呎）与伦敦的白金汉宫、爱丁堡的荷里路德宫（Holyrood Palace）一样，温莎城堡也是英国君主主要的行政官邸。现任的英国女王伊丽莎白二世每年有相当多的时间在温莎城堡度过，在这里进行国家或是私人的娱乐活动。
Norman conquest of England
The Norman conquest of England was the 11th-century invasion and occupation of England by an army of Norman, Breton, and French soldiers led by Duke William II of Normandy, later William the Conqueror.
英格兰文化的发展：英语中开始夹杂大量法语词汇，多为政治、法律、宗教、食品方面的词语。
从词汇上，可以看出诺曼征服对英语的影响
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • 古法语借词现代英语词 cité city duc duke baron baron juge judge armée army ennemi enemy garde guard prison prison libertée liberty Limon lemon beuf beef saumon salmon herbe herb 意义城市大公男爵法官军队敌人门卫监狱自由柠檬牛肉鲑鱼（三文鱼）草药

The Norman Conquest

The Norman Conquest
1066
The Begining
• While the Vikings were swoping down upon England,other Northmen from Scndinavia Peninsula were ravaging the France,and succeed to win a tract of land ,then settled in France—their new country Normandy. • 诺曼人侵略法国，赢得土地并在法国安定国家，命名诺曼底。
பைடு நூலகம்
The cause
• Edward died,several men wanted to get the throne,and the Witan chose Harold as the king of England.But Willian claimed that Edward had promised the crown to him beforehis death. • 英格兰国王去世，国会成员选择Harold做国王，然而William想要王位，因此战争随时发生。
The Result
• William seized the chance when Harold’s soldiers were busy in crops,to storm England,and he succeed.After that,he was known as Willian the Conquer,and became the first Anglo-Norman king of England. • William趁英格兰士兵忙于收成庄稼，攻击英格兰，取得胜利，并成为众所周知的征服者威廉，英格兰第一位诺曼系英国国王

英美文化英国历史资料整理

1. The Norman Conquest of England (1066) The Medieval1．Reasons for William’s invasion of England after Edward’s death.It was said that king Edward had promised the English throne to William, but the Witan chose Harold as king. So William led his army to invade England. In October 1066, during the important battle of Hastings, William defeated Harold and killed him. One Christmas Day, William was crowned king of England, thus beginning the Norman Conquest of England2．The Norman Conquest and its consequencesThe Norman Conquest of 1066 is perhaps the best-known event in English history. William the Conqueror confiscated(查抄，充公) almost all the land and gave it to his Norman followers. He replaced the weak Saxon rule with a strong Norman government. So the feudal system was completely established in England. Relations with the Continent were opened, and the civilization and commerce were extended. Norman-French culture, language, manners and architecture were introduced. The Church was brought into closer connection with Rome, and the church courts were separated from the civil courts.3．The English is a mixture of nationalities of different origins. The ancestors of many English people were the ancient Angles and Saxons. Some English people are of the Norman-French origin.2.名词解释: The crusadesIt's a religous war. Pope urban Ⅱlaunched the crusades in 1095,He issued a call for a "Holy War" to gain control over the Holyland of the middle East.It includes social and political factors.That was the battle cry of the thousands of Christians who joined crusades to free the Holy Land from the Muslims. From 1096 to 1270 there were eight major crusades and two children's crusades, both in the year 1212. Only the First and Third Crusades were successful. In the long history of the Crusades, thousands of knights, soldiers, merchants, and peasants lost their lives on the march or in battle.Richard lion-heartT he crown of England passed from Henry II to his 32-year-old son Richard, a.k.a. Lion Heart. Ri chard I had spent six months of his ten-year-reign abroad.His courage and military(军事的) talent, even before he became king, was famous, earning him the nickname of Coeur de Lion (Lion's heart). By the young age of 16 he was already commanding troops in France, putting down rebellions（叛乱）, and he led the Third Crusade.Meet one's waterloo: used to describe someone who has been defeated badly3.The Hundred Years warThe main reason for this war ?Disputes about the territories and throne between England and France werecommon. In order to succeed the french throne ,England King started the war france.joan of Arc,as we is known to all, is a national heroine of France and a Roman Catholic saint.she led the French army to several important victories during the Hundred Years' War.4. The war of rosesWars of the Roses (1455-1487), or rose of war, usually refers to the British House of Lancaster and York between supporters of the dynasty to the throne of England the intermittent(断断续续的) civil war.Plantagenet royal family are the two branches, is a descendant of King Edward III.Wars of the Roses is not the name used at the time, it's home from the selected two royal emblem, the red roses of Lancaster and York's white rose.5.Henry ⅧHenry was the second monarch of the House of Tudor, succeeding his father, Henry VII.Besides his six marriages, Henry VIII is known for his role in the separation of the Church of England from the Roman Catholic Church. Henry's struggles with Rome led to the separation of the Church of England from papal authority, the Dissolution of the Monasteries, and establishing himself as the Supreme Head of the Church of England.6.Mary bloodyMary was the only child of King Henry VIII of England and his first wife Catherine of Aragon to survive infancy.A s the fourth crowned monarch of the Tudor dynasty, Mary is remembered for her restoration of Roman Catholicism after the short-lived Protestant reign of her brother. During her five year reign,she persecuted 280 religious dissenters,so Her Protestant opponents gave her the sobriquet of "Bloody Mary".7.Elizabeth IWhen we refer to Elizabeth I, we always associated her with two things, one thing is literature,the other thing is adventure on the sea.8.the two famous men of voyages and travels: vasco da Gama and Columbus9. The magna carta1. an English legal charter, originally issued in the year 1215. It was written in Latin; its name is usually translated into English as Great Charter.2.Magna Carta required lackland King John of England to proclaim certain rights (pertaining to nobles and barons), respect certain legal procedures, and accept that his will could be bound by the law.3. Magna Carta was the first document forced onto an English King by a group of his subjects (the barons) in an attempt to limit his powers by law and protect their privileges.10.Guy Fawkesbelonged to a group of provincial English Catholics who planned the failed Gunpowder Plot of 1605.who planned to assassinate King James I and restore a Catholic monarch to the throne.17世纪（bourgeois revolution）11.charles I(the english civil war)who support "divine right",persecuted a large number of "puritan" elements.Charles' last years were marked by the English Civil War, in which he fought the forces of the English and Scottish Parliaments.in the second civil war,Oliwer Cronwell,lord of protectant ,defeated him as temporary overthrow of monakhy and established republic constitutional.chareles I was condemned to death,but he refuted to enter a plee.12.the golorious revolution(1688)The limited monarchy which resulted from the Glorious Revolution of 1688 ensured that the powerful economic interests in the community could exert their influence over Government policy.the purpose is to stop James II's restoration of cathlic.James II claim to abdicate automatically and "mary and william", puke of orange, replaced as queen ang king.13.Bill of rightsThe Bill of Rights of the United Kingdom is largely a statement of certain rights to which citizens and permanent residents of a constitutional monarchy were thought to be entitled in the late 17th century, asserting subjects' right to petition the monarch, as well as to bear arms in defence.14.W. William Shakespeare(16世纪)四大悲剧：《哈姆雷特》(英：Hamlet)、《奥赛罗》（英：Othello)、《李尔王》（英：King Lear）、《麦克白》（英：Mac Beth）。

the-norman-conquest-诺曼征服

第4页，共13页。
Origins
• In 1002 King Æ thelred II of England married Emma, the sister of Richard II, Duke of Normandy.Their son Edward the Confessor, who spent many years in exile in Normandy, succeeded to the English throne in 1042.This led to the establishment of a powerful Norman interest in English politics, as Edward drew heavily on his former hosts for support, bringing in Norman courtiers, soldiers, and clerics and appointing them to positions of power, particularly in the Church. Childless and embroiled in conflict with the formidable Godwin, Earl of Wessex and his sons, Edward may also have encouraged Duke William of Normandy's ambitions for the English throne.
第5页，共13页。
• When King Edward died at the beginning of 1066, the lack of a clear heir led to a disputed succession in which several contenders laid claim to the

英国文学参考资料

1.The Norman Conquest brought the body of customs and ideals known as ___________ intoEngland. 1.诺曼的战胜带来了即是的关税和理想的身体＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿进入英国之内。

A.chivalry 一。

骑士精神B.feudalism 封建制度C.Christianity 。

基督教D.capitalism资本主义2. Being one of the forerunners of ____________, Chaucer praises man’s energy, intellect, quick wit and love of life. 作为先驱之一＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿, 乔叟称赞男人的精力，智力、快的机智和生活的爱。

一。

人性B。

写实主义C。

现代作风D。

浪漫精神A. humanismB. realismC. modernismD. romanticism3.The keynote of English Renaissance was ____________.3.英国文艺复兴的主调音是＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿.一。

人性B。

改革C。

附件运动D。

恢复A.HumanismB.reformationC.Enclosure movementD.Restoration4.When Shakespeare wrote King Lear and Macbeth, he mainly relied on ___________.4.当莎士比亚写信给李尔王的时候和马克白，他主要地仰赖＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿.一。

意大利故事B。

Holinshed 年代记C。

高贵希腊人的生命和罗马人D。

丹麦的事件A.Italian storiesB.Holinshed’s ChroniclesC.Lives of the Noble Greeks and RomansD.Danish events5.Paradise Lost was written in ___________.5.遗失的天堂被写了在＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿.一。

Norman_conquest_of_England解读

Norman conquest of England
Summary
The Norman conquest of England began on 28 September 1066 with the invasion of England by William the Conqueror, Duke of Normandy and his victory at the Battle of Hastings on 14 October 1066 over King Harold II of England.
Here are some examples of the change of English words :
cité
duc baron juge armée ennemi garde prison libertée
city
duke baron judge army enemy guard prison liberty
Consequences--about Language
The most striking influence of the conquest was shown in the language. The period of Middle English began soon after 1066. Since the Frenchspeaking Normans were the ruling class, French was used for all state affairs and for most social and cultural matters; but the masses民众;劳动阶层 continued to speak English. Only towards the end of the fifteenth century did English become once more the language of the whole country. However, the language that emerged at that time showed vast and significant changes in the English vocabulary———the loss of a large part of the Old English word-stock and the adoption of thousands of French words.

罗经国英国文学选读(上)乔叟

MEDIEVAL LITERATURE (CONTINUED) — CHAUCER (1340?—1400)
1.
Chaucer: some basic facts
2.
Chaucer’s masterpiece: The Canterbury Tales
1) 2)
Overview; Structure;
2019/3/15
12
CANTERBURY TALES:
AN OVERVIEW
One day in April, the poet comes to the Tabard Inn in the southern suburb of London. By nightfall, 29 pilgrims arrive at the inn and they get ready to go to Canterbury. Harry Bailey, the host of the Tabard Inn, proposes that each pilgrim should tell two stories on the way to Canterbury and two more on the way back. The best story-teller is to be given a free supper, at the cost of all the rest. The host offers to go with them as their judge and guide. According to the plan, there should be 120 stories, but actually 24 tales are finished.