09Planar Motion of a Rigid Body(2)

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理论力学第七版

equilibrium)
公理3 (Axiom 3) 加减平衡力系原理(The Principle of Addition or 公理
Subtraction Equilibrium Forces System)
推理1 推理 (Inference 1) 力的可传性(The Principle of Transmissibility) 推理2 推理 (Inference 2) 三力平衡汇交定理(Theorem of Three-force
被约束体
轴可在孔内任意转动，轴可在孔内任意转动，也可沿孔的中心线移动，也可沿孔的中心线移动，但轴承阻碍轴沿孔径向向外的约束位移。位移。
第一章静力学公理和物体的受力分析
1－2 约束和约束力－
1-2 Constraints and Reactions of Constraints 反力方向过接触点，沿接触面公法线指向轴心。过接触点，沿接触面公法线指向轴心。由于轴在孔内可任意转动，由于轴在孔内可任意转动，故而轴与孔的接触点位置是不定的。与孔的接触点位置是不定的。因此反力的方向一般预先不能确定。的方向一般预先不能确定。但这样的一个反力常用两个过轴心的，个反力常用两个过轴心的，大小未知的正交分力F 来表示。正交分力 AX、FAY来表示。此二力指向可任意假定。可任意假定。
1－2 约束和约束力－约束和约束力(Constraints and Reactions of Constraints)
约束特点阻碍物体沿接触面法线，并指向约束的运动。作用点接触点反力方向过接触点，沿接触面公法线，指向被约束物体
第一章静力学公理和物体的受力分析
1－2 约束和约束力－约束和约束力(Constraints and Reactions of Constraints)

刚体的一般平面运动TheGeneralPlaneMotionofRigid

第六章刚体平面运动学
B A
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1. B点的速度：
＝常数 6.5.2 刚体上某一点的运动
＝ B 相对于A作圆周运动(转动) 的速度.
平动
转动
刚体绕A轴转动：
O B
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A
第六章刚体平面运动学
B A
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B点的速度:
6.5.2 刚体上某一点的运动
A的轨迹
B
B
A A B的轨迹
刚体的一般运动等价于随刚体上一点的平动和绕通过该点的转轴的转动
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第六章刚体平面运动学
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平面运动的描述:
• 在刚体上选择一点A 6.基5.点1(b平as面e p运oin动t) ；的描述
• 刚体随A点平动，并绕A轴转动。
A的轨迹
B A B的轨迹
B A
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B1 B’1
B’1
B2
B2
A1
A2
一般平面运动
A1
A2
随基点A一起平动
A2
绕A转轴转动
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第六章刚体平面运动学
6
另一种分解模式:
6.5.1 平面运动的描述
B1 B2
A1
A2
一般平面运动
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B1
B2 A1 A’1
随基点B一起平动
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图形表示:
6.5.2 刚体上某一点的运动
=
+
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第六章刚体平面运动学

结构力学英文课件chapter 2

n=0
n=1
(2 )Connecting restraints between rigid bodies we will pay more attention to connecting restraints between two rigid bodies. One rigid body has three degrees of freedom and two independent rigid bodies have six degrees of freedom in a planar coordinate system, when connecting them together, their degrees of freedom would be reduced. Now we will discuss the equivalent restraints of a few kinds
Purpose of analyzing geometric construction of structures is as following: (1) To estimate whether or not a system is geometrically stable, so as to determine whether the system can be used as a structure or not; (2) To discuss geometric construction rules of stable systems.
n=2
(2)The degrees of freedom of freedom of a rigid body The movement of a rigid body in planar coordinate system

工程力学双语chBasicConcepts

第3页/共19页
What is Mechanics?
1.1 Introduction
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Mechanics is fully connected with our daily life…
Statics (静力学)Equilibrium(平衡)
1.1 Introduction
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1.2-1.4 Units ant Conversion of it
Length1 in.=25.40mm1 in.=0.02540m1 ft.=0.3048mForce1 lb=4.448N1 kip=4.448kN
1mm=0.03937 in.1m=39.37 in.1m=3.281 ft1N=0.2248 lb1kN=0.2248kip
1.1 Introduction
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Dose the shoe smell ok?
1.1 Introduction
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1.1 Introduction
1. About Static. Static is the branch of mechanics which studies the laws of equilibrium of bodies under the action of force systems. It mainly studies simplifications and equilibrium conditions of force systems and applications of the corresponding results.2. About Strength/Mechanics of materials.3. About the study of this course.

专题05 阅读理解D篇(2024年新课标I卷) (专家评价+三年真题+满分策略+多维变式) 原卷版

《2024年高考英语新课标卷真题深度解析与考后提升》专题05阅读理解D篇（新课标I卷）原卷版(专家评价+全文翻译+三年真题+词汇变式+满分策略+话题变式)目录一、原题呈现P2二、答案解析P3三、专家评价P3四、全文翻译P3五、词汇变式P4(一)考纲词汇词形转换P4(二)考纲词汇识词知意P4(三)高频短语积少成多P5(四)阅读理解单句填空变式P5(五)长难句分析P6六、三年真题P7(一)2023年新课标I卷阅读理解D篇P7(二)2022年新课标I卷阅读理解D篇P8(三)2021年新课标I卷阅读理解D篇P9七、满分策略（阅读理解说明文）P10八、阅读理解变式P12 变式一：生物多样性研究、发现、进展6篇P12变式二：阅读理解D篇35题变式（科普研究建议类）6篇P20一原题呈现阅读理解D篇关键词: 说明文;人与社会;社会科学研究方法研究;生物多样性; 科学探究精神;科学素养In the race to document the species on Earth before they go extinct, researchers and citizen scientists have collected billions of records. Today, most records of biodiversity are often in the form of photos, videos, and other digital records. Though they are useful for detecting shifts in the number and variety of species in an area, a new Stanford study has found that this type of record is not perfect.“With the rise of technology it is easy for people to make observation s of different species with the aid of a mobile application,” said Barnabas Daru, who is lead author of the study and assistant professor of biology in the Stanford School of Humanities and Sciences. “These observations now outnumber the primary data that comes from physical specimens(标本), and since we are increasingly using observational data to investigate how species are responding to global change, I wanted to know: Are they usable?”Using a global dataset of 1.9 billion records of plants, insects, birds, and animals, Daru and his team tested how well these data represent actual global biodiversity patterns.“We were particularly interested in exploring the aspects of sampling that tend to bias (使有偏差) data, like the greater likelihood of a citizen scientist to take a picture of a flowering plant instead of the grass right next to it,” said Daru.Their study revealed that the large number of observation-only records did not lead to better global coverage. Moreover, these data are biased and favor certain regions, time periods, and species. This makes sense because the people who get observational biodiversity data on mobile devices are often citizen scientists recording their encounters with species in areas nearby. These data are also biased toward certain species with attractive or eye-catching features.What can we do with the imperfect datasets of biodiversity?“Quite a lot,” Daru explained. “Biodiversity apps can use our study results to inform users of oversampled areas and lead them to places – and even species – that are not w ell-sampled. To improve the quality of observational data, biodiversity apps can also encourage users to have an expert confirm the identification of their uploaded image.”32. What do we know about the records of species collected now?A. They are becoming outdated.B. They are mostly in electronic form.C. They are limited in number.D. They are used for public exhibition.33. What does Daru’s study focus on?A. Threatened species.B. Physical specimens.C. Observational data.D. Mobile applications.34. What has led to the biases according to the study?A. Mistakes in data analysis.B. Poor quality of uploaded pictures.C. Improper way of sampling.D. Unreliable data collection devices.35. What is Daru’s suggestion for biodiversity apps?A. Review data from certain areas.B. Hire experts to check the records.C. Confirm the identity of the users.D. Give guidance to citizen scientists.二答案解析三专家评价考查关键能力，促进思维品质发展2024年高考英语全国卷继续加强内容和形式创新，优化试题设问角度和方式，增强试题的开放性和灵活性，引导学生进行独立思考和判断，培养逻辑思维能力、批判思维能力和创新思维能力。

常用物理英语词汇大全

常用物理英语词汇大全absolute acceleration 绝对加速度absolute motion 绝对运动absolute velocity 绝对速度accelerated motion 加速运动acceleration of gravity 重力加速度acceleration 加速度accelerometer 加速度计acting force 作用力active force 主动力angle of friction 摩擦角angle of nutation 章动角angle of precession 进动角angle of rotation 自转角angular acceleration 角加速度angular displacement 角位移angular motion 角[向]运动angular velocity vector 角速度矢[量]angular velocity 角速度areal velocity 掠面速度又称“扇形速度（sector velocity）”arm of couple 力偶臂attraction force 吸引力Atwood machine 阿特伍德机average velocity，mean velocity 平均速度axial acceleration 轴向加速度axial vector 轴矢[量]ballistic curve 弹道ballistic pendulum 弹道摆ballistics 弹道学base point 基点bearing 轴承binormal acceleration 副法向加速度bounce 反弹center of force 力心center of gravity 重心center of mass 质心center of moment 矩心center of parallel force system 平行力系中心center of percussion 撞击中心center of reduction 简化中心又称“约化中心”center-of-mass system 质心[参考]系central field 有心力场central force 有心力central impact 对心碰撞central principal axis of inertia 中心惯性主轴centrifugal force 离心力centripetal acceleration 向心加速度centripetal force 向心力centrode 瞬心迹Chasles theorem 沙勒定理circular motion 圆周运动coefficient of maximum static friction 最大静摩擦系数coefficient of restitution 恢复系数coefficient of rolling friction 滚动摩擦系数coefficient of sliding friction 滑动摩擦系数collision 碰撞component force 分力component velocity 分速度composite motion 复合运动composition of forces 力的合成composition of velocities 速度[的]合成compound pendulum 复摆concentrated force 集中力concurrent force 汇交力conservative force 保守力conservative system 保守系constant force 恒力constant of motion 运动常量constraint force 约束力constraint 约束convected acceleration 牵连加速度convected motion 牵连运动convected velocity 牵连速度coplanar force 共面力Coriolis acceleration 科里奥利加速度简称“科氏加速度”Coriolis force 科里奥利力简称“科氏力”Coulomb law of friction 库仑摩擦定律couple 力偶curvilinear motion 曲线运动d''Alembert inertial force 达朗贝尔惯性力d''Alembert principle 达朗贝尔原理density 密度displacement 位移dissipative force 耗散力distributed force 分布力effective potential 有效势elastic force 弹性力elementary work 元功ellipsoid of inertia 惯量椭球equilibrium condition 平衡条件equilibrium of forces 力的平衡equilibrium position 平衡位置equilibrium state 平衡态equilibrium 平衡equipotential line 等势线equipotential surface 等势面equivalent force system 等效力系Euler kinematical equations 欧拉运动学方程Eulerian angle 欧拉角external ballistics 外弹道学external force 外力final velocity 末速[度]finite rotation 有限转动first cosmic velocity 第一宇宙速度fixed centrode 定瞬心迹又称“空间瞬心迹（herpolhode）”fixed reference system 固定参考系fixed vector 固定矢量fixed-axis rotation 定轴转动fixed-point motion 定点运动force 力force field 力场force polygon 力多边形force screw 力螺旋force triangle 力三角形forces acting at the same point 共点力Foucault pendulum 傅科摆free motion of rigid body 刚体自由运动free vector 自由矢[量]free-body diagram 受力图描述分离体所受力的图。

机械制造及自动化专业外文翻译--运动的综合,凸轮和齿轮

外文原文：Kinematic Synthesis ，Cams and Gears Mechanisms form the basic geometrical elements of many mechanical devices including automatic packaging machinery, typewriters, mechanical toys, textile machinery, and others. A mechanism typically is designed to create a desired motion of a rigid body relative to a reference member. Kinematic design, or kinematic syntheses, of mechanisms often is the first step in the design of a complete machine. When forces are considered, the additional problems of dynamics, bearing loads, stresses, lubrication, and the like are introduced, and the larger problem becomes one of machine design.A kinematician defined kinematics as “the study of the motion of mechanisms and methods of creating them.” The first part of this definition deals with kinematic analysis. Given a certain mechanism, the motion characteristics of its components will be determined by kinematic analysis. The statement of the tasks of analysis contains all principal dimensions of the mechanism, the interconnections of its links, and the specification of the input motion or method of actuation. The objective is to find the displacements, velocities, accelerations, shock or jerk (second acceleration) , and perhaps higher accelerations of the various members, as well as the paths described and motions performed by certain elements. In short, in kinematic analysis we determine the performance of a given mechanism. The second part of definition may be paraphrased in two ways:1. The study of methods of creating a given motion by means of mechanisms.2. The study of methods of creating mechanisms having a given motion.In either version, the motion is given and the mechanism is to be found. This is the essence of kinematic synthesis. Thus kinematic synthesis deals with the systematic design of mechanisms for a given performance. The area of synthesis may be grouped into two categories.1. Type synthesis. Given the required performance, what type of mechanism will be suitable? (Gear trains? Linkages? Cam mechanisms? ) Also, how many links should the mechanism have? How many degrees of freedom are required? What configuration id desirable? And so on. Deliberations involving the number of links and degrees of freedom are often referred to as the province of a subcategory of type synthesis called number synthesis.2. Dimensional synthesis. The second major category of kinematic synthesis is best defined by way of its objective: Dimensional synthesis seeks to determine the significant dimensions and the starting position of a mechanism of preconceived type for a specified task and prescribed performance.Significant dimensions mean link lengths or distances on binary, ternary, and so on, links, angles between axis, cam-contour dimensions and cam-follower diameters, eccentricities, gear rations, and so forth. A mechanism of preconceived type may be a slider-crank linkage, a four-bar linkage, a cam with flat follower, or a more complex linkage of a certain configuration defined topologically but not dimensionally. Thereare three customary tasks for kinematic synthesis: function generation, path generation and motion generation.In function generation mechanisms rotation or sliding motions of input and output links must be correlated. For an arbitrary function )(x f y =, a kinematic synthesis task may be to design a linkage to correlate input and output such that the input moves by x , the output moves by )(x f y = for the range 10+<<n x x x . In the case of rotary input and output, the angles of rotation ϕ and ψ are the linear analogs of x and y respectively. When the input link is rotated to a value of the independent x , the mechanism in a “black box” causes the output link to turn to the corresponding value of the dependent variable )(x f y =. This may be regarded as a simple case of a mechanical analog computer. A variety of different mechanisms cou ld be contained within the “black box”. However, the four -bar linkage is not capable of error-free generation of an arbitrary function and can match the function at only a limited number of precision points. It is widely used in industry because the four-bar linkage id simple to construct and maintain.In path generation mechanism a point on a “floating link” is to trace a path defined with respect to a fixed frame of reference. If the path points are to be correlated with either time or input-link positions, the task is called path generation with prescribed timing. An example of path generation mechanisms id a four-bar linkage designed to pitch a baseball or tennis ball. In this case the trajectory of point p would be such as to pick up a ball at a prescribed location and to deliver the ball along a prescribed path with prescribed timing for reaching a suitable throw-velocity and direction.There are many situations in the design of mechanical devises in which it is necessary either to guide a rigid body through a series of specified, finitely separated positions or to impose constraints on the velocity and/or acceleration of the moving body at a reduced number of finitely separated positions. Motion-generation or rigid-body guidance mechanism requires that an entire body be guided through a prescribed motion sequence. The body to be guided usually is a part of a floating link, of which not only is the path of a point p prescribed, but also the rotation of a line passing through the point and embedded in the body,. For instance, the line might represent a carrier link in a automatic machinery where a point located on the carrier link has a prescribed path while the carrier has a prescribed angular orientation. Prescribing the movement of the bucket for a bucket loader id another example of motion generation mechanisms, the path of tip of the bucket is critical since the tip must perform a scooping trajectory followed by a lifting and a dumping trajectory. The angular orientation of the bucket are equally important to ensure that load is dumped from the correct position.A cam is a convenient device for transforming one motion into another. Thismachine element has a curved or grooved surface which mates with a follower and imparts motion to it. The motion of the cam (usually rotation) is transformed into follower oscillation, translation, or both. Because of the various cam geometries and the large number of cam and follower combinations, the cam is an extremely versatile mechanical element. Although a cam and follower may be designed for motion, path, or function generation, the majority of applications utilize the cam and follower for function generation.The most common cam types according to cam shapes are: disk or plate translating (two-dimensional or planar), and cylindrical (three-dimensional or spatial) cams. Followers can be classified in several ways: according to follower motion, such as translation or oscillation; according to whether the translational (straight-line) follower motion is radial of offset from the center of the cam shaft; and according to the shape of the follower contact surface (e. g. , flat-face, roller, point (knife-edge), spherical, planar curved, or spatial-curved surface).In the case of a disk cam with a radial (in-line) translating roller follower the smallest circle that can be drawn tangent to the cam surface and concentric with the camshaft is the base circle. The tracer point is a point at the center of the roller center and the normal to the pitch curve. The pressure angle is the angle between the direction of the path of the roller center and the normal to the pitch curve through the center of the roller and is the complement of the transmission angle. Neglecting friction, this normal is collinear with the contact force between the cam and follower. As in a linkage, the pressure angle varies during the cycle and is a measure of the ability of the cam to transfer motive effort to the follower. A large pressure angle will produce an appreciable lateral force exerted on the stem of the follower, which, in the presence of friction, would tend to bind the follower in the guide.Numerous applications in automatic machinery require intermittent motion. A typical example will call for a rise-dwell-return and perhaps another dwell period of a specified number of degrees each, together with a required follower displacement measured in centimeters or degrees. The designer’s job is to lay out the cam accordingly. The first decision to be made is to choose the cam follower type. The specified application may dictate the combination of the cam and follower. Some factors that should enter into the decision are: geometric considerations, dynamic considerations, environmental considerations and economic matters. Once a type of cam and follower pair has been selected, the follower motion must be chosen. Therefore, the velocity, acceleration, and in some cases further derivatives of the displacement of the follower are of great importance.Gears are machine elements that transmit motion by means of successively engaging teeth. Gears transmit motion from one rotating shaft to another, or to a rack that translates. Numerous applications exist in which a constant angular velocity ratio (or constant torque ratio) must be transmitted between shafts. Based on the variety of gear types available, there is no restriction that the input and the output shafts need be either in-line or parallel. Nonlinear angular velocity ratios are also available by using noncircular gears. In order to maintain a constant angular velocity, the individual tooth profile must obey the fundamental law of gearing: for a pair of gears to transmita constant angular velocity ratio, the shape of their contacting profiles must be such that the common normal passes through a fixed point on the line of the centers.Any two mating tooth profiles that satisfy the fundamental law of gearing are called conjugate profiles. Although there are many tooth shapes possible in which a mating tooth could be designed to satisfy the fundamental law, only two are in general use: the cycloidal and involute profiles. The involute has important advantages: it is easy to manufacture and the center distance between a pair of involute gears can be varied without changing the velocity ratio. Thus chose tolerances between shafts are not required when utilizing the involute profile.There are several standard gear types. For applications with parallel shafts, straight spur gear, parallel helical, or herringbone gears are usually used. In the case of intersecting shafts, straight bevel of spiral bevel gears are employed. For nonintersecting and nonparallel shafts, crossed helical, worm, face, skew bevel or hypoid gears would be acceptable choices. For spur gears, the pitch circles of mating gears are tangent to each other. They roll on one another without sliding. The addendum is the height by which a tooth projects beyond the pitch circle (also the radial distance between the pitch circle and the addendum circle). The clearance is the amount by which the addendum (tooth height below the pitch circle) in a given gears exceeds the addendum of its mating gear. The tooth thickness is the distance across the tooth along the arc of the pitch circle while the tooth space is the distance between adjacent teeth along the arc of the pitch circle. The backlash is the amount by which the width of the tooth space exceeds the thickness of the engaging tooth at the pitch circle.中文译文：运动的综合，凸轮和齿轮机构是形成许多机械装置的基本几何结构单元，这些机械装置包括自动包装机、打印机、机械玩具、纺织机械和其他机械等。

(2021年整理)研究生机械工程专业英语考试必背单词

(完整版)研究生机械工程专业英语考试必背单词编辑整理：尊敬的读者朋友们：这里是精品文档编辑中心，本文档内容是由我和我的同事精心编辑整理后发布的，发布之前我们对文中内容进行仔细校对，但是难免会有疏漏的地方，但是任然希望（(完整版)研究生机械工程专业英语考试必背单词）的内容能够给您的工作和学习带来便利。

同时也真诚的希望收到您的建议和反馈，这将是我们进步的源泉，前进的动力。

本文可编辑可修改，如果觉得对您有帮助请收藏以便随时查阅，最后祝您生活愉快业绩进步，以下为(完整版)研究生机械工程专业英语考试必背单词的全部内容。

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单词Lesson 1Gear 齿轮, 传动装置Bearing 轴承Cams 凸轮Cams and followers 凸轮和从动件Couple 力偶mechanics 力学statics 静力学,静止状态dynamics动力学,原动力，动力特性constraint forces 约束力applied forces 作用力Electric , magnetic, and gravitational forces 电,磁，重力mating surface 啮合表面,配合表面,接触面meshing 啮合，咬合，钩住meshing teeth 啮合齿journal bearing 滑动轴承，向心滑动轴承metal-to-metal contact 金属 - 金属接触Overheating 过热failure 失效flaking 薄片，表面剥落，压碎Spall 削，割，剥落,脱皮noise 噪音rough motion运动不精确inertia惯性particle 质点rigid body刚体deformable可变形的，应变的deformable Body 变形体Scalar 数量的，标量的Vectors矢量Density密度Mass质量Displacement位移Velocity速度Acceleration加速度Moment力矩，弯矩Momentum动量，冲量Lesson 2 Compressive压缩的，有压力的Turning 车削Rectilinear直线的micrometer 千分尺又称螺旋测微器Power hacksaws 弓锯床Shaper牛头刨床Thread 螺纹Work：功muscular action肌肉动作mechanical motion机械运动stretch an object拉伸对象tensile force：拉力in tension：受拉compressive force：压力torsional force:扭力torque：扭矩shearing force ：剪切力twist an object扭曲对象Slide滑,脱落Slip滑动，滑移in compression受压turning of a part对一个零件进行车削加工wedging action：楔入作用chip ：切屑centers of the lathe车床的顶尖lathe dog车床夹头centrifugal force ：离心力grinding wheel ：磨削砂轮bonding agent ：粘合剂abrasive particle：磨料颗粒centrifuge-type machines离心式机械Centrifuge离心机，离心作用Centrifugal force principles离心力原理centripetal force ：向心力rotary motion：回转运动rectilinear motion:直线运动hand tool手工工具power tool动力工具feed：进给shaping：采用牛头刨床（shaper）进行刨削加工power saw：弓锯床，弓式锯床the screw of a micrometer 意为“千分尺中的螺杆"harmonic and intermittent motion ：谐和运动和间歇运动simple harmonic motion ：简谐运动return stroke：快速回程shaper ram：刨床滑枕Pulley滑轮Screw螺丝钉Belt带Link链Lesson 3Interactive互相作用的Iterative重复的, 反复的, 迭代的Pinpoint 精确地定位或确认Equilibrium 平衡，均衡Tractable 易于处理或操作的Order of magnitude 数量级Ideally理想的情况下so as to为了with any precision很少精确idealize理想化idealization 理想化strength of materials材料力学Dynamics动力学Approximations近似值be inherent in为、、、所固有，是、、、的固有性质Render提出，给予，描绘degrading the result使结果降级pertinent有关prohibitive令人望而却步Influx流入,注入，涌进，汇集Lesson 5Sprocket链轮snap ring 卡环Universal joints万向联轴器Self-aligning bearing 调心轴承,球面轴承, 自位轴承Dry ice干冰Shot-peening喷丸硬化处理Pin销Key键Spline花键Couplings联轴器nondriving wheel非驱动轮idler gear空转齿轮,换向齿轮be subjected to承受Fluctuate变动,波动，起伏alternating bending stress交变弯曲应力deflections挠度lateral shaft deflection横向轴的挠度angular deflection角偏转non—self- aligning bearings非自调心轴承Torsional deflection扭转变形critical speed临界速度Attachment of the hub毂的附件Keyway键槽Axial轴向Circumferential圆周方向Positioning定位Retaining固定retaining ring定位环hub—to-shaft attachments轮毂与轴之间的连接interference fit过盈配合hub bore毂孔bending moment弯矩cold—rolling冷轧relative slope相对倾斜Journal轴颈plain bearing 滑动轴承Lesson 6Clutch 离合器Brake 制动器Friction 摩擦Chain 链，链条Timing belt 同步带Belt drive 带传动coefficient of friction摩擦系数rayon人造纤维timing belt同步带V—belt drive V带传动Foregoing在前的，前述的fatigue life疲劳寿命power transmitted电力传输rotatable shaft可以转动的轴，从动轴rotating shaft转动轴，主动轴input shaft输入轴output shaft输出轴unloaded state空载状态Rotor转子rotational inertia转动惯量torque capacity 扭矩容量kinetic and potential energy动能和势能provision 规定thermal capacity 热容量thermal stress热应力thermal distortion热变形rubbing velocity摩擦速度Lining内衬,衬套empirical value经验值Chain drives链传动gear drives齿轮传动speed ratio速比shaft separation distance轴间隔距离arbitrary center distance任意的中心距positive （no slip) drive强制（无滑动）传动synchronized motion同步运动conveyor systems, farm machinery, textile machinery传送带系统，农用机械，纺织机械chain loop链环40-kW power ratings ：40千瓦的额定功率Lesson 9Ceramic bearing 陶瓷轴承Silicon硅Titanium 钛Adherence 粘附，附着gas turbine engines 燃气涡轮发动机liquid lubricant液体润滑剂Exploit利用，发挥,使用Tribological 摩擦学的ceramic rolling bearing陶瓷滚动轴承thermo-mechanical热机械Tool steel工具钢Aeroengine航空发动机practical temperature limit 实际的温度上限virtual exclusion虚拟排斥hot pressed 热压hot isostatically pressed 热等静压的silicon nitride Si3N4rolling contact fatigue滚动接触疲劳low fracture toughness低的断裂韧性coefficient of thermal expansion热膨胀系数thermal conductivity导热系数thermal diffusivity热扩散系数，温度扩散率oxidation resistance抗氧化性Hertzian contact stresses 赫兹接触应力Solid lubricant固体润滑剂synthetic lubricant合成润滑剂unconventional lubricant非常规润滑剂boundary lubrication边界润滑wear resistance耐磨性tribo-chemical film摩擦化学膜Shear剪切，切断heat stable热稳定Imperative命令，绝对必要的，必不可少的Lesson 14Melting point熔点Specific heat比热Specific gravity比重Shrink fit 冷缩配合，收缩配合thermal conductivity热导率,导热率thermal expansion热膨胀corrosion resistance耐蚀性reduce inertial force减小惯性力Substitution 替换recrystallization temperature再结晶温度Annealing退火heat treating热处理hot working热加工minor 微小的surface roughness 表面粗糙度Metallurgical冶金学的Titanium钛thermal gradient热梯度relative expansion相对膨胀glass-to—metal seals玻璃—金属密封件Shrink fit冷缩配合，收缩配合Deterioration恶化，变质，退化Degradation降解，老化，退化petroleum 石油elevated temperature高温Alkalis碱oxygen， moisture, pollution， and acid rain氧气，湿气，污染和酸雨Nonferrous metals, stainless steels, and nonmetallic materials，有色金属,不锈钢，和非金属材料cast iron铸铁chromium铬protective film保护膜Lesson 28Basic size基本尺寸Deviation偏差Interchangeable互换性Interchangeability互换性Unilateral， bilateral, and limit forms。

abaqus结构分析单元类型

a b a q u s结构分析单元类型(总5页)--本页仅作为文档封面，使用时请直接删除即可----内页可以根据需求调整合适字体及大小--;this wordfile adds the code folding function which is useful to ignore rows of numbers,enjoy~;updated in , based on the wordfile "abaqus_67ef()";Syntax file for abaqus keywords ,code folding enabled;add *ANISOTROPIC *ENRICHMENT *LOW -DISPLACEMENT HYPERELASTIC;newly add /C"ElementType";delete DISPLACEMENT;delete MASS in /C2"Keywords2"/L29"abaqus_612" Nocase File Extensions = inp des dat msg/Delimiters = ~!@$%^&()_-+=|\/{}[]:;"'<> ,.//Function String = "%[ ^t]++[ps][a-z]+ [a-z0-9]+ ^(*(*)^)*{$"/Function String 1 = "%[ ^t]++[ps][a-z]+ [a-z0-9]+ ^(*(*)^)[ ^t]++$" /Member String = "^([A-Za-z0-9_:.]+^)[ ^t*&]+$S[ ^t]++[(=);,]"/Variable String = "^([A-Za-z0-9_:.]+^)[ ^t*&]+$S[ ^t]++[(=);,]"/Open Fold Strings = "*" "**""***"/Close Fold Strings = "*" "**""***"/C1"Keywords1" STYLE_KEYWORD*ACOUSTIC *ADAPTIVE *AMPLITUDE *ANISOTROPIC *ANNEAL *AQUA *ASSEMBLY *ASYMMETRIC *AXIAL *BASE *BASELINE *BEAM*BIAXIAL *BLOCKAGE *BOND *BOUNDARY *BRITTLE *BUCKLE *BUCKLING *BULK *C *CAP *CAPACITY *CAST *CAVITY *CECHARGE*CECURRENT *CENTROID *CFILM *CFLOW *CFLUX *CHANGE *CLAY *CLEARANCE*CLOAD *CO *COHESIVE *COMBINED *COMPLEX*CONCRETE *CONDUCTIVITY *CONNECTOR *CONSTRAINT *CONTACT *CONTOUR*CONTROLS *CORRELATION *COUPLED *COUPLING*CRADIATE *CREEP *CRUSHABLE *CYCLED *CYCLIC *D *DAMAGE *DAMPING*DASHPOT *DEBOND *DECHARGE *DECURRENT*DEFORMATION *DENSITY *DEPVAR *DESIGN *DETONATION *DFLOW *DFLUX*DIAGNOSTICS *DIELECTRIC *DIFFUSIVITY*DIRECT *DISPLAY *DISTRIBUTING *DISTRIBUTION *DLOAD *DRAG *DRUCKER*DSA *DSECHARGE *DSECURRENT *DSFLOW*DSFLUX *DSLOAD *DYNAMIC *EL *ELASTIC *ELCOPY *ELECTRICAL *ELEMENT*ELGEN *ELSET *EMBEDDED *EMISSIVITY*END *ENERGY *ENRICHMENT *EOS *EPJOINT *EQUATION *EULERIAN *EXPANSION *EXTREME *FABRIC *FAIL *FAILURE*FASTENER *FIELD *FILE *FILM *FILTER *FIXED *FLOW *FLUID *FOUNDATION *FRACTURE *FRAME *FREQUENCY *FRICTION*GAP *GASKET *GEL *GEOSTATIC *GLOBAL *HEADING *HEAT *HEATCAP*HOURGLASS *HYPERELASTIC *HYPERFOAM *HYPOELASTIC*HYSTERESIS *IMPEDANCE *IMPERFECTION *IMPORT *INCIDENT *INCLUDE*INCREMENTATION *INELASTIC *INERTIA*INITIAL *INSTANCE *INTEGRATED *INTERACTION *INTERFACE *ITS *JOINT*JOINTED *JOULE *KAPPA *KINEMATIC*LATENT *LOAD *LOADING *LOW *M1 *M2 *MAP *MASS *MATERIAL *MATRIX*MEMBRANE *MODAL *MODEL *MOHR *MOISTURE*MOLECULAR *MONITOR *MOTION *MPC *MULLINS *NCOPY *NFILL *NGEN *NMAP *NO *NODAL *NODE *NONSTRUCTURAL*NORMAL *NSET *ORIENTATION *ORNL *OUTPUT *PARAMETER *PART *PERIODIC *PERMEABILITY *PHYSICAL *PIEZOELECTRIC*PIPE *PLANAR *PLASTIC *POROUS *POST *POTENTIAL *PRE *PREPRINT*PRESSURE *PRESTRESS *PRINT *PSD *RADIATE*RADIATION *RANDOM *RATE *RATIOS *REBAR *REFLECTION *RELEASE*RESPONSE *RESTART *RETAINED *RIGID *ROTARY*SECTION *SELECT *SFILM *SFLOW *SHEAR *SHELL *SIMPEDANCE *SIMPLE*SLIDE *SLOAD *SOILS *SOLID *SOLUBILITY*SOLUTION *SOLVER *SORPTION *SPECIFIC *SPECTRUM *SPRING *SRADIATE*STATIC *STEADY *STEP *SUBMODEL*SUBSTRUCTURE *SURFACE *SWELLING *SYMMETRIC *SYSTEM *TEMPERATURE*TENSILE *TENSION *THERMAL *TIE *TIME*TORQUE *TRACER *TRANSFORM *TRANSPORT *TRANSVERSE *TRIAXIAL *TRS *UEL *UNDEX *UNIAXIAL *UNLOADING *USER*VARIABLE *VIEWFACTOR *VISCO *VISCOELASTIC *VISCOUS *VOID *VOLUMETRIC *WAVE *WIND-AXISYMMETRIC -DEFINITION -DISPLACEMENT -SIMULATION -SOIL -TENSION/C2"Keywords2"ACTIVATION ADDED AREA ASSEMBLE ASSEMBLY ASSIGNMENT AXIALBEHAVIOR BODY BULKCASE CAVITY CENTER CHAIN CHANGE CHARGE CLEARANCE COMPACTION COMPONENT COMPRESSION CONDITIONS CONDUCTANCECONDUCTIVITY CONSTANTS CONSTITUTIVE CONSTRAINT CONTACT CONTROL CONTROLS COPY CORRECTION COULOMB COUPLINGCRACKING CREEP CRITERIA CRITERION CYCLICDAMAGE DAMAGED DAMPING DATA DEFINED DEFINITION DELETE DENSITY DEPENDENCE DEPENDENT DERIVED DETECTIONDIFFUSION DIRECTORY DOFS DYNAMIC DYNAMICSEFFECT EIGENMODES ELASTIC ELASTICITY ELECTRICAL ELEMENT ELSET ENVELOPE EVOLUTION EXCHANGE EXCLUSIONSEXPANSIONFACTORS FAILURE FIELD FILE FLAW FLOW FLUID FLUX FOAM FORMAT FORMULATION FRACTION FREQUENCY FRICTIONGENERAL GENERATE GENERATION GRADIENTHARDENING HEAT HOLD HYPERELASTICINCLUSIONS INERTIA INFLATOR INITIATION INPUT INSTANCE INTEGRAL INTERACTION INTERFERENCE IRONLAYER LEAKOFF LENGTH LINE LINK LOAD LOCKM1 M2 MATERIAL MATRIX MEDIUM MESH METAL MIXTURE MODEL MODES MODULI MODULUS MOTIONNODAL NODE NSET NUCLEATIONORIGIN OUTPUTPAIR PARAMETER PART PARTICLE PATH PENETRATION PLASTIC PLASTICITY POINT POINTS POTENTIAL PRAGER PRINTPROPERTYRADIATION RATE RATIOS REDUCTION REFERENCE REFLECTION REGION RELIEF RESPONSE RESULTS RETENTIONSECTION SCALING SHAPE SHEAR SOLID SOLUTION SPECTRUM STABILIZATION STATE STEP STIFFENING STIFFNESS STOPSTRAIN STRESS SURFACE SWELLING SYMMETRYTABLE TECHNIQUE TEMPERATURE TENSION TEST THERMAL THICKNESS TO TORQUE TRANSFER TRANSPORTVALUE VARIABLES VARIATION VELOCITY VIEWFACTOR VISCOSITYWAVE WEIGHT/C3"ElementType" STYLE_ELEMENTAC1D2 AC1D3 AC2D3 AC2D4 AC2D4R AC2D6 AC2D8 AC3D4 AC3D6 AC3D8 AC3D8R AC3D10 AC3D15 AC3D20 ACAX3 ACAX4ACAX4R ACAX6 ACAX8 ACIN2D2 ACIN2D3 ACIN3D3 ACIN3D4 ACIN3D6 ACIN3D8 ACINAX2 ACINAX3 ASI1 ASI2 ASI2AASI2D2 ASI2D3 ASI3 ASI3A ASI3D3 ASI3D4 ASI3D6 ASI3D8 ASI4 ASI8 ASIAX2 ASIAX3B21 B21H B22 B22H B23 B23H B31 B31H B31OS B31OSH B32 B32H B32OSB32OSH B33 B33HC3D4 C3D4E C3D4H C3D4P C3D4T C3D6 C3D6E C3D6H C3D6P C3D6T C3D8 C3D8E C3D8H C3D8HT C3D8I C3D8IH C3D8PC3D8PH C3D8PHT C3D8PT C3D8R C3D8RH C3D8RHT C3D8RP C3D8RPH C3D8RPHTC3D8RPT C3D8RT C3D8T C3D10 C3D10EC3D10H C3D10I C3D10M C3D10MH C3D10MHT C3D10MP C3D10MPH C3D10MPTC3D10MT C3D15 C3D15E C3D15H C3D15VC3D15VH C3D20 C3D20E C3D20H C3D20HT C3D20P C3D20PH C3D20R C3D20REC3D20RH C3D20RHT C3D20RP C3D20RPHC3D20RT C3D20T C3D27 C3D27H C3D27R C3D27RH CAX3 CAX3E CAX3H CAX3T CAX4 CAX4E CAX4H CAX4HT CAX4ICAX4IH CAX4P CAX4PH CAX4PT CAX4R CAX4RH CAX4RHT CAX4RP CAX4RPHCAX4RPHT CAX4RPT CAX4RT CAX4T CAX6CAX6E CAX6H CAX6M CAX6MH CAX6MHT CAX6MP CAX6MPH CAX6MT CAX8 CAX8E CAX8H CAX8HT CAX8P CAX8PH CAX8RCAX8RE CAX8RH CAX8RHT CAX8RP CAX8RPH CAX8RT CAX8T CAXA4HN CAXA4N CAXA4RHN CAXA4RN CAXA8HN CAXA8NCAXA8PN CAXA8RHN CAXA8RN CAXA8RPN CCL12 CCL12H CCL18 CCL18H CCL24 CCL24H CCL24R CCL24RH CCL9 CCL9HCGAX3 CGAX3H CGAX3HT CGAX3T CGAX4 CGAX4H CGAX4HT CGAX4R CGAX4RH CGAX4RHT CGAX4RT CGAX4T CGAX6 CGAX6HCGAX6M CGAX6MH CGAX6MHT CGAX6MT CGAX8 CGAX8H CGAX8HT CGAX8R CGAX8RH CGAX8RHT CGAX8RT CGAX8T CIN3D12RCIN3D18R CIN3D8 CINAX4 CINAX5R CINPE4 CINPE5R CINPS4 CINPS5R COH2D4 COH2D4P COH3D6 COH3D6P COH3D8COH3D8P COHAX4 COHAX4P CONN2D2 CONN3D2 CPE3 CPE3E CPE3H CPE3T CPE4 CPE4E CPE4H CPE4HT CPE4I CPE4IHCPE4P CPE4PH CPE4R CPE4RH CPE4RHT CPE4RP CPE4RPH CPE4RT CPE4T CPE6 CPE6E CPE6H CPE6M CPE6MH CPE6MHTCPE6MP CPE6MPH CPE6MT CPE8 CPE8E CPE8H CPE8HT CPE8P CPE8PH CPE8RCPE8RE CPE8RH CPE8RHT CPE8RPCPE8RPH CPE8RT CPE8T CPEG3 CPEG3H CPEG3HT CPEG3T CPEG4 CPEG4H CPEG4HT CPEG4I CPEG4IH CPEG4R CPEG4RHCPEG4RHT CPEG4RT CPEG4T CPEG6 CPEG6H CPEG6M CPEG6MH CPEG6MHT CPEG6MT CPEG8 CPEG8H CPEG8HT CPEG8RCPEG8RH CPEG8RHT CPEG8T CPS3 CPS3E CPS3T CPS4 CPS4E CPS4I CPS4RCPS4RT CPS4T CPS6 CPS6E CPS6M CPS6MTCPS8 CPS8E CPS8R CPS8RE CPS8RT CPS8TDASHPOT1 DASHPOT2 DASHPOTA DC1D2 DC1D2E DC1D3 DC1D3E DC2D3 DC2D3EDC2D4 DC2D4E DC2D6 DC2D6E DC2D8DC2D8E DC3D10 DC3D10E DC3D15 DC3D15E DC3D20 DC3D20E DC3D4 DC3D4EDC3D6 DC3D6E DC3D8 DC3D8E DCAX3DCAX3E DCAX4 DCAX4E DCAX6 DCAX6E DCAX8 DCAX8E DCC1D2 DCC1D2D DCC2D4 DCC2D4D DCC3D8 DCC3D8D DCCAX2DCCAX2D DCCAX4 DCCAX4D DCOUP2D DCOUP3D DGAP DRAG2D DRAG3D DS3 DS4 DS6 DS8 DSAX1 DSAX2EC3D8R EC3D8RT ELBOW31 ELBOW31B ELBOW31C ELBOW32 EMC2D3 EMC2D4 EMC3D4 EMC3D8F2D2 F3D3 F3D4 FAX2 FLINK FRAME2D FRAME3D FC3D4 FC3D6 FC3D8GAPCYL GAPSPHER GAPUNI GAPUNIT GK2D2 GK2D2N GK3D12M GK3D12MN GK3D18 GK3D18N GK3D2 GK3D2N GK3D4LGK3D4LN GK3D6 GK3D6L GK3D6LN GK3D6N GK3D8 GK3D8N GKAX2 GKAX2N GKAX4 GKAX4N GKAX6 GKAX6N GKPE4 GKPE6GKPS4 GKPS4N GKPS6 GKPS6NHEATCAPIRS21A IRS22A ISL21A ISL22A ITSCYL ITSUNI ITT21 ITT31JOINT2D JOINT3D JOINTCLS3S LS6MASS M3D3 M3D4 M3D4R M3D6 M3D8 M3D8R M3D9 M3D9R MAX1 MAX2 MCL6 MCL9 MGAX1 MGAX2PC3D PIPE21 PIPE21H PIPE22 PIPE22H PIPE31 PIPE31H PIPE32 PIPE32HPSI24 PSI26 PSI34 PSI36Q3D4 Q3D6 Q3D8 Q3D8H Q3D8R Q3D8RH Q3D10M Q3D10MH Q3D20 Q3D20H Q3D20R Q3D20RHR2D2 R3D3 R3D4 RAX2 RB2D2 RB3D2 ROTARYIS3 S3T S3R S3RS S3RT S4 S4T S4R S4RT S4R5 S4RS S4RSW S8R S8R5 S8RT S9R5 SAX1 SAX2 SAX2T SAXA1NSAXA2N SC6R SC6RT SC8R SC8RT SFM3D3 SFM3D4 SFM3D4R SFM3D6 SFM3D8 SFM3D8R SFMAX1 SFMAX2 SFMCL6 SFMCL9SFMGAX1 SFMGAX2 SPRING1 SPRING2 SPRINGA STRI3 STRI65T2D2 T2D2E T2D2H T2D2T T2D3 T2D3E T2D3H T2D3T T3D2 T3D2E T3D2H T3D2T T3D3 T3D3E T3D3H T3D3TWARP2D3 WARP2D4。

力学专业英语词组+解释

拉力 tensile force正应力 normal stress切应力 shear stress静水压力 hydrostatic pressure集中力 concentrated force分布力 distributed force线性应力应变关系 linear relationship between stress andstrain弹性模量 modulus of elasticity横向力 lateral force transverse force轴向力 axial force拉应力 tensile stress压应力 compressive stress平衡方程 equilibrium equation静力学方程 equations of static比例极限 proportional limit应力应变曲线 stress-strain curve拉伸实验 tensile test‘屈服应力 yield stress极限应力 ultimate stress轴 shaft梁 beam纯剪切 pure shear横截面积 cross-sectional area挠度曲线 deflection curve曲率半径 radius of curvature曲率半径的倒数 reciprocal of radius of curvature纵轴 longitudinal axis悬臂梁 cantilever beam简支梁 simply supported beam微分方程 differential equation惯性矩 moment of inertia静矩 static moment扭矩 torque moment弯矩 bending moment弯矩对x的导数 derivative of bending moment with respect to x弯矩对x的二阶导数 the second derivative of bending moment with respect to x 静定梁 statically determinate beam静不定梁 statically indeterminate beam相容方程 compatibility equation补充方程 complementary equation中性轴 neutral axis圆截面 circular cross section两端作用扭矩 twisted by couples at two ends刚体 rigid body扭转角 twist angle静力等效 statically equivalent相互垂直平面 mutually perpendicular planes通过截面形心 through the centroid of the cross section 一端铰支 pin support at one end一端固定 fixed at one end弯矩图 bending moment diagram剪力图 shear force diagram剪力突变 abrupt change in shear force、旋转和平移 rotation and translation虎克定律 hook’s law边界条件 boundary condition初始位置 initial position、力矩面积法 moment-area method绕纵轴转动 rotate about a longitudinal axis横坐标 abscissa扭转刚度 torsional rigidity拉伸刚度 tensile rigidity剪应力的合力 resultant of shear stress正应力的大小 magnitude of normal stress脆性破坏 brittle fail对称平面 symmetry plane刚体的平衡 equilibrium of rigid body约束力 constraint force重力 gravitational force实际作用力 actual force三维力系 three-dimentional force system合力矩 resultant moment标量方程 scalar equation、矢量方程 vector equation张量方程 tensor equation汇交力系 cocurrent system of forces任意一点 an arbitrary point合矢量 resultant vector反作用力 reaction force反作用力偶 reaction couple转动约束 restriction against rotation平动约束 restriction against translation运动的趋势 tendency of motion绕给定轴转动 rotate about a specific axis沿一个方向运动 move in a direction控制方程 control equation共线力 collinear forces平面力系 planar force system一束光 a beam of light未知反力 unknown reaction forces参考框架 frame of reference大小和方向 magnitude and direction几何约束 geometric restriction刚性连接 rigidly connected运动学关系 kinematical relations运动的合成 superposition of movement固定点 fixed point平动的叠加 superposition of translation刚体的角速度 angular speed of a rigid body质点动力学 particle dynamics运动微分方程 differential equation of motion工程实际问题 practical engineering problems变化率 rate of change动量守恒 conservation of linear momentum定性的描述 qualitative description点线 dotted line划线 dashed line实线 solid line矢量积 vector product点积 dot product极惯性矩 polar moment of inertia角速度 angular velocity角加速度 angular accelerationinfinitesimal amount 无穷小量definite integral 定积分a certain interval of time 某一时间段kinetic energy 动能conservative force 保守力damping force 阻尼力coefficient of damping 阻尼系数free vibration 自由振动periodic disturbance 周期性扰动viscous force 粘性力forced vibration 强迫震动general solution 通解particular solution 特解transient solution 瞬态解steady state solution 稳态解second order partial differential equation 二阶偏微分方程external force 外力internal force 内力stress component 应力分量state of stress 应力状态coordinate axes 坐标系conditions of equilibrium 平衡条件body force 体力continuum mechanics 连续介质力学displacement component 位移分量additional restrictions 附加约束compatibility conditions 相容条件mathematical formulations 数学公式isotropic material 各向同性材料sufficient small 充分小state of strain 应变状态unit matrix 单位矩阵dilatation strain 膨胀应变the first strain invariant 第一应变不变量deviator stress components 应力偏量分量the first invariant of stress tensor 应力张量的第一不变量bulk modulus 体积模量constitutive relations 本构关系linear elastic material 线弹性材料mathematical derivation 数学推导a state of static equilibrium 静力平衡状态Newton‘s first law of motion 牛顿第一运动定律directly proportional to 与……成正比stress concentration factor 应力集中系数state of loading 载荷状态st venant’ principle 圣维南原理uniaxial tension 单轴拉伸cylindrical coordinates 柱坐标buckling of columns 柱的屈曲critical value 临界值stable equilibrium 稳态平衡unstable equilibrium condition 不稳定平衡条件critical load 临界载荷a slender column 细长杆fixed at the lower end 下端固定free at the upper end 上端自由critical buckling load 临界屈曲载荷potential energy 势能fixed at both ends 两端固定hinged at both ends 两端铰支tubular member 管型杆件transverse dimention 横向尺寸stability of column 柱的稳定axial force 轴向力elliptical hole 椭圆孔plane stress 平面应力nominal stress 名义应为principal stress directions 主应力方向axial compression 轴向压缩dynamic loading 动载荷dynamic problem 动力学问题inertia force 惯性力resonance vibration 谐振static states of stress 静态应力dynamic response 动力响应time of contact 接触时间length of wave 波长resonance frequency 谐振频率。

机械工程专业英语词汇

机械工程专业英语词汇摘要：本文介绍了机械工程专业的一些主要课程，以及每个课程所涉及的一些专业英语词汇。

本文旨在帮助机械工程专业的学习者和从业者掌握和运用相关的专业术语，提高专业水平和沟通能力。

一、工程图学工程图学是一门基础性的课程，主要讲述了尺规绘图和CAD绘图的基本原理和方法，以及各种视图、投影、标注、符号等的规范和应用。

工程图学是机械设计和制造的重要工具，是表达和交流机械产品信息的有效方式。

以下是工程图学课程所涉及的一些专业英语词汇：中文英文工程图学engineering drawing尺规绘图geometric drawingCAD绘图computer-aided drawing视图view投影projection标注dimensioning符号symbol规范standard应用application机械产品mechanical product信息information表达expression交流communication工具tool方式method主视图front view侧视图side view俯视图top view剖视图sectional view局部放大视图enlarged detail view轴测图axonometric projection等轴测投影法isometric projection method等角投影法dimetric projection method等面积投影法trimetric projection method透视图perspective view单点透视法one-point perspective method双点透视法two-point perspective method三点透视法three-point perspective method平行投影法parallel projection method二、理论力学理论力学是一门研究物体在力作用下的运动规律和平衡条件的科学，是机械工程的基础理论之一。

机电工程专业英语翻译

Lesson 1Machinery design may be simple or enormously complex, easy or difficult, mathematical ornonmathematical, it may involve a trivial problem or one of great importance.机械设计可能简单，可能复杂；可能容易，可能困难；可能要求精确，也可能不精确；有时要解决的可能是一些很平常琐碎的问题，也可能是非常重大的问题。

In the modern industrialized world, the wealth and living standards of a nation are closely linked with their capabilities to design and manufacture engineering products. It can be claimed that the advancement of machinery design and manufacturing can remarkably promote the overall level of a country’s industrialization.在现代的工业化社会，一个国家的财富和生活水平与他们设计和制造工程产品的能力紧密相关，可以说机械设计和制造业的进步能显著地促进一个国家工业化整体水平的提高。

Definition of problem is necessary to fully define and understand the problem, after which itis possible to restate the goal in a more reasonable and realistic way than the original problemstatement.定义问题对全面认识、理解问题非常必要，之后可以更加合理可行的方式来重新阐述。

理论力学刚体的平面运动

A的速度为
vA vO vAO 2vO
B的速度为
vB vO2 vBO2 2vO
同理，可得D的速度为
A
vDO
vD
D vO O
vO
vAO
vA
vO B vO
vCO
C
vBO vO
vB
vD 2vO
9.3.2 速度投影法
应用矢量投影定理，将该矢量式 vB vA vBA向
AB连线投影。
vA cos vB cos
结论：刚体的平面运动可以简化为平面图形S 在其自身平面内的运动。
9.1.3 刚体的平面运动方程
在平面图形S内建立平面直角坐标系Oxy，为确定
平面图形 S 在任意瞬时 t 的位置，只须确定其上任意
线段 AB 的位置，而线段 AB 的位置可由点 A 的坐标
xA，yA 和线段 AB 与 x 轴（或 y 轴）的夹角j 来确定。
9.1.2 平面运动的简化
⑴ 作平面Ⅱ∥定平面Ⅰ且与刚体相交成一平面图形S 。当刚体运动时，平面图形S 始终保持在平面Ⅱ内。平面Ⅱ称为平面图形S 自身所在平面。
⑵ 在刚体上任取⊥平面图形S 的直线A1A2 ， A1A2 作平动，其上各点都具有相同的运动。
⑶ A1A2 和图形S 的交点 A 的运动可代表全部A1A2 的运动，而平面图形S 内各点的运动即可代表全部刚体的运动。
[vB ]AB [v A ]AB
（9-3）
速度投影定理：平面图形上任意两点的速度在这两点连线上的投影相等。速度投影定理是刚体上任意两点间的距离保持不变的必然结果。适用于任何形式的刚体运动。
应用速度投影定理求速度的方法称为速度投影法。
例9-4 用速度投影法求例9-1中点B的速度。

Principles of Mechanics机械原理

参考——《机械原理（第八版）》孙恒陈作模高等教育出版社个人资料，仅限交流使用，侵权必究IntroductionThis book mainly talk about some Basic theory of machinery. On the whole (总体上)about how to analyze a mechanism in construction结构学，kinematics运动学，Dynamics动力学. And then talk about the basic knowledge of some common mechanism and the analysis, like linkage mechanism, gear mechanism………Machinery机械=machine机器+ mechanism机构（注意名次区分，不用讲）Link构件——motion element（单元体）in mechanismPart零件——manufacture element in machineStructure Analysis of mechanismKinematic pair运动副1.Definition：A kinematic pair is a connection between two bodies that imposes constraints施加约束on their relative movement相对运动.2.Classification:Lower pairs(contact with surfaces)—Revolute pairs (转动副);Prismatic pairs (移动副) Higher pairs(contact with points and lines)Planar kinematic pair平面运动副；spatial kinematic pair空间运动副3.DOF(the degree of freedom自由度)：the number of independent movements it has.(按下面例子用坐标系画图解释) DOF of a rigid body in a plane = 3 (2 translating motion & 1 rotating motion).DOF of a rigid body in space = 6 (3 translating motion & 3 rotating motion) Mechanism1.Including：fixed link机架,driving link原动件，drived link从动件.2.How can a mechanism get the Determined motion确定的运动？F(the DOF) = the number of driving linkMotion Analysis of Mechanism1.known conditions:Machine dimensions（尺寸），pattern of motion of driving link→pattern of motion of drived link(Displacement位移, velocity, acceleration)2.Instantaneous(瞬时的) center of velocity速度瞬心（见机械原理P39）：Definition：Coincidence point重合点;Instantaneous speed瞬时速度is equal；Two mechanism that have relative movementClassification：Absolute Instantaneous center of velocity绝对瞬心（absolute velocity is zero）Relative Instantaneous center of velocity相对顺心Force Analysis of Mechanism1.The force on the machinery:1)Driving force驱动力2)Resistance阻抗力:effective resistance(like: thegravity重力ofWeightin a lift)；detrimental resistance（like:Friction）2.Inertial force惯性力：substitution method of masses质量代换法，substitutional point代换点（具体方法见机械原理课本P57）3.the friction in kinematic pair：1)Prismatic pairs: equivalent coefficient of friction当量摩擦因数f v;total reaction总反力F R；angle of friction摩擦角（重点看课本P59~P60例题）2)Revolute pairs ：circle of friction摩擦圆（看课本p61）Mechanicalefficiencyand balance平衡Mechanicalefficiency效率Formula：课本p75~p76公式Series串联and Parallel并联(课本p77~p78画顺序图解释)Self locking自锁Definition：because of friction，can‘t move no matter how much force. Condition:(课本p79公式，画受力图讲解)Balance of rotor（转子）(联系课程“机械系统动力学mechanical system dynamics”)Type：（用公式和画图表示，课本p86~p88）static Balance of rotor转子静平衡——Inertial force惯性力（和为零）dynamic Balance of rotor转子动平衡——Inertial force,Inertial moment惯性力矩（和均为零）purpose：The unbalance will cause the vibration振动, reduce the mechanical efficiency and the service life?7-4Linkage mechanism（以planarfour-barlinkage（平面四杆机构）为主）1.Structure（用曲柄摇杆机构画图解释）1)Fixed link机架——the link is fixed and can’t move2)Coupler 连杆——the link that don’t connect to the fixed link3)Side link 连架杆——the two link that connect to the fixed link, includingcrank(曲柄can rotate a turn) and rocker(摇杆can just swing in a certain range) 4)Revolute pair——Revolute pair of revolving motion周转副and Revolute pair ofswing motion摆转副2.Type(画图举例解释，见课本P125~128)1)Crank-rocker mechanism曲柄摇杆机构2)Double-crank mechanism双曲柄机构——the wheel of train3)Double-rocker mechanism双摇杆机构——the structure of crane起重机→the three basic types can evolve演化to many other structure：4)Slider-crank mechanism曲柄滑块机构——widely used in machine tool机床3.Some basic knowledge：1)How can A be revolute pair of revolving motion？(画图解释，图8-21见课本p131)杆a + d <= c + d;aorder d is min(→进一步推演出3种基本杆成立的条件)2)Extreme Position极位(图见课本p132)Premise前提：is Crank-rocker mechanism；the crank is the driving link.The position of mechanism when the CD is in C1D and C2D3)Dead point死点(图见课本p135,与极位对比看)：Premise前提：is Crank-rocker mechanism；the rocker is the driving link.The position of mechanism when the CD is in C1D and C2D，and the link AB can’t move in this position，Application：Folding table折叠桌（p135图）Solution: useinertia惯性Cam mechanism1.Definition:A cam is a rotating or sliding piece in a mechanical linkage usedespecially in transformingrotary motion into linear motion or linear motion into rotary motion.2.Structure: cam(driving link) ,follower(推杆drived link),camshaft凸轮轴(Inverse cam mechanism反凸轮机构——the cam is drived link)3.Advantage:Get the expected movement law,Simple structure4.Disadvantage: the contact inhigher pairs，Easy to wear；the Manufacture isdifficult5.Type：(画图解释，图见P168)*plate cam盘形凸轮——the most commonly used cam，Planar mechanism，the cam rotate around the camshaft凸轮轴，the follower does a linear Reciprocation(直线往复运动)cylindrical cam圆柱凸轮——spatialmechanism,the cam is a cylinder with an irregular shape,the follower does a linear Reciprocation.6.other tips1)base circle基圆——the smallest circle with the minimum radius of cam profile凸轮轮廓2)(根据凸轮速度瞬心，联系一下上面瞬心相关知识)Gear mechanism(见机械设计.doc相关部分)Gear train齿轮系1.Definition：consists of a series of gears2.TypeFixed axis gear train定轴轮系：theGear axis is fixedEpicyclic gear train周转轮系：at least one gear axisrotates around the other gearsaxisCompound planetary train 复合轮系：定轴+ 周转3.Advantage：Larger transmission ratio,shunt drive(换向传动/并联驱动),can change speed and direction4.Epicyclic gear train1)Structure:（画图解释，图见p238Sun gear太阳轮the axis is fixedPlanetary gear行星轮the gear axisrotates around the other gears axisPlanet carrier行星架2)Transmission ratio:Inverted gear train周转轮系——the Planetary gear is fixed公式见课本p241。

力学专业英语资料（一）考研必备

⼒学专业英语资料（⼀）考研必备I. Theoretical Mechanics理论⼒学Gravitational Force, Gravity重⼒Concurrent Force汇交⼒, Coplanar Force共⾯⼒Force, Torque / Moment扭矩, Couple 约束⼒，反应，被动⼒，内⼒Constraint Force, Reaction, Passive Force, Internal/External Force 静⼒学直⾓坐标分量，合⼒，平⾏四边形准则Rectangular Components, Resultant Force, Parallelogram Law 1. Statics Composition of Force⼒的合成, Free Body Diagram隔离体Vector (Magnitude, Direction)⽮量, Scalar标量静⼒平衡平衡⽅程平衡条件Net Force = 0Static Equilibrium, Equation of Equilibrium, Conditions for EquilibriumNet Torque/Moment = 0Rectilinear MovementMotion of Particle粒⼦运动Curvilinear Movement运动学 Translation平移2. Kinematics Motion of Rigid Body刚体运动Rotation扭转Linear线性的Velocity速度, Acceleration加速度Angular有⾓的Momentum, Kinetic Energy, Potential Energy动量，动能，势能动⼒学Moment of Inertia (Rectangular, Polar), Radius of Gyration惯性矩，回转半径3. Dynamics, Kinetics Centroid (Center of Mass/Gravity)中⼼Vibration, Oscillation (Free/Forced/Damped/Undamped)振动Simple Harmonic Motion, Period, Frequency简谐振动，周期，频率Pendulum, Centrifugal/Centripetal Force钟摆，离/向⼼⼒II. Mechanics of Materials材料⼒学材料强度 Compressive, Compression压缩1. Strength of Materials Tensile, Tension (Elongation, Extension)伸长Shear, Shearing剪切Linear, Hooke’s LawElastic弹性, Elasticity Non-linearViscoelasticity, Pseudo-elasticity, Super-elasticity粘弹性，拟弹性，超弹性应⼒应变关系塑性 Perfect Plasticity理想塑性2. Stress-Strain Relation/Behavior Plastic, Plasticity Viscoplasticity, Viscosity黏性, Creeping徐变, Relaxation Brittle脆性, Ductile柔性Work Hardening/Softening, Strain Hardening/Softening弹性模量，弹性系数 Young’s Modulus = Axial Stress / Axial Strain杨⽒模量3. Modulus of Elasticity, Elastic Modulus Shear Modulus = Shear Stress / Shear Strain剪切模量Bulk Modulus = Volumetric Stress / Volumetric Strain体积弹性模量破坏理论，失效准则，屈服准则 Maximum Principal Stress Theory最⼤应⼒准则4. Failure Theory, Failure Criteria, Yield Criteria Shear Stress TheoryMohr-Coulomb Theory库伦理论1。

理论力学-英文版

Theoretical Mechanics(理论力学)Course Code：83031000Course Name: Theoretical MechanicsCourse Credit: 3Course Duration: the fifth termTeaching Object: undergraduate students of the Applied Physics MajorPre-course:Mechanics, Advanced MathematicsCourse Director: Wu Zhongchen, Lecturer, Doctor of ScienceCourse Introduction:The course mainly expounds classical mechanics theory. This course consists of two volumes. volume І covers the content of statics(Including the free-body diagram,planar force systems and couple systems, etc.), kinematics(Including the kinematics of a particle, the simple motion of a rigid body,resultant motion of a particle,etc.), dynamics(Including the particle dynamics,theorems of linear momentum,angular momentum and kinetic energy of particle systems ). V olume ІІ covers analytical mechanics (Including the fundamental equations of dynamics, Lagrange's equations of the first and the second kind, etc.)and mechanics vibration(Including the free and forced vibration of the systems with one and two degrees of freedom, isolation of vibration,dynamic vibration inhibitor,etc.).Course Examination:Final achievement=usual performance*30%+ Final Examination*70%The usual performance includes whether the students are punctual for class, attendance rate, answering questions, Exercises out of Class.The Final adoptes the close examination.Appointed Teaching Materials:The theoretical mechanics teaching and research section of HARBIN institute of technology(哈尔滨工业大学理论力学教研室). “Theoretical Mechanics(理论力学)”. Higher Education Press (高等教育出版社), the second edition on August, 2002 (2002年8月第二版).Bibliography:[1]Zhou Yanbai ( 周衍柏).“Theoretical Mechanics(理论力学教程)”. Higher Education Press (高等教育出版社), the second edition on March, 1986(1986年3月第二版).[2] Wang Zhenfa (王振发),. “ Analytical Mechanics (分析力学)”. Science Press (科学出版社), the first edition on March, 2003 (2002年3月第一版).。

刚体平面运动加速度分析的双瞬心法

-18-科学技术创新2019.08刚体平面运动加速度分析的双瞬心法张新华（西安交通大学航天学院国家级力学实验教学示范中心，陕西西安710049）摘要：针对刚体平面运动的加速度分析，本文提出了一种新方法一双瞬心法。

平面运动刚体存在切向加速度瞬心（切心）和法向加速度瞬心（法心），其中切向加速度瞬心与速度瞬心是重合的。

证明了刚体上任一点的加速度均可表示为该点相对于切心的切向加速度与相对于法心的法向加速度的矢量和：利用双瞬心法可方便地确定刚体上任意点的加速度.该方法在刚体平面动力学中也存在广泛应用。

关键词：刚体平面运动；加速度分析；双瞬心法Abstract:In this paper,a new method—double acceleration instantaneous center method is propsed for the planar motion analysis of rigid bodies.There exist a tangential acceleration instantaneous center(tangential center)and a normal acceleration instantaneous center(normal center)for any rigid body experiencing planar motion,and the tangential center of the rigid body coincides with its velocity center.It is proved that the acceleration of any point on the rigid body can be expressed as the vectorial sum of its tangential and normal accelerations with respect to the tangential center and the normal center,respectively.The acceleration of any point on the rigid body can be easily determined by the new method.The method can be widely applied to the dynamics of rigid bodies.Key words：Planar motion of rigid body;Acceleration analysis;Double acceleiation instantaneous center method中图分类号:0311.2文献标识码：A文章编号:2096-4390(2019)08-0018-03刚体平面运动的加速度分析是运动学的重要研究内容之一.与速度分析不同，刚体平面运动的加速度分析相对要困难一些，常用的有两种方法即基点法和瞬心法.本文提出了一种分析刚体平面运动的新方法一双加速度瞬心法.刚体作平面运动时，存在一个瞬时切向加速度中心（切心）和一个瞬时法向加速度中心（法心）,其中瞬时切向加速度中心与速度瞬心重合，而瞬时法向加速度中心的位置需要根据速度分析的结果来确定。

力学专业英语词汇翻译

力学专业英语词汇翻译牛顿力学Newtonian mechanics经典力学classical mechanics工程力学engineering mechanics固体力学solid mechanics一般力学general mechanics应用力学applied mechanics流体力学fluid mechanics理论力学theoretical mechanics静力学statics运动学kinematics动力学dynamics材料力学materials mechanics结构力学structural mechanics实验力学experimental mechanics计算力学computational mechanics力force作用点point of action作用线line of action力系system of forces力系的简化reduction of force system等效力系equivalent force system刚体rigid body力的可传性transmissibility of force平行四边形定则parallelogram rule力三角形force triangle力多边形force polygon零力系null-force system平衡equilibrium力的平衡equilibrium of forces平衡条件equilibrium condition平衡位置equilibrium position平衡态equilibrium state分析力学analytical mechanics拉格朗日乘子Lagrange multiplier拉格朗日[量] Lagrangian循环积分cyclic integral哈密顿[量] Hamiltonian哈密顿函数Hamiltonian function正则方程canonical equation正则摄动canonical perturbation正则变换canonical transformation正则变量canonical variable哈密顿原理Hamilton principle作用量积分action integral哈密顿--雅可比方程Hamilton-Jacobi equation作用--角度变量action-angle variables泊松括号poisson bracket边界积分法boundary integral method运动稳定性stability of motion轨道稳定性orbital stability渐近稳定性asymptotic stability结构稳定性structural stability倾覆力矩capsizing moment拉力tensile force正应力normal stress切应力shear stress静水压力hydrostatic pressure集中力concentrated force分布力distributed force线性应力应变关系linear relationship between stress and strain 弹性模量modulus of elasticity横向力lateral force transverse force轴向力axial force拉应力tensile stress压应力compressive stress平衡方程equilibrium equation静力学方程equations of static比例极限proportional limit应力应变曲线stress-strain curve拉伸实验tensile test‘屈服应力yield stress极限应力ultimate stress轴shaft梁beam纯剪切pure shear横截面积cross-sectional area挠度曲线deflection curve曲率半径radius of curvature曲率半径的倒数reciprocal of radius of curvature纵轴longitudinal axis悬臂梁cantilever beam简支梁simply supported beam微分方程differential equation惯性矩moment of inertia静矩static moment扭矩torque moment弯矩bending moment弯矩对x的导数derivative of bending moment with respect to x弯矩对x的二阶导数the second derivative of bending moment with respect to x 静定梁statically determinate beam静不定梁statically indeterminate beam相容方程compatibility equation补充方程complementary equation中性轴neutral axis圆截面circular cross section两端作用扭矩twisted by couples at two ends刚体rigid body扭转角twist angle静力等效statically equivalent相互垂直平面mutually perpendicular planes通过截面形心through the centroid of the cross section一端铰支pin support at one end一端固定fixed at one end弯矩图bending moment diagram剪力图shear force diagram剪力突变abrupt change in shear force、旋转和平移rotation and translation虎克定律hook’s law边界条件boundary condition初始位置initial position、力矩面积法moment-area method绕纵轴转动rotate about a longitudinal axis横坐标abscissa扭转刚度torsional rigidity拉伸刚度tensile rigidity剪应力的合力resultant of shear stress正应力的大小magnitude of normal stress脆性破坏brittle fail对称平面symmetry plane刚体的平衡equilibrium of rigid body约束力constraint force重力gravitational force实际作用力actual force三维力系three-dimentional force system合力矩resultant moment标量方程scalar equation、矢量方程vector equation张量方程tensor equation汇交力系cocurrent system of forces任意一点an arbitrary point合矢量resultant vector反作用力reaction force反作用力偶reaction couple转动约束restriction against rotation平动约束restriction against translation运动的趋势tendency of motion绕给定轴转动rotate about a specific axis沿一个方向运动move in a direction控制方程control equation共线力collinear forces平面力系planar force system一束光 a beam of light未知反力unknown reaction forces参考框架frame of reference大小和方向magnitude and direction几何约束geometric restriction刚性连接rigidly connected运动学关系kinematical relations运动的合成superposition of movement固定点fixed point平动的叠加superposition of translation刚体的角速度angular speed of a rigid body质点动力学particle dynamics运动微分方程differential equation of motion 工程实际问题practical engineering problems变化率rate of change动量守恒conservation of linear momentum 定性的描述qualitative description点线dotted line划线dashed line实线solid line矢量积vector product点积dot product极惯性矩polar moment of inertia角速度angular velocity角加速度angular accelerationinfinitesimal amount 无穷小量definite integral 定积分a certain interval of time 某一时间段kinetic energy 动能conservative force 保守力damping force 阻尼力coefficient of damping 阻尼系数free vibration 自由振动periodic disturbance 周期性扰动viscous force 粘性力forced vibration 强迫震动general solution 通解particular solution 特解transient solution 瞬态解steady state solution 稳态解second order partial differential equation 二阶偏微分方程external force 外力internal force 内力stress component 应力分量state of stress 应力状态coordinate axes 坐标系conditions of equilibrium 平衡条件body force 体力continuum mechanics 连续介质力学displacement component 位移分量additional restrictions 附加约束compatibility conditions 相容条件mathematical formulations 数学公式isotropic material 各向同性材料sufficient small 充分小state of strain 应变状态unit matrix 单位矩阵dilatation strain 膨胀应变the first strain invariant 第一应变不变量deviator stress components 应力偏量分量the first invariant of stress tensor 应力张量的第一不变量bulk modulus 体积模量constitutive relations 本构关系linear elastic material 线弹性材料mathematical derivation 数学推导a state of static equilibrium 静力平衡状态Newton‘s first law of motion 牛顿第一运动定律directly proportional to 与……成正比stress concentration factor 应力集中系数state of loading 载荷状态st venant’ principle 圣维南原理uniaxial tension 单轴拉伸cylindrical coordinates 柱坐标buckling of columns 柱的屈曲critical value 临界值stable equilibrium 稳态平衡unstable equilibrium condition 不稳定平衡条件critical load 临界载荷a slender column 细长杆fixed at the lower end 下端固定free at the upper end 上端自由critical buckling load 临界屈曲载荷potential energy 势能fixed at both ends 两端固定hinged at both ends 两端铰支tubular member 管型杆件transverse dimention 横向尺寸stability of column 柱的稳定axial force 轴向力elliptical hole 椭圆孔plane stress 平面应力nominal stress 名义应为principal stress directions 主应力方向axial compression 轴向压缩dynamic loading 动载荷dynamic problem 动力学问题inertia force 惯性力resonance vibration 谐振static states of stress 静态应力dynamic response 动力响应time of contact 接触时间length of wave 波长resonance frequency 谐振频率自由振动free vibration固有振动natural vibration暂态transient state环境振动ambient vibration反共振anti-resonance衰减attenuation库仑阻尼Coulomb damping参量[激励]振动parametric vibration模糊振动fuzzy vibration临界转速critical speed of rotation阻尼器damper半峰宽度half-peak width相平面法phase plane method相轨迹phase trajectory解谐detuning耗散函数dissipative function硬激励hard excitation硬弹簧hard spring, hardening spring谐波平衡法harmonic balance method久期项secular term自激振动self-excited vibration软弹簧soft spring ,softening spring软激励soft excitation模态分析modal analysis固有模态natural mode of vibration同步synchronization频谱frequency spectrum基频fundamental frequency缓冲器buffer风激振动aeolian vibration嗡鸣buzz倒谱cepstrum颤动chatter蛇行hunting阻抗匹配impedance matching机械导纳mechanical admittance机械效率mechanical efficiency机械阻抗mechanical impedance随机振动stochastic vibration, random vibration 隔振vibration isolation减振vibration reduction方位角azimuthal angle多体系统multibody system静平衡static balancing动平衡dynamic balancing静不平衡static unbalance动不平衡dynamic unbalance现场平衡field balancing不平衡unbalance不平衡量unbalance质量守恒conservation of mass动量守恒conservation of momentum能量守恒conservation of energy动量方程momentum equation能量方程energy equation结构分析structural analysis结构动力学structural dynamics拱Arch三铰拱three-hinged arch抛物线拱parabolic arch圆拱circular arch穹顶Dome空间结构space structure空间桁架space truss雪载[荷] snow load风载[荷] wind load土压力earth pressure地震载荷earthquake loading弹簧支座spring support支座位移support displacement支座沉降support settlement超静定次数degree of indeterminacy机动分析kinematic analysis结点法method of joints截面法method of sections结点力joint forces共轭位移conjugate displacement影响线influence line三弯矩方程three-moment equation单位虚力unit virtual force刚度系数stiffness coefficient柔度系数flexibility coefficient力矩分配moment distribution力矩分配法moment distribution method力矩再分配moment redistribution分配系数distribution factor矩阵位移法matri displacement method单元刚度矩阵element stiffness matrix单元应变矩阵element strain matrix总体坐标global coordinates高斯--若尔当消去法Gauss-Jordan elimination Method屈曲模态buckling mode线弹性断裂力学linear elastic fracture mechanics, LEFM 弹塑性断裂力学elastic-plastic fracture mechanics, EPFM 断裂Fracture脆性断裂brittle fracture解理断裂cleavage fracture蠕变断裂creep fracture裂纹Crack裂缝Flaw缺陷Defect割缝Slit微裂纹Microcrack折裂Kink椭圆裂纹elliptical crack深埋裂纹embedded crack损伤力学damage mechanics损伤Damage连续介质损伤力学continuum damage mechanics细观损伤力学microscopic damage mechanics损伤区damage zone 疲劳Fatigue低周疲劳low cycle fatigue应力疲劳stress fatigue随机疲劳random fatigue蠕变疲劳creep fatigue腐蚀疲劳corrosion fatigue疲劳损伤fatigue damage疲劳失效fatigue failure疲劳断裂fatigue fracture疲劳裂纹fatigue crack疲劳寿命fatigue life疲劳破坏fatigue rupture疲劳强度fatigue strength交变载荷alternating load交变应力alternating stress应力幅值stress amplitude应变疲劳strain fatigue应力循环stress cycle应力比stress ratio安全寿命safe life过载效应overloading effect循环硬化cyclic hardening循环软化cyclic softening环境效应environmental effect裂纹片crack gage裂纹扩展crack growth, crack Propagation裂纹萌生crack initiation循环比cycle ratio实验应力分析experimental stress Analysis工作[应变]片active[strain] gage基底材料backing material应力计stress gage零[点]飘移zero shift, zero drift应变测量strain measurement应变计strain gage应变指示器strain indicator应变花strain rosette应变灵敏度strain sensitivity机械式应变仪mechanical strain gage直角应变花rectangular rosette引伸仪Extensometer应变遥测telemetering of strain横向灵敏系数transverse gage factor横向灵敏度transverse sensitivity焊接式应变计weldable strain gage平衡电桥balanced bridge粘贴式应变计bonded strain gage粘贴箔式应变计bonded foiled gage粘贴丝式应变计bonded wire gage桥路平衡bridge balancing电容应变计capacitance strain gage补偿片compensation technique补偿技术compensation technique基准电桥reference bridge电阻应变计resistance strain gage温度自补偿应变计self-temperature compensating gage 半导体应变计semiconductor strain Gage计算结构力学computational structural mechanics加权残量法weighted residual method有限差分法finite difference method有限[单]元法finite element method配点法point collocation里茨法Ritz method广义变分原理generalized variational Principle最小二乘法least square method胡[海昌]一鹫津原理Hu-Washizu principle赫林格-赖斯纳原理Hellinger-Reissner Principle修正变分原理modified variational Principle约束变分原理constrained variational Principle混合法mixed method杂交法hybrid method边界解法boundary solution method有限条法finite strip method半解析法semi-analytical method协调元conforming element非协调元non-conforming element混合元mixed element杂交元hybrid element边界元boundary element强迫边界条件forced boundary condition 自然边界条件natural boundary condition 离散化Discretization离散系统discrete system连续问题continuous problem坐标变换transformation of Coordinates 广义位移generalized displacement广义载荷generalized load广义应变generalized strain广义应力generalized stress界面变量interface variable节点node, nodal point[单]元Element角节点corner node边节点mid-side node内节点internal node无节点变量nodeless variable杆元bar element桁架杆元truss element梁元beam element二维元two-dimensional element一维元one-dimensional element三维元three-dimensional element轴对称元axisymmetric element板元plate element壳元shell element厚板元thick plate element三角形元triangular element四边形元quadrilateral element四面体元tetrahedral element曲线元curved element二次元quadratic element线性元linear element三次元cubic element四次元quartic element等参[数]元isoparametric element单元分析element analysis单元特性element characteristics刚度矩阵stiffness matrix几何矩阵geometric matrix等效节点力equivalent nodal force节点位移nodal displacement节点载荷nodal load位移矢量displacement vector载荷矢量load vector质量矩阵mass matrix集总质量矩阵lumped mass matrix相容质量矩阵consistent mass matrix阻尼矩阵damping matrix瑞利阻尼Rayleigh damping刚度矩阵的组集assembly of stiffness Matrices 载荷矢量的组集consistent mass matrix质量矩阵的组集assembly of mass matrices单元的组集assembly of elements局部坐标系local coordinate system局部坐标local coordinate面积坐标area coordinates体积坐标volume coordinates曲线坐标curvilinear coordinates静凝聚static condensation形状函数shape function试探函数trial function检验函数test function权函数weight function样条函数spline function节点号node number单元号element number带宽band width带状矩阵banded matrix变带状矩阵profile matrix带宽最小化minimization of band width波前法frontal method子空间迭代法subspace iteration method行列式搜索法determinant search method逐步法step-by-step method增量法incremental method初应变initial strain初应力initial stress切线刚度矩阵tangent stiffness matrix割线刚度矩阵secant stiffness matrix模态叠加法mode superposition method 平衡迭代equilibrium iteration子结构Substructure子结构法substructure technique网格生成mesh generation结构分析程序structural analysis program 前处理pre-processing后处理post-processing网格细化mesh refinement应力光顺stress smoothing组合结构composite structure。

7.Rigid Bodies

Rotation about a non-fixed axis The position or the orientation of the rotational axis varied with time. An instantaneous rotational axis must exist that the instantaneous velocity of any point in the body is perpendicular to the axis.
Chapter5 Rigid Bodies
§1 Kinematics of Rigid Bodies §2 Angular Quantities for rigid bodies §3 The Rotational Form of Newton’s Second Law §4 The Moment of Inertia §5 Torque-Angular Momentum theorem for a Rigid Body about a fixed axis §6 Work-Kinetic Energy Theorem for a Rigid Body
Normal acceleration:
r
N
Magnitude: an v 2R
§3 The Rotational Form of Newton’s Second Law (P241)
1. The torque about a fixed axis —— torque component along the
1. Angular velocity
Rotational radius R
The perpendicular distance of point P in the reference plane from the axis of rotation.