宏观经济学课件(英文版)
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曼昆《经济学原理》(宏观经济学分册)英文原版PPT课件
© 2007 Thomson South-Western
REAL VERSUS NOMINAL GDP
• An accurate view of the economy requires adjusting nominal to real GDP by using the GDP deflator.
© 2007 Thomson South-Western
THE ECONOMY’S INCOME AND EXPENDITURE
• For an economy as a whole, income must equal expenditure because:
– Every transaction has a buyer and a seller. – Every dollar of spending by some buyer is a dollar of income for some seller.
Y = C + I + G + NX
© 2007 Thomson South-Western
THE COMPONENTS OF GDP
• Consumption (C):
• The spending by households on goods and services, with the exception of purchases of new housing.
曼昆《经济学原理》(宏观经济学分册)英文原版ppt课件
How Productivity Is Determined
• Physical cBiblioteka Baidupital per worker is the stock of equipment and structures that are used to produce goods and services.
• Physical capital includes:
© 2007 Thomson South-Western
How Productivity Is Determined
• The inputs used to produce goods and services are called the factors of production.
• The factors of production include:
• Compounding refers to the accumulation of a growth rate over a period of time.
© 2007 Thomson South-Western
Productivity: Its Role and Determinants
• Why Productivity Is So Important
Production and Growth
• Productivity refers to the amount of goods and services produced from each unit of labor input.
andInterestRates宏观经济学加州大学詹姆斯课件
• How do changes in interest rates
affect the equilibrium level of
production and income in a sticky-
price model?
1
Copyright © 2002 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
9
Copyright © 2002 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Investment and the Interest Rate
• The interest rate that is relevant for determining investment spending is a long-term interest rate
15
Copyright © 2002 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Figure 10.4 - The Risk Premium: Safe and Risky Interest Rates
16
Copyright © 2002 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
宏观经济学ppt课件完整版
区别
微观经济学关注个体经济单位（如家庭、企业）的决策和行为，而宏观经济学关注 整个经济体系的总体表现和运行规律。微观经济学主要运用供求分析、边际分析等 工具，而宏观经济学则运用总量分析、结构分析等工具。
宏观经济学研究方法与意义
研究方法
宏观经济学采用实证分析和规范分析相结合的方法，既关注经 济现象的描述和解释，也关注经济政策的制定和实施。具体方 法包括总量分析、结构分析、计量分析等。
05
国际贸易与汇率制度
BIG DATA EMPOWERS TO CREATE A NEW
ERA
国际贸易理论及实践应用
绝对优势理论
亚当·斯密的观点，各国应专注于生产具有绝对优势的产品 并进行交换，从而实现全球资源的最优配置。
要素禀赋理论
赫克歇尔-俄林的观点，各国应出口密集使用其丰裕要素生 产的产品，进口密集使用其稀缺要素生产的产品。
03
失业、通货膨胀与经济周期
BIG DATA EMPOWERS TO CREATE A NEW
ERA
失业率计算及类型划分
失业率计算
失业率 = 失业人数 / 劳动力总数 × 100%。其中，失业人数指在一定年龄范围内，有劳动能力、愿意工 作但目前没有工作的人数；劳动力总数指在一定年龄范围内，有劳动能力的人数。
ERA
新冠疫情对全球经济影响分析
全球经济增速大幅下滑 新冠疫情导致全球范围内经济活动受到严重冲击，企业倒 闭、失业率上升、国际贸易和投资减少等问题频发，全球 经济增速大幅下滑。
微观经济学关注个体经济单位（如家庭、企业）的决策和行为，而宏观经济学关注 整个经济体系的总体表现和运行规律。微观经济学主要运用供求分析、边际分析等 工具，而宏观经济学则运用总量分析、结构分析等工具。
宏观经济学研究方法与意义
研究方法
宏观经济学采用实证分析和规范分析相结合的方法，既关注经 济现象的描述和解释，也关注经济政策的制定和实施。具体方 法包括总量分析、结构分析、计量分析等。
05
国际贸易与汇率制度
BIG DATA EMPOWERS TO CREATE A NEW
ERA
国际贸易理论及实践应用
绝对优势理论
亚当·斯密的观点，各国应专注于生产具有绝对优势的产品 并进行交换，从而实现全球资源的最优配置。
要素禀赋理论
赫克歇尔-俄林的观点，各国应出口密集使用其丰裕要素生 产的产品，进口密集使用其稀缺要素生产的产品。
03
失业、通货膨胀与经济周期
BIG DATA EMPOWERS TO CREATE A NEW
ERA
失业率计算及类型划分
失业率计算
失业率 = 失业人数 / 劳动力总数 × 100%。其中，失业人数指在一定年龄范围内，有劳动能力、愿意工 作但目前没有工作的人数；劳动力总数指在一定年龄范围内，有劳动能力的人数。
ERA
新冠疫情对全球经济影响分析
全球经济增速大幅下滑 新冠疫情导致全球范围内经济活动受到严重冲击，企业倒 闭、失业率上升、国际贸易和投资减少等问题频发，全球 经济增速大幅下滑。
宏观经济学之宏观经济学基础知识The Date of Macroeconomics(精品PPT课件共18页)
Slide 4
Mankiw:Macroeconomics, 4/e © by Worth Publishers, Inc.
Case Study: Does the CPI Overstate Inflation?
Many economists believe the CPI tends to overstate inflation.
Slide 3
Mankiw:Macroeconomics, 4/e © by Worth Publishers, Inc.
Other Measures of Income
NNP=GNP- Depreciation NI=NNP- Indirect business taxes PI=NI-Corporate profits-Social insurance
Some rules for computing GDP
Used goods Inventories Intermediate goods and value added Housing services and other imputation Underground economy
The labor force is defined as the employed and unemployed.
The unemployment rate is defined as the percentage of the labor force that is unemployed.
曼昆《经济学原理》(宏观经济学分册)英文原版PPT课件
= Flow of dollars
© 2007 Thomson South-Western
THE MEASUREMENT OF GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT • Gross domestic product (GDP) is a measure of the income and expenditures of an economy. • GDP is the total market value of all final goods and services produced within a country in a given period of
© 2007 Thomson South-Western
Table 2 Real and Nominal GDP
© 2007 Thomson South-Western
Table 2 Real and Nominal GDP
© 2007 Thomson South-Western
Table 2 Real and Nominal GDP
• The spending on capital equipment, inventories, and structures, including new housing.
© 2007 Thomson South-Western
THE COMPONENTS OF GDP • Government Purchases (G):
宏观经济学之经济增长Economic Growth(精品PPT课件共27页)
y=c＋i c= (1-s)y y = (1-s)y + i i=sy k*/f (k*) = s / δ
Growth in the capital stock and the steady state
i=s f (k) Change in capital stock = investment –
state Approaching the steady state: a numerical
example How saving affects growth
The supply and demand for goods
The supply of goods and the production function Y = F(K,L) z Y=F (z K, z L) ， If：z = 1/L, Y/L = F(K/L,1)
Slide 15
Mankiw:Macroeconomics, 4/e © by Worth Publishers, Inc.
Slide 16
Mankiw:Macroeconomics, 4/e © by Worth Publishers, Inc.
Slide 5
Mankiw:Macroeconomics, 4/e © by Worth Publishers, Inc.
Approaching the steady state: a numerical example
Growth in the capital stock and the steady state
i=s f (k) Change in capital stock = investment –
state Approaching the steady state: a numerical
example How saving affects growth
The supply and demand for goods
The supply of goods and the production function Y = F(K,L) z Y=F (z K, z L) ， If：z = 1/L, Y/L = F(K/L,1)
Slide 15
Mankiw:Macroeconomics, 4/e © by Worth Publishers, Inc.
Slide 16
Mankiw:Macroeconomics, 4/e © by Worth Publishers, Inc.
Slide 5
Mankiw:Macroeconomics, 4/e © by Worth Publishers, Inc.
Approaching the steady state: a numerical example
曼昆的宏观经济学课件(英文版)
growth rate of inflation-adjusted hourly earnings change in Unemployment rate
2021/4/30
Interest rates and mortgage payments
For a $150,000 30-year mortgage:
1. The macroeconomy affects society’s well-being.
▪ example: 2. TheUmnaecmropelocyomnoemntyaanfdfesctoscyiaoluprrowbelell-mbseing.
▪ example 1:
Unemployment and earnings growth
▪ example 1:
Unemployment and earnings growth
▪ example 2:
Interest rates and mortgage payments
2021/4/30
%
Unemployment and earnings growth
5 4 3 2 1 0 -1 -2 -3 -4 -5 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000
2021/4/30
Why learn macroeconomics?
2021/4/30
Interest rates and mortgage payments
For a $150,000 30-year mortgage:
1. The macroeconomy affects society’s well-being.
▪ example: 2. TheUmnaecmropelocyomnoemntyaanfdfesctoscyiaoluprrowbelell-mbseing.
▪ example 1:
Unemployment and earnings growth
▪ example 1:
Unemployment and earnings growth
▪ example 2:
Interest rates and mortgage payments
2021/4/30
%
Unemployment and earnings growth
5 4 3 2 1 0 -1 -2 -3 -4 -5 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000
2021/4/30
Why learn macroeconomics?
布兰查德宏观经济学优秀课件
shifts in demand and output.
3
Chapter 7: Epilogue: The Story of Macroeconomics
27-2 The Neoclassical Synthesis
Paul Samuelson wrote the first modern economics textbook: Economics
The neoclassical synthesis refers to a large consensus that emerged in the early 1950s, based on the ideas of Keynes and earlier economists. The neoclassical synthesis was to remain the dominant view for another 20 years. The period from the early 1940s to the early 1970s was called the golden age of macroeconomics.
the multiplier. ▪ Liquidity preference (the term given to the
demand for money) ▪ The importance of expectations in affecting
3
Chapter 7: Epilogue: The Story of Macroeconomics
27-2 The Neoclassical Synthesis
Paul Samuelson wrote the first modern economics textbook: Economics
The neoclassical synthesis refers to a large consensus that emerged in the early 1950s, based on the ideas of Keynes and earlier economists. The neoclassical synthesis was to remain the dominant view for another 20 years. The period from the early 1940s to the early 1970s was called the golden age of macroeconomics.
the multiplier. ▪ Liquidity preference (the term given to the
demand for money) ▪ The importance of expectations in affecting
曼昆《经济学原理》(宏观经济学分册)英文原版课件
© 2007 Thomson South-Western
FYI: The Production Function• The preceding equation says that productivity (Y/L) depends on:• physical capital per worker (K/L),• human capital per worker (H/L),• and natural resources per worker (N/L),• as well as the state of technology (A).
© 2007 Thomson South-Western
Production and Growth• A country’s standard of living depends on its ability to produce goods and services.• Within a country there are large changes in the standard of living over time.• In the United States over the past century, average income as measured by real GDP per person has grown by about 2 percent per year.
FYI: The Production Function• The preceding equation says that productivity (Y/L) depends on:• physical capital per worker (K/L),• human capital per worker (H/L),• and natural resources per worker (N/L),• as well as the state of technology (A).
© 2007 Thomson South-Western
Production and Growth• A country’s standard of living depends on its ability to produce goods and services.• Within a country there are large changes in the standard of living over time.• In the United States over the past century, average income as measured by real GDP per person has grown by about 2 percent per year.
MBA教材课件英文版 宏观经济学 Macro4 Money Market Analysis
• The Working of Commercial Banks:
The most important part of Federal Reserve System is the commercial bank. We thus need to discuss how commercial bank make their business – Attracting deposit from the public at no or very
How Does the Federal Reserve Create the Money Supply
• The Benefit and the Responsibility of Commercial Banks in the Federal Reserve System (continued)
– The Reserve Ratio (denoted as r) r = R/D
where D is the deposit from the public
How Does the Federal Reserve Create the Money Supply
• The Working of Commercial Banks (continued):
The Required Reserve (Rr) = Required Reserve Ratio (rr) Deposit (D)
The most important part of Federal Reserve System is the commercial bank. We thus need to discuss how commercial bank make their business – Attracting deposit from the public at no or very
How Does the Federal Reserve Create the Money Supply
• The Benefit and the Responsibility of Commercial Banks in the Federal Reserve System (continued)
– The Reserve Ratio (denoted as r) r = R/D
where D is the deposit from the public
How Does the Federal Reserve Create the Money Supply
• The Working of Commercial Banks (continued):
The Required Reserve (Rr) = Required Reserve Ratio (rr) Deposit (D)
曼昆《宏观经济学》第五版课堂讲义英文ChPPT课件
let’s denote all quantities in per worker terms in lower case
Here is our production functyion=: f ( k ) , where f(k)=F(
Chapter Seven
5
y
Chapter Seven
MPK = f (k + 1) – f (k)
is the marginal product of capital
if k increases by 1 unit, y increase
by MPK units.
k
6
1) y = c + i
2) c = (1-s)y
consumption Output per worker per worker
The production function shows
how the amount of capital per
MPK 1
f(k)
worker k determines the amount of output per worker y=f(k).
The slope of the production fun
Let’s now examine how the model treats the accumulation of capital.
宏观经济学电子课件(完整版)pptx
BIG DAБайду номын сангаасA EMPOWERS TO CREATE A NEW ERA
宏观经济学电子课件(完整
版)pptx
• 宏观经济学概述 • 国民收入核算与经济增长 • 失业、通货膨胀与经济周期 • 货币市场与资本市场 • 财政政策与货币政策 • 国际经济学与全球化
目录
CONTENTS
01
宏观经济学概述
经济增长的衡量与影响因素
经济增长的衡量
01
介绍经济增长的衡量方法，包括经济增长率的计算、比较静态
分析与动态分析等。
经济增长的影响因素
02
详细分析影响经济增长的主要因素，如资本积累、劳动力投入
、技术进步、制度变迁等。
经济增长的源泉
03
探讨经济增长的源泉，包括要素投入的增长、全要素生产率的
提高以及结构变动等。
由于财政政策和货币政策存在 不同的时滞效应，因此需要提 前预判并采取相应的政策措施 。
根据经济波动的幅度和原因， 灵活调整财政政策和货币政策 的力度和重点，以实现最佳的 政策效果。
06
国际经济学与全球化
BIG DATA EMPOWERS TO CREATE A NEW
ERA
国际经济学的定义、研究对象与方法
通过公共投资、教育支出等手段提高长期经济增长潜力。
财政政策的定义、目标与工具
宏观经济学电子课件(完整
版)pptx
• 宏观经济学概述 • 国民收入核算与经济增长 • 失业、通货膨胀与经济周期 • 货币市场与资本市场 • 财政政策与货币政策 • 国际经济学与全球化
目录
CONTENTS
01
宏观经济学概述
经济增长的衡量与影响因素
经济增长的衡量
01
介绍经济增长的衡量方法，包括经济增长率的计算、比较静态
分析与动态分析等。
经济增长的影响因素
02
详细分析影响经济增长的主要因素，如资本积累、劳动力投入
、技术进步、制度变迁等。
经济增长的源泉
03
探讨经济增长的源泉，包括要素投入的增长、全要素生产率的
提高以及结构变动等。
由于财政政策和货币政策存在 不同的时滞效应，因此需要提 前预判并采取相应的政策措施 。
根据经济波动的幅度和原因， 灵活调整财政政策和货币政策 的力度和重点，以实现最佳的 政策效果。
06
国际经济学与全球化
BIG DATA EMPOWERS TO CREATE A NEW
ERA
国际经济学的定义、研究对象与方法
通过公共投资、教育支出等手段提高长期经济增长潜力。
财政政策的定义、目标与工具
曼昆宏观经济学课件
foreign-produced g&s sold domestically
Net exports (NX), aka the trade balance
= value of exports – value of imports
OPEN-ECONOMY MACROECONOMICS: BASIC CONCEPTS
assets, so the other country acquires U.S. assets, causing U.S. NCO to fall.
OPEN-ECONOMY MACROECONOMICS: BASIC CONCEPTS
16
Saving, Investment, and International Flows of Goods & Assets
1
Answers
C. Prices of Mexican goods rise faster than prices of U.S. goods
This makes U.S. goods more attractive relative to Mexico’s goods. Exports to Mexico increase, imports from Mexico decrease, so U.S. net exports increase.
trades for domestic currency
Net exports (NX), aka the trade balance
= value of exports – value of imports
OPEN-ECONOMY MACROECONOMICS: BASIC CONCEPTS
assets, so the other country acquires U.S. assets, causing U.S. NCO to fall.
OPEN-ECONOMY MACROECONOMICS: BASIC CONCEPTS
16
Saving, Investment, and International Flows of Goods & Assets
1
Answers
C. Prices of Mexican goods rise faster than prices of U.S. goods
This makes U.S. goods more attractive relative to Mexico’s goods. Exports to Mexico increase, imports from Mexico decrease, so U.S. net exports increase.
trades for domestic currency
宏观经济学之经济波动介绍Introduction to Economic Fluctuation(精品PPT课件共26页)
Shocks to aggregate demand Shocks to aggregate supply
Slide 11
Mankiw:Macroeconomics, 4/e © by Worth Publishers, Inc.
Slide 12
Mankiw:Macroeconomics, 4/e © by Worth Publishers, Inc.
9-4 Stabilization Policy
One goal of the model of aggregate supply and aggregate demand is to show how shocks cause economic fluctuations.
Another goal of the model is to evaluate how macroeconomic policy can respond to these shocks.
Mankiw:Macroeconomics, 4/e © by Worth Publisheห้องสมุดไป่ตู้s, Inc.
Slide 8
Mankiw:Macroeconomics, 4/e © by Worth Publishers, Inc.
From the short run to long run
Summary: Over long periods of time, prices are flexible, the aggregate supply curve is vertical, and changes in aggregate demand affect the price level but not output. Over short periods of time, prices are sticky, the aggregate supply curve is flat, and changes in aggregate demand do affect the economy’s output of goods and services.
Slide 11
Mankiw:Macroeconomics, 4/e © by Worth Publishers, Inc.
Slide 12
Mankiw:Macroeconomics, 4/e © by Worth Publishers, Inc.
9-4 Stabilization Policy
One goal of the model of aggregate supply and aggregate demand is to show how shocks cause economic fluctuations.
Another goal of the model is to evaluate how macroeconomic policy can respond to these shocks.
Mankiw:Macroeconomics, 4/e © by Worth Publisheห้องสมุดไป่ตู้s, Inc.
Slide 8
Mankiw:Macroeconomics, 4/e © by Worth Publishers, Inc.
From the short run to long run
Summary: Over long periods of time, prices are flexible, the aggregate supply curve is vertical, and changes in aggregate demand affect the price level but not output. Over short periods of time, prices are sticky, the aggregate supply curve is flat, and changes in aggregate demand do affect the economy’s output of goods and services.
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That is, we do not consider indexed bonds, which we discussed in chapter 11.
8
Characteristics of Government Bonds
We assume that bondholders (households in our model) regard government bonds as equivalent to private bonds.
As we shall see, our conclusions depart dramatically from those expressed in the newspapers.
2
The Public Debt
Budget deficits arise when the government finances part of its expenditures by issuing interest-bearing government bonds—public debt—rather than levying taxes.
Specifically, we do not allow for the possibility that private bonds are riskier than government bonds in terms of the probability of default.
In this case, households would hold the two kinds of bonds only if they paid the same nominal interest rate, i.
A budget deficit means that the quantity of public debt increases over time.
3
The History of the Public Debt in the United States and the United Kingdom
13
The Government’s Budget Constraint
14
The Government’s Budget Constraint
15
The Budget Deficit
16
The Budget Deficit
If the government owned capital, its net real assets would include this capital.
4
The History of the Public Debt in the United States and the United Kingdom
5
The History of the Public Debt in the United States and the United Kingdom
Chapter 14 The Public Debt
1
The Public Debt
In recent years, one of the most controversial economic issues has been the government’s budget deficit.
At least from reading the newspapers, we would think that the economy suffers greatly when the government runs a deficit.
In particular, we continue to simplify by assuming that all bonds have very short maturity.
7
Characteristics of Government Bonds
We also assume that, like private bonds, government bonds specify nominal amounts of principal and interest.
9
Characteristics of Government Bonds
10
Characteristics of Government Bonds
11
Budget Constraints and Budget Deficits
12
The Government’s Budget Constraint
6
Characteristics of Government Bonds
In the model, the government can now borrow funds from households by issuing interest-bearing bonds.
We assume that these government bonds pay interest and principal in the same way as the private bonds in the model.
In that case, an increase in government owned capital stock—called net public investment—would mean that the government had more net real assets.
Thus, an increase iቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ net public investment means that the government is saving more or dissaving less in real terms.
17
The Budget Deficit
18
The Budget Deficit
19
The Budget Deficit
If the right-hand side of equation (14.4) is greater than zero, the government’s revenue exceeds its expenditure. Economists describe this situation as a budget surplus.
8
Characteristics of Government Bonds
We assume that bondholders (households in our model) regard government bonds as equivalent to private bonds.
As we shall see, our conclusions depart dramatically from those expressed in the newspapers.
2
The Public Debt
Budget deficits arise when the government finances part of its expenditures by issuing interest-bearing government bonds—public debt—rather than levying taxes.
Specifically, we do not allow for the possibility that private bonds are riskier than government bonds in terms of the probability of default.
In this case, households would hold the two kinds of bonds only if they paid the same nominal interest rate, i.
A budget deficit means that the quantity of public debt increases over time.
3
The History of the Public Debt in the United States and the United Kingdom
13
The Government’s Budget Constraint
14
The Government’s Budget Constraint
15
The Budget Deficit
16
The Budget Deficit
If the government owned capital, its net real assets would include this capital.
4
The History of the Public Debt in the United States and the United Kingdom
5
The History of the Public Debt in the United States and the United Kingdom
Chapter 14 The Public Debt
1
The Public Debt
In recent years, one of the most controversial economic issues has been the government’s budget deficit.
At least from reading the newspapers, we would think that the economy suffers greatly when the government runs a deficit.
In particular, we continue to simplify by assuming that all bonds have very short maturity.
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Characteristics of Government Bonds
We also assume that, like private bonds, government bonds specify nominal amounts of principal and interest.
9
Characteristics of Government Bonds
10
Characteristics of Government Bonds
11
Budget Constraints and Budget Deficits
12
The Government’s Budget Constraint
6
Characteristics of Government Bonds
In the model, the government can now borrow funds from households by issuing interest-bearing bonds.
We assume that these government bonds pay interest and principal in the same way as the private bonds in the model.
In that case, an increase in government owned capital stock—called net public investment—would mean that the government had more net real assets.
Thus, an increase iቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ net public investment means that the government is saving more or dissaving less in real terms.
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The Budget Deficit
18
The Budget Deficit
19
The Budget Deficit
If the right-hand side of equation (14.4) is greater than zero, the government’s revenue exceeds its expenditure. Economists describe this situation as a budget surplus.