Alpha spectral power and coherence in the patients with mild cognitive impairment during a three
荧光素钠应用于荧光素造影检查眼底血管的安全性及不良反应特点
荧光素钠应用于荧光素造影检查眼底血管的安全性及不良反应特点丘红红【摘要】目的观察荧光素钠应用于荧光素眼底血管造影(FFA)检查的安全性及不良反应特点.方法收集2011年3月至2014年3月在我院行FFA检查289例患者,记录所有患者不良反应发生情况,并分析其与患者性别、年龄进行相关性.结果在289例患者中,15例发生不良反应,占5.20％,均为轻、中度不良反应,无死亡病例,以恶心、呕吐的不良反应居多.男性发生率显著高于女性(P ＜0.01);40岁以下的发生率较高.结论在眼底血管造影时应用荧光素钠,是相对安全的.不良反应发生率低,均为轻、中度,死亡病例及严重不良反应极少.而不良反应中产生呕吐的原因可能是强烈的迷走神经反应.男性及中青年人发生率明显增加,可能在于男性及中青年人迷走神经兴奋性高,遇到不良刺激后,精神紧张而容易发生一些不良反应.【期刊名称】《临床眼科杂志》【年(卷),期】2015(023)001【总页数】3页(P78-80)【关键词】荧光素钠;眼底血管荧光造影;不良反应【作者】丘红红【作者单位】510150 广州医科大学附属第三医院眼科【正文语种】中文荧光素眼底血管造影(FFA) 是快速将荧光素钠注射液注入被检查者静脉内，利用数字眼底摄像机或眼底照相机等及时拍摄并观察眼底血循环的过程；它对眼底病的鉴别诊断、激光治疗、观察疗效及判定预后等有着重要意义[1-4]。
FFA所用的染料剂荧光素钠，是一种碳水化合物染料，在静脉内60%与血清蛋白结合。
不与组织牢固结合，不参与机体代谢，经肾脏随尿液排出大部分，毒性小，少数经胆道排出，此种造影剂比较安全[5]。
一旦人体被荧光素钠注射液进入，不良反应可能发生，少数会危及生命[6,7]。
现将我院自2011年3月至2014年3月所做289例FFA检查出现的15例不良反应报告如下。
一、选择2011年3月至2014年3月在我院接受FFA检查的患者289例，其中男158例，女131 例；年龄17～75岁，平均(45.82±12.53)岁，所有患者均无过敏性哮喘、严重心脑血管器质性疾患、严重肝肾功能损害等病史，血压、血糖正常或经药物控制至接近正常。
磁共振成像常用技术术语
absolute intensityA display or plot mode in which the signal intensity is proportional to theacquisition timeattenuationThe control applied to voltages (including signal from the sample) within the spectrometer. High attenuation gives low-voltage, low-attenuation gives high-voltage.B 0The static magnetic field. The magnetic flux density is expressed in tesla,T, or often, as an equivalent 1H resonance frequency (for example, 300MHz for a 7 T magnet).B 1Magnetic field associated with a radio-frequency (r.f.) pulse. Often expressed as an equivalent value in kHz.bandshapeUsually used when referring to a complex lineshape or a group of overlapping plex bandshapes often arise from quadrupolar nuclei (see figure 2).centrebandThe signal at the isotropic chemical shift. Its position is the same at all spin-rates.channelThe individual frequencies or frequency bands of a spectrometer. For example: H-channel (proton), C-channel (carbon) or broad-band (or X) channel (usually anything except H).chemical shiftNumber used for reporting the position of a line (νi )relative to a reference line (νref ) in a high-resolution spectrum. The chemical shift parameter is denoted δ and quoted in ppm.coherence pathwayDescription of an experiment that allows the excitation of the spins to be followed. Useful for experiments where excitation or selection of signal from one-, two- or multiple-quantum transitions is needed.contact timeTime during which two matched radio-frequency fields are applied simultaneously in a CP experiment.CPCross-polarisation. Any experiment where energy (magnetisation) is transferred from the nuclei of one element (often H) to those of another.dead-time Time between a pulse and the switch on of the receiver. The spectrometercircuitry needs time to settle after transmitting the high voltage associatedwith a pulse before it can detect the very low voltage associated with thesignal from the sample. See figure 1.610×−=ref ref i νννδTerminology Commonly Used in NMR SpectroscopyFigure 2. Bandshape from a single 11B environment.磁共振成像常用技术术语d.c. offset Constant-value offset occurring in the FID (see “Problems”). Results ina central (zero-frequency) “spike” artefact in the spectrum whentransformed.deconvolution Mathematical process used to determine the intensities of overlappinglines.digital resolution This depends on the Fourier number. The bigger the Fourier number thegreater the number of data points per Hz of the spectrum and the higherthe digital resolution. See “Processing”.DP Direct-polarisation. An experiment in which the nuclei to be observedare excited directly.duty cycle A value used to assess whether anexperiment might damage thespectrometer (or the sample). Theduty cycle should never exceed 20 %(see “How to Choose a RecycleDelay”)dwell Spacing between data points in the time-domain. Can depend on theway acquisition is implemented but, commonly, dwell = 1/spectral width. endcap Open rotors have to be closed with endcaps before they can be spun. FID Free Induction Decay (see figure 1).field Magnetic field, with flux density quoted in T (Tesla) for the static magneticfield (B). For the magnetic field associated with an r.f. pulse the fluxdensity is given in mT or, more usually, expressed as a kHz equivalent(see “Matching”).flip-back Experimental procedure for shortening recycle times (see “How to Choosea Recycle”).Fourier number The number of points used in the FT. Always a power of 2.frequency domain Where information is displayed as a function of frequency - the spectrum FT Fourier Transform. Mathematical process to convert time-domain tofrequency-domain. Designed to work with 2n (n = integer) data points. gain Amplification applied to the received signal.Gauss Non-SI unit of magnetic field flux density. The SI equivalent is Tesla (T),1 T = 10,000 Gintensity On its own - the height of a line. Integrated-intensity is the area under theline.linebroadening Spectra can be artificially linebroadened to improve their appearance.This involves multiplying the FID with a decaying function prior to the FT.See “Processing”.lineshape The shape of individual lines in a spectrum. Commonly, Gaussian orLorentzian (figure 3) or a mixture of the two, are encounteredexperimentally.linewidth This is usually the full width at half-height (δν½)r.f. on-timer.f. on-time + r.f. off-timeduty cycle =magic-angle54.7° or 54° 44´magnetisation when described classically (non-quantum mechanically) an ensemble ofspins at equilibrium in an external magnetic field has a net magnetisationprecessing about an axis aligned along that field.magnetogyric ratio Symbol γ . A fundamental physical constant of elements with non-zerospin. For example γH is 2.675x108 rads -1T -1.matchShort for Hartmann-Hahn match (see “Matching”)noisenormalised intensity Signal intensity can be multiplied by an arbitrary factor to give a particularheight to the highest (often) line or the integrated intensity. Opposite ofabsolute intensity.nuclear spin quantum number Symbol I . A fundamental property of a nucleus. Only nuclei with I > 0are said to be NMR “active”.phase (1)The phase of a pulse relates to its position in the xy plane of the rotating frame.phase (2)The phase of a spectral line comes from the way in which the real and imaginary components of a complex FT are combined (see “Processing”).phase cycling The way in which the phase of a pulse (or the receiver) is changed duringsuccessive repetitions of a pulse sequence. Used to suppress artefactsand select specific coherence pathways.ppm Parts per million. Usual way of reporting a chemical shift. A frequencydifference ∆ Hz 610×∆≈n observatio ν ppm precession“Movement of the axis of a spinning body around another axis” (as a gyroscope)probeThe business end of the spectrometer, where the sample goes.pulse angle When described in the rotating frame a pulse rotates the magnetisationthrough an angle θ. A pulse that rotates the magnetisation though 90° iscalled a 90° pulse.pulse duration Time for which a pulse occurs.quadrupole Any nucleus with I > ½.recycle (time)Or pulse delay or relaxation delay. Time between the end of dataacquisition and the start of excitation in successive repetitions of a pulsesequence. (See “How to Choose a Recycle”).referenceThe material giving the signal which defines the zero position in a high-heightresolution spectrum.repetitionsThe number of times a pulse sequence is repeated in an experiment.resolutionThe ability to separate closely spaced lines (see figure 4). As a rule of thumb,a pair of lines will be resolved if their linewidth is less than their separation.resolution enhancementThe opposite of linebroadening. An FID multiplied by an appropriate combination of increasing and decaying functions can yield extra resolution in a spectrum. See “Processing”.rotary echoA feature of an FID that occurs at intervals of 1/spin-rate (see “How to Set the Magic-angle”). They give rise to spinning sidebands in the spectrum.rotating frameA mathematical tool to make the effect of a pulse easy to visualise.Magnetisation precessing at ν Hz in a laboratory-based xyz axis system appears static in an axis system (frame) rotating at ν Hz.rotorThe container that holds the sample. Often referred to in terms of its outside diameter (for example, 5 mm).saturationCondition that arises when there is no population difference between excited and ground states. No signal is observable under such conditions.sidebandsOr spinning sidebands. Under some circumstances sidebands appear in a spectrum. They can occur on both sides of a centreband and separated from it by a frequency equal to the spin-rate. A spectrum may contain a manifold of sidebands and the centreband is not necessarily more intense than all of the sidebands.signalThe FID or one or more of the lines in a spectrum.signal-to-noise ratio (S/N)Ratio of the height of a line or signal (usually the largest) to the noise.Definitions of the measurement of noise vary. Signal increases as n (the number of repetitions) but noise only increases by √n so S/N increases by √n.spectral widthDifference in frequency of the two ends of the full spectrum. Not to be confused with the now largely obsolete term sweep width.spinA property of a nucleus with non-zero nuclear spin-quantum number (I ),as in spin-½. Or, simply, a nucleus with a magnetic moment.spin-lockIf, after a 90°x pulse a second, long-duration (spin-lock) r.f. field is applied along the y-axis the magnetisation is said to be spin-locked.spin-rateThe rate at which the sample is spun.spin-temperature inversionA manipulation carried out within the phase cycling of a CP experiment to remove magnetisation originating directly from the X-channel contact pulse.standard Any sample used to set-up the spectrometer and/or to define the zeroposition in the spectrum.Figure 4. Two lines of constant spacing but different linewidth.T 1Spin-lattice relaxation time-constant. Relates to the time taken for excited spins, in the presence of B 0, to loose energy to their surroundings and return to their equilibrium state.T 1ρSpin-lattice relaxation time-constant in the rotating frame. As for T 1 but this time in the presence of an applied radio-frequency field B 1.T 2Spin-spin relaxation time-constant. Relates to the time for a conserved exchange of energy between spins.T 2*A time-constant sometimes used to describe the decay of the observed time-domain signal (T 2* ≤ T 2). The shorter T 2* the broader the associated signal(s) in the spectrum.time-domainWhere information is recorded or displayed as a function of time (see figure 1).transmitter offsetThis allows fine control of the position of a transmitter (carrier frequency).With an appropriate offset, signals can be put exactly on-resonance or a specific amount off-resonance. Can be applied to any spectrometer channel.truncationIf the acquisition time is shorter than the FID then truncation of the FID is said to have occurred (See “Problems”).zero filling If the number of data points is not a power of two then zeroes are addedto the acquired data so that the total number of points Fourier transformedis 2n . Zero filling adds no signal to the spectrum but it can improveresolution (see “Processing”).。
傅里叶红外光谱的英文
傅里叶红外光谱的英文傅里叶红外光谱的英文I. IntroductionInfrared spectroscopy is a common analytical method used for studying the chemical properties of a sample. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), also known as Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) analysis, is a type of infrared spectroscopy that uses a Fourier transform to obtain the spectral information. In this article, we will discuss the English terminology used for FTIR.II. Basic Terminology1. Infrared spectrum: a representation of the absorption or transmission of infrared radiation as a function of wavelength or frequency2. Spectral range: the range of wavelengths or frequencies measured in the infrared spectrum3. Wavenumber: the reciprocal of wavelength, measured in cm-1 in the FTIR spectrum4. Absorbance: the logarithm of the ratio of the incident radiation to the transmitted radiation, measured in the FTIR spectrum5. Peak: a point on the FTIR spectrum that corresponds to a specific vibrational mode of the sample6. Baseline: the absorption background in the FTIR spectrumIII. Sample PreparationBefore performing FTIR analysis, the sample must be prepared in the formof a thin film or powder to ensure uniformity of the sample.IV. InstrumentationFTIR analysis requires a Fourier transform infrared spectrometer, which consists of a source, interferometer, and detector. The sample is placed in the path of the infrared beam generated by the source and the transmitted or absorbed radiation is measured by the detector. The interferometer is used to obtain the interferogram, which is then transformed into the FTIR spectrum.V. ApplicationsFTIR is used in various fields such as chemistry, pharmaceuticals, and material science. It is commonly used for the identification of unknown compounds, characterization of functional groups, and monitoring of chemical reactions.VI. ConclusionFTIR analysis is a powerful technique for studying the chemical properties of a sample. Understanding the basic terminology and instrumentation used in FTIR is essential for accurate interpretation of the spectral data.。
Laser Principle
kink in output power 扭结、弯曲
Laser history
Javan invents He-Ne laser Maiman builds first Townes invents and Schawlow and Townes (ruby) LASER builds first MASER propose LASER Spectra introduces first fiber optic communication IBM builds first system Hall buildsAlferov builds first laser printer (Chicago) player Einstein predicts CD Ti:Sapphire laser heterostructure laser semiconductor stimulated emission laser Nakamura builds builds quantum built Faist nanowire laser at UCB blue laser diode cascade laser
Optical Electronics, Fall 2010
Optical Electronics, Fall 2010
Optical Electronics, Fall 2010
Optical Electronics, Fall 2010
Optical Electronics, Fall 2010
laser as amplifier
Input Monitor tap
隔离器
Isolator
隔离器
Isolator Monitor tap Output
专业英语词汇大全
英文专业词汇大全英文翻译常用词汇短语具有：have (has), possess, take on表示为：present (提供、给出), denote, is, express by, figure, show,提出、提议：propose、put forward, bring forward明显地、显然地：evidently, obviously, appearently, distinctly, drastically提高、增加：increase, improve, enhance, heighten, elevate (elevation)减少：decrease, reduce, lessen,减小：minish输入、代入：import（进口）, input, introduce, substitute（(数)代入，vt代替、取代）, substituteA by(with) B（依B代A）, substitute for出现、发生：happen(vi), appear(vi), occur(vi), generate, take place, arise, come forth因为、由于：as, because, for, since, because of , by reason of , on account of, due to根据、依照：in terms of, according to,计算、求解：compute, calculate, solve推导：derive, derivation, deduce, deducibility,由：by, from因此：so, thus, hence, therefore, thereby并且：also, and , besides而且：and that, furthermore, moreover,随着：along with, with, accompany一致，与……一致：coincident with, consistent with, in accord with推导：derive, deduce列举：enumerate, list专攻，致力于：specialize, apply oneself to完成，达到：achieve, accomplish, realize描述，描绘：represent,describe加强：intensify, enhance, reinforce, strengthen预见，预估：anticipate, estimate受到，承受：experience, endure, superimpose研究，探索：explore, exploration, investigate, investigation,相当的，比的上的：comparable, equivalent,做...实验, 对...做实验：make (carry out, do, perform, try) an experiment on (upon, in, with)固定，安装：mount, fixed, install, set影响：have(has) an impact on (upon)取决于：depend on, depend upon, have a dependence upon称为，把…称作，叫做：be termed以…为标题，称为：intitule vt求积分：Taking integration与…相反：contrary on , 与…对比：contrast with/to分别的respective，分别地apart respectivelyCompare vt. 比较，对照（with）把...比作；比喻（to）接着next, follow, in succession随后later subsequently whereafter总之anyhow anyway in a word in conclusion on all accounts to sum up 金属切削加工圆周铣削：peripheral milling,端铣削：end milling,（端）面铣（削）：face milling,顺铣：Down milling, climb milling逆铣：conventional milling, up milling,平面铣削：slab milling切屑横截面积：chip cross sectional area, area of chip section，单位切削力，比切削力：specific cutting pressure切向力：tangential cutting force径向力：radial cutting force声发射：acoustic emission signal与….联合、与…协作：in conjunction with振动方面的专业英语及词汇参见《工程振动名词术语》1 振动信号的时域、频域描述振动过程(Vibration Process)简谐振动(Harmonic Vibration)周期振动(Periodic Vibration)准周期振动(Ouasi-periodic Vibration)瞬态过程(Transient Process)随机振动过程(Random Vibration Process)各态历经过程(Ergodic Process)确定性过程(Deterministic Process)振幅(Amplitude)相位(Phase)初相位(Initial Phase)频率(Frequency)角频率(Angular Frequency)周期(Period)复数振动(Complex Vibration)复数振幅(Complex Amplitude)峰值(Peak-value)平均绝对值(Average Absolute Value)有效值(Effective Value，RMS Value)均值(Mean Value，Average Value)傅里叶级数(FS，Fourier Series)傅里叶变换(FT，Fourier Transform)傅里叶逆变换(IFT，Inverse Fourier Transform) 离散谱(Discrete Spectrum)连续谱(Continuous Spectrum)傅里叶谱(Fourier Spectrum)线性谱(Linear Spectrum)幅值谱(Amplitude Spectrum)相位谱(Phase Spectrum)均方值(Mean Square Value)方差(Variance)协方差(Covariance)自协方差函数(Auto-covariance Function)互协方差函数(Cross-covariance Function)自相关函数(Auto-correlation Function)互相关函数(Cross-correlation Function)标准偏差(Standard Deviation)相对标准偏差(Relative Standard Deviation)概率(Probability)概率分布(Probability Distribution)高斯概率分布(Gaussian Probability Distribution) 概率密度(Probability Density)集合平均(Ensemble Average)时间平均(Time Average)功率谱密度(PSD，Power Spectrum Density)自功率谱密度(Auto-spectral Density)互功率谱密度(Cross-spectral Density)均方根谱密度(RMS Spectral Density)能量谱密度(ESD，Energy Spectrum Density)相干函数(Coherence Function)帕斯瓦尔定理(Parseval''''s Theorem)维纳，辛钦公式(Wiener-Khinchin Formula)多阶谐振频率multi-mode resonance frequency多阶频率multiple natural frequnency等效一阶频率equvilent fundamental frequency主振频率main vibration frequency一阶弯曲振动频率First-order Bending Vibration Freguency 低阶固有频率LOW-V ALUE NATURAL FREQUENCY振型分解法Mode Analysis Method振型叠加法Method of Superposition of Vibration Mode2 振动系统的固有特性、激励与响应振动系统(Vibration System)激励(Excitation)响应(Response)单自由度系统(Single Degree-Of-Freedom System)多自由度系统(Multi-Degree-Of- Freedom System)离散化系统(Discrete System)连续体系统(Continuous System)刚度系数(Stiffness Coefficient)自由振动(Free Vibration)自由响应(Free Response)强迫振动(Forced Vibration)强迫响应(Forced Response)初始条件(Initial Condition)固有频率(Natural Frequency)阻尼比(Damping Ratio)衰减指数(Damping Exponent)阻尼固有频率(Damped Natural Frequency)对数减幅系数(Logarithmic Decrement)主频率(Principal Frequency)无阻尼模态频率(Undamped Modal Frequency)模态(Mode)主振动(Principal Vibration)振型(Mode Shape)振型矢量(Vector Of Mode Shape)模态矢量(Modal Vector)正交性(Orthogonality)展开定理(Expansion Theorem)主质量(Principal Mass)模态质量(Modal Mass)主刚度(Principal Stiffness)模态刚度(Modal Stiffness)正则化(Normalization)振型矩阵(Matrix Of Modal Shape)模态矩阵(Modal Matrix)主坐标(Principal Coordinates)模态坐标(Modal Coordinates)模态分析(Modal Analysis)模态阻尼比(Modal Damping Ratio)频响函数(Frequency Response Function)幅频特性(Amplitude-frequency Characteristics)相频特性(Phase frequency Characteristics)共振(Resonance)半功率点(Half power Points)波德图(Bodé Plot)动力放大系数(Dynamical Magnification Factor)单位脉冲(Unit Impulse)冲激响应函数(Impulse Response Function)杜哈美积分(Duhamel‟s Integral)卷积积分(Convolution Integral)卷积定理(Convolution Theorem)特征矩阵(Characteristic Matrix)阻抗矩阵(Impedance Matrix)频响函数矩阵(Matrix Of Frequency Response Function) 导纳矩阵(Mobility Matrix)冲击响应谱(Shock Response Spectrum)冲击激励(Shock Excitation)冲击响应(Shock Response)冲击初始响应谱(Initial Shock Response Spectrum)冲击剩余响应谱(Residual Shock Response Spectrum) 冲击最大响应谱(Maximum Shock Response Spectrum) 冲击响应谱分析(Shock Response Spectrum Analysis)3 模态试验分析模态试验(Modal Testing)机械阻抗(Mechanical Impedance)位移阻抗(Displacement Impedance)速度阻抗(Velocity Impedance)加速度阻抗(Acceleration Impedance)机械导纳(Mechanical Mobility)位移导纳(Displacement Mobility)速度导纳(Velocity Mobility)加速度导纳(Acceleration Mobility)驱动点导纳(Driving Point Mobility)跨点导纳(Cross Mobility)传递函数(Transfer Function)拉普拉斯变换(Laplace Transform)传递函数矩阵(Matrix Of Transfer Function)频响函数(FRF，Frequency Response Function)频响函数矩阵(Matrix Of FRF)实模态(Normal Mode)复模态(Complex Mode)模态参数(Modal Parameter)模态频率(Modal Frequency)模态阻尼比(Modal Damping Ratio)模态振型(Modal Shape)模态质量(Modal Mass)模态刚度(Modal Stiffness)模态阻力系数(Modal Damping Coefficient)模态阻抗(Modal Impedance)模态导纳(Modal Mobility)模态损耗因子(Modal Loss Factor)比例粘性阻尼(Proportional Viscous Damping)非比例粘性阻尼(Non-proportional Viscous Damping) 结构阻尼(Structural Damping，Hysteretic Damping) 复频率(Complex Frequency)复振型(Complex Modal Shape)留数(Residue)极点(Pole)零点(Zero)复留数(Complex Residue)随机激励(Random Excitation)伪随机激励(Pseudo Random Excitation)猝发随机激励(Burst Random Excitation)稳态正弦激励(Steady State Sine Excitation)正弦扫描激励(Sweeping Sine Excitation)锤击激励(Impact Excitation)频响函数的H1 估计(FRF Estimate by H1)频响函数的H2 估计(FRF Estimate by H2)频响函数的H3 估计(FRF Estimate by H3)单模态曲线拟合法(Single-mode Curve Fitting Method) 多模态曲线拟合法(Multi-mode Curve Fitting Method) 模态圆(Mode Circle)剩余模态(Residual Mode)幅频峰值法(Peak Value Method)实频-虚频峰值法(Peak Real／Imaginary Method)圆拟合法(Circle Fitting Method)加权最小二乘拟合法(Weighting Least Squares Fitting method) 复指数拟合法(Complex Exponential Fitting method)1.2 振动测试的名词术语1 传感器测量系统传感器测量系统(Transducer Measuring System)传感器(Transducer)振动传感器(Vibration Transducer)机械接收(Mechanical Reception)机电变换(Electro-mechanical Conversion)测量电路(Measuring Circuit)惯性式传感器(Inertial Transducer，Seismic Transducer)相对式传感器(Relative Transducer)电感式传感器(Inductive Transducer)应变式传感器(Strain Gauge Transducer)电动力传感器(Electro-dynamic Transducer)压电式传感器(Piezoelectric Transducer)压阻式传感器(Piezoresistive Transducer)电涡流式传感器(Eddy Current Transducer)伺服式传感器(Servo Transducer)灵敏度(Sensitivity)复数灵敏度(Complex Sensitivity)分辨率(Resolution)频率范围(Frequency Range)线性范围(Linear Range)频率上限(Upper Limit Frequency)频率下限(Lower Limit Frequency)静态响应(Static Response)零频率响应(Zero Frequency Response)动态范围(Dynamic Range)幅值上限Upper Limit Amplitude)幅值下限(Lower Limit Amplitude)最大可测振级(Max．Detectable Vibration Level)最小可测振级(Min．Detectable Vibration Level)信噪比(S/N Ratio)振动诺模图(Vibration Nomogram)相移(Phase Shift)波形畸变(Wave-shape Distortion)比例相移(Proportional Phase Shift)惯性传感器的稳态响应(Steady Response Of Inertial Transducer) 惯性传感器的稳击响应(Shock Response Of Inertial Transducer)位移计型的频响特性(Frequency Response Characteristics Vibrometer)加速度计型的频响特性(Frequency Response Characteristics Accelerometer) 幅频特性曲线(Amplitude-frequency Curve)相频特性曲线(Phase-frequency Curve)固定安装共振频率(Mounted Resonance Frequency)安装刚度(Mounted Stiffness)有限高频效应(Effect Of Limited High Frequency)有限低频效应(Effect Of Limited Low Frequency)电动式变换(Electro-dynamic Conversion)磁感应强度(Magnetic Induction，Magnetic Flux Density)磁通(Magnetic Flux)磁隙(Magnetic Gap)电磁力(Electro-magnetic Force)相对式速度传(Relative Velocity Transducer)惯性式速度传感器(Inertial Velocity Transducer)速度灵敏度(Velocity Sensitivity)电涡流阻尼(Eddy-current Damping)无源微(积)分电路(Passive Differential (Integrate) Circuit)有源微(积)分电路(Active Differential (Integrate) Circuit)运算放大器(Operational Amplifier)时间常数(Time Constant)比例运算(Scaling)积分运算(Integration)微分运算(Differentiation)高通滤波电路(High-pass Filter Circuit)低通滤波电路(Low-pass Filter Circuit)截止频率(Cut-off Frequency)压电效应(Piezoelectric Effect)压电陶瓷(Piezoelectric Ceramic)压电常数(Piezoelectric Constant)极化(Polarization)压电式加速度传感器(Piezoelectric Acceleration Transducer)中心压缩式(Center Compression Accelerometer)三角剪切式(Delta Shear Accelerometer)压电方程(Piezoelectric Equation)压电石英(Piezoelectric Quartz)电荷等效电路(Charge Equivalent Circuit)电压等效电路(Voltage Equivalent Circuit)电荷灵敏度(Charge Sensitivity)电压灵敏度(Voltage Sensitivity)电荷放大器(Charge Amplifier)适调放大环节(Conditional Amplifier Section)归一化(Uniformization)电荷放大器增益(Gain Of Charge Amplifier)测量系统灵敏度(Sensitivity Of Measuring System)底部应变灵敏度(Base Strain Sensitivity)横向灵敏度(Transverse Sensitivity)地回路(Ground Loop)力传感器(Force Transducer)力传感器灵敏度(Sensitivity Of Force Transducer)电涡流(Eddy Current)前置器(Proximitor)间隙-电压曲线(Voltage vs Gap Curve)间隙-电压灵敏度(Voltage vs Gap Sensitivity)压阻效应(Piezoresistive Effect)轴向压阻系数(Axial Piezoresistive Coefficient)横向压阻系数(Transverse Piezoresistive Coefficient)压阻常数(Piezoresistive Constant)单晶硅(Monocrystalline Silicon)应变灵敏度(Strain Sensitivity)固态压阻式加速度传感器(Solid State Piezoresistive Accelerometer) 体型压阻式加速度传感器(Bulk Type Piezoresistive Accelerometer) 力平衡式传感器(Force Balance Transducer)电动力常数(Electro-dynamic Constant)机电耦合系统(Electro-mechanical Coupling System)2 检测仪表、激励设备及校准装置时间基准信号(Time Base Signal)李萨茹图(Lissojous Curve)数字频率计(Digital Frequency Meter)便携式测振表(Portable Vibrometer)有效值电压表(RMS Value Voltmeter)峰值电压表(Peak-value Voltmeter)平均绝对值检波电路(Average Absolute Value Detector)峰值检波电路(Peak-value Detector)准有效值检波电路(Quasi RMS Value Detector)真有效值检波电路(True RMS Value Detector)直流数字电压表(DVM，DC Digital Voltmeter)数字式测振表(Digital Vibrometer)A/D 转换器(A/D Converter)D/A 转换器(D/A Converter)相位计(Phase Meter)电子记录仪(Lever Recorder)光线示波器(Oscillograph)振子(Galvonometer)磁带记录仪(Magnetic Tape Recorder)DR 方式(直接记录式) (Direct Recorder)FM 方式(频率调制式) (Frequency Modulation)失真度(Distortion)机械式激振器(Mechanical Exciter)机械式振动台(Mechanical Shaker)离心式激振器(Centrifugal Exciter)电动力式振动台(Electro-dynamic Shaker)电动力式激振器(Electro-dynamic Exciter)液压式振动台(Hydraulic Shaker)液压式激振器(Hydraulic Exciter)电液放大器(Electro-hydraulic Amplifier)磁吸式激振器(Magnetic Pulling Exciter)涡流式激振器(Eddy Current Exciter)压电激振片(Piezoelectric Exciting Elements)冲击力锤(Impact Hammer)冲击试验台(Shock Testing Machine)激振控制技术(Excitation Control Technique)波形再现(Wave Reproduction)压缩技术(Compression Technique)均衡技术(Equalization Technique)交越频率(Crossover Frequency)综合技术(Synthesis Technique)校准(Calibration)分部校准(Calibration for Components in system)系统校准(Calibration for Over-all System)模拟传感器(Simulated Transducer)静态校准(Static Calibration)简谐激励校准(Harmonic Excitation Calibration)绝对校准(Absolute Calibration)相对校准(Relative Calibration)比较校准(Comparison Calibration)标准振动台(Standard Vibration Exciter)读数显微镜法(Microscope-streak Method)光栅板法(Ronchi Ruling Method)光学干涉条纹计数法(Optical Interferometer Fringe Counting Method)光学干涉条纹消失法(Optical Interferometer Fringe Disappearance Method) 背靠背安装(Back-to-back Mounting)互易校准法(Reciprocity Calibration)共振梁(Resonant Bar)冲击校准(Impact Exciting Calibration)摆锤冲击校准(Ballistic Pendulum Calibration)落锤冲击校准(Drop Test Calibration)振动和冲击标准(Vibration and Shock Standard)迈克尔逊干涉仪(Michelson Interferometer)摩尔干涉图象(Moire Fringe)参考传感器(Reference Transducer)3 频率分析及数字信号处理带通滤波器(Band-pass Filter)半功率带宽(Half-power Bandwidth)3 dB 带宽(3 dB Bandwidth)等效噪声带宽(Effective Noise Bandwidth)恒带宽(Constant Bandwidth)恒百分比带宽(Constant Percentage Bandwidth)1/N 倍频程滤波器(1/N Octave Filter)形状因子(Shape Factor)截止频率(Cut-off Frequency)中心频率(Centre Frequency)模拟滤波器(Analog Filter)数字滤波器(Digital Filter)跟踪滤波器(Tracking Filter)外差式频率分析仪(Heterodyne Frequency Analyzer) 逐级式频率分析仪(Stepped Frequency Analyzer)扫描式频率分析仪(Sweeping Filter Analyzer)混频器(Mixer)RC 平均(RC Averaging)平均时间(Averaging Time)扫描速度(Sweeping Speed)滤波器响应时间(Filter Response Time)离散傅里叶变换(DFT，Discrete Fourier Transform) 快速傅里叶变换(FFT，Fast Fourier Transform)抽样频率(Sampling Frequency)抽样间隔(Sampling Interval)抽样定理(Sampling Theorem)抗混滤波(Anti-aliasing Filter)泄漏(Leakage)加窗(Windowing)窗函数(Window Function)截断(Truncation)频率混淆(Frequency Aliasing)乃奎斯特频率(Nyquist Frequency)矩形窗(Rectangular Window)汉宁窗(Hanning Window)凯塞-贝塞尔窗(Kaiser-Bessel Window)平顶窗(Flat-top Window)平均(Averaging)线性平均(Linear Averaging)指数平均(Exponential Averaging)峰值保持平均(Peak-hold Averaging)时域平均(Time-domain Averaging)谱平均(Spectrum Averaging)重叠平均(Overlap Averaging)栅栏效应(Picket Fence Effect)吉卜斯效应(Gibbs Effect)基带频谱分析(Base-band Spectral Analysis)选带频谱分析(Band Selectable Sp4ctralAnalysis)细化(Zoom)数字移频(Digital Frequency Shift)抽样率缩减(Sampling Rate Reduction)功率谱估计(Power Spectrum Estimate)相关函数估计(Correlation Estimate)频响函数估计(Frequency Response Function Estimate) 相干函数估计(Coherence Function Estimate)冲激响应函数估计(Impulse Response Function Estimate) 倒频谱(Cepstrum)功率倒频谱(Power Cepstrum)幅值倒频谱(Amplitude Cepstrum)倒频率(Quefrency)4 旋转机械的振动测试及状态监测状态监测(Condition Monitoring)故障诊断(Fault Diagnosis)转子(Rotor)转手支承系统(Rotor-Support System)振动故障(Vibration Fault)轴振动(Shaft Vibration)径向振动(Radial Vibration)基频振动(Fundamental Frequency Vibration)基频检测(Fundamental Frequency Component Detecting) 键相信号(Key-phase Signal)正峰相位(+Peak Phase)高点(High Spot)光电传感器(Optical Transducer)同相分量(In-phase Component)正交分量(Quadrature Component)跟踪滤波(Tracking Filter)波德图(Bode Plot)极坐标图(Polar Plot)临界转速(Critical Speed)不平衡响应(Unbalance Response)残余振幅(Residual Amplitude)方位角(Attitude Angle)轴心轨迹(Shaft Centerline Orbit)正进动(Forward Precession)同步正进动(Synchronous Forward Precession)反进动(Backward Precession)正向涡动(Forward Whirl)反向涡动(Backward Whirl)油膜涡动(Oil Whirl)油膜振荡(Oil Whip)轴心平均位置(Average Shaft Centerline Position) 复合探头(Dual Probe)振摆信号(Runout Signal)电学振摆(Electrical Runout)机械振摆(Mechanical Runout)慢滚动向量(Slow Roll Vector)振摆补偿(Runout Compensation)故障频率特征(Frequency Characteristics Of Fault) 重力临界(Gravity Critical)对中(Alignment)双刚度转子(Dual Stiffness Rotor)啮合频率(Gear-mesh Frequency)间入简谐分量(Interharmonic Component)边带振动(Side-band Vibration)三维频谱图(Three Dimensional Spectral Plot)瀑布图(Waterfall Plot)级联图(Cascade Plot)阶次跟踪(Order Tracking)阶次跟踪倍乘器(Order Tracking Multiplier)监测系统(Monitoring System)适调放大器(Conditional Amplifier)趋势分析(Trend Analysis)倒频谱分析(Cepstrum Analysis)直方图(Histogram)确认矩阵(Confirmation Matrix)通频幅值(Over-all Amplitude)幅值谱(Amplitude Spectrum)相位谱(Phase Spectrum)报警限(Alarm Level)机械相关专业词汇集锦阿基米德蜗杆 Archimedes worm 安全系数 safety factor; factor of safety安全载荷 safe load 凹面、凹度 concavity扳手 wrench 板簧 flat leaf spring半圆键 woodruff key 变形 deformation摆杆 oscillating bar 摆动从动件 oscillating follower摆动从动件凸轮机构 cam with oscillating follower 摆动导杆机构 oscillating guide-bar mechanism摆线齿轮 cycloidal gear 摆线齿形 cycloidal tooth profile摆线运动规律 cycloidal motion 摆线针轮 cycloidal-pin wheel包角 angle of contact 保持架 cage背对背安装 back-to-back arrangement 背锥 back cone ；normal cone背锥角 back angle 背锥距 back cone distance比例尺 scale 比热容 specific heat capacity闭式链 closed kinematic chain 闭链机构 closed chain mechanism臂部 arm 变频器 frequency converters变频调速 frequency control of motor speed 变速 speed change变速齿轮 change gear ; change wheel 变位齿轮 modified gear变位系数 modification coefficient 标准齿轮 standard gear标准直齿轮 standard spur gear 表面质量系数 superficial mass factor表面传热系数 surface coefficient of heat transfer 表面粗糙度 surface roughness并联式组合 combination in parallel 并联机构 parallel mechanism并联组合机构 parallel combined mechanism 并行工程 concurrent engineering并行设计 concurred design, CD 不平衡相位 phase angle of unbalance不平衡 imbalance (or unbalance) 不平衡量 amount of unbalance不完全齿轮机构 intermittent gearing 波发生器 wave generator波数 number of waves 补偿 compensation参数化设计 parameterization design, PD 残余应力 residual stress操纵及控制装置 operation control device 槽轮 Geneva wheel槽轮机构 Geneva mechanism ；Maltese cross 槽数 Geneva numerate槽凸轮 groove cam 侧隙 backlash差动轮系 differential gear train 差动螺旋机构 differential screw mechanism差速器 differential 常用机构 conventional mechanism; mechanism in common use车床 lathe 承载量系数 bearing capacity factor承载能力 bearing capacity 成对安装 paired mounting尺寸系列 dimension series 齿槽 tooth space齿槽宽 spacewidth 齿侧间隙 backlash齿顶高 addendum 齿顶圆 addendum circle齿根高 dedendum 齿根圆 dedendum circle齿厚 tooth thickness 齿距 circular pitch齿宽 face width 齿廓 tooth profile齿廓曲线 tooth curve 齿轮 gear齿轮变速箱 speed-changing gear boxes 齿轮齿条机构 pinion and rack齿轮插刀 pinion cutter; pinion-shaped shaper cutter 齿轮滚刀 hob ,hobbing cutter齿轮机构 gear 齿轮轮坯 blank齿轮传动系 pinion unit 齿轮联轴器 gear coupling齿条传动 rack gear 齿数 tooth number齿数比 gear ratio 齿条 rack齿条插刀 rack cutter; rack-shaped shaper cutter 齿形链、无声链 silent chain齿形系数 form factor 齿式棘轮机构 tooth ratchet mechanism插齿机 gear shaper 重合点 coincident points重合度 contact ratio 冲床 punch传动比 transmission ratio, speed ratio 传动装置 gearing; transmission gear 传动系统 driven system 传动角 transmission angle传动轴 transmission shaft 串联式组合 combination in series串联式组合机构 series combined mechanism 串级调速 cascade speed control创新 innovation ; creation 创新设计 creation design垂直载荷、法向载荷 normal load 唇形橡胶密封 lip rubber seal磁流体轴承 magnetic fluid bearing 从动带轮 driven pulley从动件 driven link, follower 从动件平底宽度 width of flat-face从动件停歇 follower dwell 从动件运动规律 follower motion从动轮 driven gear 粗线 bold line粗牙螺纹 coarse thread 大齿轮 gear wheel打包机 packer 打滑 slipping带传动 belt driving 带轮 belt pulley带式制动器 band brake 单列轴承 single row bearing单向推力轴承 single-direction thrust bearing 单万向联轴节 single universal joint 单位矢量 unit vector 当量齿轮 equivalent spur gear; virtual gear当量齿数 equivalent teeth number; virtual number of teeth当量摩擦系数 equivalent coefficient of friction当量载荷 equivalent load 刀具 cutter导数 derivative 倒角 chamfer导热性 conduction of heat 导程 lead导程角 lead angle 等加等减速运动规律 parabolic motion; constant acceleration and deceleration motion等速运动规律 uniform motion; constant velocity motion 等径凸轮 conjugate yoke radial cam等宽凸轮 constant-breadth cam 等效构件 equivalent link等效力 equivalent force 等效力矩 equivalent moment of force 等效量 equivalent 等效质量 equivalent mass等效转动惯量 equivalent moment of inertia 等效动力学模型 dynamically equivalent model底座 chassis 低副 lower pair点划线 chain dotted line （疲劳）点蚀 pitting垫圈 gasket 垫片密封 gasket seal碟形弹簧 belleville spring 动力学 dynamics顶隙 bottom clearance 定轴轮系 ordinary gear train; gear train with fixed axes动密封 kinematical seal 动能 dynamic energy动力粘度 dynamic viscosity 动力润滑 dynamic lubrication动平衡 dynamic balance 动平衡机 dynamic balancing machine 动态特性 dynamic characteristics 动态分析设计 dynamic analysis design 动压力 dynamic reaction 动载荷 dynamic load端面 transverse plane 端面参数 transverse parameters端面齿距 transverse circular pitch 端面齿廓 transverse tooth profile端面重合度 transverse contact ratio 端面模数 transverse module端面压力角 transverse pressure angle 锻造 forge对称循环应力 symmetry circulating stress 对心滚子从动件 radial (or in-line ) roller follower对心直动从动件 radial (or in-line ) translating follower对心移动从动件 radial reciprocating follower对心曲柄滑块机构 in-line slider-crank (or crank-slider) mechanism多列轴承 multi-row bearing 多楔带 poly V-belt 多项式运动规律 polynomial motion多质量转子 rotor with several masses 惰轮 idle gear额定寿命 rating life 额定载荷 load ratingII 级杆组 dyad 发生线 generating line发生面 generating plane 法面 normal plane法面参数 normal parameters 法面齿距 normal circular pitch法面模数 normal module 法面压力角 normal pressure angle法向齿距 normal pitch 法向齿廓 normal tooth profile法向直廓蜗杆 straight sided normal worm 法向力 normal force反馈式组合 feedback combining 反向运动学 inverse ( or backward) kinematics反转法 kinematic inversion 反正切 Arctan范成法 generating cutting 仿形法 form cutting方案设计、概念设计 concept design, CD 防振装置 shockproof device飞轮 flywheel 飞轮矩 moment of flywheel非标准齿轮 nonstandard gear 非接触式密封 non-contact seal非周期性速度波动 aperiodic speed fluctuation 非圆齿轮 non-circular gear粉末合金 powder metallurgy 分度线 reference line; standard pitch line分度圆 reference circle; standard (cutting) pitch circle分度圆柱导程角 lead angle at reference cylinder分度圆柱螺旋角 helix angle at reference cylinder 分母 denominator分子 numerator 分度圆锥 reference cone; standard pitch cone分析法 analytical method 封闭差动轮系 planetary differential复合铰链 compound hinge 复合式组合 compound combining复合轮系 compound (or combined) gear train 复合平带 compound flat belt复合应力 combined stress 复式螺旋机构 Compound screw mechanism 复杂机构 complex mechanism 杆组 Assur group干涉 interference 刚度系数 stiffness coefficient刚轮 rigid circular spline 钢丝软轴 wire soft shaft刚体导引机构 body guidance mechanism 刚性冲击 rigid impulse (shock)刚性转子 rigid rotor 刚性轴承 rigid bearing刚性联轴器 rigid coupling 高度系列 height series高速带 high speed belt 高副 higher pair格拉晓夫定理 Grashoff`s law 根切 undercutting公称直径 nominal diameter 高度系列 height series功 work 工况系数 application factor工艺设计 technological design 工作循环图 working cycle diagram工作机构 operation mechanism 工作载荷 external loads工作空间 working space 工作应力 working stress工作阻力 effective resistance 工作阻力矩 effective resistance moment公法线 common normal line 公共约束 general constraint公制齿轮 metric gears 功率 power功能分析设计 function analyses design 共轭齿廓 conjugate profiles共轭凸轮 conjugate cam 构件 link鼓风机 blower 固定构件 fixed link; frame固体润滑剂 solid lubricant 关节型操作器 jointed manipulator惯性力 inertia force 惯性力矩 moment of inertia ,shaking moment惯性力平衡 balance of shaking force 惯性力完全平衡 full balance of shaking force惯性力部分平衡 partial balance of shaking force 惯性主矩 resultant moment of inertia 惯性主失 resultant vector of inertia 冠轮 crown gear广义机构 generation mechanism 广义坐标 generalized coordinate轨迹生成 path generation 轨迹发生器 path generator滚刀 hob 滚道 raceway滚动体 rolling element 滚动轴承 rolling bearing滚动轴承代号 rolling bearing identification code 滚针 needle roller滚针轴承 needle roller bearing 滚子 roller滚子轴承 roller bearing 滚子半径 radius of roller滚子从动件 roller follower 滚子链 roller chain滚子链联轴器 double roller chain coupling 滚珠丝杆 ball screw滚柱式单向超越离合器 roller clutch 过度切割 undercutting函数发生器 function generator 函数生成 function generation含油轴承 oil bearing 耗油量 oil consumption耗油量系数 oil consumption factor 赫兹公式 H. Hertz equation合成弯矩 resultant bending moment 合力 resultant force合力矩 resultant moment of force 黑箱 black box横坐标 abscissa 互换性齿轮 interchangeable gears花键 spline 滑键、导键 feather key滑动轴承 sliding bearing 滑动率 sliding ratio滑块 slider 环面蜗杆 toroid helicoids worm环形弹簧 annular spring 缓冲装置 shocks; shock-absorber灰铸铁 grey cast iron 回程 return回转体平衡 balance of rotors 混合轮系 compound gear train积分 integrate 机电一体化系统设计 mechanical-electrical integration system design机构 mechanism 机构分析 analysis of mechanism机构平衡 balance of mechanism 机构学 mechanism机构运动设计 kinematic design of mechanism 机构运动简图 kinematic sketch of mechanism机构综合 synthesis of mechanism 机构组成 constitution of mechanism机架 frame, fixed link 机架变换 kinematic inversion机器 machine 机器人 robot机器人操作器 manipulator 机器人学 robotics技术过程 technique process 技术经济评价 technical and economic evaluation技术系统 technique system 机械 machinery机械创新设计 mechanical creation design, MCD 机械系统设计 mechanical system design, MSD机械动力分析 dynamic analysis of machinery 机械动力设计 dynamic design of machinery机械动力学 dynamics of machinery 机械的现代设计 modern machine design 机械系统 mechanical system 机械利益 mechanical advantage机械平衡 balance of machinery 机械手 manipulator机械设计 machine design; mechanical design 机械特性 mechanical behavior机械调速 mechanical speed governors 机械效率 mechanical efficiency机械原理 theory of machines and mechanisms 机械运转不均匀系数 coefficient of speed fluctuation机械无级变速 mechanical stepless speed changes 基础机构 fundamental mechanism基本额定寿命 basic rating life 基于实例设计 case-based design,CBD基圆 base circle 基圆半径 radius of base circle基圆齿距 base pitch 基圆压力角 pressure angle of base circle基圆柱 base cylinder 基圆锥 base cone急回机构 quick-return mechanism 急回特性 quick-return characteristics急回系数 advance-to return-time ratio 急回运动 quick-return motion棘轮 ratchet 棘轮机构 ratchet mechanism棘爪 pawl 极限位置 extreme (or limiting) position极位夹角 crank angle between extreme (or limiting) positions计算机辅助设计 computer aided design, CAD计算机辅助制造 computer aided manufacturing, CAM计算机集成制造系统 computer integrated manufacturing system, CIMS计算力矩 factored moment; calculation moment 计算弯矩 calculated bending moment加权系数 weighting efficient 加速度 acceleration加速度分析 acceleration analysis 加速度曲线 acceleration diagram尖点 pointing; cusp 尖底从动件 knife-edge follower间隙 backlash 间歇运动机构 intermittent motion mechanism减速比 reduction ratio 减速齿轮、减速装置 reduction gear减速器 speed reducer 减摩性 anti-friction quality渐开螺旋面 involute helicoids 渐开线 involute渐开线齿廓 involute profile 渐开线齿轮 involute gear渐开线发生线 generating line of involute 渐开线方程 involute equation渐开线函数 involute function 渐开线蜗杆 involute worm渐开线压力角 pressure angle of involute 渐开线花键 involute spline简谐运动 simple harmonic motion 键 key键槽 keyway 交变应力 repeated stress交变载荷 repeated fluctuating load 交叉带传动 cross-belt drive交错轴斜齿轮 crossed helical gears 胶合 scoring角加速度 angular acceleration 角速度 angular velocity角速比 angular velocity ratio 角接触球轴承 angular contact ball bearing 角接触推力轴承 angular contact thrust bearing 角接触向心轴承 angular contact radial bearing角接触轴承 angular contact bearing 铰链、枢纽 hinge校正平面 correcting plane 接触应力 contact stress接触式密封 contact seal 阶梯轴 multi-diameter shaft结构 structure 结构设计 structural design截面 section 节点 pitch point节距 circular pitch; pitch of teeth 节线 pitch line节圆 pitch circle 节圆齿厚 thickness on pitch circle节圆直径 pitch diameter 节圆锥 pitch cone节圆锥角 pitch cone angle 解析设计 analytical design紧边 tight-side 紧固件 fastener径节 diametral pitch 径向 radial direction径向当量动载荷 dynamic equivalent radial load 径向当量静载荷 static equivalent radial load 径向基本额定动载荷 basic dynamic radial load rating径向基本额定静载荷 basic static radial load tating径向接触轴承 radial contact bearing 径向平面 radial plane径向游隙 radial internal clearance 径向载荷 radial load径向载荷系数 radial load factor 径向间隙 clearance静力 static force 静平衡 static balance静载荷 static load 静密封 static seal局部自由度 passive degree of freedom 矩形螺纹 square threaded form锯齿形螺纹 buttress thread form 矩形牙嵌式离合器 square-jaw positive-contact clutch绝对尺寸系数 absolute dimensional factor 绝对运动 absolute motion绝对速度 absolute velocity 均衡装置 load balancing mechanism抗压强度 compression strength 开口传动 open-belt drive开式链 open kinematic chain 开链机构 open chain mechanism可靠度 degree of reliability 可靠性 reliability可靠性设计 reliability design, RD 空气弹簧 air spring空间机构 spatial mechanism 空间连杆机构 spatial linkage空间凸轮机构 spatial cam 空间运动副 spatial kinematic pair空间运动链 spatial kinematic chain 框图 block diagram空转 idle 宽度系列 width series雷诺方程Reynolds…s equation 离心力 centrifugal force离心应力 centrifugal stress 理论廓线 pitch curve离合器 clutch 离心密封 centrifugal seal理论啮合线 theoretical line of action 隶属度 membership 力 force力多边形 force polygon 力封闭型凸轮机构 force-drive (or force-closed) cam mechanism力矩 moment 力平衡 equilibrium力偶 couple 力偶矩 moment of couple连杆 connecting rod, coupler 连杆机构 linkage连杆曲线 coupler-curve 连心线 line of centers链 chain 链传动装置 chain gearing链轮 sprocket ; sprocket-wheel ; sprocket gear ; chain wheel 联组V 带 tight-up V belt联轴器 coupling ; shaft coupling 两维凸轮 two-dimensional cam临界转速 critical speed 六杆机构 six-bar linkage龙门刨床 double Haas planer 轮坯 blank轮系 gear train 螺杆 screw螺距 thread pitch 螺母 screw nut螺旋锥齿轮 helical bevel gear 螺钉 screws螺栓 bolts 螺纹导程 lead螺纹效率 screw efficiency 螺旋传动 power screw螺旋密封 spiral seal 螺纹 thread (of a screw)。
两种计算正常成年人短时心率变异性方法的比较研究
两种计算正常成年人短时心率变异性方法的比较研究李静;王步青;王卫东【摘要】目的利用光电容积脉搏波法分析心率变异性,为通过心率变异性(heart rate variability,HRV)参数表征自主神经系统的变化提供新的研究方法 .方法对46个健康成年受试者分别同步采集自主呼吸状态下的心电信号和光电容积脉搏波信号,利用二阶差分极大值提取心电图的RR间期,搜索脉搏波极大值提取脉搏波主波波峰间期PP,然后计算通用HRV参数SDNN、RMSSD和LF/HF,并利用回归的统计学方法结合Bland-Altman随机分析法对这两种方法获取的HRV结果进行比较.结果两种方法计算得到的心率变异性参数结果的Pearson相关系数分别为0.998、0.995和0.992,均显著相关(P<0.01),Bland-Altman分布图也均在一致性区间内,说明这两种方法在计算心率变异性上具有一致性.结论利用光电容积脉搏波法分析心率变异具有可行性.%Objective To study the measurement of heart rate variability by using electrocardiogram ( ECG) and photoplethysmography( PPG) . Methods We analyzed heart rate variability ( HRV) taken by ECG and photoplethysmography. After acquiring the synchronized ECG as well as the photoplethysmography on 46 healthy adults in their natural breathing state and extracting the RR intervals of ECG and PP intervals of PPG respectively,the time domain and frequency domain parameters of HRV were calculated. Results The correlation coefficients of the three short-time parameters in the two calculation methods were greater than 0. 99 significantly,and the Bland-Altman scattered plot of the parameters were in the consistent band. The two methods had coherence in the calculation of heart rate variability.Conclusions It is feasible to analyze the heart rate variation with the pulse wave method.【期刊名称】《北京生物医学工程》【年(卷),期】2017(036)005【总页数】5页(P502-506)【关键词】心电图;光电容积脉搏波;心率变异性;一致性【作者】李静;王步青;王卫东【作者单位】中国人民解放军总医院医学工程与维修中心北京100853;中国人民解放军总医院医学工程与维修中心北京100853;中国人民解放军总医院医学工程与维修中心北京100853【正文语种】中文【中图分类】R318.04心电图(electrocardiogram,ECG)所描记的是心脏收缩和舒张过程中体表感应出来的电势差，从心电图心脏节律中可以探测到正常的窦性节律，还可以探测异位节律。
Laser Ranging to the Moon, Mars and Beyond
a r X i v :g r -q c /0411082v 1 16 N o v 2004Laser Ranging to the Moon,Mars and BeyondSlava G.Turyshev,James G.Williams,Michael Shao,John D.AndersonJet Propulsion Laboratory,California Institute of Technology,4800Oak Grove Drive,Pasadena,CA 91109,USAKenneth L.Nordtvedt,Jr.Northwest Analysis,118Sourdough Ridge Road,Bozeman,MT 59715USA Thomas W.Murphy,Jr.Physics Department,University of California,San Diego 9500Gilman Dr.,La Jolla,CA 92093USA Abstract Current and future optical technologies will aid exploration of the Moon and Mars while advancing fundamental physics research in the solar system.Technologies and possible improvements in the laser-enabled tests of various physical phenomena are considered along with a space architecture that could be the cornerstone for robotic and human exploration of the solar system.In particular,accurate ranging to the Moon and Mars would not only lead to construction of a new space communication infrastructure enabling an improved navigational accuracy,but will also provide a significant improvement in several tests of gravitational theory:the equivalence principle,geodetic precession,PPN parameters βand γ,and possible variation of the gravitational constant G .Other tests would become possible with an optical architecture that would allow proceeding from meter to centimeter to millimeter range accuracies on interplanetary distances.This paper discusses the current state and the future improvements in the tests of relativistic gravity with Lunar Laser Ranging (LLR).We also consider precision gravitational tests with the future laser rangingto Mars and discuss optical design of the proposed Laser Astrometric Test of Relativity (LATOR)mission.We emphasize that already existing capabilities can offer significant improvements not only in the tests of fundamental physics,but may also establish the infrastructure for space exploration in the near future.Looking to future exploration,what characteristics are desired for the next generation of ranging devices,what is the optimal architecture that would benefit both space exploration and fundamental physics,and what fundamental questions can be investigated?We try to answer these questions.1IntroductionThe recent progress in fundamental physics research was enabled by significant advancements in many technological areas with one of the examples being the continuing development of the NASA Deep Space Network –critical infrastructure for precision navigation and communication in space.A demonstration of such a progress is the recent Cassini solar conjunction experiment[8,6]that was possible only because of the use of Ka-band(∼33.4GHz)spacecraft radio-tracking capabilities.The experiment was part of the ancillary science program–a by-product of this new radio-tracking technology.Becasue of a much higher data rate transmission and, thus,larger data volume delivered from large distances the higher communication frequency was a very important mission capability.The higher frequencies are also less affected by the dispersion in the solar plasma,thus allowing a more extensive coverage,when depp space navigation is concerned.There is still a possibility of moving to even higher radio-frequencies, say to∼60GHz,however,this would put us closer to the limit that the Earth’s atmosphere imposes on signal transmission.Beyond these frequencies radio communication with distant spacecraft will be inefficient.The next step is switching to optical communication.Lasers—with their spatial coherence,narrow spectral emission,high power,and well-defined spatial modes—are highly useful for many space applications.While in free-space,optical laser communication(lasercomm)would have an advantage as opposed to the conventional radio-communication sercomm would provide not only significantly higher data rates(on the order of a few Gbps),it would also allow a more precise navigation and attitude control.The latter is of great importance for manned missions in accord the“Moon,Mars and Beyond”Space Exploration Initiative.In fact,precision navigation,attitude control,landing,resource location, 3-dimensional imaging,surface scanning,formationflying and many other areas are thought only in terms of laser-enabled technologies.Here we investigate how a near-future free-space optical communication architecture might benefit progress in gravitational and fundamental physics experiments performed in the solar system.This paper focuses on current and future optical technologies and methods that will advance fundamental physics research in the context of solar system exploration.There are many activities that focused on the design on an optical transceiver system which will work at the distance comparable to that between the Earth and Mars,and test it on the Moon.This paper summarizes required capabilities for such a system.In particular,we discuss how accurate laser ranging to the neighboring celestial bodies,the Moon and Mars,would not only lead to construction of a new space communication infrastructure with much improved navigational accuracy,it will also provide a significant improvement in several tests of gravitational theory. Looking to future exploration,we address the characteristics that are desired for the next generation of ranging devices;we will focus on optimal architecture that would benefit both space exploration and fundamental physics,and discuss the questions of critical importance that can be investigated.This paper is organized as follows:Section2discusses the current state and future per-formance expected with the LLR technology.Section3addresses the possibility of improving tests of gravitational theories with laser ranging to Mars.Section4addresses the next logical step—interplanetary laser ranging.We discuss the mission proposal for the Laser Astrometric Test of Relativity(LATOR).We present a design for its optical receiver system.Section5 addresses a proposal for new multi-purpose space architecture based on optical communica-tion.We present a preliminary design and discuss implications of this new proposal for tests of fundamental physics.We close with a summary and recommendations.2LLR Contribution to Fundamental PhysicsDuring more than35years of its existence lunar laser ranging has become a critical technique available for precision tests of gravitational theory.The20th century progress in three seem-ingly unrelated areas of human exploration–quantum optics,astronomy,and human spaceexploration,led to the construction of this unique interplanetary instrument to conduct very precise tests of fundamental physics.In this section we will discuss the current state in LLR tests of relativistic gravity and explore what could be possible in the near future.2.1Motivation for Precision Tests of GravityThe nature of gravity is fundamental to our understanding of the structure and evolution of the universe.This importance motivates various precision tests of gravity both in laboratories and in space.Most of the experimental underpinning for theoretical gravitation has come from experiments conducted in the solar system.Einstein’s general theory of relativity(GR)began its empirical success in1915by explaining the anomalous perihelion precession of Mercury’s orbit,using no adjustable theoretical parameters.Eddington’s observations of the gravitational deflection of light during a solar eclipse in1919confirmed the doubling of the deflection angles predicted by GR as compared to Newtonian and Equivalence Principle(EP)arguments.Follow-ing these beginnings,the general theory of relativity has been verified at ever-higher accuracy. Thus,microwave ranging to the Viking landers on Mars yielded an accuracy of∼0.2%from the gravitational time-delay tests of GR[48,44,49,50].Recent spacecraft and planetary mi-crowave radar observations reached an accuracy of∼0.15%[4,5].The astrometric observations of the deflection of quasar positions with respect to the Sun performed with Very-Long Base-line Interferometry(VLBI)improved the accuracy of the tests of gravity to∼0.045%[45,51]. Lunar Laser Ranging(LLR),the continuing legacy of the Apollo program,has provided ver-ification of GR improving an accuracy to∼0.011%via precision measurements of the lunar orbit[62,63,30,31,32,35,24,36,4,68].The recent time-delay experiments with the Cassini spacecraft at a solar conjunction have tested gravity to a remarkable accuracy of0.0023%[8] in measuring deflection of microwaves by solar gravity.Thus,almost ninety years after general relativity was born,Einstein’s theory has survived every test.This rare longevity and the absence of any adjustable parameters,does not mean that this theory is absolutely correct,but it serves to motivate more sensitive tests searching for its expected violation.The solar conjunction experiments with the Cassini spacecraft have dramatically improved the accuracy in the solar system tests of GR[8].The reported accuracy of2.3×10−5in measuring the Eddington parameterγ,opens a new realm for gravitational tests,especially those motivated by the on-going progress in scalar-tensor theories of gravity.1 In particular,scalar-tensor extensions of gravity that are consistent with present cosmological models[15,16,17,18,19,20,39]predict deviations of this parameter from its GR value of unity at levels of10−5to10−7.Furthermore,the continuing inability to unify gravity with the other forces indicates that GR should be violated at some level.The Cassini result together with these theoretical predictions motivate new searches for possible GR violations;they also provide a robust theoretical paradigm and constructive guidance for experiments that would push beyond the present experimental accuracy for parameterized post-Newtonian(PPN)parameters(for details on the PPN formalism see[60]).Thus,in addition to experiments that probe the GR prediction for the curvature of the gravityfield(given by parameterγ),any experiment pushingthe accuracy in measuring the degree of non-linearity of gravity superposition(given by anotherEddington parameterβ)will also be of great interest.This is a powerful motive for tests ofgravitational physics phenomena at improved accuracies.Analyses of laser ranges to the Moon have provided increasingly stringent limits on anyviolation of the Equivalence Principle(EP);they also enabled very accurate measurements fora number of relativistic gravity parameters.2.2LLR History and Scientific BackgroundLLR has a distinguished history[24,9]dating back to the placement of a retroreflector array onthe lunar surface by the Apollo11astronauts.Additional reflectors were left by the Apollo14and Apollo15astronauts,and two French-built reflector arrays were placed on the Moon by theSoviet Luna17and Luna21missions.Figure1shows the weighted RMS residual for each year.Early accuracies using the McDonald Observatory’s2.7m telescope hovered around25cm. Equipment improvements decreased the ranging uncertainty to∼15cm later in the1970s.In1985the2.7m ranging system was replaced with the McDonald Laser Ranging System(MLRS).In the1980s ranges were also received from Haleakala Observatory on the island of Maui in theHawaiian chain and the Observatoire de la Cote d’Azur(OCA)in France.Haleakala ceasedoperations in1990.A sequence of technical improvements decreased the range uncertainty tothe current∼2cm.The2.7m telescope had a greater light gathering capability than thenewer smaller aperture systems,but the newer systemsfired more frequently and had a muchimproved range accuracy.The new systems do not distinguish returning photons against thebright background near full Moon,which the2.7m telescope could do,though there are somemodern eclipse observations.The lasers currently used in the ranging operate at10Hz,with a pulse width of about200 psec;each pulse contains∼1018photons.Under favorable observing conditions a single reflectedphoton is detected once every few seconds.For data processing,the ranges represented by thereturned photons are statistically combined into normal points,each normal point comprisingup to∼100photons.There are15553normal points are collected until March2004.Themeasured round-trip travel times∆t are two way,but in this paper equivalent ranges in lengthunits are c∆t/2.The conversion between time and length(for distance,residuals,and dataaccuracy)uses1nsec=15cm.The ranges of the early1970s had accuracies of approximately25cm.By1976the accuracies of the ranges had improved to about15cm.Accuracies improvedfurther in the mid-1980s;by1987they were4cm,and the present accuracies are∼2cm.One immediate result of lunar ranging was the great improvement in the accuracy of the lunarephemeris[62]and lunar science[67].LLR measures the range from an observatory on the Earth to a retroreflector on the Moon. For the Earth and Moon orbiting the Sun,the scale of relativistic effects is set by the ratio(GM/rc2)≃v2/c2∼10−8.The center-to-center distance of the Moon from the Earth,with mean value385,000km,is variable due to such things as eccentricity,the attraction of the Sun,planets,and the Earth’s bulge,and relativistic corrections.In addition to the lunar orbit,therange from an observatory on the Earth to a retroreflector on the Moon depends on the positionin space of the ranging observatory and the targeted lunar retroreflector.Thus,orientation ofthe rotation axes and the rotation angles of both bodies are important with tidal distortions,plate motion,and relativistic transformations also coming into play.To extract the gravitationalphysics information of interest it is necessary to accurately model a variety of effects[68].For a general review of LLR see[24].A comprehensive paper on tests of gravitationalphysics is[62].A recent test of the EP is in[4]and other GR tests are in[64].An overviewFigure1:Historical accuracy of LLR data from1970to2004.of the LLR gravitational physics tests is given by Nordtvedt[37].Reviews of various tests of relativity,including the contribution by LLR,are given in[58,60].Our recent paper describes the model improvements needed to achieve mm-level accuracy for LLR[66].The most recent LLR results are given in[68].2.3Tests of Relativistic Gravity with LLRLLR offers very accurate laser ranging(weighted rms currently∼2cm or∼5×10−11in frac-tional accuracy)to retroreflectors on the Moon.Analysis of these very precise data contributes to many areas of fundamental and gravitational physics.Thus,these high-precision studies of the Earth-Moon-Sun system provide the most sensitive tests of several key properties of weak-field gravity,including Einstein’s Strong Equivalence Principle(SEP)on which general relativity rests(in fact,LLR is the only current test of the SEP).LLR data yielded the strongest limits to date on variability of the gravitational constant(the way gravity is affected by the expansion of the universe),and the best measurement of the de Sitter precession rate.In this Section we discuss these tests in more details.2.3.1Tests of the Equivalence PrincipleThe Equivalence Principle,the exact correspondence of gravitational and inertial masses,is a central assumption of general relativity and a unique feature of gravitation.EP tests can therefore be viewed in two contexts:tests of the foundations of general relativity,or as searches for new physics.As emphasized by Damour[12,13],almost all extensions to the standard modelof particle physics(with best known extension offered by string theory)generically predict newforces that would show up as apparent violations of the EP.The weak form the EP(the WEP)states that the gravitational properties of strong and electro-weak interactions obey the EP.In this case the relevant test-body differences are their fractional nuclear-binding differences,their neutron-to-proton ratios,their atomic charges,etc. General relativity,as well as other metric theories of gravity,predict that the WEP is exact. However,extensions of the Standard Model of Particle Physics that contain new macroscopic-range quantumfields predict quantum exchange forces that will generically violate the WEP because they couple to generalized‘charges’rather than to mass/energy as does gravity[17,18]. WEP tests can be conducted with laboratory or astronomical bodies,because the relevant differences are in the test-body compositions.Easily the most precise tests of the EP are made by simply comparing the free fall accelerations,a1and a2,of different test bodies.For the case when the self-gravity of the test bodies is negligible and for a uniform external gravityfield, with the bodies at the same distance from the source of the gravity,the expression for the Equivalence Principle takes the most elegant form:∆a= M G M I 2(1)(a1+a2)where M G and M I represent gravitational and inertial masses of each body.The sensitivity of the EP test is determined by the precision of the differential acceleration measurement divided by the degree to which the test bodies differ(position).The strong form of the EP(the SEP)extends the principle to cover the gravitational properties of gravitational energy itself.In other words it is an assumption about the way that gravity begets gravity,i.e.about the non-linear property of gravitation.Although general relativity assumes that the SEP is exact,alternate metric theories of gravity such as those involving scalarfields,and other extensions of gravity theory,typically violate the SEP[30,31, 32,35].For the SEP case,the relevant test body differences are the fractional contributions to their masses by gravitational self-energy.Because of the extreme weakness of gravity,SEP test bodies that differ significantly must have astronomical sizes.Currently the Earth-Moon-Sun system provides the best arena for testing the SEP.The development of the parameterized post-Newtonian formalism[31,56,57],allows one to describe within the common framework the motion of celestial bodies in external gravitational fields within a wide class of metric theories of gravity.Over the last35years,the PPN formalism has become a useful framework for testing the SEP for extended bodies.In that formalism,the ratio of passive gravitational to inertial mass to thefirst order is given by[30,31]:M GMc2 ,(2) whereηis the SEP violation parameter(discussed below),M is the mass of a body and E is its gravitational binding or self-energy:E2Mc2 V B d3x d3yρB(x)ρB(y)EMc2 E=−4.64×10−10andwhere the subscripts E and m denote the Earth and Moon,respectively.The relatively small size bodies used in the laboratory experiments possess a negligible amount of gravitational self-energy and therefore such experiments indicate nothing about the equality of gravitational self-energy contributions to the inertial and passive gravitational masses of the bodies [30].TotesttheSEP onemustutilize planet-sizedextendedbodiesinwhichcase theratioEq.(3)is considerably higher.Dynamics of the three-body Sun-Earth-Moon system in the solar system barycentric inertial frame was used to search for the effect of a possible violation of the Equivalence Principle.In this frame,the quasi-Newtonian acceleration of the Moon (m )with respect to the Earth (E ),a =a m −a E ,is calculated to be:a =−µ∗rM I m µS r SEr 3Sm + M G M I m µS r SEr 3+µS r SEr 3Sm +η E Mc 2 m µS r SEMc 2 E − E n 2−(n −n ′)2n ′2a ′cos[(n −n ′)t +D 0].(8)Here,n denotes the sidereal mean motion of the Moon around the Earth,n ′the sidereal mean motion of the Earth around the Sun,and a ′denotes the radius of the orbit of the Earth around the Sun (assumed circular).The argument D =(n −n ′)t +D 0with near synodic period is the mean longitude of the Moon minus the mean longitude of the Sun and is zero at new Moon.(For a more precise derivation of the lunar range perturbation due to the SEP violation acceleration term in Eq.(6)consult [62].)Any anomalous radial perturbation will be proportional to cos D .Expressed in terms ofη,the radial perturbation in Eq.(8)isδr∼13ηcos D meters [38,21,22].This effect,generalized to all similar three body situations,the“SEP-polarization effect.”LLR investigates the SEP by looking for a displacement of the lunar orbit along the direction to the Sun.The equivalence principle can be split into two parts:the weak equivalence principle tests the sensitivity to composition and the strong equivalence principle checks the dependence on mass.There are laboratory investigations of the weak equivalence principle(at University of Washington)which are about as accurate as LLR[7,1].LLR is the dominant test of the strong equivalence principle.The most accurate test of the SEP violation effect is presently provided by LLR[61,48,23],and also in[24,62,63,4].Recent analysis of LLR data test the EP of∆(M G/M I)EP=(−1.0±1.4)×10−13[68].This result corresponds to a test of the SEP of∆(M G/M I)SEP=(−2.0±2.0)×10−13with the SEP violation parameter η=4β−γ−3found to beη=(4.4±4.5)×10−ing the recent Cassini result for the PPN parameterγ,PPN parameterβis determined at the level ofβ−1=(1.2±1.1)×10−4.2.3.2Other Tests of Gravity with LLRLLR data yielded the strongest limits to date on variability of the gravitational constant(the way gravity is affected by the expansion of the universe),the best measurement of the de Sitter precession rate,and is relied upon to generate accurate astronomical ephemerides.The possibility of a time variation of the gravitational constant,G,wasfirst considered by Dirac in1938on the basis of his large number hypothesis,and later developed by Brans and Dicke in their theory of gravitation(for more details consult[59,60]).Variation might be related to the expansion of the Universe,in which case˙G/G=σH0,where H0is the Hubble constant, andσis a dimensionless parameter whose value depends on both the gravitational constant and the cosmological model considered.Revival of interest in Brans-Dicke-like theories,with a variable G,was partially motivated by the appearance of superstring theories where G is considered to be a dynamical quantity[26].Two limits on a change of G come from LLR and planetary ranging.This is the second most important gravitational physics result that LLR provides.GR does not predict a changing G,but some other theories do,thus testing for this effect is important.The current LLR ˙G/G=(4±9)×10−13yr−1is the most accurate limit published[68].The˙G/G uncertaintyis83times smaller than the inverse age of the universe,t0=13.4Gyr with the value for Hubble constant H0=72km/sec/Mpc from the WMAP data[52].The uncertainty for˙G/G is improving rapidly because its sensitivity depends on the square of the data span.This fact puts LLR,with its more then35years of history,in a clear advantage as opposed to other experiments.LLR has also provided the only accurate determination of the geodetic precession.Ref.[68]reports a test of geodetic precession,which expressed as a relative deviation from GR,is K gp=−0.0019±0.0064.The GP-B satellite should provide improved accuracy over this value, if that mission is successfully completed.LLR also has the capability of determining PPNβandγdirectly from the point-mass orbit perturbations.A future possibility is detection of the solar J2from LLR data combined with the planetary ranging data.Also possible are dark matter tests,looking for any departure from the inverse square law of gravity,and checking for a variation of the speed of light.The accurate LLR data has been able to quickly eliminate several suggested alterations of physical laws.The precisely measured lunar motion is a reality that any proposed laws of attraction and motion must satisfy.The above investigations are important to gravitational physics.The future LLR data will improve the above investigations.Thus,future LLR data of current accuracy would con-tinue to shrink the uncertainty of˙G because of the quadratic dependence on data span.The equivalence principle results would improve more slowly.To make a big improvement in the equivalence principle uncertainty requires improved range accuracy,and that is the motivation for constructing the APOLLO ranging facility in New Mexico.2.4Future LLR Data and APOLLO facilityIt is essential that acquisition of the new LLR data will continue in the future.Accuracies∼2cm are now achieved,and further very useful improvement is expected.Inclusion of improved data into LLR analyses would allow a correspondingly more precise determination of the gravitational physics parameters under study.LLR has remained a viable experiment with fresh results over35years because the data accuracies have improved by an order of magnitude(see Figure1).There are prospects for future LLR station that would provide another order of magnitude improvement.The Apache Point Observatory Lunar Laser-ranging Operation(APOLLO)is a new LLR effort designed to achieve mm range precision and corresponding order-of-magnitude gains in measurements of fundamental physics parameters.For thefirst time in the LLR history,using a3.5m telescope the APOLLO facility will push LLR into a new regime of multiple photon returns with each pulse,enabling millimeter range precision to be achieved[29,66].The anticipated mm-level range accuracy,expected from APOLLO,has a potential to test the EP with a sensitivity approaching10−14.This accuracy would yield sensitivity for parameterβat the level of∼5×10−5and measurements of the relative change in the gravitational constant,˙G/G, would be∼0.1%the inverse age of the universe.The overwhelming advantage APOLLO has over current LLR operations is a3.5m astro-nomical quality telescope at a good site.The site in southern New Mexico offers high altitude (2780m)and very good atmospheric“seeing”and image quality,with a median image resolu-tion of1.1arcseconds.Both the image sharpness and large aperture conspire to deliver more photons onto the lunar retroreflector and receive more of the photons returning from the re-flectors,pared to current operations that receive,on average,fewer than0.01 photons per pulse,APOLLO should be well into the multi-photon regime,with perhaps5–10 return photons per pulse.With this signal rate,APOLLO will be efficient atfinding and track-ing the lunar return,yielding hundreds of times more photons in an observation than current√operations deliver.In addition to the significant reduction in statistical error(useful).These new reflectors on the Moon(and later on Mars)can offer significant navigational accuracy for many space vehicles on their approach to the lunar surface or during theirflight around the Moon,but they also will contribute significantly to fundamental physics research.The future of lunar ranging might take two forms,namely passive retroreflectors and active transponders.The advantages of new installations of passive retroreflector arrays are their long life and simplicity.The disadvantages are the weak returned signal and the spread of the reflected pulse arising from lunar librations(apparent changes in orientation of up to10 degrees).Insofar as the photon timing error budget is dominated by the libration-induced pulse spread—as is the case in modern lunar ranging—the laser and timing system parameters do√not influence the net measurement uncertainty,which simply scales as1/3Laser Ranging to MarsThere are three different experiments that can be done with accurate ranges to Mars:a test of the SEP(similar to LLR),a solar conjunction experiment measuring the deflection of light in the solar gravity,similar to the Cassini experiment,and a search for temporal variation in the gravitational constant G.The Earth-Mars-Sun-Jupiter system allows for a sensitive test of the SEP which is qualitatively different from that provided by LLR[3].Furthermore,the outcome of these ranging experiments has the potential to improve the values of the two relativistic parameters—a combination of PPN parametersη(via test of SEP)and a direct observation of the PPN parameterγ(via Shapiro time delay or solar conjunction experiments).(This is quite different compared to LLR,as the small variation of Shapiro time delay prohibits very accurate independent determination of the parameterγ).The Earth-Mars range would also provide for a very accurate test of˙G/G.This section qualitatively addresses the near-term possibility of laser ranging to Mars and addresses the above three effects.3.1Planetary Test of the SEP with Ranging to MarsEarth-Mars ranging data can provide a useful estimate of the SEP parameterηgiven by Eq.(7). It was demonstrated in[3]that if future Mars missions provide ranging measurements with an accuracy ofσcentimeters,after ten years of ranging the expected accuracy for the SEP parameterηmay be of orderσ×10−6.These ranging measurements will also provide the most accurate determination of the mass of Jupiter,independent of the SEP effect test.It has been observed previously that a measurement of the Sun’s gravitational to inertial mass ratio can be performed using the Sun-Jupiter-Mars or Sun-Jupiter-Earth system[33,47,3]. The question we would like to answer here is how accurately can we do the SEP test given the accurate ranging to Mars?We emphasize that the Sun-Mars-Earth-Jupiter system,though governed basically by the same equations of motion as Sun-Earth-Moon system,is significantly different physically.For a given value of SEP parameterηthe polarization effects on the Earth and Mars orbits are almost two orders of magnitude larger than on the lunar orbit.Below we examine the SEP effect on the Earth-Mars range,which has been measured as part of the Mariner9and Viking missions with ranging accuracy∼7m[48,44,41,43].The main motivation for our analysis is the near-future Mars missions that should yield ranging data, accurate to∼1cm.This accuracy would bring additional capabilities for the precision tests of fundamental and gravitational physics.3.1.1Analytical Background for a Planetary SEP TestThe dynamics of the four-body Sun-Mars-Earth-Jupiter system in the Solar system barycentric inertial frame were considered.The quasi-Newtonian acceleration of the Earth(E)with respect to the Sun(S),a SE=a E−a S,is straightforwardly calculated to be:a SE=−µ∗SE·r SE MI Eb=M,Jµb r bS r3bE + M G M I E b=M,Jµb r bS。
激光的相干长度测量
EOP 542 LaboratoryExploration of the Coherence Length of Laser DiodesVanessa WilliamsonBret HuggardSai KiranBrad BirchfieldJuly 8th, 2003Introduction:Lasers have an associated coherence length. The coherence length is usually a function of the spectral-transition width of the source. We hypothesized that the spectral-line width is a function of the modulation bandwidth. Our research is aimed at examining the coherence length as a function of modulation bandwidth.DescriptionFigure 1HeNe Laser:Our interests, initially, were focused on the coherence length of a helium neon gas laser. Due to the narrow spectral width of the gas laser tubes, the coherence length is very long. To accommodate for this, we altered a Michelson Interferometer by replacing the mirrors on the arms with fibers. We then used a long fiber and a short fiber to simulate the long and short arm of the interferometer to get a path length difference.We used two fibers, a single mode 632 fiber and multimode fiber. We obtained fringes with the single mode fiber that were well defined. We also obtained fringes with the multimode fiber that were much less visible. The overall path length difference for both of these setups was 10 meters. Due to the small fringes, we were not able to obtain a picture capturing these fringes. We concluded that precise control over the angular directions of the interfering fiber outputs help increase the interference fringes.Laser Diode Interferometry:Next, we thought a smaller coherence length would be more beneficial. Therefore, we focused our motivation toward the coherence length of a laser diode. An unmodified Michelson Interferometer setup proved adequate for our interests. Our goal was to measure the coherence length of the laser and then observe what happens to that coherence length when the laser is pulsed. We experimented with two laser diodes and found different results for each.The first laser diode produced high power and visibility. We observed fringes but were unable to find a length long enough to show the disappearance of those fringes. Wehave concluded that the coherence length is greater than 27m. However, it is possible we were observing interference due to retro-reflections from the in-line optical components of the setup that were contributing to the coherence length of the laser. The coherence length was unaffected by adding a voltage modulator to the setup. The phase front shifted but the visibility did not. When the laser was steady state we noticed that the coherence length was changing because the fringe visibility was fluctuating. We concluded that this was due to mode hoping.Figure 2 shows a picture of the fringes from the first laser.Figure 2The second laser diode formed fringe patterns at a maximum and a minimum that resulted in a coherence length of approximately 10cm. Pulsing the second laser did not change the coherence length although we did notice that the laser was affected by the input frequency. We observed that the laser pattern pulsed then reached a frequency where the pattern did not fluctuate. Then we continued to increase the frequency and it pulsed once again until it reached another stable state. The following phenomenon is visualized in the movie below.Most laser diode pointers have internal filters to provide a clean power source. The pulsing we were observing was likely due to this filter circuit. The input frequency resonates with the RC filter of the laser diode. The first pointer did not show this resonance as the second pointer did.In conclusion, the coherence length of a laser does not appear to be a function of the modulation bandwidth. The first pointer did show some variability in coherence length as the diode warmed up. Additionally, we discovered that single-mode fibers provide nice fringes for interferometry while multi-mode fiber still provides fringes, they are more difficult to discern. The disadvantage to using single-mode fibers is that it can be difficult to couple light into them.。
Instruction Manual for Q-NMR Learning Module说明书
Instructor’s GuideThis guide is intended to assist instructors in the utilization of the q-NMR learning module. While the module is designed as a stand-alone resource toaccommodate self-learners, it can also be used as an active learning resource. This instructor’s guide is designed to help1. Basic Theory Concept Questions. The questions below are also listed on the webpage that links to the Basic Theory section. These questions can be handed out in class or given as a homework assignment. Students should be able to answer these questions using the Basic Theory section of this module as an instructional resource. I would also recommend assigning the excellent web resource created by Joe Hornak, since it contains embedded animations that help clarify many difficult to understand processes in NMR. This site can be accessed directly at /htbooks/nmr/ or students can bedirected to this site in ASDL by typing its ID number, 2921, into the search box in the upper right hand corner of the site.What is spin?How does absorption of energy generate an NMR spectrum? Why is NMR less sensitive than UV-visible spectroscopy?What is chemical shift and how does it relate to resonance frequency? What is precession?How does precession produce the macroscopic magnetization (Mo)?How can the nuclear spins be manipulated to generate the NMR spectrum? What is the tip angle?What is a Free Induction Decay?How do T 1 and T 2 relaxation affect NMR spectra?2. Answers to Questions in the Basic Theory section. In addition to the conceptual questions given above, the Basic Theory section also contains aseries of simple quantitative questions, the answers of which are provided below.Question 1: How many spin states would you predict for 2H?Deuterium has a spin of 1. There for there should be 3 possible spin states: +1, 0 and -1.Question 2: Given the same magnetic field and temperature, how would the difference in population for 1H and 31P compare? For this problem we will use the equationThe difference in population for 1H and 31P will be related to the differences in their ∆E values. Since ∆E=γhB o /2π, for a fixed magnetic field the only differences between 1H and 31P is in their magnetogyric ratios.kT Elower upper e N N ∆−=468.284.10752.26)()(311==∆∆P E H EThe ratio of the N upper /N lower for 1H is e 2.468 or =11.80 times larger than the ratio of N upper /N lower for 31P.Question 3: Calculate the wavelength of electromagnetic radiation corresponding to a frequency of 500 MHz.The wavelength of electromagnetic radiation corresponding to a frequency of 500 MHz is 0.6 m.Question 4: What range of frequencies would be excited by a 10 µs rf pulse?A 10 µs rf pulse would excite a range of frequencies covering 100,000 Hz.Question 5: What are the resonance line widths of nuclei that have apparent T 2 relaxation times (i.e.T 2* values) of 1 and 2 sec.*2211T w π=Therefore, the two resonances have line widths of 0.32 and 0.16 Hz.3. Practical Aspects Concept Questions. The questions below are also listed on the webpage that links to the Practical Aspects section. These questions can be handed out in class or given as a homework assignment. Students should be able to answer these questions using the Practical Aspects section of this module as an instructional resource.How do I choose a reference standard for my Q-NMR analysis?How is the internal standard used to quantify the concentration of my analyte? What sample considerations are important in Q-NMR analysis?How do I choose the right acquisition parameters for a quantitative NMR measurement?What data processing considerations are important for obtaining accurate and precise results?4. Answers to Questions in the Practical Aspects section.Question 1. A quantitative NMR experiment is performed to quantify the amount of isopropyl alcohol in a D 2O solution. Sodium maleate (0.01021 M) is used as an internal standard. The integral obtained for the maleate resonance is 46.978. The isopropanol doublet at 1.45 ppm produces an integral of 104.43. What would youpredict for the integral of the isopropanol CH resonance as 3.99 ppm. What is the concentration of isopropanol in this solution?The isopropanol CH resonance is produced by a single proton whereas the doublet is produced by the 6 methyl protons. Therefore, the CH integral should be 1/6th that of the methyl doublet, or 17.405.To find the isopropanol concentration we first have to calculate normalized areas for isopropanol and our standard, maleate. The isopropanol(IP) doublet is comprised of 6 protons due to the two equivalent methyl groups of this compound.Normalized Area (IP) = 104.43 = 17.4056Similarly, the normalized area for maleate (MA) is:Normalized Area (MA) = 46.978 = 23.4892The concentration of the isopropanol can be calculated using the known the maleate concentration.[IP] = [MA] x Normalized Area (IP)Normalized Area (MA)[IP] = 0.01021 M x 17.405 = 0.007565 M23.489Because the accuracy of the determination depends on how well the maleate concentration is know, the standard solution should be prepared with care, using dried sodium maleate of high purity, weighing carefully a mass that is known to an appropriate number of significant figures (in this case 4), transferring the maleate quantitatively to a volumetric flask and finally dilution to the mark. Again, an appropriate solution volume must be selected to produce the desired number of significant figures given the manufacturer specifications for the glassware used.Question 2: A solution prepared for quantitative analysis using NMR was acquired by coaddition of 8 FIDs produces a spectrum with an S/N of 62.5 for the analyte signals. How many FIDs would have to be coadded to produce a spectrum with an S/N of 250?S/N increases in NMR experiments as the square root of the number of scans coadded.S/N ∝ (n)0.5To increase the S/N from 62.5 to 250 (a factor of 4 increase in S/N) would require coaddition of 16 times as many FIDs as was used to produce a spectrum withS/N of 62.5. The answer is that coaddition of 128 FIDs (8 x 16) would be required to achieve an S/N of 250.Question 3: A 1H NMR spectrum was measured using a 400.0 MHz instrument by acquisition of 8192 total data points (8192 real points) and a spectral width of 12.00 ppm. What was the acquisition time? Calculate the digital resolution of the resulting spectrum? Is this digital resolution sufficient to accurately define a peak with a width at half height of 0.5 Hz?We can calculate the acquisition time knowing the spectral width and the total number of data points.AT= NP_ = 16384__ = 1.707 sec2 SW 2 x 400 x 12DR = SW_ = 2 x 400 x 12 = 1.172 Hz/ptNP(real) 8192This would not be adequate digital resolution to accurately define a peak with a 0.5 Hz width at half height. A longer acquisition time would allow for collection of more points. Also, zero-filling could also be used to help increase the digital resolution.5. Q-NMR DrylabKHP T1 relaxation times. There are two ways of getting the T1 relaxation times for the KHP resonances. The simplest way is to have students estimate the null times for the two resonances in the inversion-recovery spectra provided. Selected spectra from the dry lab data set were used to make the figure in the Practical Aspects section of the module. Alternatively, students can process the spectra and measure resonance integrals for each peak. These can be plotted vs. the relaxation delay and fit to determine T1. The integrals we obtained are summarized in the Table below. The fits obtained using Origin 7.5 are also provided. We obtained T1 values of 4.79s and 3.11s for the KHP resonances at 7.75 and 7.61 ppm, respectively.The concentration of KHP in the stock solution is determined from the mass of KHP.Mass KHP = 0.3533 g – 0.2219 g = 0.1314 gML mol g g KHP 1287.0005.01/22.2041314.0][=×=Table 1. Inversion-recovery data for KHPDelay Integral R1 (7.75 ppm) Integral R2 (7.61 ppm) 0 s -8.34 -8.48 2 -2.38 0.07 2.5 -1.01 1.65 3 -0.14 2.81 3.5 0.8 3.78 4 1.62 4.57 6 3.87 6.86 10 6.37 8.63 15 8.28 9.67 208.959.65Inversion-recovery plot for R 1Inversion-recovery plot for R 2Malic Acid Standard Solution Determination. From the mass of malic acid weighed and the solution volume, we can calculate the concentration of this standard.Mass of MA = 0.3324g – 0.1897 g = 0.1427 g ML mol g g MA 2128.0005.01/09.1341427.0][=×=Since equal volumes of the KHP and malic acid were mixed to prepare this solution, the dilution factor can be neglected and the concentration of malic acid calculated as shown below. Here we used the integral of the resonances at 2.82 and 2.89 ppm corresponding to the inequivalent malic acid CH 2 protons.I n t e g r a lInversion-Recovery Delay I n t e g r a lInversion-Recovery DelayMM Int N N Int KHP MA KHP KHP MA MA 2142.0000.1428322.01287.0][][=××=××=Spectrum of malic acid standard solution containing KHPDetermination of Malic Acid in Apple Juice. The concentration of malic acid can similarly be calculated in an apple juice sample. Here though we will need to take into account the dilutions performed.The KHP was diluted twice in preparing this solution. First it was diluted by half with D 2O, and subsequently 100 µL of was further diluted by addition to 900 µL of apple juice for a total volume of 1 mL. The KHP concentration in the apple juice sample can be calculated as shown below. Note that the volume added in making the pH adjustment to 1.35 is not important since both the KHP and the malic acid will be diluted by the same amount. This pH adjustment is necessary to resolve the malic acid resonances from those of the other apple juice components. Because of the simplicity of the malic acid standard spectrum, pH adjustment is not needed. MM KHP KHP stock juice 00643.01000100211287.010*******][][=××=××=The malic acid concentration can then be calculated as before, providing that the dilution resulting from addition of the KHP solution is included in the calculation.MM Int N N Int KHP MA KHP KHP MA MA juice juice 0328.090010004351.042000.100643.09001000][][=×××=×××=For purposes of comparison with the table provided in the background section of this laboratory, we can convert this concentration to g/L using the molecular weight of malic acid.0.0.328 M x 134.09 g/mol = 4.40 g/L malic acid。
与激光有关的英文文献
与激光有关的英文文献Revised at 16:25 am on June 10, 2019L a s e r t e c h n o l o g y R. E. Slusher Bell Laboratories, Lucent Technologies, Murray Hill, New Jersey 07974 Laser technology during the 20th century is reviewed emphasizing the laser’s evolution from science to technology and subsequent contributions of laser technology to science. As the century draws to a close, lasers are making strong contributions to communications, materials processing, data storage, image recording, medicine, and defense. Examples from these areas demonstrate the stunning impact of laser light on our society. Laser advances are helping to generate new science as illustrated by several examples in physics and biology. Free-electron lasers used for materials processing and laser accelerators are described as developing laser technologies for the next century.S0034-68619902802-01. INTRODUCTIONLight has always played a central role in the study of physics, chemistry, and biology. Light is key to both the evolution of the universe and to the evolution of life on earth. This century a new form of light, laser light, has been discovered on our small planet and is already facilitating a global information transformation as well as providing important contributions to medicine, industrial material processing, data storage, printing, and defense. This review will trace the developments in science and technology that led to the invention of the laser and give a few examples of how lasers are contributing to both technological applications and progress in basic science. There are many other excellent sources that cover various aspects of the lasers and laser technology including articles from the 25th anniversary of the laser Ausubell and Langford, 1987 and textbooks ., Siegman, 1986; Agrawal and Dutta, 1993; and Ready, 1997.Light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation LASER is achieved by exciting the electronic, vibrational, rotational, or cooperative modes of a material into a nonequilibrium state so that photons propagating through the system are amplified coherently by stimulated emission. Excitation of this optical gain medium can be accomplished by using optical radiation, electrical current and discharges, or chemical reactions. The amplifying medium is placed in an optical resonator structure, for example between two high reflectivity mirrors in a Fabry-Perot interferometer configuration. When the gain in photon number for an optical mode of the cavity resonator exceeds the cavity loss, as well as loss from nonradiative and absorption processes, the coherent state amplitude of the mode increases to a levelwhere the mean photon number in the mode is larger than one. At pump levels above this threshold condition,the system is lasing and stimulated emission dominates spontaneous emission. A laser beam is typically coupled out of the resonator by a partially transmitting mirror. The wonderfully useful properties of laser radiation include spatial coherence, narrow spectral emission, high power, and well-defined spatial modes so that the beam can be focused to a diffraction-limited spot size in order to achieve very high intensity. The high efficiency of laser light generation is important in many applications that require low power input and a minimum of heat generation.When a coherent state laser beam is detected using photon-counting techniques, the photon count distribution in time is Poissonian. For example, an audio output from a high efficiency photomultiplier detecting a laser field sounds like rain in a steady downpour. This laser noise can be modified in special cases, ., by constant current pumping of a diode laser toobtain a squeezed number state where the detected photons sound more like a machine gun than rain. An optical amplifier is achieved if the gain medium is not in a resonant cavity. Optical amplifiers can achievevery high gain and low noise. In fact they presently have noise figures within a few dB of the 3 dB quantum noise limit for a phase-insensitive linear amplifier, ., they add little more than a factor of two to the noise power of an input signal. Optical parametric amplifiers OPAs, where signal gain is achieved by nonlinear coupling of a pump field with signal modes, can be configured to add less than 3 dB of noise to an input signal. In an OPA the noise added to the input signal can be dominated by pump noise and the noise contributed by a laser pump beam can be negligibly small compared to the large amplitude of the pump field.2. HISTORYEinstein 1917 provided the first essential idea for the laser, stimulated emission. Why wasn’t the laser invented earlier in the century Much of the early work on stimulated emission concentrates on systems near equilibrium, and the laser is a highly nonequilibrium system. In retrospect the laser could easily have been conceived and demonstrated using a gas discharge during the period of intense spectroscopic studies from 1925 to 1940. However, it took the microwave technology developed during World War II to create the atmosphere for thelaser concept. Charles Townes and his group at Columbia conceived the maser microwave amplification by stimulated emission of radiation idea, based on their background in microwave technology and their interest in high-resolution microwave spectroscopy. Similar maser ideas evolved in Moscow Basov and Prokhorov, 1954 and at the University of Maryland Weber, 1953. The first experimentally demonstrated maser at Columbia University Gordon et al., 1954, 1955 was based on an ammonia molecular beam. Bloembergen’s ideas for gain in three level systems resulted in the first practical maser amplifiers in the ruby system. These devices have noise figures very close to the quantum limit and were used by Penzias and Wilson in the discovery of the cosmic background radiation.Townes was confident that the maser concept could be extended to the optical region Townes, 1995. The laser idea was born Schawlow and Townes, 1958 when he discussed the idea with Arthur Schawlow, who understood that the resonator modes of a Fabry-Perot interferometer could reduce the number of modes interacting with the gain material in order to achieve high gain for an individual mode. The first laser was demonstrated in a flash lamp pumped ruby crystal by Ted Maiman at Hughes Research Laboratories Maiman, 1960. Shortly after the demonstration of pulsed crystal lasers, a continuouswave CW He:Ne gas discharge laser was demonstrated at Bell Laboratories Javan et al., 1961, first at mm and later at the red nm wavelength lasing transition. An excellent article on the birth of the laser is published in a special issue of Physics Today Bromberg, 1988.The maser and laser initiated the field of quantum electronics that spans the disciplines of physics and electrical engineering. For physicists who thought primarilyin terms of photons, some laser concepts were difficult to understand without the coherent wave concepts familiar in the electrical engineering community. For example, the laser linewidth can be much narrower than the limit that one might think to be imposed by the laser transition spontaneous lifetime. Charles Townes won a bottle of scotch over this point from a colleague at Columbia. The laser and maser also beautifully demonstrate the interchange of ideas and impetus between industry, government, and university research.Initially, during the period from 1961 to 1975 there were few applications for the laser. It was a solution looking for a problem. Since the mid-1970s there has been an explosive growth of laser technology for industrial applications. As a result of this technology growth, a new generation of lasers including semiconductor diode lasers, dye lasers, ultrafast mode-locked Ti:sapphire lasers, optical parameter oscillators, and parametric amplifiers is presently facilitating new research breakthroughs in physics, chemistry, and biology.3. LASERS AT THE TURN OF THE CENTURYSchawlow’s ‘‘law’’ states that everything lases if pumped hard enough. Indeed thousands of materials have been demonstrated as lasers and optical amplifiers resulting in a large range of laser sizes, wavelengths, pulse lengths, and powers. Laser wavelengths range from the far infrared to the x-ray region. Laser light pulses as short as a few femtoseconds are available for research on materials dynamics. Peak powers in the petawatt range are now being achieved by amplification of femtosecond pulses. When these power levels are focused into a diffraction-limited spot, the intensities approach 1023 W/cm2. Electrons in these intense fields are accelerated into the relativistic range during a single optical cycle, and interesting quantum electrodynamic effects can be studied. The physics of ultrashort laser pulses is reviewed is this centennial series Bloembergen, 1999.A recent example of a large, powerful laser is the chemical laser based on an iodine transition at a wavelength of mm that is envisioned as a defensive weapon Forden, 1997. It could be mounted in a Boeing 747 aircraft and would produce average powers of 3 megawatts, equivalent to 30 acetylene torches. New advances in high quality dielectric mirrors and deformable mirrors allow this intense beam to be focused reliably on a small missile carrying biological or chemical agents and destroy it from distances of up to 100 km. This ‘‘star wars’’ attack can be accomplished during the launch phase of the target missile so that portions of the destroyed missile would fall back on its launcher, quite a good deterrent for these evil weapons. Captain Kirk and the starship Enterprise may be using this one on the Klingons At the opposite end of the laser size range are microlasers so small that only a few optical modes are contained in a resonator with a volume in the femtoliter range. These resonators can take the form of rings or disks only a few microns in diameter that use total internal reflection instead of conventional dielectric stack mirrors in order to obtain high reflectivity. Fabry-Perot cavities only a fraction of a micron in length are used for VCSELs vertical cavity surface emitting lasers that generate high quality optical beams that can be efficiently coupled to optical fibers Choquette and Hou, 1997. VCSELs may find widespread application in optical data links.4. MATERIALS PROCESSING AND LITHOGRAPHYHigh power CO2 and Nd:YAG lasers are used for a wide variety of engraving, cutting, welding, soldering, and 3D prototyping applications. rf-excited, sealed off CO2 lasers are commercially available that have output powers in the 10 to 600 W range and have lifetimes of over 10 000 hours. Laser cutting applications include sailclothes, parachutes, textiles, airbags, and lace. The cutting is very quick, accurate, there is no edge discoloration, and a clean fused edge is obtained that eliminatesfraying of the material. Complex designs are engraved in wood, glass, acrylic, rubber stamps, printing plates, plexiglass, signs, gaskets, and paper. Threedimensional models are quickly made from plastic or wood using a CAD computer-aided design computer file.Fiber lasers Rossi, 1997 are a recent addition to the materials processing field. The first fiber lasers were demonstrated at Bell Laboratories using crystal fibers in an effort to develop lasers for undersea lightwave communications. Doped fused silica fiber lasers were soon developed. During the late 1980s researchers at Polaroid Corp. and at the University of Southampton invented cladding-pumped fiber lasers. The glass surrounding the guiding core in these lasers serves both to guide the light in the single mode core and as a multimode conduit for pump light whose propagation is confined to the inner cladding by a low-refractive index outer polymer cladding. Typical operation schemes at present use a multimode 20 W diode laser bar that couples efficiently into the large diameter inner cladding region and is absorbed by the doped core region over its entire length typically 50 m. The dopants in the core of the fiber that provide the gain can be erbium for the mm wavelength region or ytterbium for the mm region. High quality cavity mirrors are deposited directly on the ends of the fiber. These fiber lasers are extremely efficient, with overall efficiencies as high as 60%. The beam quality and delivery efficiency is excellent since the output is formed as the single mode output of the fiber. These lasers now have output powers in the 10 to 40 W range and lifetimes of nearly 5000 hours. Current applications of these lasers include annealing micromechanical components, cutting of 25 to 50 mm thick stainless steel parts, selective soldering and welding of intricate mechanical parts, marking plastic and metal components, and printing applications.Excimer lasers are beginning to play a key role in photolithography used to fabricate VLSI very large scale integrated circuit chips. As the IC integrated circuit design rules decrease from mm 1995 to mm 2002, the wavelength of the light source used for photolithographic patterning must correspondingly decrease from 400 nm to below 200 nm. During the early 1990s mercury arc radiation produced enough power at sufficiently short wavelengths of 436 nm and 365 nm for high production rates of IC devices patterned to mm and mm design rules respectively. As the century closes excimer laser sources with average output powers in the 200 W range are replacing the mercury arcs. The excimer laser linewidths are broad enough to prevent speckle pattern formation, yet narrow enough, less than 2 nm wavelength width, to avoid major problems with dispersion in optical imaging. The krypton fluoride KF excimer laser radiation at 248 nm wavelength supports mm design rules and the ArF laser transition at 193nm will probably be used beginning with mm design rules. At even smaller design rules, down to mm by 2008, the F2 excimer laser wavelength at 157 nm is a possible candidate, although there are no photoresists developed for this wavelength at present. Higher harmonics of solid-state lasers are also possibilities as high power UV sources. At even shorter wavelengths it is very difficult for optical elements and photoresists to meet the requirementsin the lithographic systems. Electron beams, x-rays and synchrotron radiation are still being considered for the 70 nm design rules anticipated for 2010 and beyond.5. LASERS IN PHYSICSLaser technology has stimulated a renaissance in spectroscopies throughout the electromagnetic spectrum. The narrow laser linewidth, large powers, short pulses, and broad range of wavelengths has allowed new dynamic and spectral studies of gases, plasmas, glasses, crystals, and liquids. For example, Raman scattering studies of phonons, magnons, plasmons, rotons, and excitations in 2D electron gases have flourished since the invention of the laser. Nonlinear laser spectroscopies have resulted in great increases in precision measurement as described in an article in this volume Ha¨nsch and Walther 1999.Frequency-stabilized dye lasers and diode lasers precisely tuned to atomic transitions have resulted in ultracold atoms and Bose-Einstein condensates, also described in this volume Wieman et al., 1999. Atomicstate control and measurements of atomic parity nonconservation have reached a precision that allows tests of the standard model in particle physics as well as crucial searches for new physics beyond the standard model. In recent parity nonconservation experiments Wood et al., 1997 Ce atoms are prepared in specific electronic states as they pass through two red diode laser beams. These prepared atoms then enter an optical cavity resonator where the atoms are excited to a higher energy level by high-intensity green light injected into the cavity from a frequency-stabilized dye laser. Applied electric and magnetic fields in this excitation region can be reversed to create a mirrored environment for the atoms. After the atom exits the excitation region, the atom excitation rate is measured by a third red diode laser. Very small changes in this excitation rate with a mirroring of the applied electric and magnetic fields indicate parity nonconservation. The accuracy of the parity nonconservation measurement has evolved over several decades to a level of %. This measurement accuracy corresponds to the first definitive isolation of nuclear-spin-dependent atomic parity violation.。
激光专业英语
2011年技术物理学院08级（激光方向）专业英语翻译重点！！！作者：邵晨宇Electromagnetic电磁的principle原则principal主要的macroscopic宏观的microscopic微观的differential微分vector矢量scalar标量permittivity介电常数photons光子oscillation振动density of states态密度dimensionality维数transverse wave横波dipole moment偶极矩diode 二极管mono-chromatic单色temporal时间的spatial空间的velocity速度wave packet波包be perpendicular to线垂直be nomal to线面垂直isotropic各向同性的anistropic各向异性的vacuum真空assumption假设semiconductor半导体nonmagnetic非磁性的considerable大量的ultraviolet紫外的diamagnetic抗磁的paramagnetic顺磁的antiparamagnetic反铁磁的ferro-magnetic铁磁的negligible可忽略的conductivity电导率intrinsic本征的inequality不等式infrared红外的weakly doped弱掺杂heavily doped重掺杂a second derivative in time对时间二阶导数vanish消失tensor张量refractive index折射率crucial主要的quantum mechanics 量子力学transition probability跃迁几率delve研究infinite无限的relevant相关的thermodynamic equilibrium热力学平衡（动态热平衡）fermions费米子bosons波色子potential barrier势垒standing wave驻波travelling wave行波degeneracy简并converge收敛diverge发散phonons声子singularity奇点（奇异值）vector potential向量式partical-wave dualism波粒二象性homogeneous均匀的elliptic椭圆的reasonable公平的合理的reflector反射器characteristic特性prerequisite必要条件quadratic二次的predominantly最重要的gaussian beams高斯光束azimuth方位角evolve推到spot size光斑尺寸radius of curvature曲率半径convention管理hyperbole双曲线hyperboloid双曲面radii半径asymptote渐近线apex顶点rigorous精确地manifestation体现表明wave diffraction波衍射aperture孔径complex beam radius复光束半径lenslike medium类透镜介质be adjacent to与之相邻confocal beam共焦光束a unity determinant单位行列式waveguide波导illustration说明induction归纳symmetric 对称的steady-state稳态be consistent with与之一致solid curves实线dashed curves虚线be identical to相同eigenvalue本征值noteworthy关注的counteract抵消reinforce加强the modal dispersion模式色散the group velocity dispersion群速度色散channel波段repetition rate重复率overlap重叠intuition直觉material dispersion材料色散information capacity信息量feed into 注入derive from由之产生semi-intuitive半直觉intermode mixing模式混合pulse duration脉宽mechanism原理dissipate损耗designate by命名为to a large extent在很大程度上etalon 标准具archetype圆形interferometer干涉计be attributed to归因于roundtrip一个往返infinite geometric progression无穷几何级数conservation of energy能量守恒free spectral range自由光谱区reflection coefficient（fraction of the intensity reflected）反射系数transmission coefficient（fraction of the intensity transmitted）透射系数optical resonator光学谐振腔unity 归一optical spectrum analyzer光谱分析grequency separations频率间隔scanning interferometer扫描干涉仪sweep移动replica复制品ambiguity不确定simultaneous同步的longitudinal laser mode纵模denominator分母finesse精细度the limiting resolution极限分辨率the width of a transmission bandpass透射带宽collimated beam线性光束noncollimated beam非线性光束transient condition瞬态情况spherical mirror 球面镜locus（loci）轨迹exponential factor指数因子radian弧度configuration不举intercept截断back and forth反复spatical mode空间模式algebra代数in practice在实际中symmetrical对称的a symmetrical conforal resonator对称共焦谐振腔criteria准则concentric同心的biperiodic lens sequence双周期透镜组序列stable solution稳态解equivalent lens等效透镜verge 边缘self-consistent自洽reference plane参考平面off-axis离轴shaded area阴影区clear area空白区perturbation扰动evolution渐变decay减弱unimodual matrix单位矩阵discrepancy相位差longitudinal mode index纵模指数resonance共振quantum electronics量子电子学phenomenon现象exploit利用spontaneous emission自发辐射initial初始的thermodynamic热力学inphase同相位的population inversion粒子数反转transparent透明的threshold阈值predominate over占主导地位的monochromaticity单色性spatical and temporal coherence时空相干性by virtue of利用directionality方向性superposition叠加pump rate泵浦速率shunt分流corona breakdown电晕击穿audacity畅通无阻versatile用途广泛的photoelectric effect光电效应quantum detector 量子探测器quantum efficiency量子效率vacuum photodiode真空光电二极管photoelectric work function光电功函数cathode阴极anode阳极formidable苛刻的恶光的irrespective无关的impinge撞击in turn依次capacitance电容photomultiplier光电信增管photoconductor光敏电阻junction photodiode结型光电二极管avalanche photodiode雪崩二极管shot noise 散粒噪声thermal noise热噪声1.In this chapter we consider Maxwell’s equations and what they reveal about the propagation of light in vacuum and in matter. We introduce the concept of photons and present their density of states.Since the density of states is a rather important property，not only for photons，we approach this quantity in a rather general way. We will use the density of states later also for other(quasi-) particles including systems of reduced dimensionality.In addition,we introduce the occupation probability of these states for various groups of particles.在本章中，我们讨论麦克斯韦方程和他们显示的有关光在真空中传播的问题。
美国NicoletOne 脑功能监护仪年中会培训
--NICU必需设备
北京亚美和恒科技有限公司
内容
• 脑功能监测仪与脑电图的关系 • 脑功能监测方法 • 脑功能监护发展 • 脑功能监护仪临床应用 • NicoletOne Monitor产品特点 • 竞争对手分析 • 常见问题
脑功能监测？
• 振幅整合脑电图(Aeeg)即脑功能监测是连续脑电 图记录的简化形式，它是简单化的单通道的脑电 监测，信号来自双顶骨电极，通过放大，频率滤 过，振幅压缩和整合，以6cm/h的速度输出在记 录纸上。
人员 • 棘尖波自动检测软件，对亚临床状态的癫痫发作是极好的提示 • 专有的NicVue病人数据管理软件 • 床边机与中央监护单元共同实现为重病人的网络化监护
竞争对手分析
最主要的竞争对手
一、美国Natus集团提供的产品， Olympic CFM 6000 Bio-logic Brainz XLTek Stellate 二、脑电图供应商
NicoletOne脑电系列；Cardwell，等
Natus-Olympic CFM 6000
– 双通道 – 放大器采样频率不确定 – 信号传输方式不确定 – 易操作,只需安装三个电极 – 电极安装指示图 – 电极阻抗过高或脱落时，有报警功能 – 触摸屏操作 – 可显示实时脑电图波形及aEEG – 事件快速标注 – 数据回放 – 热敏打印（独有），也可外接打印机 – 趋势图只有aEEG，监测方法单一。 – 不能显示眼动、心电、生理信号等 -- 无生命体征信号输入 -- 无视频脑电 – 无网络会诊功能
NicoletOne Monitor 实现普及脑功能监护的梦想！
设计理念
• 以醒目的色彩表达脑功能变化； • 让非专业医生一样可以完成对危重病人的脑功能监护 • 早期发现，在可逆脑功能变化下救治病人 • 提高病人的监护及救治质量
振动常用术语中英文翻译
振动常用术语1. accelerometer加速规：测量振动加速度的换能器，通常由压电材料制成。
2. alisig迭混：因采样频率低造成将高频信号误认为低频的现象。
3. amplitude振幅：振动时离平衡位置最远的距离。
4. antiresonance反共振：频谱曲线的反峰值。
5. autocorrelation function白相关函数：同一信号在时间t 和t+ 时的值的乘积的平均值，它是随机振动中描述自身相关性的量。
6. autospectral density自谱密度：每单位频带宽度之均方值的极限。
7. balancing平衡：加配重或移除质量以达到静、动平衡的过程。
8. beat拍：两个频率相近的简谐振动量相加而形成的周期性变化现象。
9. calibration校准：应用校准仪器测量出加速规实际灵敏度的过程。
10. calibration system校准系统：用来对换能器（如加速规）校准的仪器设备。
11. charge type accelerometer电荷式加速规：输出为电荷的加速规。
12. charge amplifier电荷放大器：将电荷式加速规的输出信号放大并作阻抗匹配的放大器。
13. circular frequency圆频率：以rad/s为单位表示的频率。
14. coherence function相干函数（因果函数）：振动测试时，描述输出和输入相干程度的函数。
15. continuous system连续系统：自由度无限多的系统如梁、板等。
16. coupled modes耦合模态：非单一模态，例如同时有平移和转动的模态。
17. crest factor隆起因子：峰值与均方根值的比值。
18. critical damping：临界阻尼：振动系统在给予初始位移和速度后能在不振荡的情形下，以最短时间回到平衡位置的阻尼值。
19. cross-correlation function互相关函数：随机振动中表示两个随机变量相关情形的函数。
光电子专业的专业英语单词
《光电技术》专业英语词汇Absorption coefficient 吸收系数absorption region in APD APD 吸收区域Acceptance angle 接收角Acceptors in semiconductors 半导体接收器Acousto-optic modulator 声光调制active medium 活动介质Active pixel sensor 有源像素传感器active region 活动区域Air disk 艾里斑Airy rings 艾里环Aliasing 伪信号Amorphous silicon photoconversion layer 非晶硅存储型amplifiers 放大器angular radius 角半径anisotropy 各向异性Antireflection coating 抗反膜Argon-ion laser 氩离子激光器Attenuation coefficient 衰减系数Automatic gain control 自动增益控制Avalanche photodiode(APD) 雪崩二极管Avalanche 雪崩Average irradiance 平均照度bandgap diagram 带隙图Bandgap 带隙Bandwidth 带宽Beam splitter cube 立方分束器Beam 光束Bias 偏压Biaxial crystals 双轴晶体41. Birefringent 双折射Bit rate 位率Black body radiation law 黑体辐射法则Bloch wave in a crystal 晶体中布洛赫波Block access 块存取Blooming 高光溢出Boundary conditions 边界条件Bragg angle 布拉格角度Bragg diffraction condition 布拉格衍射条件Bragg diffraction 布拉格衍射Bragg wavelength 布拉格波长breakdown voltage 击穿电压Brewster angle 布鲁斯特角Brewster window 布鲁斯特窗Calcite 霰石Carrier confinement 载流子限制Centrosymmetric crystals 中心对称晶体characteristics-table 特性表格Charge coupled device 电荷耦合组件Charge handling capability 操作电荷量Chirping 啁啾Chrominance difference signal 色差信号Cladding 覆层Clamp 钳位cleaved-coupled-cavity 解理耦合腔Coefficient of index grating 指数光栅系数Coherence 连贯性Color temperature 色温Compensation doping 掺杂补偿Complementary color 补色Complementary metal oxide semi-conductor 互补金属氧化物半导体Conduction band 导带Conduction band 导带Conductivity 导电性Confining layers 限制层Conjugate image 共轭像Conversion efficiency 转换效率Correlated double sampling 相关双采样Cut-off wavelength 截止波长Dark current 暗电流Defect correction 缺陷补偿Degenerate semiconductor 简并半导体Density of states 态密度Depletion layer 耗尽层Depletion layer 耗尽层Detectivity 探测率Dielectric mirrors 介电质镜像Diffraction grating equation 衍射光栅等式Diffraction grating 衍射光栅Diffraction 衍射Diffusion current 扩散电流Diffusion current 扩散电流Diffusion flux 扩散流量Diffusion Length 扩散长度Diode equation 二极管公式Diode ideality factor 二极管理想因子Direct recombination 直接复合Discrete cosine transform 离散余弦变换Dispersion 散射Dispersive medium 散射介质distributed Bragg reflection 分布布拉格反射Distributed Bragg reflector 分布布拉格反射器distributed feedback 分布反馈Donors in semiconductors 施主离子Doppler broadened linewidth 多普勒扩展线宽Doppler effect 多普勒效应Doppler-heterostructure 多普勒同质结构Doppler shift 多普勒位移Drift current 漂移电流Drift mobility 漂移迁移率Drift Velocity 漂移速度Dynamic range 动态范围Edge enhancement 轮廓校正Effective density of states 有效态密度Effective mass 有效质量Effective pixel 有效像素efficiency of the He-Ne 氦氖效率Efficiency 效率Einstein coefficients 爱因斯坦系数Electrical bandwidth of fibers 光纤电子带宽Electromagnetic wave 电磁波Electron affinity 电子亲和势Electron potential energy in a crystal 晶体电子阱能量Electronic shutter 电子快门Electro-optic effects 光电子效应Energy band diagram 能量带宽图Energy band 能带Energy band 能量带宽energy gap 能级带隙Energy level 能级Epitaxial growth 外延生长Erbium doped fiber amplifier 掺饵光纤放大器Excess carrier distribution 过剩载流子扩散External photocurrent 外部光电流Extrinsic semiconductors 本征半导体Fabry-Perot laser amplifier 法布里-珀罗激光放大器Fabry-Perot optical resonator 法布里-珀罗光谐振器Faraday effect 法拉第效应Fermi energy 费米能级Fermi-Dirac function 费米狄拉克结fibers 光纤Field integration 场读出方式Fill factor 填充因子Fixed pattern noise 固定图形噪声Floating diffusion amplifier 浮置扩散放大器Floating gate amplifier 浮置栅极放大器Frame integration 帧读出方式Frame interline transfer CCD 帧行间转移 CCDFrame transfer CCD 帧转移 CCDFrame transfer 帧转移Free spectral range 自由谱范围Fresnel’s equations 菲涅耳方程Fresnel’s optical indicatrix 菲涅耳椭圆球Fringing field drift 边缘电场漂移Full frame CCD 全帧 CCDFull width at half maximum 半峰宽Full width at half power 半功率带宽Fundamental absorption edge 基本吸收带Gaussian beam 高斯光束Gaussian dispersion 高斯散射Gaussian pulse 高斯脉冲Glass perform 玻璃预制棒Global exposure 全面曝光Goos Haenchen phase shift Goos Haenchen 相位移Graded index rod lens 梯度折射率棒透镜Group delay 群延迟Group velocity 群参数guard ring 保护环Half-wave plate retarder 半波延迟器Helium-Neon laser 氦氖激光器Heterojunction 异质结Heterostructure 异质结构High frame rate readout mode 高速读出模式Hole 空穴129.Hologram 全息图Holography 全息照相Homojunction 同质结Horizontal CCD 水平 CCDHuygens-Fresnel principle 惠更斯-菲涅耳原理Iconoscope 光电摄像管Illuminance 照度Image lag 残像Image sensor 图像传感器Image stabilizer 手振校正Impact-ionization 碰撞电离Index matching 指数匹配Injection 注射Instantaneous irradiance 自发辐射Integrated optics 集成光路Intensity of light 光强Interlace scan 隔行扫描Interline transfer CCD 行间转移型 CCDinternal gain 内增益Intersymbol interference 符号间干扰Intrinsic concentration 本征浓度Intrinsic semiconductors 本征半导体Irradiance 辐射ISO sensitivity ISO 感光度Laser diode 激光二极管LASER 激光Lasing emission 激光发射LED 发光二极管Line transfer 线转移Lineshape function 线形结Linewidth 线宽Lithium niobate 铌酸锂Load line 负载线Loss coefficient 损耗系数Luminance signal 高度信号Luminous quantity 测光量Macrobending loss 宏弯损耗Magneto-optic effects 磁光效应Magneto-optic isolator 磁光隔离Magneto-optic modulator 磁光调制Majority carrier 多数载流子Majority carriers 多数载流子Matrix emitter 矩阵发射Maximum acceptance angle 最优接收角Maxwell’s wave equation 麦克斯维方程Mazh-Zehnder modulator Mazh-Zehnder 型调制器Microbending loss 微弯损耗Microlaser 微型激光CMOS image sensor COMS 图像传感器Minimum illumination 最低照度Minority carrier 少数载流子Minority carriers 少数载流子Modulated directional coupler 调制定向偶合器Modulation of light 光调制Monochromatic wave 单色光MOS diode MOS 二极管MOS image sensor MOS 型图像传感器multiple quantum well 多量子阱multiplication factor 倍增因子Multiplication region 倍增区Negative absolute temperature 负温度系数Net round-trip optical gain 环路净光增益Noise 噪声Non interlace 逐行扫描Noncentrosymmetric crystals 非中心对称晶体Nondegenerate semiconductors 非简并半异体Non-linear optic 非线性光学Non-thermal equilibrium 非热平衡Normalized frequency 归一化频率Normalized index difference 归一化指数差异Normalized propagation constant 归一化传播常数Normalized thickness 归一化厚度Numerical aperture 孔径Nyquist frequency 奈奎斯特频率Optic axis 光轴Optic fibers 光纤Optical activity 光活性Optical anisotropy 光各向异性Optical bandwidth 光带宽Optical cavity 光腔Optical divergence 光发散Optical fiber amplifier 光纤放大器Optical field 光场Optical gain 光增益Optical indicatrix 光随圆球Optical isolater 光隔离器Optical isotropic 光学各向同性的Optical Laser amplifiers 激光放大器Optical modulators 光调制器Optical pumping 光泵浦Optical resonator 光谐振器Optical tunneling 光学通道optical 光学的oscillation condition 振荡条件Outside vapor deposition 管外气相淀积Overflow 溢出Passive pixel sensor 无源像素传感器Passive 无源Penetration depth 渗透深度Phase change 相位改变Phase condition in lasers 激光相条件Phase matching angle 相位匹配角Phase matching 相位匹配Phase mismatch 相位失配Phase modulation 相位调制Phase modulator 相位调制器Phase of a wave 波相217.Phase velocity 相速Phonon 光子Photoconductive detector 光导探测器Photoconductive gain 光导增益Photoconductivity 光导性Photocurrent 光电流Photodetector 光探测器Photodiode 光电二极管Photodiode 光电二极管Photoelastic effect 光弹效应Photogeneration 光子再生photogeneration 光子再生Photolelctric effect 光电效应Photon amplification 光子放大Photon confinement 光子限制Photortansistor 光电三极管Photovoltaic devices 光伏器件Piezoelectric effect 压电效应Pinned photodiode 掩埋型光电二极管Pixel signal interpolating 插值处理Planck’s radiation distribution law 普朗克辐射法则Pockel coefficients 普克尔斯系数Pockels cell modulator 普克尔斯调制器Pockels phase modulator 普克尔斯相位调制器Polarization transmission matrix 极化传输矩阵Polarization 极化Population inversion 粒子数反转Poynting vector 能流密度向量Preform 预制棒primary photocurrent 起始光电流principle 原理Progressive scan 全像素读出方式Propagation constant 传播常数Pumping 泵浦Pupil compensation 快门校正Pyroelectric detectors 热释电探测器Quantum efficiency 量子效率349.Smear 漏光Quantum efficiency 量子效应Quantum noise 量子噪声Quantum well 量子阱Quarter-wave plate retarder 四分之一波长延迟Radiant quantity 辐射剂量Radiant sensitivity 辐射敏感性Ramo’s theorem 拉莫定理Random noise 随机噪声Rate equations 速率方程Rayleigh criterion 瑞利条件Rayleigh scattering limit 瑞利散射极限Real image 实像Recombination lifetime 复合寿命Recombination 复合Reflectance 反射Reflection 反射Refracted light 折射光Refraction index 折射率refractive index 各向异性Refractive index 折射系数Response time 响应时间Resolving power 分辩力responsivity of InGaAs InGaAs 响应度Return-to-zero data rate 归零码Rise time 上升时间Saturation drift velocity 饱和漂移速度Saturation signal 饱和信号量Scattering 散射Second harmonic generation 二阶谐波Self-induced drift 自激漂移Self-phase modulation 自相位调制Sellmeier dispersion equation 色列米尔波散方程式separate absorption and multiplication(SAM) 分离吸收和倍增separate absorption grading and multiplication(SAGM) 分离吸收等级和倍增Shockley equation 肖克利公式Shot noise 散粒噪声Shot noise 肖特基噪声Signal to noise ratio 信噪比silicon 硅Single frequency lasers 单波长噪声Single quantum well 单量子阱Snell’s law 斯涅尔定律Solar cell 光电池Solid state photomultiplier 固态光复用器Source follower 源极跟随器Spatial filter 空间滤波器Spectral intensity 谱强度Spectral response 光谱响应Spectral responsivity 光谱响应Spontaneous emission 自发辐射stimulated emission 受激辐射Temporal resolution 动态分辨率Terrestrial light 陆地光Theraml equilibrium 热平衡Thermal generation 热再生Thermal noise 热噪声Thermal velocity 热速度Thershold concentration 光强阈值Threshold current 阈值电流Threshold voltage 阈值电压Threshold wavelength 阈值波长Total acceptance angle 全接受角Totla internal reflection 全反射Tramsmittance 传输Transfer distance 转移距离Transistor 晶体管Transit time 渡越时间Transmission coefficient 传输系数Transverse electric field 电横波场Tranverse magnetic field 磁横波场Traveling vave lase 行波激光器Tunneling effect 隧道效应Uniaxial crystals 单轴晶体UnPolarized light 非极化光Valence band 价带Vertical CCD 垂直 CCDVertical overflow drain 垂直溢出漏极Visible light 可见光Wave equation 波公式Wave number 波数Wave packet 波包络305.Wavevector 波矢量Wave 波Wavefront 波前Waveguide 波导Weak inversion 弱反转。
低相干光源特点
低相干光源特点Low-coherence Light Source CharacteristicsA low-coherence light source exhibits several distinct characteristics that make it suitable for various applications. Firstly, it possesses a broad spectral bandwidth, resulting in a short coherence length. This property enables precise depth resolution in optical coherence tomography (OCT) and other interference-based imaging techniques. Secondly, the low-coherence nature of the light source reduces speckle noise, improving image quality and clarity. Additionally, low-coherence light sources often exhibit high temporal stability, ensuring consistent performance over time. Finally, these sources are typically compatible with fiber-optic systems, facilitating their integration into complex optical setups.低相干光源特点低相干光源具有多个显著特点，使其适用于各种应用。
首先，它拥有较宽的光谱带宽，从而具有较短的相干长度。
维替泊芬光动力疗法联合雷珠单抗玻璃体腔注射治疗息肉状脉络膜血管病变患者的短期随访研究
维替泊芬光动力疗法联合雷珠单抗玻璃体腔注射治疗息肉状脉络膜血管病变患者的短期随访研究王一平(重庆市永川区爱尔眼科医院眼科，重庆402100)摘要：目的探讨维替泊芬光动力疗法(PDT)联合雷珠单抗玻璃体腔注射(IVR)治疗息肉状脉络膜血管病 变(PCV)患者的临床效果。
方法选取我院PCV患者78例，按随机数字表法分观察组5=39)、对照组5二39)。
对照组采用IVR治疗,观察组采用维替泊芬PDT联合IVR治疗。
比较两组息肉状病灶完全消退率及治疗前、治疗后1周、1个月、3个月、6个月矫正视力［最小分辨角的对数视力(LogMAR)］、黄斑中心视网膜厚度(CRT)和并发症发生率。
结果观察组息肉状病灶完全消退率为79.49%(31/39),高于对照组38.46%(15/ 39)(P<0.05)；治疗后1周、1个月、3个月、6个月观察组LogMAR均低于对照组,CRT均低于对照组(P均< 0.05)；两组并发症发生率比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。
结论维替泊芬PDT联合IVR治疗PCV临床效果显著，可有效促进息肉状病灶消退,提升患者视力，减轻视网膜水肿，是安全有效的治疗方案。
关键词：息肉状脉络膜血管病变；维替泊芬光动力疗法；雷珠单抗玻璃体腔注射中图分类号:R773.4文献标识码:B文章编号：2095-4646(2021)02-0139-03开放科学(资源服务)标识码(OSID):DOI：10.16751/ki.20954646.2021.02.0139息肉状脉络膜血管病变(polypoidal choroidal-vasculopathy,PCV)是以卩引嗥青绿血管造影(IC-GA)可见息肉状病灶及周边分支血管网(BVN)为主要特征的临床常见眼底疾病，多发于中老年人群,可对患者视力造成严重损伤［切。
PCV病因病机尚未完全明确,且缺乏特效治疗药物，临床多采用光动力疗法(PDT)、抗血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)药物玻璃体腔注射等方式治疗。
振动词汇
Absolute 绝对值Absorber 吸振器，减震器、阻尼器、缓冲器Acceleration 加速度Accelerometer 加速度传感器Accuracy 精度Aliasing 频谱混叠(简称：频混或混频)Amplitude 振幅Angular Frequency 角频率Average 均值Averaging 求和，取平均（以提高精度，或者抑制异步引起的误差和随机干扰）Balancing 找平Broadband 宽带Calibration 校准，标定Charge Amplifier 电荷放大器(接到压电晶体类传感器后面，将电荷变成电压) Coherence 相干Comparison 比较Compliance 柔度(刚度的倒数)Critical Frequency (临界频率点)共振频率点Crossover Frequency 穿越频率Cycle 周期,循环Damping 阻尼Decade 十进制deciBel 分贝Degrees of Freedom 自由度Deterministic Vibration 确定性振动(与随机振动相对)Displacement 位移Distortion 畸变，失真Duration (冲击)持续时间Filter 滤波器Forced Vibration 强迫振动Forcing Frequency 激振器频率Fragility 易损性Fragility Test 易损性检验Free Vibration 自由振动Frequency 频率Frequency Response 频率响应Frequency Spectrum 频率谱Fundamental Mode of Vibration 振动基本模态Harmonic 调和，谐和Hash 信号失真Impact 碰撞Impulse 脉冲，冲击Induced Environments （受激振器等设备）激励的环境（与自然环境相对）Inertance(Accelerance) 惯性Input 输入Input Control Signal 输入控制信号Intensity 振动或冲击强度Isolation 隔振Jerk 加速度变化率Linear System 线性系统Linearity 线性度Mass 质量Mean 平均的Mechanical Impedance 机械阻抗Mode 模态Natural Environments 自然环境(与激励环境对应)Natural Frequency 固有频率Noise 噪声Notch 在固有频率点的最小谱值Octave 八倍频Oscillation 振荡Peak 峰值Peak-to-Peak Value 峰峰值(想邻的正峰和负峰之间的差值)Period 周期Periodic Vibration 周期振动Phase 相位Pickup 捡振器，传感器Piezoelectric(PE) Transducer 压电传感器Piezoresistive(PR) Transducer 压阻的传感器Platform 系统，平台Power Spectral Density or PSD 功率谱密度Precision 精密度(表征测试系统的性能)Probabilistic Vibration 概率振动(随机振动)Quadrature Motion 横向运动(垂直于传感器测量的感兴趣方向的伪振动) Quadrature Sensitivity 横向灵敏度Random Vibration 随机振动Range 量程Repeatability 在相同的试验条件，试验结果的可重复性Resolution 分辨率Resonance 共振Response 响应Response Signal 响应信号Ringing 持续振荡Rise Time 上升时间RMS or Root-Mean-Square Value 均方根值Self-Induced Vibration 自激振动Sensitivity 灵敏度Sensor 传感器Shock Machine 冲击试验机Shock Pulse 冲击脉冲Shock Response Spectrum(SRS) 冲击响应谱Signal Conditioner 信号调理仪Simple Harmonic Motion 简谐运动Slew Rate 对给定量仪器输出能够发生变化的最大率Source Follower 阻抗转换器Spectrum 频谱Standard Deviation 方差Stationarity 平稳性Steady-State Vibration 稳态振动Stiffness 刚度Strain-Gage Transducer 应变传感器Stress Screening 酷境检查Subharmonic 次调和，次简谐Tailoring 剪裁Time Constant 时间常数Tracking Filter 跟踪滤波器Transducer 传感器Transient Vibration 瞬态振动Transmissibility 传递率Velocity 速度Vibration 振动Vibration Machine 振动仪，激振器Vibration Meter 测振计Weight 重力White Random Vibration 白噪声随机振动以下内容转自/viewthread.php?tid=425205。
Confocal 介绍
Dynodes
Side on design
Gain varies with the voltage across the dynodes and the total number of dynodes With typically 9 dynodes, gain of 4x106 can be achieved
Confocal microscope principle
x pinhole Light source detector Transmissive design Sample objective (object plane) y pinhole
objective
• “conjugate focal planes” • illumination and detection of the same focal point • need to displace the sample in x and y to construct an image
A section of mouse intestine imaged with both confocal and non-confocal microscopy
How big is a Laser Scanning Confocal Microscope ?
Laser module 405, 458, 477, 488, 514, 561, 633 nm Scanning head
System electronic rack
LASER
Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation
• High intensity • Spatial and temporal coherence • Monochromatic • Focused
建立以脑波为基础的阿兹海默病评估模式.
Clinical EEG-based assessment model for Alzheimer's disease
ห้องสมุดไป่ตู้
英文摘要 Background Typical EEG findings of Alzheimer's disease are increase of slow waves and decrease of fast waves. These changes are not specific for this disease, so it is commonly regarded EEG as of limited value for disease diagnosis. Long-term clinical observation suggests that the degree of these EEG changes seemed to be associated with the severity of the disease, and EEG study may serve as a potential tool to help clinical follow-up of these patients. However, most past studies of EEG and Alzheimer's disease focused on the issue of differentiation of Alzheimer's disease and other dementia syndromes. Description of the correlation of EEG parameters and the clinical course of Alzheimer's disease are rare and there's no unique recommended EEG parameter, so its clinical application is limited. We conducted this study to find sensitive and useful EEG parameters and provide a applicable model for the clinical assessment of Alzheimer's disease. Method This retrospective study included three medical institutes and fifty-nine patients of Alzheimer's disease. Based on spectral analysis, we calculated and presented spectral profile、power ratio、interhemispheric alpha coherence and intrahemispheric alpha coherence of individual EEG. We grouped the patients as very mild、mild、moderate、and severe groups according to the information of CDR or GDS and analyzed the correlation of these EEG parameters and different groups. Results Spectral profile provides valuable information of EEG about the dominant frequency and the power of different frequencies. We found characteristic profile of each group, however, it's a semi-quantitive method and is not suitable for further comparison. Mean power ratio of each group is 0.72 in very mild group、1.17 in mild group、1.86 in moderate group and 3.00 in severe group, respectively. Higher value suggest more severe disease. Interhemispheric alpha coherence showed diffuse decrease as the advance of disease. Among the electrode pairs, P3-P4 showed better correlation with the disease severity. Mean alpha coherence in each group is 0.474 in very mild group 、0.415 in mild group、 0.347 in moderate group and 0.271 in severe group, respectively. Lower value of P3-P4 alpha coherence suggest more severe disease. As for interhemispheric alpha coherence, we cannot find apparent correlation with disease severity. According to ROC curve, cutoff value among groups were suggested. Correct classification was 62.7% and 52.5% by power ratio and P3-P4 alpha coherence respectively. Conclusion EEG is a objective diagnostic tool, suitable of providing information of severity of Alzheimer's disease. Among various parameters, we recommended power ratio and P3-P4 alpha coherence as the tools to assess Alzheimer's disease. Although not sensitive enough to compare with clinical assessment scales, such as CDR or GDS, it can be a objective tool to supplement current assessment method. Our study provide a practical model that can be widely applied among institutes to follow up these patients. Further studies are necessary to assess the value of interval change of individual patient 、drug response and correlation with other diagnostic tools.