chap06(c)

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希腊值介绍

Chap 06 风险暴露管理
（希腊值简介）
• 基本概念介绍
• 前台：金融机构的交易平台。
• 中台：管理银行所面临的整体风险，资本充足率以及监管法规的部门。 • 后台：管理账目的部门。 • 1. 前台交易人员通过对冲来控制单一风
• 险额度，已达到风险管所有交易员的单一风
• 6.1.4 交易费用
• 对单一的期权及资产而言，上述对冲会触发昂贵的交易费用，对冲的过程要频繁地进行股票的买卖，现实中股票的买卖要付交易费用。
• 例如A股股票主要交易费用如下：1.印花税：成交金额的 1‰（卖出时收取，买入时不收），2.佣金：浮动成交金额的 1.5－3‰，小于5元收5元。3.过户费：每千股收1元（小于1元收1元、深市无）。4.委托费：每笔1元[申报1元, 成交1元，撤单1元]各地不等.[ 佣金最低收取标准是5元。不到5元都按照5元收取]
• 6.1.2 非线性产品
• 非线性产品：期权与大多数的结构性产品，产品的价格与标的资产的价格存在某种非线性关系。
• Ex：10万单位的无股息股票欧式看涨期权，股票的当前价格S=49，K=50，r=5%， 20% , T=20周 • 假定卖出期权可以收入30万美元，并且不持有与该股票有关的其他的投资。 c • 由B-S公式： SN (d1 ) Ke rT N (d2 ) c • 期权的 S • 图6-2,6-3 分别给出1单位数量的期权价格以及期权的Delta 与初始股价S的关系。 • 由图6-2,6-3 可知，当初始股价为49时c=2.4， Delta=0.52 • 所以，卖出10万单位的期权的组合的价值为-24万，但是卖出期权收入30万，因此实际的盈利为6万。 • 下面讨论如何对冲风险锁定盈利： • 组合的Delta=10万×0.522=52200，因此在卖出期权后，随即买入52200只股票使组合达到Delta中性。

chap06 设施布置

按成组制造单元布臵（Layouts Based on Group Technology）
L 原材料 L
单元1 D 单元2 L 单元3 G
D
G
成品库
L D G 车床钻床
磨床 G P
L
成组生产单元布臵示意图
成组技术规划的开发步骤
• 按照一般的步骤对零部件进行分组 • 确定零部件组的主要物料流动类型，以此作为工艺规划或者调整的基础。 • 将机器和工艺分组，组成不同的工作单元。对于无法分组的部件和设备都放在“剩余单元”中。
这里的符号表示两
者的关系绝对重要
解：第一步，列出关系密切程度分类表（只考虑A和X） A X 1-2 1-4 1-3 3-6 2-6 3-4 3-5 4-6 5-6
第二步，根据列表编制主联系簇，如图所示。原则是，从关系“A”出现最多的部门开始，如本例的部门6出现3次，首先确定部门6，然后将与部门6的关系密切程度为A的一一联系在一起。
122.7 12.7 91.7 23.6
②
①
钻床
车床
25.2 21.3 18.4 69.2
④
插床
35.1 15.8 24.8 28.0 66.0 ⑤
最后布臵方案
锯床磨床
冲床钻床
插床车床
教室布置
讲台
讲台
讲台
讲台
货架布置
布置目标:普通超市有不少于3万种不同的商品，如何布
置以实现最低的成本和最大的销量？ 540与1080-1620
工位器具固定式布臵示意图
按产品布臵（Product Layout）按对象专业化原则布臵有关机器和设备，常见的如流水生产线或产品装配线。如图所示。

chap06stata基本回归分析

无自相关
误差项之间不存在自相关，即误差项的过去值不应该影响当前值。
线性关系
因变量和自变量之间存在线性关系，即它们之间的关系可以用直线来描述。
无异方差性
误差项的方差应该是一个常数，以确保模型具有一致性。
无随机误差项
误差项应该是随机的，并且与自变量无关。
04
Stata基本回归分析操作
Stata回归分析命令
考虑数据的非线性关系
线性回归假设自变量和因变量之间存在线性关系。如果实际关系是非线性的，可以考虑使用其他模型或对自变量进行转换。
重视多元共线性问题
当多个自变量之间高度相关时，可能会导致多元共线性问题，影响回归结果的稳定性。在实际应用中，应重视这一问题，并采取相应措施解决或缓解。
THANKS
感谢观看
检查模型假设条件
回归分析需要满足一定的假设条件，如线性关系、误差项独立同分布等，需要对这些假设条件进行检查。
优化模型
根据评估结果，对模型进行优化，可以考虑增加或删除自变量、改变模型形式等，以提高模型的拟合优度和预测精度。
06
案例分析
数据来源与处理
总结词
数据清洗与整理
详细描述
在进行回归分析之前，需要确保数据的准确性和完整性。数据来源应可靠，避免出现异常值和缺失值。使用 Stata进行数据清洗和整理，包括数据排序、变量转换、缺失值处理等步骤，为后续分析做好准备。
解释回归系数的意
义
回归系数的大小和正负可以用来解释自变量对因变量的影响程度和方向，从而深入理解数据之间的关系。
考虑其他因素的影
响
在解释回归结果时，需要综合考虑其他潜在因素的影响，以避免对结果的过度解读或误导。

服务管理Chap006_li_201103

Service Design
By Zeithaml, Parasuraman & Berry.
6-6
Service Quality Gap Model
GAP5：顾客的服务期望与感知间的差距，取决于服务传递过程相关的4个差距。
Customer Perceptions
Customer Satisfaction GAP 5
Example: being a good listener.
Tangibles: Physical facilities and
facilitating goods. Example: cleanliness.
6-4
Perceived Service Quality
Word of mouth
Personal needs
Design GAP 2
Conformance
Service
Service Design
Stand ards
6-11
Service Quality Gap Model
质量差距模型揭示了顾客感知与顾客期望的差距（差距5）是由服务过程中四个方面的差距决定的，即
差距5=f（差距1，差距2，差距3，差距 4），所以要提高服务质量水平就要尽力缩小这四方面的差距以使消费者满意。
Customer Expectations
Managing the Evidence
Communication GAP 4
Service
Delivery
Conformance GAP 3
Conformance
Service Standards
Customer / Marketing Research

Enterprise Network-PPT-chap06-v10

3
本章结构
分层模型
TCP/IP协议族
TCP/IP协议族的组成与数据传输过程
TCP/IP协议族各层的协议
分层的思想 OSI参考模型与TCP/IP
协议族
TCP/IP协议族的组成数据传输过程
使用Sniffer Pro捕获数据包
TCP/IP网络层协议 TCP/IP传输层协议 TCP/IP应用层协议
ARP RARP
由底层网络定义的协议
10
OSI的七层框架2－2
名称
应用层
用户接口
功能
表示层数据的表现形式、特定功能的实现如-加密
实例
HTTP Telnet ASCII、EBCDIC JPEG
会话层对应用会话的管理、同步
操作系统/应用读取
传输层
可靠与不可靠的传输、传输前的错误检测、流控
TCP、UDP
BENET3.0第一学期课程
第六章 TCP/IP协议族
—— 理论部分
课程回顾
某工程有50个信息点，估计该工程水晶头用量？简述交换机的工作原理？无线AP中SSID的作用，关闭SSID广播后无线用户如何接入无线网络？
2
技能展示
掌握OSI参考模型每层的名称与功能掌握TCP/IP协议族每层的名称与协议掌握Sniffer Pro软件的简单使用
开始抓包结束抓包报文分析
单击按钮停止抓包进行报文分析
单开击始按抓单停钮包击止按抓钮包
单击解码查看捕获的报文
教员演示操作过程
18
实验环境
计算机PC1和PC2安装Windows 2003 在PC2上配置IIS搭建Web站点在PC2上安装Sniffer Pro软件
PC1

C_chap06

© Copyright 1992–2004 by Deitel & Associates, Inc. and Pearson Education Inc. All Rights Reserved.
2
Objectives
• In this chapter, you will learn:
– To introduce the array data structure. – To understand the use of arrays to store, sort and search lists and tables of values. – To understand how to define an array, initialize an array and refer to individual elements of an array. – To be able to pass arrays to functions. – To understand basic sorting techniques. – To be able to define and manipulate multiple subscript arrays.
1
Chapter 6 - Arrays
Outline
6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 6.6 6.7 6.8 6.9 Introduction Arrays Declaring Arrays Examples Using Arrays Passing Arrays to Functions Sorting Arrays Case Study: Computing Mean, Median and Mode Using Arrays Searching Arrays Multiple-Subscripted Arrays

Chap06曼昆中宏课件

Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.
The Price Ceiling on Gasoline Is Not Binding...
Price of Gasoline 1. Initially, the price ceiling is not binding...
Supply, Demand, and Government Policies
In a free, unregulated market system, market forces establish equilibrium prices and exchange quantities. While equilibrium conditions may be efficient, it may be true that not everyone is satisfied. One of the roles of economists is to use their theories to assist in the development of policies.
Q1
Quantity of Gasoline
Rent Control
Rent controls are ceilings placed on the rents that landlords may charge their tenants. The goal of rent control policy is to help the poor by making housing more affordable. One economist called rent control “the best way to destroy a city, other than bombing.”

宏观经济学斯蒂芬威廉森chap06

Macroeconomics, 3e (Williamson)Chapter 6 E conomic Growth: Malthus and Solow1) I f changes in economic policy could cause the growth rate of real GDP to increase by 1% peryear for 100 years, then GDP would be ________ % higher after 100 years than it would havebeen otherwise.A) 1.3B) 2.0C) 2.7D) 3.8Answer: CQuestion Status: P revious Edition2) I n an exogenous growth model, growth is caused byA) c apital accumulation.B) g overnment policies.C) h uman capital accumulation.D) f orces that are not explained by the model itself.Answer: DQuestion Status: P revious Edition3) T he idea that an improvement in technology causes an increase in population but causes noincrease in the average standard of living is attributed toA) A dam Smith.B) T homas Malthus.C) R obert Solow.D) M ilton Friedman.Answer: BQuestion Status: P revious Edition4) T he Malthusian model performs poorly in explaining economic growth after theA) F rench Revolution.B) A merican Revolution.C) I ndustrial Revolution.D) B io-technology Revolution.Answer: CQuestion Status: P revious Edition5) T he Solow model emphasizes the role of which of the following factors of production?A) l andB) l aborC) c apitalD) n atural resourcesAnswer: CQuestion Status: P revious Edition6) B efore the Industrial Revolution, standards of living differedA) g reatly over time and across countries.B) l ittle over time, but differed greatly across countries.C) g reatly over time, but differed little across countries.D) l ittle over time and across countries.Answer: DQuestion Status: P revious Edition7) R ecent evidence suggests that output per worker isA) p ositively related to both the rate of investment and to the rate of population growth.B) p ositively related to the rate of investment and negatively related to the rate ofpopulation growth.C) n egatively related to the rate of investment and positively related to the rate ofpopulation growth.D) n egatively related to both the rate of investment and to the rate of population growth.Answer: BQuestion Status: P revious Edition8) T here is evidence that income per worker is converging inA) t he richest countries and the poorest countries.B) t he richest countries, but not the poorest countries.C) t he poorest countries, but not the richest countries.D) n either the richest nor the poorest countries.Answer: BQuestion Status: P revious Edition9) C onditional convergence means thatA) t he distance between poor and rich countries increases.B) t he distance between poor and rich countries stays the same.C) t he distance between poor and rich countries decreases.D) t here is no systematic pattern in how poor and rich countries grow.Answer: CQuestion Status: N ew10) F or conditional convergence to hold, it is required thatA) p oor countries grow.B) p oor countries grow faster and faster.C) p oor countries grow faster than rich countries.D) p oor countries become richer than currently rich countries.Answer: CQuestion Status: N ew11) C onditional convergence means thatA) p oorer countries have higher growth rates.B) p oorer countries have lower growth rates.C) p oorer countries have very diverse growth rates.D) p oorer countries have uniform growth rates.Answer: AQuestion Status: N ew12) I n the Malthusian model, the population growth rate isA) e xogenous.B) p ositively related to consumption per worker.C) n egatively related to consumption per worker.D) a ssumed to be constant.Answer: BQuestion Status: P revious Edition13) T he Malthusian model emphasizes fixity in which of the following factors of production?A) l aborB) l andC) e nergyD) n one of the aboveAnswer: BQuestion Status: P revious Edition14) I n the Malthusian model, an improvement in the technology of growing food is likely toA) i ncrease the equilibrium size of the population and increase the equilibrium level ofconsumption per worker.B) i ncrease the equilibrium size of the population and decrease the equilibrium level ofconsumption per worker.C) i ncrease the equilibrium size of the population and have no effect on the equilibriumlevel of consumption per worker.D) h ave no effect on the equilibrium size of the population and increase the equilibriumlevel of consumption per worker.Answer: CQuestion Status: P revious Edition15) T he Malthusian model predicts thatA) p opulation will keep increasing.B) t he standard of living will keep increasing.C) h ealth improvements increase the standard of living.D) p opulation control improves the standard of living.Answer: DQuestion Status: N ew16) I n a Malthusian world, why is misery recurrent?A) T he marginal returns of capital are decreasing.B) F ertility is endogenous.C) O utput is increasing in labor.D) M ortality depends on the standard of living.Answer: DQuestion Status: N ew17) I n a Malthusian world, what would improve the standard of living permanently?A) a warB) a new medical drugC) b irth controlD) d emocracyAnswer: CQuestion Status: N ew18) I n a Malthusian world, what would improve the standard of living temporarily?A) a warB) a new virusC) b irth controlD) d emocracyAnswer: AQuestion Status: N ew19) I n the Malthusian model, state-mandated population control policies are likely toA) d ecrease the equilibrium size of the population and increase the equilibrium level ofconsumption per worker.B) d ecrease the equilibrium size of the population and have no effect on the equilibriumlevel of consumption per worker.C) h ave no effect on the equilibrium size of the population and increase the equilibriumlevel of consumption per worker.D) h ave no effect on either the equilibrium size of the population or the equilibrium levelof consumption per worker.Answer: AQuestion Status: P revious Edition20) I n the Malthusian model, improvements in health care lead toA) h igher population and higher per-capita production.B) h igher population and lower per-capita production.C) l ower population and higher per-capita production.D) l ower population and lower per-capita production.Answer: BQuestion Status: N ew21) I f an epidemic hits a Malthusian economy, the immediate consequence isA) a n increase in the standard of living.B) a reduction in the standard of living.C) n o change in the standard of living.D) d ependent on the population growth rate.Answer: AQuestion Status: N ew22) I f an epidemic hits a Malthusian economy, the long-term consequence isA) a n increase in the standard of living.B) a reduction in the standard of living.C) n o change in the standard of living.D) d ependent on the population growth rate.Answer: CQuestion Status: N ew23) I n a Malthusian world, what events would improve temporarily the standard of living, asmeasured by output per capita?A) a peace keeping missionB) a n increase in violent crimeC) a new mutation of germsD) a new sewer systemAnswer: BQuestion Status: N ew24) I n a Malthusian world, what events would improve permanently the standard of living, asmeasured by output per capita?A) a peace keeping missionB) a n increase in violent crimeC) a new mutation of germsD) a new sewer systemAnswer: CQuestion Status: N ew25) I n more modern times as opposed to the times of Malthus, higher standards of living appeartoA) d ecrease death rates and increase birth rates.B) d ecrease death rates and also decrease birth rates.C) d ecrease death rates and have no effect on birth rates.D) h ave had effects on neither death rates nor birth rates.Answer: BQuestion Status: P revious Edition26) M althus was too pessimistic because he did not foresee the effects ofA) e ver increasing amounts of land for cultivation.B) i ncreases in the capital stock and the effects of such increases on production.C) i mproved nutrition and health care.D) i mproved family planning practices.Answer: BQuestion Status: P revious Edition27) T he Solow residual attempts to measure the amount of output not explained byA) t echnological progress.B) t he direct contribution of labor and capital.C) e conomic projections.D) t he amount of a nation's human capital.Answer: BQuestion Status: P revious Edition28) G rowth accounting, popularized by Robert Solow, attempts to attribute a change inaggregate outputA) t o its most important single cause.B) s eparately between changes in government policy and changes in total factorproductivity.C) s eparately between changes in total factor productivity and changes in the supplies offactors of production.D) s eparately between changes in the supplies of factors of production and changes ingovernment policy.Answer: CQuestion Status: P revious Edition29) For the production function, Y = zK 0.36N 0.64, if measured output is, ˆYmeasured capital input is ˆK, and measured labor input is ˆN , then the Solow residual would be equal to A) 0.360.64ˆˆˆK N Y. B) 0.360.64ˆˆK N× ˆY . C) 0.640.36ˆˆN K× ˆY . D) 0.360.64ˆˆˆY K N. Answer: DQuestion Status: P revious Edition30) A ll of the following increase total factor productivity exceptA) n ew inventions.B) m ore capital.C) n ew management techniques.D) f avorable changes in government regulations.Answer: BQuestion Status: P revious Edition31) W hich of the following increases total factor productivity?A) i nvestment in machineryB) a harsh winterC) b etter access to creditD) n ew production proceduresAnswer: DQuestion Status: N ew32) G rowth in the Solow residual was slowest in theA) 1950s.B) 1960s.C) 1970s.D) 1980s.Answer: CQuestion Status: P revious Edition33) G rowth in the Solow residual was fastest in theA) 1950s.B) 1960s.C) 1970s.D) 1980s.Answer: BQuestion Status: P revious Edition34) O ne plausible explanation of the U.S. productivity slowdown starting in 1973 is that it is anartifact of mismeasurement. This explanation would require that production ofA) g oods is underestimated.B) g oods is overestimated.C) s ervices is underestimated.D) s ervices is overestimated.Answer: CQuestion Status: P revious Edition35) O ne plausible explanation of the U.S. productivity slowdown starting in 1973 is that it was aresult of the increase in the relative price of energy. This explanation would require that, in light of higher energy costs, theA) c apital stock is overestimated.B) c apital stock is underestimated.C) l abor force is overestimated.D) l abor force is underestimated.Answer: AQuestion Status: P revious Edition36) O ne plausible explanation of the U.S. productivity slowdown starting in 1973 is that it wasthe result of the time needed to adapt to new technology. This explanation would require thatA) w orkers withdraw from the labor force to learn about the new technology.B) a large number of new entrants be attracted to the labor force.C) m anagers be reluctant to adopt changes.D) w orkers time at their jobs be diverted from production to learning the technology.Answer: DQuestion Status: P revious Edition37) P ercentage deviations from trend in the Solow residual areA) u nrelated to the business cycle.B) p rocyclical and smaller than percentage deviations from trend in GDP.C) p rocyclical and have about equal magnitude as percentage deviations from trend inGDP.D) p rocyclical and larger than percentage deviations from trend in GDP.Answer: CQuestion Status: P revious Edition38) T he biggest contribution to real U.S. GDP growth in the 1970s was due to growth inA) t otal factor productivity.B) t he capital stock.C) t he labor force.D) b oth the capital stock and the labor force.Answer: DQuestion Status: P revious Edition39) T he biggest contribution to real GDP growth in the "East Asian Tigers" during the period1966-1991 was due to growth inA) t otal factor productivity.B) t he capital stock.C) t he labor force.D) i nternational trade.Answer: BQuestion Status: P revious Edition40) T he per -worker production function relates output per workerA) t o capital per worker.B) t o the participation rate.C) t o production per worker.D) i n different countries.Answer: AQuestion Status: P revious Edition41) W e can express the per-worker production function as a function of only per-worker capitalthanks toA) t he decreasing marginal return of capital.B) t he decreasing marginal return of labor.C) t he constant returns to scale.D) t he impatience of households.Answer: CQuestion Status: N ew42) T he slope of the output per worker function is equal to theA) m arginal product of capital.B) m arginal product of labor.C) s avings rate.D) g rowth rate of the population.Answer: AQuestion Status: P revious Edition43) I n Solow's model of economic growth, suppose that s represents the savings rate, zrepresents total factor productivity, k represents the level of capital per worker, and f(k) represents the per-worker production function. Also suppose that n represents thepopulation growth rate and d represents the depreciation rate of capital. The equilibrium level of capital per worker, k *, will satisfy the equationA) s zf(k*) = (n + d)k*. B) = (n + d )f (k*).C) nf(k *) = *()sk s d +. D) f (k*) =()s n d +k *. Answer: AQuestion Status: P revious Edition44) T he saving rate has the following characteristic in Solow's exogenous growth modelA) i t increases with output.B) i t first decreases, then increases with output.C) i t first increases, then decreases with output.D) i t is constant.Answer: DQuestion Status: N ew45) I n Solow's exogenous growth model, the principal obstacle to continuous growth in outputper capita is due toA) t he declining marginal product of labor.B) t he declining marginal product of capital.C) l imits in the ability of government policymakers.D) t oo little savings.Answer: BQuestion Status: P revious Edition46) I n Solow's exogenous growth model, the economy reaches a stable steady state becauseA) t he marginal return of capital is decreasing.B) c apital is growing at a constant rate.C) t he substitution effect is stronger than the income effect.D) c onditional convergence holds.Answer: AQuestion Status: N ew47) I n the steady state of Solow's exogenous growth model, an increase in the savings rateA) i ncreases output per worker and increases capital per worker.B) i ncreases output per worker and decreases capital per worker.C) d ecreases output per worker and increases capital per worker.D) d ecreases output per worker and decreases capital per worker.Answer: AQuestion Status: P revious Edition48) W hich of the following is not a feature of the steady state in Solow's exogenous growthmodel?A) T he capital/output ratio is steady.B) C apital grows continuously.C) C onsumption per worker is steady.D) T otal saving is steady.Answer: DQuestion Status: N ew49) I f the population growth rate increases by the same percentage points as the depreciationrate, what happens to the steady-state, per-worker output in Solow's exogenous growth model?A) I t increases.B) I t decreases.C) I t does not change.D) I t cannot exist anymore.Answer: BQuestion Status: N ew50) I f the population growth rate increases by the same percentage points as the depreciationrate decreases, what happens to the steady-state, per-worker consumption in Solow'sexogenous growth model?A) I t increases.B) I t decreases.C) I t does not change.D) I t cannot exist anymore.Answer: CQuestion Status: N ew51) I n Solow's exogenous growth model, the steady-state growth rate of capital can be increasedbyA) h igher population growth.B) h igher depreciation rate.C) h igher saving rate.D) h igher interest rate.Answer: AQuestion Status: N ew52) T he Golden Rule of capital accumulation maximizes the steady-state level ofA) o utput per worker.B) c apital per worker.C) c onsumption per worker.D) i nvestment per worker.Answer: CQuestion Status: P revious Edition53) I n the Golden Rule steady state, the marginal product of capital is equal to theA) s avings rate plus the population growth rate.B) p opulation growth rate plus the depreciation rate.C) d epreciation rate plus the savings rate.D) s avings rate divided by the marginal product of labor.Answer: BQuestion Status: P revious Edition54) W ith the Golden Rule,A) s avings maximize output.B) s avings maximize consumption.C) s avings minimize costs.D) s avings optimize the population level.Answer: BQuestion Status: N ew55) T he Golden Rule says thatA) o ne should save as much as possible.B) o ne should save as little as possible.C) o ne should save something between A and B.D) s avings are irrelevant.Answer: CQuestion Status: N ew56) I n the steady state of Solow's exogenous growth model, an increase in the growth rate oflabor forceA) i ncreases output per worker and increases capital per worker.B) i ncreases output per worker and decreases capital per worker.C) d ecreases output per worker and increases capital per worker.D) d ecreases output per worker and decreases capital per worker.Answer: DQuestion Status: P revious Edition57) I n the steady state of Solow's exogenous growth model, an increase in total factorproductivityA) i ncreases output per worker and increases capital per worker.B) i ncreases output per worker and decreases capital per worker.C) d ecreases output per worker and increases capital per worker.D) d ecreases output per worker and decreases capital per worker.Answer: AQuestion Status: P revious Edition。

投资学题库Chap006

Chapter 06Capital Allocation to Risky Assets Multiple Choice Questions1.Which of the following statements regarding risk-averse investors is true?A. T hey only care about the rate of return.B. T hey accept investments that are fair games.C. T hey only accept risky investments that offer risk premiums over the risk-free rate.D. T hey are willing to accept lower returns and high risk.E. T hey only care about the rate of return, and they accept investments that are fair games.2.Which of the following statements is(are) true?I) Risk-averse investors reject investments that are fair games.II) Risk-neutral investors judge risky investments only by the expected returns.III) Risk-averse investors judge investments only by their riskiness.IV) Risk-loving investors will not engage in fair games.A. I onlyB. I I onlyC. I and II onlyD. I I and III onlyE. I I, III, and IV only精选文库3.Which of the following statements is(are) false?I) Risk-averse investors reject investments that are fair games.II) Risk-neutral investors judge risky investments only by the expected returns.III) Risk-averse investors judge investments only by their riskiness.IV) Risk-loving investors will not engage in fair games.A. I onlyB. I I onlyC. I and II onlyD. I I and III onlyE. I II and IV only4.In the mean-standard deviation graph an indifference curve has a ________ slope.A. n egativeB. z eroC. p ositiveD. v erticalE. c annot be determined5.In the mean-standard deviation graph, which one of the following statements is true regardingthe indifference curve of a risk-averse investor?A. I t is the locus of portfolios that have the same expected rates of return and differentstandard deviations.B. I t is the locus of portfolios that have the same standard deviations and different rates ofreturn.C. I t is the locus of portfolios that offer the same utility according to returns and standarddeviations.D. I t connects portfolios that offer increasing utilities according to returns and standarddeviations.E. N one of the options6.In a return-standard deviation space, which of the following statements is(are) true for risk-averse investors? (The vertical and horizontal lines are referred to as the expected return-axis and the standard deviation-axis, respectively.)I) An investor's own indifference curves might intersect.II) Indifference curves have negative slopes.III) In a set of indifference curves, the highest offers the greatest utility.IV) Indifference curves of two investors might intersect.A. I and II onlyB. I I and III onlyC. I and IV onlyD. I II and IV onlyE. N one of the options7.Elias is a risk-averse investor. David is a less risk-averse investor than Elias. Therefore,A. f or the same risk, David requires a higher rate of return than Elias.B. f or the same return, Elias tolerates higher risk than David.C. f or the same risk, Elias requires a lower rate of return than David.D. f or the same return, David tolerates higher risk than Elias.E. C annot be determined8.When an investment advisor attempts to determine an investor's risk tolerance, which factorwould they be least likely to assess?A. T he investor's prior investing experienceB. T he investor's degree of financial securityC. T he investor's tendency to make risky or conservative choicesD. T he level of return the investor prefersE. T he investor's feelings about loss9.Assume an investor with the following utility function: U = E(r) - 3/2(s2).To maximize her expected utility, she would choose the asset with an expected rate of return of _______ and a standard deviation of ________, respectively.A. 12%; 20%B. 10%; 15%C. 10%; 10%D. 8%; 10%10.Assume an investor with the following utility function: U = E(r) - 3/2(s2).To maximize her expected utility, which one of the following investment alternatives would she choose?A. A portfolio that pays 10% with a 60% probability or 5% with 40% probability.B. A portfolio that pays 10% with 40% probability or 5% with a 60% probability.C. A portfolio that pays 12% with 60% probability or 5% with 40% probability.D. A portfolio that pays 12% with 40% probability or 5% with 60% probability.11.A portfolio has an expected rate of return of 0.15 and a standard deviation of 0.15. The risk-free rate is 6%. An investor has the following utility function: U = E(r) - (A/2)s2. Which value ofA makes this investor indifferent between the risky portfolio and the risk-free asset?A. 5B. 6C. 7D. 812.According to the mean-variance criterion, which one of the following investments dominatesall others?A. E(r) = 0.15; Variance = 0.20B. E(r) = 0.10; Variance = 0.20C. E(r) = 0.10; Variance = 0.25D. E(r) = 0.15; Variance = 0.25E. N one of these options dominates the other alternatives.13.Consider a risky portfolio, A, with an expected rate of return of 0.15 and a standard deviationof 0.15, that lies on a given indifference curve. Which one of the following portfolios might lie on the same indifference curve?A. E(r) = 0.15; Standard deviation = 0.20B. E(r) = 0.15; Standard deviation = 0.10C. E(r) = 0.10; Standard deviation = 0.10D. E(r) = 0.20; Standard deviation = 0.15E. E(r) = 0.10; Standard deviation = 0.2014.U = E(r) - (A/2)s2,where A = 4.0.Based on the utility function above, which investment would you select?A. 1B. 2C. 3D. 4E. C annot tell from the information given精选文库15.U = E(r) - (A/2)s2,where A = 4.0.Which investment would you select if you were risk neutral?A. 1B. 2C. 3D. 4E. C annot tell from the information given16.U = E(r) - (A/2)s2,where A = 4.0.The variable (A) in the utility function represents theA. i nvestor's return requirement.B. i nvestor's aversion to risk.C. c ertainty-equivalent rate of the portfolio.D. m inimum required utility of the portfolio.17.The exact indifference curves of different investorsA. c annot be known with perfect certainty.B. c an be calculated precisely with the use of advanced calculus.C. a lthough not known with perfect certainty, do allow the advisor to create more suitableportfolios for the client.D. c annot be known with perfect certainty and although not known with perfect certainty, doallow the advisor to create more suitable portfolios for the client.18.The riskiness of individual assetsA. s hould be considered for the asset in isolation.B. s hould be considered in the context of the effect on overall portfolio volatility.C. s hould be combined with the riskiness of other individual assets in the proportions theseassets constitute the entire portfolio.D. s hould be considered in the context of the effect on overall portfolio volatility and should becombined with the riskiness of other individual assets in the proportions these assetsconstitute the entire portfolio.19.A fair gameA. w ill not be undertaken by a risk-averse investor.B. i s a risky investment with a zero risk premium.C. i s a riskless investment.D. w ill not be undertaken by a risk-averse investor and is a risky investment with a zero riskpremium.E. w ill not be undertaken by a risk-averse investor and is a riskless investment.20.The presence of risk means thatA. i nvestors will lose money.B. m ore than one outcome is possible.C. t he standard deviation of the payoff is larger than its expected value.D. f inal wealth will be greater than initial wealth.E. t erminal wealth will be less than initial wealth.21.The utility score an investor assigns to a particular portfolio, other things equal,A. w ill decrease as the rate of return increases.B. w ill decrease as the standard deviation decreases.C. w ill decrease as the variance decreases.D. w ill increase as the variance increases.E. w ill increase as the rate of return increases.22.The certainty equivalent rate of a portfolio isA. t he rate that a risk-free investment would need to offer with certainty to be consideredequally attractive as the risky portfolio.B. t he rate that the investor must earn for certain to give up the use of his money.C. t he minimum rate guaranteed by institutions such as banks.D. t he rate that equates "A" in the utility function with the average risk aversion coefficient forall risk-averse investors.E. r epresented by the scaling factor "-.005" in the utility function.23.According to the mean-variance criterion, which of the statements below is correct?A. I nvestment B dominates investment A.B. I nvestment B dominates investmentC.C. I nvestment D dominates all of the other investments.D. I nvestment D dominates only investment B.E. I nvestment C dominates investment A.24.Steve is more risk-averse than Edie. On a graph that shows Steve and Edie's indifferencecurves, which of the following is true? Assume that the graph shows expected return on the vertical axis and standard deviation on the horizontal axis.I) Steve and Edie's indifference curves might intersect.II) Steve's indifference curves will have flatter slopes than Edie's.III) Steve's indifference curves will have steeper slopes than Edie's.IV) Steve and Edie's indifference curves will not intersect.V) Steve's indifference curves will be downward sloping and Edie's will be upward sloping.A. I and VB. I and IIIC. I II and IVD. I and IIE. I I and IV25.The capital allocation line can be described as theA. i nvestment opportunity set formed with a risky asset and a risk-free asset.B. i nvestment opportunity set formed with two risky assets.C. l ine on which lie all portfolios that offer the same utility to a particular investor.D. l ine on which lie all portfolios with the same expected rate of return and different standarddeviations.26.Which of the following statements regarding the capital allocation line (CAL) is false?A. T he CAL shows risk-return combinations.B. T he slope of the CAL equals the increase in the expected return of the complete portfolioper unit of additional standard deviation.C. T he slope of the CAL is also called the reward-to-volatility ratio.D. T he CAL is also called the efficient frontier of risky assets in the absence of a risk-freeasset.27.Given the capital allocation line, an investor's optimal portfolio is the portfolio thatA. m aximizes her expected profit.B. m aximizes her risk.C. m inimizes both her risk and return.D. m aximizes her expected utility.E. N one of the optionsand a variance of 0.04 and 70% in a T-bill that pays 6%. His portfolio's expected return and standard deviation are __________ and __________, respectively.A. 0.114; 0.12B. 0.087; 0.06C. 0.295; 0.06D. 0.087; 0.12E. N one of the options29.An investor invests 30% of his wealth in a risky asset with an expected rate of return of 0.13and a variance of 0.03 and 70% in a T-bill that pays 6%. His portfolio's expected return and standard deviation are __________ and __________, respectively.A. 0.114; 0.128B. 0.087; 0.063C. 0.295; 0.125D. 0.081; 0.05230.An investor invests 40% of his wealth in a risky asset with an expected rate of return of 0.17and a variance of 0.08 and 60% in a T-bill that pays 4.5%. His portfolio's expected return and standard deviation are __________ and __________, respectively.A. 0.114; 0.126B. 0.087; 0.068C. 0.095; 0.113D. 0.087; 0.124E. N one of the optionsand a variance of 0.04 and 30% in a T-bill that pays 5%. His portfolio's expected return and standard deviation are __________ and __________, respectively.A. 0.120; 0.14B. 0.087; 0.06C. 0.295; 0.12D. 0.087; 0.1232.You invest $100 in a risky asset with an expected rate of return of 0.12 and a standarddeviation of 0.15 and a T-bill with a rate of return of 0.05.What percentages of your money must be invested in the risky asset and the risk-free asset, respectively, to form a portfolio with an expected return of 0.09?A. 85% and 15%B. 75% and 25%C. 67% and 33%D. 57% and 43%E. C annot be determineddeviation of 0.15 and a T-bill with a rate of return of 0.05.What percentages of your money must be invested in the risk-free asset and the risky asset, respectively, to form a portfolio with a standard deviation of 0.06?A. 30% and 70%B. 50% and 50%C. 60% and 40%D. 40% and 60%E. C annot be determined34.You invest $100 in a risky asset with an expected rate of return of 0.12 and a standarddeviation of 0.15 and a T-bill with a rate of return of 0.05.A portfolio that has an expected outcome of $115 is formed byA. i nvesting $100 in the risky asset.B. i nvesting $80 in the risky asset and $20 in the risk-free asset.C. b orrowing $43 at the risk-free rate and investing the total amount ($143) in the risky asset.D. i nvesting $43 in the risky asset and $57 in the riskless asset.E. S uch a portfolio cannot be formed.deviation of 0.15 and a T-bill with a rate of return of 0.05.The slope of the capital allocation line formed with the risky asset and the risk-free asset is equal toA. 0.4667.B. 0.8000.C. 2.14.D. 0.41667.E. C annot be determined36.Consider a T-bill with a rate of return of 5% and the following risky securities:Security A: E(r) = 0.15; Variance = 0.04Security B: E(r) = 0.10; Variance = 0.0225Security C: E(r) = 0.12; Variance = 0.01Security D: E(r) = 0.13; Variance = 0.0625From which set of portfolios, formed with the T-bill and any one of the four risky securities, would a risk-averse investor always choose his portfolio?A. T he set of portfolios formed with the T-bill and security A.B. T he set of portfolios formed with the T-bill and security B.C. T he set of portfolios formed with the T-bill and security C.D. T he set of portfolios formed with the T-bill and security D.E. C annot be determinedconstructed with two risky securities, X and Y. The weights of X and Y in P are 0.60 and 0.40, respectively. X has an expected rate of return of 0.14 and variance of 0.01, and Y has an expected rate of return of 0.10 and a variance of 0.0081.If you want to form a portfolio with an expected rate of return of 0.11, what percentages of your money must you invest in the T-bill and P, respectively?A. 0.25; 0.75B. 0.19; 0.81C. 0.65; 0.35D. 0.50; 0.50E. C annot be determined38.You are considering investing $1,000 in a T-bill that pays 0.05 and a risky portfolio, P,constructed with two risky securities, X and Y. The weights of X and Y in P are 0.60 and 0.40, respectively. X has an expected rate of return of 0.14 and variance of 0.01, and Y has an expected rate of return of 0.10 and a variance of 0.0081.If you want to form a portfolio with an expected rate of return of 0.10, what percentages of your money must you invest in the T-bill, X, and Y, respectively, if you keep X and Y in the same proportions to each other as in portfolio P?A. 0.25; 0.45; 0.30B. 0.19; 0.49; 0.32C. 0.32; 0.41; 0.27D. 0.50; 0.30; 0.20E. C annot be determinedconstructed with two risky securities, X and Y. The weights of X and Y in P are 0.60 and 0.40, respectively. X has an expected rate of return of 0.14 and variance of 0.01, and Y has an expected rate of return of 0.10 and a variance of 0.0081.What would be the dollar values of your positions in X and Y, respectively, if you decide to hold 40% of your money in the risky portfolio and 60% in T-bills?A. $240; $360B. $360; $240C. $100; $240D. $240; $160E. C annot be determined40.You are considering investing $1,000 in a T-bill that pays 0.05 and a risky portfolio, P,constructed with two risky securities, X and Y. The weights of X and Y in P are 0.60 and 0.40, respectively. X has an expected rate of return of 0.14 and variance of 0.01, and Y has an expected rate of return of 0.10 and a variance of 0.0081.What would be the dollar value of your positions in X, Y, and the T-bills, respectively, if you decide to hold a portfolio that has an expected outcome of $1,120?A. C annot be determinedB. $568; $378; $54C. $568; $54; $378D. $378; $54; $568E. $108; $514; $378精选文库41.A reward-to-volatility ratio is useful inA. m easuring the standard deviation of returns.B. u nderstanding how returns increase relative to risk increases.C. a nalyzing returns on variable rate bonds.D. a ssessing the effects of inflation.E. N one of the options42.The change from a straight to a kinked capital allocation line is a result ofA. r eward-to-volatility ratio increasing.B. b orrowing rate exceeding lending rate.C. a n investor's risk tolerance decreasing.D. i ncrease in the portfolio proportion of the risk-free asset.43.The first major step in asset allocation isA. a ssessing risk tolerance.B. a nalyzing financial statements.C. e stimating security betas.D. i dentifying market anomalies.44.Based on their relative degrees of risk toleranceA. i nvestors will hold varying amounts of the risky asset in their portfolios.B. a ll investors will have the same portfolio asset allocations.C. i nvestors will hold varying amounts of the risk-free asset in their portfolios.D. i nvestors will hold varying amounts of the risky asset and varying amounts of the risk-freeasset in their portfolios.45.Asset allocation may involveA. t he decision as to the allocation between a risk-free asset and a risky asset.B. t he decision as to the allocation among different risky assets.C. c onsiderable security analysis.D. t he decision as to the allocation between a risk-free asset and a risky asset and thedecision as to the allocation among different risky assets.E. t he decision as to the allocation between a risk-free asset and a risky asset andconsiderable security analysis.46.In the mean-standard deviation graph, the line that connects the risk-free rate and the optimalrisky portfolio, P, is calledA. t he security market line.B. t he capital allocation line.C. t he indifference curve.D. t he investor's utility line.47.Treasury bills are commonly viewed as risk-free assets becauseA. t heir short-term nature makes their values insensitive to interest rate fluctuations.B. t he inflation uncertainty over their time to maturity is negligible.C. t heir term to maturity is identical to most investors' desired holding periods.D. t heir short-term nature makes their values insensitive to interest rate fluctuations and theinflation uncertainty over their time to maturity is negligible.E. t he inflation uncertainty over their time to maturity is negligible and their term to maturity isidentical to most investors' desired holding periods.48.Your client, Bo Regard, holds a complete portfolio that consists of a portfolio of risky assets(P) and T-Bills. The information below refers to these assets.What is the expected return on Bo's complete portfolio?A. 10.32%B. 5.28%C. 9.62%D. 8.44%E. 7.58%(P) and T-Bills. The information below refers to these assets.What is the standard deviation of Bo's complete portfolio?A. 7.20%B. 5.40%C. 6.92%D. 4.98%E. 5.76%(P) and T-Bills. The information below refers to these assets.What is the equation of Bo's capital allocation line?A. E(r C) = 7.2 + 3.6 × Standard De viation of CB. E(r C) = 3.6 + 1.167 × Standard Deviation of CC. E(r C) = 3.6 + 12.0 × Standard Deviation of CD. E(r C) = 0.2 + 1.167 × Standard Deviation of CE. E(r C) = 3.6 + 0.857 × Standard Deviation of C(P) and T-Bills. The information below refers to these assets.What are the proportions of stocks A, B, and C, respectively, in Bo's complete portfolio?A. 40%, 25%, 35%B. 8%, 5%, 7%C. 32%, 20%, 28%D. 16%, 10%, 14%E. 20%, 12.5%, 17.5%52.To build an indifference curve we can first find the utility of a portfolio with 100% in the risk-free asset, thenA. f ind the utility of a portfolio with 0% in the risk-free asset.B. c hange the expected return of the portfolio and equate the utility to the standard deviation.C. f ind another utility level with 0% risk.D. c hange the standard deviation of the portfolio and find the expected return the investorwould require to maintain the same utility level.E. c hange the risk-free rate and find the utility level that results in the same standarddeviation.53.The capital market lineI) is a special case of the capital allocation line.II) represents the opportunity set of a passive investment strategy.III) has the one-month T-Bill rate as its intercept.IV) uses a broad index of common stocks as its risky portfolio.A. I, III, and IVB. I I, III, and IVC. I II and IVD. I, II, and IIIE. I, II, III, and IV54.An investor invests 35% of his wealth in a risky asset with an expected rate of return of 0.18and a variance of 0.10 and 65% in a T-bill that pays 4%. His portfolio's expected return and standard deviation are __________ and __________, respectively.A. 0.089; 0.111B. 0.087; 0.063C. 0.096; 0.126D. 0.087; 0.14455.An investor invests 30% of his wealth in a risky asset with an expected rate of return of 0.11and a variance of 0.12 and 70% in a T-bill that pays 3%. His portfolio's expected return and standard deviation are __________ and __________, respectively.A. 0.086; 0.242B. 0.054; 0.104C. 0.295; 0.123D. 0.087; 0.182E. N one of the optionsdeviation of 0.20 and a T-bill with a rate of return of 0.03.What percentages of your money must be invested in the risky asset and the risk-free asset, respectively, to form a portfolio with an expected return of 0.08?A. 85% and 15%B. 75% and 25%C. 62.5% and 37.5%D. 57% and 43%E. C annot be determined57.You invest $100 in a risky asset with an expected rate of return of 0.11 and a standarddeviation of 0.20 and a T-bill with a rate of return of 0.03.What percentages of your money must be invested in the risk-free asset and the risky asset, respectively, to form a portfolio with a standard deviation of 0.08?A. 30% and 70%B. 50% and 50%C. 60% and 40%D. 40% and 60%E. C annot be determineddeviation of 0.20 and a T-bill with a rate of return of 0.03.The slope of the capital allocation line formed with the risky asset and the risk-free asset is equal toA. 0.47.B. 0.80.C. 2.14.D. 0.40.E. C annot be determined59.You invest $1,000 in a risky asset with an expected rate of return of 0.17 and a standarddeviation of 0.40 and a T-bill with a rate of return of 0.04.What percentages of your money must be invested in the risky asset and the risk-free asset, respectively, to form a portfolio with an expected return of 0.11?A. 53.8% and 46.2%B. 75% and 25%C. 62.5% and 37.5%D. 46.2% and 53.8%E. C annot be determineddeviation of 0.40 and a T-bill with a rate of return of 0.04.What percentages of your money must be invested in the risk-free asset and the risky asset, respectively, to form a portfolio with a standard deviation of 0.20?A. 30% and 70%B. 50% and 50%C. 60% and 40%D. 40% and 60%E. C annot be determined61.You invest $1,000 in a risky asset with an expected rate of return of 0.17 and a standarddeviation of 0.40 and a T-bill with a rate of return of 0.04.The slope of the capital allocation line formed with the risky asset and the risk-free asset is equal toA. 0.325.B. 0.675.C. 0.912.D. 0.407.E. C annot be determineddeviation of 0.21 and a T-bill with a rate of return of 0.045.What percentages of your money must be invested in the risky asset and the risk-free asset, respectively, to form a portfolio with an expected return of 0.13?A. 130.77% and -30.77%B. -30.77% and 130.77%C. 67.67% and 33.33%D. 57.75% and 42.25%E. C annot be determined63.You invest $100 in a risky asset with an expected rate of return of 0.11 and a standarddeviation of 0.21 and a T-bill with a rate of return of 0.045.What percentages of your money must be invested in the risk-free asset and the risky asset, respectively, to form a portfolio with a standard deviation of 0.08?A. 301% and 69.9%B. 50.5% and 49.50%C. 60.0% and 40.0%D. 61.9% and 38.1%E. C annot be determineddeviation of 0.21 and a T-bill with a rate of return of 0.045.A portfolio that has an expected outcome of $114 is formed byA. i nvesting $100 in the risky asset.B. i nvesting $80 in the risky asset and $20 in the risk-free asset.C. b orrowing $46 at the risk-free rate and investing the total amount ($146) in the risky asset.D. i nvesting $43 in the risky asset and $57 in the risk-free asset.E. S uch a portfolio cannot be formed.65.You invest $100 in a risky asset with an expected rate of return of 0.11 and a standarddeviation of 0.21 and a T-bill with a rate of return of 0.045.The slope of the capital allocation line formed with the risky asset and the risk-free asset is equal toA. 0.4667.B. 0.8000.C. 0.3095.D. 0.41667.E. C annot be determinedShort Answer Questions66.Discuss the differences between investors who are risk averse,risk neutral,and risk loving.67.In the utility function: U = E(r) - [-0.005As2], what is the significance of "A"?68.What is a fair game? Explain how the term relates to a risk-averse investor's attitude towardspeculation and risk and how the utility function reflects this attitude.69.Draw graphs that represent indifference curves for the following investors: Harry, who is arisk-averse investor; Eddie, who is a risk-neutral investor; and Ozzie, who is a risk-loving investor. Discuss the nature of each curve and the reasons for its shape.70.Toby and Hannah are two risk-averse investors. Toby is more risk-averse than Hannah. Drawone indifference curve for Toby and one indifference curve for Hannah on the same graph.Show how these curves illustrate their relative levels of risk aversion.71.Discuss the characteristics of indifference curves, and the theoretical value of these curves inthe portfolio building process.72.Describe how an investor may combine a risk-free asset and one risky asset in order toobtain the optimal portfolio for that investor.73.The optimal proportion of the risky asset in the complete portfolio is given by the equation y* =[E(r P) - r f]/(.01A times the variance of P). For each of the variables on the right side of the equation, discuss the impact of the variable's effect on y* and why the nature of therelationship makes sense intuitively. Assume the investor is risk averse.74.You are evaluating two investment alternatives. One is a passive market portfolio with anexpected return of 10% and a standard deviation of 16%. The other is a fund that is actively managed by your broker. This fund has an expected return of 15% and a standard deviation of 20%. The risk-free rate is currently 7%. Answer the questions below based on thisinformation.a. What is the slope of the capital market line?b. What is the slope of the capital allocation line offered by your broker's fund?c. Draw the CML and the CAL on one graph.d. What is the maximum fee your broker could charge and still leave you as well off as if youhad invested in the passive market fund? (Assume that the fee would be a percentage of the investment in the broker's fund and would be deducted at the end of the year.)e. How would it affect the graph if the broker were to charge the full amount of the fee?。

chap06_旋转变压器

1.正余弦旋转变压器空载运行
E
f
S1 U S2
f
励磁绕组
定子交轴绕组
S2
'
4 . 44 fW s d
励磁绕组的感应电势
d 1 d sin d 2 d cos
S1
'
转子余弦输出绕组
d
转子正弦输出绕组
R1
R2

E r 1 4 . 44 fW r d sin E r sin E r 2 4 . 44 fW r d cos E r cos
E E1m
180 cos x
所以，二次侧完全补偿的条件是
Z l1 Z l 2 Z l
直轴磁势平衡关系
Fr1d Fr 2 d I f W s 0
k u E f sin Z r Z l1
W r sin
k u E f cos Z r Z l 2
2 kuU f
W r cos I f W s 0
U R 1 k ' u U f sin k uU sin
f
1 k u cos
当ku=0.5时
U R 1 0 . 5U sin
f
0 . 5U
f

3

5

7

1 0 . 5 cos
120 5040 2 4 6 1 0 .5 1 2 24 720
由上式可见，当输入电源电压不变时，转子正、余弦绕组的空载输出电压分别与转角呈严格的正、余弦关系。正弦绕组和余弦绕组因此而得名。

chap06-土壤质地和结构

（1）长、宽、高大体相似，有明显的棱角。（2）直径为10-20cm，群众叫它“蒜瓣土”、“鸡粪土”。（3）有机物质缺乏、质地粘重（中壤质以上）的土壤下层。（4）坚硬而泡水不散，在土壤团聚体分析时，易被误认为是水稳性团聚体，但它不具备多孔特性。
3、片状结构体：
（1）结构体呈扁平状，农民叫它“卧土”。（2）由于流水沉积或某些机械压力所造成。
案例：江苏省里下河地区
②深耕、深翻、人造塥
土壤质地主要是继承母质的性质，很难改变。但是，质地不是决定土壤肥力的唯一因素
③施用有机肥
洪水漫淤
水稻土培肥
第三节
土壤结构性
•土壤结构的概念
•土壤结构体分类 •团粒结构
土壤结构的概念
土壤结构：是土粒（单粒和复粒）的排列、组合
形式。其有两重含义，即结构体和结构性，通常所说的土壤结构多指结构性。
稳定性水生物
6.3 土壤结构
土壤结构体分类
（一）块状结构和核状结构
（二）棱柱状结构和柱状结构
（三）片状结构（板状结构）
（四）团粒（粒状和小团块）结构
（五）几种结构体出现的部位块状结构体和团粒主要是出现于表土。片柱状和棱柱状结构体则出现心土和底土中。
状结构体在表土层和亚表土层中都会出现，核状、
各级土粒的物理性质 : 土粒由大到小，保水能力增加，但通透性降低。随着土粒由大到小,土壤湿胀性和可塑性增加，对耕作带来不利影响。
土粒的大小分级----粒级制
分成多少个粒级，各粒级间的分界点定在哪里，至今尚缺公认的标准。举例：不同粒级的物理特性物理性砂粒：粒径在1～0.01 mm之间的土粒。物理性粘粒：粒径<0.01 mm的土粒。

经济学十大原理(1)

Chap01经济学十大原理1“稀缺性”是由于以下哪个原因A大多数经济生产的理念不是很好B在大多数经济社会中,富人消费了不适当比例的商品和服务C政府限制了太多商品和服务供给D资源是有限的2在大多数社会中,资源是由—分配A个别中央计划者B一小群中央计划者C使用源来提供商品和服务的厂商们D无数家庭和广商的联合行为3大炮和黄油曾经被用来代表传统社会交易中的A耐用品和非耐用品B进口和出口C国防用品和生活消费品D法律和农业4 Candice正在计划她的假期活动。

她想去当地的游泳馆游，以及看一场最新的电影,但是因为只能买到游泳馆开门时间的电影票，所以她只能去一个活动，这体现了以下哪个基础原理A人们对激励因素做出反应B理性人在边际上思考C人们面临均衡取舍D效率的提高有时候以牺牲公平为代价5你考虑在大学再果一个学期,这样你就可以完成一个经济学课程。

在决定是否留下来的时候A把教育的总成本与教育的总收益做比较B把教育的总成本与再呆一个学期的收益做比较C比较再呆一个学期的成本与收益D把教育的总收益与再呆一学期的成本做比较1对汽油征税是一种鼓励人们开节能型汽车的激励措施2.公平是指以最有效的方式分配社会资源Chap02像经济学家一样思考1经济学家在进行—研究时,通常以历史事件和历史事实代替A理论和观察B实际实验C模型D假设2经济学家做出假设是为了A模仿其他科学家所采用的方法B尽量减少无用实验的次数C尽量减少问题在某些方面被忽略的可能性D把他们的想法聚焦于某些中心问题3循环流动图是——的例子A实际实验B经济模型C数学模型D以上全部4下列哪个属于一项资本投入A一台电脑B一份股票C一小时工作时间D50000美元5生产可能性边界是一个图,显示出经济—的产出的各种组合A应该生产B想要生产C能够生产D需要生产6当经济体在生产可能性边界内运作时,可知A经济中有未利用的资源或效率低下B所有的经济资源都被充分利用了C为了使经济走向边界上的某一点,需要发生经济增长D为了生产更多的某一种商品,就必须放弃另一些商品7当经济学家A.做出肯定陈述，他们不是作为政策顾问，而是科学家A做出肯定陈述，他们不是作为政策顾问，而是科学家B.做出肯定陈述，他们不是作为科学家，而是预测者C.做出规范陈述，他们不是作为政策顾问，而是科学家D.做出规范陈述，他们不是作为政策顾问，而是模型构建者8经济学家有时候意见相互矛盾是因为A经济学研究生们被鼓励相互争论B经济学家有着不同的价值观和科学判断C作为科学家的经济学家不喜欢作为政策顾问的经济学家D经济学更多的是一种倍仰体系,而不是一种科学1在循环流动图中,生产要素包括土地、劳动力和资本2如果某国的一个主要工会举行罢工,那么该国可能在其生产可能性边界内进行生产Chap03相互依存性与贸易的好处1巴西应该专门生产腰果图为巴西的生产可能性边界如图所示,直线向下倾斜反映出了a对于巴西来说,生产花生比生产腰果要花费更多b随看时间推移,巴西将生产更多的花生和更少的腰果c巴西面临着生产花生和腰果的权衡d巴西应该专门生产腰果2Ken和Tac两名木工,他们]平时都生产桌子和椅子。

Chap06 降水

有云不一定降水-云滴微小-存在许多凝结核-小粒子比大粒子下落慢-云滴直径增大约100倍才能达到一个典型雨滴的大小-得到一个雨滴，云滴的体积要增大百万倍曲面和平面平衡水汽压云滴有大的水汽压，云滴越小(曲率越大发越快。

称曲率效应。

趋进于平水面RH很少超过100%，＜1微米的云滴如何长成雨滴？曲率效应临界半径溶质效应暖云：云顶暖于冻结温度以上的云1、碰并过程―暖云降雨（暖雨）碰撞与并合两个水滴如果接触，即可发生并合。

水滴的碰撞导致并合。

大滴在路上与小滴碰撞和合并。

影响暖云碰并降水因素•液态水含量（重要）•滴大小的分布•云厚•云中上升气流•滴的电性和云中电场中纬度雨形成混合云：过冷水滴占多数冷云(云体冷于0碰并过程水面饱和水汽压>冰面饱和水汽压原因：分子逃离水面比冰面容易。

水面与冰面饱和水汽压的差异水汽转移过程水面饱和水汽压>冰面饱和水汽压开始雪花，落地为雨理想冰晶和水滴比值：1:106―1:105软雹/雪丸碘化银AgI微小云滴冰晶不能产生雨雪干冰/碘化银导致冰晶增大冰晶足够大落下，暖溶化雨飞机尾迹撒种山列下风向卷云沿波形成时，出现阵雨带人工降水历史雨•毛毛雨•雨•雨幡•阵雨•暴雨•连续性雨•酸雨•雨强mm/hr雨幡滴直径不小于0.5毫米的叫雨；否则叫毛毛雨。

雪雪幡许多降水开始于雪。

雪比雨更易散射太阳光，云下暗的区域是落雪，而亮的地方是落雨昔我往矣，杨柳依依，今我来思，雨雪霏霏。

《小雅•采薇》雪花开六出，冰珠映九光南北朝•庚信枝状常见在-12°C 左右，冰水饱和水汽压差异最大，枝状最有可能生长。

Wilson Bentley没有2农夫1865-1931一年有300cm Jericho,VermontWilson Bentley透明，直径约5毫米，撞到地面会弹回，碰到玻璃或金属板有轻拍的声音。

冻雨到地面是过冷水滴，遇到物体时结冰。

在树枝上形成树挂，或称雾凇。

温度垂直分布与降水雪冰丸冻雨雨冰雹冰组成，透明或半透明，大小形状不一，有破坏性。

周志华机器学习西瓜书全书16章 ppt Chap06支持向量机

必有
或
支持向量机解的稀疏性: 训练完成后, 大部分的训练样本都不需保留, 最终模型仅与支持向量有关.
重要性质：模型训练完后，大部分的训练样本都不需要
保留，最终模型仅仅与支持向量有关
对偶方法重新求解前面的问题
如图所示的训练数据集，其正实例点是x 1

3, 3
,
x 2

4, 3 ,
负实例x 3

b
52
1

0
b 1

0
121 152 b 1 0
141 182 b 1 0 41 52 b 1 0
1 0, 2 0, 3 0
当1=0，2 0时，

12=0123
18521
对偶问题
1 wT w
2
m
i
i1
wT
m
i yi xi
i1

m
i yi
i1
b
拉格朗日乘子法
第一步：引入拉格朗日乘子
得到拉格朗日函数
第二步：令
对
第三步：回代可得
和的偏导为零可得

1 2
wT w
m i 1
i
解的稀疏性
最终模型： KKT条件：
总结
对于不等式约束的优化，需要满足三个条件，满足这三个条件的解x*可能的极小值点。这三个条件就是著名的KKT条件，它整合了上面两种情况的条件。
特别注意：
优化问题是凸优化的话，KKT条件就是极小值点（而且是全局极小）存在的充要条件。不是凸优化的话，KKT条件只是极小值点的必要条件，不是充分条件，KKT点是驻点，是可能的极值点。也就是说，就算求得的满足KKT条件的点，也不一定是极小值点，只是说极小值点一定满足KKT条件。

chap06-chap07数据结构集合与搜索

集合操作的实现
集合的“并”运算
P52
集合的“并”运算
void Union ( SeqList<int>& LA, SeqList<int>& LB ) { int n1 = LA.Length ( ), n2 = LB.Length ( ); int i, k, x; for ( i = 0; i < n2; i++ ) { x = LB.getData(i); //在LB中取一元素 k = LA.Search(x); //在LA中搜索它 if (k == 0) //若在LA中未找到插入它 { LA.Insert(n1, x); n1++; } //插入到第n个表项位置} }
第 6、7 章集合与搜索
一、集合存储二、集合操作的实现三、查找的基本概念四、二分查找五、二叉排序树（二叉搜索树）六、B-树七、索引查找八、哈希或散列(HASH)查找
集合及其表示集合基本概念集合是成员(对象或元素)的一个群集。集合中的成员可以是原子(单元素)，也可以是集合。集合的成员必须互不相同。集合中的成员一般是无序的，没有先后次序关系。
存在以下关系对：0 ≡ 4，3 ≡ 1，6 ≡ 10，8 ≡ 9，7 ≡ 4，6 ≡ 8， 3 ≡ 5，2 ≡ 11，11 ≡ 0，那么利用并查集方法进行关系划分的过程如下：（1）初始时有12棵树，每棵树包含一个元素。每处理一个等价对以后，树的结构变化如下：
合并的改进算法
为了实现权重规则，可利用根结点的parent字段以负数的形式存储计数数据。由此可得基于权重规则的union算法： void Sets::WeightedUnion (int i, int j) { // 基于权重规则构造以i和j 为根的集合的并 int temp = parent[i] + parent[j]; if ( parent[j] < parent[i] ) // 树i 的结点少 { parent[i] = j; parent[j] = temp; } else // 树j 的结点少或与树i的同样多 { parent[j] = i; parent[i] = temp; } }

周志华机器学习西瓜书全书16章 ppt Chap06支持向量机

的梯度往区域
外发散，如下
图红色箭头。
显然，走到极
小值点的时候，
g(x)的梯度和
f(x)的负梯度
同向。因为极
小值点在边界
上，这个时候
g(x)等于0
总结
极小值点落在可行域内（不包含边界）：这个时候可行域的限制不起作用，相当于没有约束，直接f(x)的梯度等于0求解，这个时候g(x极小值点)<0（因为落在可行域内）。极小值点落在可行域外（包含边界）：可行域的限制起作用，极小值点应该落在可行域边界上即 g(x)=0，类似于等值约束，此时有g(x)的梯度和f(x) 的负梯度同向。
0
-A:应选择”正中间”, 容忍性好, 鲁棒性高, 泛化能力最强.
间隔与支持向量
超平面方程:
间隔
支持向量
0
支持向量机基本型
最大间隔: 寻找参数和 , 使得最大.
带有约束的优化问题s.t.
gi
min xD (x) 0,i
f (x) 1,2,,
q

hj
(x)

0,
j

q
1,,
m
其中f(x)是目标函数，g(x)为不等式约束，h(x)为等式约束。
若f(x)，h(x)，g(x)三个函数都是线性函数，则该优化问题称为线性规划。若任意一个是非线性函数，则称为非线性规划。
若目标函数为二次函数，约束全为线性函数，称为二次规划。
若f(x)为凸函数，g(x)为凸函数，h(x)为线性函数，则该问题称为凸优化。注意这里不等式约束g(x)<=0则要求g(x)为凸函数，若g(x)>=0则要求g(x)为凹函数。
对偶问题
1 wT w

中职《电子商务基础》单项选择题练习

《电子商务基础》单项选择题练习1、下列()不是因特网服务提供商ISP提供的服务内容。

(A)拨号上网(B)网上浏览(C)下载文件(D)商品供应正确答案:D2、HTP是:()A、统一资源定位器B、远程登录协议C、文件传输协议D、超文本传输协议正确答案:D3、以下不属于无线介质的是()A、激光B、电磁波C、光纤D、微波正确答案:C4、电话拨号上网所需要的基本硬件设备中，除计算机、电话线等以外，还需要()。

A、电视信号接收卡B、股票行情接收器C、网卡D、调制解调器正确答案:D5、以下四个选项中，()是ICPA、中国电信B、中国移动C、淘宝D、中国联通正确答案:C6、()属于ICP在电子商务方面的应用A、法律咨询B、自媒体广告C、出租内存空间D、网上购物正确答案:D7、下列()不是ICP按服务对象和提供的信息内容划分的类别。

A、网上媒体运营商B、数据库运营商C、信息咨询商和信息发布代理商D、互联网服务商正确答案:D8、对网络环境下商品流通和交易方式的改变叙述不正确的是()A、中间商地位的加强B、营销全球化C、实物操作无纸化D、支付过程的无现金化正确答案:A9、防火墙采用:最简易的技术是()A、包过滤B、设置进入密码C、隔离D、安装保护卡正确答案:A10、为控制企业内部对外的访问以及抵御外部对内部网的攻击，最好的选择是()A、防火墙B、IDSC、杀毒软件D、路由器正确答案:A11、以下不属于防火墙组成部分的是()A、防病毒软件B、验证工具C、包过滤D、应用网关正确答案:A12、以下不属于路由器主要功能的是()A、隔离以太广播B、路由选择和数据转发C、连接网络D、过滤数据包正确答案:D13、防火墙不具有()的功能。

A、封堵某些禁止的访问行为B、管理进出网络的访问行为C、过滤进出网络的数据包D、查杀病毒正确答案:D14、对防火墙的叙述，()不对A、防火墙是软件B、防火墙的目的是保护网络不被他人侵扰C、防火墙是不同网络之间信息的唯一出口D、防火墙的安全性与研发的技术息息相关正确答案:A15、有关路由器的说法，不对的是()A、路由工作在OSI模型的第三层即网络层B、路由器(Router)，又称路径器C、是连接因特网中各局域网、广域网的设备D、路由器就是俗称的猫正确答案:D16、以下()是防火墙使用的计重标准A、滴答数B、带宽C、跳数D、吞吐量正确答案:D17、路由器工作在0SI参考协议的()层A、应用层B、回话层C、网络层D、数据链路层正确答案:C18、为将路由器当成无线网卡使用，应工作()模式。

chap06 Signal Encoding Techniques 无线网络通信英文课件

Multiple Frequency-Shift Keying (MFSK)
To match data rate of input bit stream, each output signal element is held for:
Ts=LT seconds
where T is the bit period (data rate = 1/T)
binary 1 binary 0
where f1 and f2 are offset from carrier frequency fc by equal but opposite amounts
Binary Frequency-Shift Keying (BFSK)
Less susceptible to error than ASK On voice-grade lines, used up to 1200bps Used for high-frequency (3 to 30 MHz)
error
s itA co 2fs it 1iM
f i = f c + (2i – 1 – M)f d f c = the carrier frequency f d = the difference frequency M = number of different signal elements = 2 L L = number of bits per signal element
So, one signal element encodes L bits
Multiple Frequency-Shift Keying (MFSK)
Total bandwidth required
2Mfd

chap06(c)

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服务管理Chap006_li_201103

Enterprise Network-PPT-chap06-v10

C_chap06

Chap06曼昆中宏课件

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chap06_旋转变压器

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经济学十大原理(1)

Chap06 降水

周志华 机器学习 西瓜书 全书16章 ppt Chap06支持向量机

chap06-chap07数据结构集合与搜索

周志华 机器学习 西瓜书 全书16章 ppt Chap06支持向量机

中职《电子商务基础》单项选择题练习

chap06 Signal Encoding Techniques 无线网络通信 英文课件

宏观经济学斯蒂芬威廉森chap06

周志华机器学习西瓜书全书16章 ppt Chap06支持向量机

周志华机器学习西瓜书全书16章 ppt Chap06支持向量机

chap06 Signal Encoding Techniques 无线网络通信英文课件