Liquidity Ratios
财务管理专业英语 句子及单词翻译
Financial management is an integrated decision-making process concerned with acquiring, financing, and managing assets to accomplish some overall goal within a business entity.财务管理是为了实现一个公司总体目标而进行的涉及到获取、融资和资产管理的综合决策过程。
Decisions involving a firm’s short-term assets and liabilities refer to working capital management.决断涉及一个公司的短期的资产和负债提到营运资金管理The firm’s long-term financing decisions concern the right-hand side of the balance sheet.该公司的长期融资决断股份资产负债表的右边。
This is an important decision as the legal structure affects the financial risk faced by the owners of the company.这是一个重要的决定作为法律结构影响金融风险面对附近的的业主的公司。
The board includes some members of top management(executive directors), but should also include individuals from outside the company(non-executive directors).董事会包括有些隶属于高层管理人员(执行董事)，但将也包括个体从外公司(非执行董事)。
Maximization of shareholder wealth focuses only on stockholders whereas maximization of firm value encompasses all financial claimholders including common stockholders, debt holders, and preferred stockholders.股东财富最大化只集中于股东，而企业价值最大化包含所有的财务债券持有者，包括普通股股东，债权人和优先股股东。
流动性覆盖率和净稳定资金比率
一、流动性覆盖率（LCR，LiquidityCoveredRatio）=优质流动性资产储备/未来30日的资金净流出量，流动性覆盖率的标准是不低于100%
这个公式的意义：确保单个银行在监管当局设定的流动性严重压力情景下，能够将变现无障碍且优质的资产保持在一个合理的水平，这些资产可以通过变现来满足其30天期限的流动性需求。
二、净稳定资金比率（NSFR，NetSteadyFinanceRatio)=可用的稳定资金/业务所需的稳定资金,净稳定资金比率的标准是大于100% 这个公式的意义:用于度量银行较长期限内可使用的稳定资金来源对其表内外资产业务发展的支持能力。
该比率的分子是银行可用的各项稳定资金来源，分母是银行发展各类资产业务所需的稳定资金来源。
分子分母中各类负债和资产项目的系数由监管当局确定，为该比率设定最低监管标准，有助于推动银行使用稳定的资金来源支持其资产业务的发展，降低资产负债的期限错配。
该指标主要用于确保投行类产品、表外风险暴露、证券化资产及其他资产和业务的融资至少具有与它们流动性风险状况相匹配的一部分满足最低限额的稳定资金来源。
NSFR指标的目的就是防止银行在市场繁荣、流动性充裕时期过度依赖批发性融资，而鼓励其对表内外资产的流动性风险进行更充分的评估。
此外，使用NSF也有助于应对流动性覆盖率（LCR）的迅速下降（cliff-effect），降低银行使用期限刚好大于监管部门所设定压力情景时间跨度的短期资金来源去建立其流动性资产储备的冲动。
CFA1 财务分析记忆要点
分清题目是那个报表里的概念，则答案也该也是想要报表里的概念一、收入表（不包含和股东的交易）从股东手里得到或者发放利益给股东的部分不用于计算incomeNon-recurring items（考虑频率）:Discontinued operations(不影响营业利润): measurement date, phaseout period.在measurement date公司就要对其进行估计它的Income or loss （税后）在income statement里分开，之前的income statement 要重算（它的Income of loss 要在income statement里分开），在销售没有结束前，gains不能计入。
Unusual or infrequent items(影响营业利润): 包含在Incomes from Continuing operations and reported before tax.Extraordinary items(不影响营业利润):U.S.GAAP: 它的Income or loss （税后）要在income statement里分开IFRS: 不允许在income statement里分开对原有错误会计方法的订正（Prior-period adjustment）或改变使用的财务标准要回溯计算后表示在当期的报表中。
改变对财产的估计，不要求回溯。
EPS：使用月份（从可转化证券发行开始算）加权平均后拖欠股息的股数；被公司回购后的股票无需计算；Dilutive EPS:首先判断是否是Dilutive，计算后主要和Basis EPS比较大小；期权行使的计算：相当于在总资产不便的情况下，市场上增加的股数；净收入是已经计算过利息，所以在算可转换债是要将利息加回去（税后）。
Commone-size income statement: 其中Tax和ruvenue的比率的值意义不大，意义比较大的是tax和毛利的比率（effective tax rate）Other Comprehensive income: P74二、资产负债表（包含和股东的交易）：由于衡量公司的liquidity, solvency the ability to pay dividends无法估计价值的A或者L不在balance sheet里体现。
英文常用财务比率
To measure financial statements here, kind of ratios to be used are: P rofitability Ratios （盈利能力比率）L iquidity Ratios （流动资金比率）E fficiency Ratios （效率比率）L everage Ratios （杠杆比率）M arket Ratios （市场比率）D upont de-Composition Ratios （杜邦去组成比）A ltman Z-score （奥特曼z值）一：Profitability Ratios （盈利能力比率）Profit Margin on Sales ratio＝profit after tax / net salesBasic Earning Power ratio = operating income / total assets Return on Sales ratio= operating income / net salesReturn on Assets (ROA) ratio = income before taxes / total assets Return on Investment (ROI) ratio = net income / capital employed Return on Equity (ROE) ratio = net income available for stockholders / equity二Liquidity Ratios（流动资金比率）Current ratio= current assets / current liabilitiesQuick ratio= (current assets - inventories) / current liabilities三Efficiency Ratios （效率比率）Accounts Receivable Turnover = net sales / accounts receivable Accounts Receivable Collection = 365 / accounts receivable turnoverInventory Turnover = cost of goods sold / average inventory Days Inventory = 365 / inventory turnoverAccounts Payable Turnover = cost of goods sold / accounts payableDays Payable = 365 / accounts payable turnoverCash Flow Cycles = Days Inventory + Accounts Receivable Collection – Days Payable四Leverage Ratios （杠杆比率）Long-term Debt ratio = long-term debt / (capital employed –short-term debt)Total Debt ratio = (long-term debt + short-term debt) / capital employedDebt to Equity ratio = total debt / equity五Market Ratios （市场比率）Earning Per Share（EPS）= net income / shares outstanding Price Earning ratio (P/E) = price per share / EPS六Dupont de-Composition Ratios （杜邦去组成比）ROE = net income / net sales x net sales / total asset x total assets / capital employed= profit margin x assets turnover x capital multiplierprofit margin = net income / net sales= (net sales - costs + profit from associated companies + interest and other income - interest expense - taxation – income applicable to minority interest +income/loss from non-operations) / net salesassets turnover = net sales / total assetscapital multiplier = total assets / capital employed= total assets / (total assets - total liabilities + short-term debt + long-term debt)ROE = profit margin x assets turnover x capital multiplier。
财务指标及计算公式
财务指标及计算公式英文回答：Financial Ratios and Calculation Formulas.Liquidity Ratios:Current Ratio = Current Assets / Current Liabilities.Quick Ratio (Acid-Test Ratio) = (Current Assets Inventory) / Current Liabilities.Cash Ratio = (Cash + Cash Equivalents) / Current Liabilities.Solvency Ratios:Debt-to-Equity Ratio = Total Debt / Shareholders' Equity.Debt-to-Asset Ratio = Total Debt / Total Assets.Times Interest Earned Ratio = Operating Income / Interest Expense.Profitability Ratios:Gross Profit Margin = Gross Profit / Revenue.Operating Profit Margin = Operating Income / Revenue.Net Profit Margin = Net Income / Revenue.Return on Assets (ROA) = Net Income / Total Assets.Return on Equity (ROE) = Net Income / Shareholders' Equity.Asset Turnover Ratios:Inventory Turnover Ratio = Cost of Goods Sold / Average Inventory.Accounts Receivable Turnover Ratio = Net Credit Sales / Average Accounts Receivable.Fixed Asset Turnover Ratio = Net Sales / Average Net Fixed Assets.Financial Leverage Ratios:Debt-to-Equity Ratio (see Solvency Ratios)。
商业银行常用公式
（一）流动性指标Liquidity流动性指标衡量企业对短期债务的支付能力流动资产1、流动比率（current ratio)= ————流动负债该指标通过企业短期自偿性资产来抵补短期负债的程度来衡量该企业对短期债务的支付能力流动资产- 存货2、速动比率（quick ratio)= ——————流动负债衡量企业不依赖存货的变现而偿付短期债务的能力(二）效率指标Activity效率指标被用来衡量，企业在实现一定销售收入的前提下，各类资产的周转效率，或各类资产被利用的程度。
效率指标多用周转率和周转天数(turn over)来表示,周转率表示某项资产在实现一定销售量下，一年内周转的频率或次数。
周转天数是周转率时间的表现，及某项资产周转一次所需要的时间。
两者为倒数关系：365 365周转天数= ———或周转率= ———周转率周转天数净销售某项资产周转率= ————————资产平均余额某项资产平均余额某项资产周转天数= ——————————日均净销售净销售1、应收帐款周转率= ———————（Account Receivable）应收帐款平均余额应收帐款平均余额或：应收帐款托收天数= ————————日均净销售该指标反映应收帐款在年度内转变为现金收入的速度产品销售成本2、存货周转率= ——————（Inventory）平均存货余额该指标反映存活转换为销售收入和应收帐款的速度，以及生产管理和存货管理的水平净销售3、流动资本周转率= ————————（Working Capital）流动资本平均余额该指标用来衡量企业流动资本支撑销售的适量性和效率净销售4、固定资产周转率= ————————（Fixed Assets）固定资产平均余额该指标用来反映企业对固定资产的利用效率。
净销售5、总资产周转率= ————————————（Total Assets）总资产平均余额该指标反映企业全部资产的配置状况和利用效率。
（三）杠杆率指标总债务1、债务比率= ———总资产自有资本资本率= —————总资产总资产股本乘数= ————自有资本2、利息保障倍数(Time-interest earned)利税前的收入= ——————本期总利息支付该指标反映企业用自身收入偿还利息的能力（四）盈利性指标Profitability这类指标反映企业管理人员运用企业资源获取利润的能力税后净利润1、销售利润率（Return on Sale)= ——————平均净销售该指标反映企业成本管理和定价政策税后净利润2、资产收益率(Return on Asset)= ——————总资产该指标反映总资产配置的效率和获利能力税后净利润3、股本收益率（Return on Equity)= ——————自有资本该指标反映股东利益股权融资成本之间的平衡关系。
财务管理专业英语
Analyzing Financial Ratios
Some preliminary comments are warranted:
1. Financial ratios are not standardized.
4.2.1 Current ratio
Excessively high current ratios, however, may indicated a firm may have too much of its long-term investor-supplied capital invested in short-term low-earning current assets.
4.2 Liquidity Ratios
Net working capital to total assets ratio= Net working capital Total assets
净营运资本比总资产比率
4.2.1 Current ratio
Current ratio Current assets Current liabilities
Denominator 分母 Numerator 分子
4.2.1 Current ratio
For example, a current ratio of 1.5 implies that a firm has $1.5 in current assets for every $1 in current liabilities and thus has 1.5 times the current assets, or has its current liabilities covered 1.5 times over.
财务会计翻译专业术语
这是每章后面的词汇表，请各章译者按此词汇统一翻译专业术语。
有些词汇可能有多于一个常见的译文，请按照第一个译文翻译。
第一章p25Accounting 会计Annual report 年度报告Assets 资产Auditor’s report 审计报告Balance sheet 资产负债表Basic accounting equation 基本会计等式Certified Public Accountant (CPA) 注册会计师Common stock 普通股Comparative statements 比较报表Corporation 股份公司Dividends 股利Expenses 费用Income statement 收益表，利润表Liabilities 负债Management discussion and analysis (MD&A) 管理层讨论和分析Net income 净收益Net loss 净损失Notes to the financial statements 财务报表附注Partnership 合伙企业Retained earnings 留存收益Retained earnings statement 留存收益表Revenue 收入Sarbanes-Oxley Act 萨班斯－奥克斯利法案Sole proprietorship 独资企业Statement of cash flows 现金流量表Stockholders’ equity 股东权益第二章p74Classified balance sheet 分类资产负债表Comparability 可比性Conservatism 稳健性Consistency 一致性，一贯性Cost principle 成本原则Current assets 流动资产Current liabilities 流动负债Current ratio 流动比率Debt to total assets ratio 资产负债率，负债比率Earnings per share (EPS) 每股收益Economic entity assumption 经济主体假设，会计主体假设Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) 财务会计准则委员会Free cash flow 自由现金流量Full disclosure principle 充分披露原则Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP) 公认会计原则Going concern assumption 持续经营假设Intangible assets 无形资产International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) 国际会计准则理事会Liquidity 流动性，变现能力Liquidity ratios 流动性比率Long-term investments 长期投资Long-term liabilities (Long-term debt) 长期负债Materiality 重要性Monetary unit assumption 货币单位假设Operating cycle 营业周期Profitability ratios 获利能力比率Property, plant, and equipment 地产、厂场与设备Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (PCAOB) 上市公司会计监管委员会Ratio 比率Ratio analysis 比率分析Relevance 相关性Reliability 可靠性Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) 证券交易委员会Solvency 偿债能力Solvency ratios 偿债能力比率Statement of stockholders’ equity 股东权益表Time period assumption 会计分期假设Working capital 营运资本第三章p133Account 账户Accounting information system 会计信息系统Accounting transactions 会计业务Charts of accounts 账户一览表Credit 贷方Debit 借方Double-entry system 复式记账法General journal 普通日记账General ledger 总分类账Journal 日记账Journalizing 编制分录Ledger 分类账Posting 过账T account T形账户Trial balance 试算表，试算平衡表第四章p195Accrual-basis accounting 权责发生制会计，应计制会计Accrued expenses 应计费用Accrued revenues 应计收入Adjusted trial balance 调整后试算表Adjusting entries 调整分录Book value 账面价值Cash-basis accounting 收付实现制会计，现金制会计Closing entries 结账分录Contra asset account 对销资产账户Depreciation 折旧Earnings management 盈余管理Fiscal year 会计年度Income Summary 收益汇总Matching Principle 配比原则Permanent accounts 永久性账户Post-closing trial balance 结账后试算表Prepaid expenses (Prepayments) 预付费用（预付款项）Quality of earnings 收益质量Revenue recognition principle 收入确认原则Reversing entry 转回分录Temporary accounts 临时性账户Time period assumption 会计分期假设Unearned revenues 未获收入Useful life 使用年限Worksheet 工作底稿第五章p249Contra revenue account 对销收入账户Cost of goods sold 销售成本Gross profit 毛利Gross profit rate 毛利率Net sales 销售净额Periodic inventory system 定期盘存制Perpetual inventory system 永续盘存制Profit margin ratio 净利润率Purchase allowance 购货折让Purchase discount 购货折扣Purchase invoice 购货发票Purchase return 购货退回Quality of earnings ratio 收益质量比率Sales discount 销售折扣Sales invoice 销售发票Sales returns and allowances 销售退回和折让Sales revenue 销售收入第六章p301Average-cost method 平均成本法Consigned goods 寄销品Current replacement cost 现行重置成本Days in inventory 存货周转天数Finished goods inventory 产成品存货First-in, first-out (FIFO) method 先进先出法FOB destination 到达地交货FOB shipping point 起运地交货Inventory turnover ratio 存货周转率Just-in-time (JIT) inventory 适时存货制Last-in, first-out (LIFO) method 后进先出法LIFO reserve 后进先出法储备Lower-of-cost-or-market (LCM) 成本与市价孰低Raw materials 原材料Specific identification method 个别认定法，具体辨认法Weighted average unit cost 加权平均单位成本Work in process 在产品第七章pBank reconciliation 银行存款余额调节表Bank statement 银行对账单Bonding 忠诚保险契约Cash 现金Cash budget 现金预算Cash equivalents 现金等价物Deposits in transit 在途存款Electronic funds transfer, EFT 电子资金转账Fraud 舞弊Fraud triangle 舞弊三角Internal auditors 内部审计员Internal control 内部控制NSF check 存款不足支票Outstanding checks 未兑现支票Petty cash fund 零用现金Restricted cash 限制性现金Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, SOX 2002年萨班斯－奥克斯利法案Treasurer 出纳Voucher 付款凭单Voucher system 付款凭单制度第八章p410Accounts receivable应收账款Aging the accounts receivable 应收账款账龄分析Allowance method 备抵法Average collection period 平均收账期Bad debts expense 坏账费用Cash (net) realizable value 可变现价值（净值）Concentration of credit risk 信用风险集中Direct write-off method 直接注销法Dishonored note 拒付票据Factor 代理融通公司Maker 出票人Notes receivable 应收票据Payee 收款人Percentage of receivable basis 应收账款百分比Promissory note 本票，期票Receivables 应收款项Receivables turnover ratio 应收账款周转率Trade receivables 商业应收款第九章p463Accelerated-depreciation method 加速折旧法Additions and improvements 扩建和改良Amortization 摊销Asset turnover ratio 资产周转率Capital expenditures 资本支出Capital lease 资本租赁Cash equivalent price 现金等价物价格Copyright 版权Declining-balance method 余额递减法Depreciable cost 应折旧成本Depreciation 折旧Franchise 专营权Goodwill 商誉Impairment 减值Intangible assets 无形资产Lessee 承租人Lessor 出租人Licenses 特许权Operating lease 经营租赁Ordinary repairs 日常修理Patent 专利权Plant assets 厂场资产，固定资产Research and development costs 研究与开发成本Return on assets ratio 资产报酬率Revenue expenditures 收益支出Straight-line method 直线法Trademark (trade name) 商标权Units-of-activity method 产量法第十章p521Bond certificate 债券证书Bonds 债券Callable bonds 可赎回债券Capital lease 资本租赁Contingencies 或有事项Contractual (stated) interest rate 约定（设定）利率Convertible bonds 可转换债券Current liability 流动负债Discount (on a bond) 债券折价Effective-interest method of amortization 实际利息摊销法Effective-interest rate 实际利率Face value 面值Long-term liabilities 长期负债Market interest rate 市场利率Maturity date 到期日Mortgage note payable 应付抵押票据Notes payable 应付票据Off-balance-sheet financing 表外融资Operating lease 经营租赁Premium (on a bond) 债券溢价Present value 现值Secured bonds 有担保债券Straight-line method of amortization 直线摊销法Time value of money 货币时间价值Times interest earned ratio 利息保障倍数Unsecured bonds 无担保债券，信用债券第十一章p579Authorized stock 核定股份Cash dividend 现金股利Charter 公司章程Corporation 公司Cumulative dividend 累积股利Declaration date 股利宣告日Deficit 亏绌Dividend 股利Dividends in arrears 积欠股利Legal capital 法定资本No-par value stock 无面值股票Outstanding stock 发行在外股票Paid-in capital 实收资本Par value stock 有面值股票Payment date 股利支付日Payout ratio 股利分派率Preferred stock 优先股Privately held corporation 私人持股公司Publicly held corporation 公众持股公司Record date 股利登记日Retained earnings 留存收益Retained earnings restrictions 受限制留存收益Return on common stockholders’ equity ratio 普通股股东权益报酬率Stated value 设定价值Stock dividend 股票股利Stock split 股票分割Treasury stock 库存股票第十二章p633Cash debt coverage ratio 负债保障倍数Current cash debt coverage ratio 流动负债保障倍数Direct method 直接法Financing activities 筹资活动Free cash flow 自由现金流量Indirect method 间接法Investing activities 投资活动Operating activities 经营活动Product life cycle 产品寿命周期Statement of cash flow 现金流量表第十三章pAsset turnover ratio 资产周转率Available-for-sale securities 可出售证券Average collection period 平均收账期Cash debt coverage ratio 负债保障倍数Change in accounting principle 会计原则变更Comprehensive income 综合收益，全面收益Current cash debt coverage ratio 流动负债保障倍数Current ratio 流动比率Days in inventory 存货周转天数Debt to total assets ratio 资产负债率，负债比率Discontinued operations 终止经营Earnings per share 每股收益Extraordinary items 非常项目Free cash flow 自由现金流量Gross profit rate 毛利率Horizontal analysis 横向分析Inventory turnover ratio 存货周转率Leveraging 杠杆作用Liquidity ratios 流动性比率Payout ratio 股利分派率Price-earnings (P-E) ratio 市盈率Pro forma income 预计收益Profit margin ratio 净利润率Profitability ratios 获利能力比率Quality of earnings 收益质量Receivables turnover ratio 应收账款周转率Return on assets ratio 资产报酬率Return on common stockholders’ equity ratio 普通股股东权益报酬率Solvency ratios 偿债能力比率Sustainable income 持续经营收益Times interest earned ratio 利息保障倍数Trading on the equity 举债经营Trading securities 交易性证券Vertical analysis 纵向分析。
interest cover计算公式
interest cover计算公式今天，和大家分享商管学科中会计知识点考纲的最后一部分内容—Ratio Analysis，这部分内容涉及的计算题目比较多，公式的记忆是关键。
不同的ratio计算结果反应的公司经营的状况，比方说，公司的盈利性，流动性，投资的收益率，公司筹资的能力，杠杆率等等，有些ratios 还能够具体反应库存周转比率，应收账款的周转比率... 对于任何生意的管理者来说，都是重要的会计指标，另一方面来说，对于投资者和银行做出投资决策的重要依据。
请注意，会计Ratios analysis是属于定量分析，商业决策需要定量分析和定性分析结合来做出。
5.Ratio AnalysisProfit margin ratio=Profit\Revenue X100（Gross Profit没有减去overheads，operating profit=net profit）Liquidity Ratio：Current Ratio=Current Assets\Current LiabiliiesAcid-test Ratio=Liquid assets（Current assets-inventory）\ CurrentLiabiliiesAnalysis of published accountsInterpreting company performance—Profitability ratioRoCE=operating profit/capital employed *100 注意evaluation —Liquidity ratios（AS short-term）—Financial efficient ratiosInventory turnover ratio=cost of goods sold/value of inventory=value of inventory/cost of sales/365Day’s sales in trade receivables ratio=trade accounts receivable*365/revenueAccounts receivable turnover ratio=revenue/trade receivable —Shareholder ratiosDividend yield ratio=dividend per share/current share price *100 Dividend cover ratio=profit for the year/annual dividends （comparison with sequential years）P/E ratio：（comparison with different industries）Price / earning ratio=current share price/earning per shareEarning per share=profit for the year after tax andinterest/annual dividends—Gearing ratios=non-current liabilities/shareholder’s equity+non-current liabilities（long-term）Alternative gearing ratio=long-term debts/shareholder’s equity *100=total debts/total assets *100Interest cover ratio=profit for the year before tax and interest/annual interest paidEvaluation （limits to these ratios effectiveness）—comparison needed—trend analysis—no non-numerical aspects analysis—depreciation methods leading different capital employedCurrent ratio, 流动比率是比较一年内到期的负债和企业账上的现金及一年内可以转卖为现金的资产。
信贷基本词汇英汉对照_财务英语词汇
信贷基本词汇英汉对照2m method 2m法3m method 3m法a scores a值accounting convention 会计惯例accounting for acquisitions 购并的会计处理accounting for debtors 应收账款核算accounting for depreciation 折旧核算accounting for foreign currencies 外汇核算accounting for goodwill 商誉核算accounting for stocks 存货核算accounting policies 会计政策accounting standards 会计准则accruals concept 权责发生原则achieving credit control 实现信用控制acid test ratio 酸性测试比率actual cash flow 实际现金流量adjusting company profits 企业利润调整advance payment guarantee 提前偿还保金adverse trading 不利交易advertising budget 广告预算advising bank 通告银行age analysis 账龄分析aged debtors analysis 逾期账款分析aged debtors’exception report 逾期应收款的特殊报告aged debtors’exception report 逾期账款特别报告aged debtors’report 逾期应收款报告aged debtors’report 逾期账款报告all—monies clause 全额支付条款amortization 摊销analytical questionnaire 调查表分析analytical skills 分析技巧analyzing financial risk 财务风险分析analyzing financial statements 财务报表分析analyzing liquidity 流动性分析analyzing profitability 盈利能力分析analyzing working capital 营运资本分析annual expenditure 年度支出anticipating future income 预估未来收入areas of financial ratios 财务比率分析的对象articles of incorporation 合并条款asian crisis 亚洲(金融)危机assessing companies 企业评估assessing country risk 国家风险评估assessing credit risks 信用风险评估assessing strategic power 战略地位评估assessment of banks 银行的评估asset conversion lending 资产转换贷款asset protection lending 资产担保贷款asset sale 资产出售asset turnover 资产周转率assets 资产association of british factors and discounters 英国代理人与贴现商协会auditor's report 审计报告aval 物权担保bad debt 坏账bad debt level 坏账等级bad debt risk 坏账风险bad debts performance 坏账发生情况bad loans 坏账balance sheet 资产负债表balance sheet structure 资产负债表结构bank credit 银行信贷bank failures 银行破产bank loans.availability 银行贷款的可获得性bank status reports 银行状况报告bankruptcy 破产bankruptcy code 破产法bankruptcy petition 破产申请书basle agreement 塞尔协议basle agreement 《巴塞尔协议》behavorial scoring 行为评分bill of exchange 汇票bill of lading 提单bis 国际清算银行bis agreement 国际清算银行协定blue chip 蓝筹股bonds 债券book receivables 账面应收账款borrowing money 借人资金borrowing proposition 借款申请breakthrough products 创新产品budgets 预算building company profiles 勾画企业轮廓bureaux (信用咨询)公司business development loan 商业开发贷款business failure 破产business plan 经营计划business risk 经营风险buyer credits 买方信贷buyer power 购买方力量buyer risks 买方风险campari 优质贷款原则canons of lending 贷款原则capex 资本支出capital adequacy 资本充足性capital adequacy rules 资本充足性原则capital commitments 资本承付款项capital expenditure 资本支出capital funding 资本融资capital investment 资本投资capital strength 资本实力capital structure 资本结构capitalization of interest 利息资本化capitalizing development costs 研发费用资本化capitalizing development expenditures 研发费用资本化capitalizing interest costs 利息成本资本化cascade effect 瀑布效应cash assets 现金资产cash collection targets 现金托收目标cash cycle 现金循环周期cash cycle ratios 现金循环周期比率cash cycle times 现金循环周期时间cash deposit 现金储蓄cash flow adjustments 现金流调整cash flow analysis 现金流量分析cash flow crisis 现金流危机cash flow cycle 现金流量周期cash flow forecasts 现金流量预测cash flow lending 现金流贷出cash flow profile 现金流概况cash flow projections 现金流预测cash flow statements 现金流量表cash flows 现金流量cash position 现金头寸cash positive je现金流量cash rich companies 现金充足的企业cash surplus 现金盈余cash tank 现金水槽cash-in-advance 预付现金categorized cash flow 现金流量分类ce 优质贷款原则ceo 首席执行官chairman 董事长，总裁chapter 11 rules 第十一章条款charge 抵押charged assets 抵押资产chief executive officer 首席执行官collateral security 抵押证券collecting payments 收取付款collection activitv 收款活动collection cycle 收款环节collection procedures 收款程序collective credit risks 集合信用风险comfortable liquidity positi9n 适当的流动性水平commercial mortgage 商业抵押commercial paper 商业票据commission 佣金commitment fees 承诺费common stock 普通股common stockholders 普通股股东company and its industry 企业与所处行业company assets 企业资产company liabilities 企业负债company loans 企业借款competitive advantage 竞争优势competitive forces 竞争力competitive products 竞争产品complaint procedures 申诉程序computerized credit information 计算机化信用信息computerized diaries 计算机化日志confirmed letter of credit 承兑信用证confirmed letters of credit 保兑信用证confirming bank 确认银行conservatism concept 谨慎原则consistency concept 一贯性原则consolidated accounts 合并报表consolidated balance sheets 合并资产负债表contingent liabilities 或有负债continuing security clause 连续抵押条款contractual payments 合同规定支出control limits 控制限度control of credit activities 信用活动控制controlling credit 控制信贷controlling credit risk 控制信用风险corporate credit analysis 企业信用分析corporate credit controller 企业信用控制人员corporate credit risk analysis 企业信用风险分析corporate customer 企业客户corporate failure prediction models 企业破产预测模型corporate lending 企业贷款cost leadership 成本领先型cost of sales 销售成本costs 成本country limit 国家限额country risk 国家风险court judgments 法院判决covenant 贷款保证契约covenants 保证契约creative accounting 寻机性会计credit analysis 信用分析credit analysis of customers 客户信用分析credit analysis of suppliers 供应商的信用分析credit analysis on banks 银行信用分析credit analysts 信用分析credit assessment 信用评估credit bureau reports 信用咨询公司报告credit bureaux 信用机构credit control 信贷控制credit control activities 信贷控制活动credit control performance reports 信贷控制绩效报告credit controllers 信贷控制人员credit cycle 信用循环credit decisions 信贷决策credit deterioration 信用恶化credit exposure 信用敞口credit granting process 授信程序credit information 信用信息credit information agency 信用信息机构credit insurance 信贷保险credit insurance advantages 信贷保险的优势credit insurance brokers 信贷保险经纪人credit insurance limitations 信贷保险的局限credit limits 信贷限额credit limits for currency blocs 货币集团国家信贷限额credit limits for individual countries 国家信贷限额credit management 信贷管理credit managers 信贷经理credit monitoring 信贷监控credit notes 欠款单据credit period 信用期credit planning 信用计划credit policy 信用政策credit policy issues 信用政策发布credit proposals 信用申请credit protection 信贷保护credit quality 信贷质量credit rating 信用评级credit rating agencies 信用评级机构credit rating process 信用评级程序credit rating system 信用评级系统credit reference 信用咨询credit reference agencies 信用评级机构credit risk 信用风险credit risk assessment 信用风险评估credit risk exposure 信用风险敞口credit risk insurance 信用风险保险credit risk.individual customers 个体信用风险credit risk：bank credit 信用风险：银行信用credit risk：trade credit 信用风险：商业信用credit scoring 信用风险评分credit scoring model 信用评分模型credit scoring system 信用评分系统credit squeeze 信贷压缩credit taken ratio 受信比率credit terms 信贷条款credit utilization reports 信贷利用报告credit vetting 信用审查credit watch 信用观察credit worthiness 信誉creditor days 应付账款天数cross-default clause 交叉违约条款currency risk 货币风险current assets 流动资产current debts 流动负债current ratio requirement 流动比率要求current ratios 流动比率customer care 客户关注customer credit ratings 客户信用评级customer liaison 客户联络customer risks 客户风险cut-off scores 及格线cycle of credit monitoring 信用监督循环cyclical business 周期性行业daily operating expenses 经营费用day’s sales outstanding 收回应收账款的平均天数debentures 债券debt capital 债务资本debt collection agency 债务托收机构debt issuer 债券发行人debt protection levels 债券保护级别debt ratio 负债比率debt securities 债券debt service ratio 还债率debtor days 应收账款天数debtor's assets 债权人的资产default 违约deferred payments 延期付款definition of leverage 财务杠杆率定义deposit limits 储蓄限额depositing money 储蓄资金depreciation 折旧depreciation policies 折旧政策development budget 研发预算differentiation 差别化direct loss 直接损失directors salaries 董事薪酬discretionary cash flows 自决性现金流量discretionary outflows 自决性现金流出distribution costs 分销成本dividend cover 股息保障倍数dividend payout ratio 股息支付率dividends 股利documentary credit 跟单信用证dso 应收账款的平均回收期duration of credit risk 信用风险期eastern bloc countries 东方集团国家ebitda 扣除利息、税收、折旧和摊销之前的收益ecgd 出口信贷担保局economic conditions 经济环境economic cycles 经济周期economic depression 经济萧条economic growth 经济增长economic risk 经济风险electronic data interchange(edi) 电子数据交换environmental factors 环境因素equity capital 权益资本equity finance 权益融资equity stake 股权eu countries 欧盟国家eu directives 欧盟法规eulaw 欧盟法律eurobonds 欧洲债券european parliament 欧洲议会european union 欧盟evergreen loan 常年贷款exceptional item 例外项目excessive capital commitments 过多的资本承付款项exchange controls 外汇管制exchange-control regulations 外汇管制条例exhaust method 排空法existing competitors 现有竞争对手existing debt 未清偿债务export credit agencies 出口信贷代理机构export credit insurance 出口信贷保险export factoring 出口代理export sales 出口额exports credit guarantee department 出口信贷担保局extending credit 信贷展期external agency 外部机构external assessment methods 外部评估方式external assessments 外部评估external information sources 外部信息来源extraordinary items 非经常性项目extras 附加条件facility account 便利账户factoring 代理factoring debts 代理收账factoring discounting 代理折扣factors chain international 国际代理连锁failure prediction scores 财务恶化预测分值fasb (美国)财务会计准则委员会faulty credit analysis 破产信用分析fees 费用finance，new business ventures 为新兴业务融资finance，repay existing debt 为偿还现有债务融资finance,working capital 为营运资金融资financial assessment 财务评估financial cash flows 融资性现金流量financial collapse 财务危机financial flexibility 财务弹性financial forecast 财务预测financial instability 财务的不稳定性financial rating analysis 财务评级分析financial ratios 财务比率financial risk 财务风险financial risk ratios 财务风险比率fitch ibca 惠誉评级fitch ibca ratings 惠誉评级fixed assets 固定资产fixed charge 固定费用fixed charge cover 固定费用保障倍数fixed costs 固定成本floating assets 浮动资产floating charge 浮动抵押floor planning 底价协议focus 聚焦forced sale risk 强制出售风险foreign exchange markets 外汇市场forfaiting 福费廷formal credit rating 正式信用评级forward rate agreements 远期利率协议fras 远期利率协议fund managers 基金经理fx transaction 外汇交易gaap 公认会计准则gearing 财务杠杆率geographical spread of markets 市场的地理扩展global target 全球目标going concern concept 持续经营原则good lending 优质贷款good times 良好时期government agencies 政府机构government interference 政府干预gross income 总收入guarantee of payment 支付担保guaranteed loans 担保贷款guarantees 担保high credit quality 高信贷质量high credit risks 高信贷风险high default risk 高违约风险high interest rates 高利率high risk regions 高风险区域highly speculative 高度投机high-risk loan 高风险贷款high-value loan 高价值贷款historical accounting 历史会计处理historical cost 历史成本ias 国际会计准则iasc 国际会计准则委员会ibtt 息税前利润ice 优质贷款原则idealliquidity ratios 理想的流动性比率implied debt rating 隐含债务评级importance of credit control 信贷控制的重要性improved products 改进的产品 iimproving reported asset values 改善资产账面价值in house assessment 内部评估in house credit analysis 内部信用分析in house credit assessments 内部信用评估in house credit ratings 内部信用评级income bonds 收入债券income statement 损益表increasing profits 提高利润increasing reported profits 提高账面利润indemnity clause 赔偿条款indicators of credit deterioration 信用恶化征兆indirect loss 间接损失individual credit transactions 个人信用交易individual rating 个体评级industrial reports 行业报告industrial unrest 行业动荡industry limit 行业限额industry risk 行业风险industry risk analysis 行业风险分析inflow 现金流入information in financial statements 财务报表中的信息in-house credit ratings 内部信用评级initial payment 初始支付insolvencies 破产institutional investors 机构投资者insured debt 投保债务intangible fixed asset 无形固定资产inter-company comparisons 企业间比较inter-company loans 企业间借款interest 利息interest cost 利息成本interest cover ratio 利息保障倍数interest cover test 利息保障倍数测试interest holiday 免息期interest payments 利息支付interest rates 利率interim statements 中报(中期报表)internal assessment methods 内部评估方法internal financing ratio 内部融资率internal revenue service 美国国税局international accounting standards committee 国际会计准则委员会international accounting standards(ias) 国际会计准则international chamber of commerce 国际商会international credit ratings 国际信用评级international factoring association 国际代理商协会international settlements 国际结算inventory 存货inverse of current ratio 反转流动比率investment analysts 投资分析人员investment policy 投资政策investment risk 投资风险investment spending 投资支出invoice discounting 发票贴现issue of bonds 债券的发行issued debt capital 发行债务资本junk bond status 垃圾债券状况just-in-time system(jit) 适时系统key cash flow ratios 主要现金流量指标labor unrest 劳动力市场动荡large.scale borrower 大额借贷者legal guarantee 法律担保legal insolvency 法律破产lending agreements 贷款合约lending covenants 贷款保证契约lending decisions 贷款决策lending proposals 贷款申请lending proposition 贷款申请lending transactions 贷款交易letters of credit 信用证leverage 财务杠杆率libor 伦敦同业拆借利率lien 留置liquid assets 速动资产liquidation 清算liquidation expenses 清算费liquidity 流动性liquidity and working capital 流动性与营运资金liquidity ratios 流动比率liquidity run 流动性危机liquidity shortage 流动性短缺loan covenants 贷款合约loan guarantees 贷款担保loan principal 贷款本金loan principal repayments 贷款本金偿还loan review 贷款审查london inter-bank offered rate 伦敦同业拆借利率long’term debt 长期负债long-term funding 长期融资long-term risk 长期风险management 管理层marginal lending 边际贷款marginal trade credit 边际交易信贷market surveys 市场调查marketing 市场营销markets 市场matching concept 配比原则material adverse-change clause 重大不利变动条款maximum leverage level 最高财务杠杆率限制measurement and judgment 计量与判断measuring risk 风险计量medium-term loan 中期贷款microcomputer modelling 计算机建模minimum current ratio requirement 最低流动比率要求minimum leverage ratio 最低举债比率minimum net worth 最低净值minimum net-worth requirement 最低净值要求minimum risk asset ratio 最低风险资产比率monitoring activity 监管活动monitoring credit 信用监控monitoring customer credit limits 监管客户信贷限额monitoring risks 监管风险monitoring total credit limits 监管全部信贷限额monthly reports 月报moody's debt rating 穆迪债券评级mortgage 抵押mpr’oving balance sheet 改善资产负债表multiple discriminate analysis 多元分析national debt 国家债务nci 无信贷间隔天数near-cash assets 近似于现金的资产negative cash flow 负现金流量negative net cash flow 负净现金流量negative operational cash flows 负的经营性现金流量negative pledge 限制抵押net book value 净账面价值net cash flow 净现金流量net worth test 净值测试new entrants 新的市场进人者no credit interval 无信贷间隔天数non-cash items 非现金项目non-core business 非核心业务non-operational items 非经营性项目obtaining payment 获得支付one-man rule 一人原则open account terms 无担保条款operating leases 经营租赁operating profit 营业利润operational cash flow 营性现金流量operational flexibility ~营弹性optimal credit 最佳信贷order cycle 订货环节ordinary dividend payments 普通股股利支付organization of credit activities 信贷活动的组织overdue payments 逾期支付over-trading 过度交易overview of accounts 财务报表概览·parent company 母公司pat 税后利润payment in advance 提前付款payment obligations 付款义务payment records 付款记录payment score 还款评分pbit 息税前利润pbt 息后税前利润percentage change 百分比变动performance bonds 履约保证personal guarantees 个人担保planning systems 计划系统pledge 典押points-scoring system 评分系统policy setting 政策制定political risk 政治风险potential bad debt 潜在坏账potential credit risk 潜在信用风险potential value 潜在价值predicting corporate failures 企业破产预测preference dividends 优先股股息preferred stockholders 优先股股东preliminary assessment 预备评估premiums 溢价primary ratios 基础比率prior charge capital 优先偿付资本priority cash flows 优先性现金流量priority for creditors 债权人的清偿顺序priority payments 优先支付product life cycle 产品生命周期product market analysis 产品市场分析product range 产品范围products 产品professional fees 专业费用profit 利润profit and loss account 损益账户profit margin 利润率profitability 盈利能力profitability management 盈利能力管理profitability ratios 盈利能力比率promissory notes 本票property values 所有权价值providers of credit 授信者provision accounting 准备金会计处理prudence concept 谨慎原则public information 公共信息public relations 公共关系purpose of credit ratings 信用评级的目的purpose of ratios 计算比率的目的qualitative covenants 定性条款quantitative covenants 定量条款query control 质疑控制quick ratio 速动比率rating exercise 评级实践rating process for a company 企业评级程序ratio analysis 比率分析ratio analyst weaknesses ~l率分析的缺陷real insolvency 真实破产real sales growth 实际销售收入增长率realization concept 实现原则receivables 应收账款recession 衰退reducing debtors 冲减应收账款reducing profits 冲减利润reducing provisions 冲减准备金reducing reported profits 冲减账面利润reducing stocks 减少存货registrar of companies 企业监管局regulatory risk 监管风险releasing provisions 冲回准备金relocation expenses 费用再分配reminder letters 催缴单repayment on demand clause 即期偿还条款replacement of principal 偿还本金report of chairman 总裁/董事长报告reserve accounting 准备金核算residual cash flows 剩余现金流量restricting bad debts 限制坏账restrictions on secured borrowing 担保借款限制retention-of-title clauses 所有权保留条款revenues 总收入risk analysis reports 风险分析报告risk and banks 风险与银行risk and companies 风险与企业risk and return 风险与回报risk capital 风险资本risk-reward 风险回报risk-weighted assets 风险加权资产roce 资本收益率romapla clauses “一手交钱一手交货”条款sales 销售额secondary ratios 分解比率secure methods of payment 付款的担保方式secured assets 担保资产secured creditors 有担保债权人secured loans 担保贷款securities and exchange commission (美国)证券交易委员会security guarantees 抵押担保security of payment 付款担保security general principles 担保的一般原则segmentation 细分setting and policing credit limits 信用限额的设定与政策制定settlement discount (提前)结算折扣settlement terms 结算条款share price 股价short-term borrowing 短期借款short-term creditors 短期负债short-term liabilities 短期债务short-termism 短期化sic 常务诠释委员会significance of working capital 营运资金的重要性single credit customer 单一信用客户single ratio analysis 单一比率分析size of credit risk 信用风险的大小slow stock turnover 较低的存货周转率sources of assessments 评估信息来源sources of credit information 信用信息来源sources of risk 风险来源sovereign rating 主权评级specialist agencies 专业机构specific debt issue 特别债券发行speculative 投机性speculative grades 投机性评级split rating 分割评级spot rate 现价(即期比率)spreadsheets 电子数据表staff redundancies 员工遣散费standard and poor 标准普尔standard security clauses 标准担保条款standard&poor's 标准普尔standby credits 备用信用证standing interpretations committee 证券交易委员会standing starting credit limits 持续更新信用限额statistical analysis 统计分析statistical techniques 统计技巧status reports (企业)状况报告stock valuations 存货核算stocks 股票straight line depreciation method 直线折旧法strategic positioning 战略定位suplus assets 盈余资产suplus rating 盈余评级supplier power 供应商的力量supply chain 供应链support rating 支持评级swap agreement 换合约swaps 互换swot analysis swot分析symptoms of failure questionnaires 企业破产征兆调查表takeovers 收购tax payments 税务支付technical insolvency 技术破产technology and change 技术进步term loan 定期贷款term of borrowing 借款期限third party guarantees 第三方担保tier 1 capital 一类资本tier 2 capital 二类资本total credit limit 整体信用限额total current assets 流动资产总额trade companies 贸易企业trade credit 商业信用trade creditors 应付账款trade cycle 商业循环trade cycle times 商业循环周期trade debt 应收账款trade debtors 贸易债权人trade indemnity 贸易赔偿trade references 贸易参考trade-off 协定trading outlook 交易概况trading profit 营业利润traditional cash flow 传统现金流量triple a 三aucp 跟单信用证统一惯例uncovered dividend 未保障的股利uniform customs&practice 跟单信用证统一惯例unpaid invoices 未付款发票unsecured creditors 未担保的债权人usefulness of liquidity ratios 流动性比率的作用uses of cash 现金的使用using bank risk information 使用银行风险信息using financial assessments 使用财务评估using ratios 财务比率的运用using retention-of-title clauses 使用所有权保留条款value chain 价值链value of z scores z值模型的价值variable costs 变动成本variable interest 可变利息variety of financial ratios 财务比率的种类vetting procedures 审查程序volatitle revenue dynamic 收益波动volume of sales 销售量warning signs of credit risk 信用风险的警示working assets 营运资产working capital 营运资本working capital changes 营运资本变化额working capital management 营运资本管理working capitalratios 营运资本比率write-downs 资产减值write-offs 勾销z score assessments z值评估z score models z值模型z scores z值z scoring z值评分系统。
财务报表分析 英文
Financial Statement AnalysisIntroductionFinancial statement analysis is a crucial tool for assessing the financial performance and stability of a company. By analyzing a company’s financial statements, investors and other stakeholders can gain insights into its profitability, liquidity, solvency, and overall financial health. This document provides an overview of financial statement analysis, including the different types of financial statements, key financial ratios used in analysis, and the importance of using a systematic approach for analyzing financial statements.Types of Financial StatementsFinancial statements are a collection of reports that provide a snapshot of a company’s financial position and performance over a specific period. The three main types of financial statements include:1. Balance SheetThe balance sheet is a statement that shows the financial position of a company at a given point in time. It provides information about a company’s assets, liabilities, and shareholders’ equity. The balance sheet is divided into two main se ctions: the left side shows the company’s assets, while the right side shows its liabilities and shareholders’ equity.2. Income StatementThe income statement, also known as the profit and loss statement, reports a company’s revenues, expenses, and net in come over a specific period. It provides insights into a company’s profitability and helps identify trends in its revenue and expenses. The income statement follows a simple equation: revenues minus expenses equal net income.3. Cash Flow StatementThe cash flow statement shows the inflows and outflows of cash in a company over a specified period. It provides information about a company’s operating, investing, and financing activities. The cash flow statement helps assess a company’s ability to generate cash and its liquidity.Key Financial RatiosFinancial ratios are used to analyze the relationships between different items in a company’s financial statements. They help evaluate a company’s financialperformance, efficiency, liquidity, and solvency. Some key financial ratios used in financial statement analysis include:1. Profitability RatiosProfitability ratios measure a company’s ability to generate profits. Common profitability ratios include gross profit margin, operating profit margin, and net profit margin.2. Liquidity RatiosLiquidity ratios assess a company’s ability to meet its short-term obligations. These ratios include the current ratio and quick ratio.3. Solvency RatiosSolvency ratios evaluate a company’s long-term financial stability and ability to meet its long-term obligations. Examples of solvency ratios include the debt-to-equity ratio and the interest coverage ratio.4. Efficiency RatiosEfficiency ratios measure a company’s ability to utilize its assets and resources effectively. Examples include the inventory turnover ratio and the accounts receivable turnover ratio.Systematic Approach for Financial Statement AnalysisTo conduct an effective financial statement analysis, it is important to follow a systematic approach. The key steps in this approach include:1. Gathering Financial StatementsCollect the company’s financial statements, including the balance sheet, income statement, and cash flow statement.2. Analyzing Financial RatiosCalculate the relevant financial ratios and analyze them to assess the company’s financial performance and condition.3. Comparing RatiosCompare the calculated financial ratios with industry averages or with the company’s historical performance to identify trends and benchmark the company’s performance.4. Conducting a Trend AnalysisAnalyze the company’s financial statements over multiple periods to identify any significant changes or trends in its financial performance.5. Making Informed DecisionsBased on the analysis of the financial statements and ratios, make informed decisions about the company’s financial health, investment potential, and future prospects.ConclusionFinancial statement analysis is an important tool for assessing a company’s financial performance and stability. By analyzing a comp any’s financial statements and calculating key financial ratios, investors and stakeholders can make informed decisions about the company’s financial health, stability, and investment potential. Following a systematic approach for financial statement analysis ensures a comprehensive evaluation and helps identify trends and benchmarks for comparison.。
英文财务指标及计算公式
英文财务指标及计算公式1. Profitability Ratios:- Gross Profit Margin: (Gross Profit / Net Sales) * 100- Operating Profit Margin: (Operating Profit / Net Sales) * 1002. Liquidity Ratios:- Current Ratio: Current Assets / Current Liabilities- Quick Ratio: (Current Assets - Inventory) / Current Liabilities- Cash Ratio: Cash and Cash Equivalents / CurrentLiabilities3. Solvency Ratios:- Debt-to-Equity Ratio: Total Debt / Shareholders' Equity- Debt Ratio: Total Debt / Total Assets- Equity Ratio: Shareholders' Equity / Total Assets- Interest Coverage Ratio: Earnings Before Interest and Taxes (EBIT) / Interest Expense4. Efficiency Ratios:- Inventory Turnover Ratio: Cost of Goods Sold / Average Inventory- Accounts Receivable Turnover Ratio: Net Credit Sales / Average Accounts Receivable- Accounts Payable Turnover Ratio: Total Purchases / Average Accounts Payable- Asset Turnover Ratio: Net Sales / Average Total Assetsa. Profitability Ratios:- Gross Profit Margin indicates the percentage of sales revenue that covers the cost of goods sold.- Operating Profit Margin shows the percentage of sales revenue remaining after covering all operating expenses.- Net Profit Margin measures the profitability after accounting for all expenses, including taxes.- ROA indicates the profit generated per dollar of assets invested.- ROE shows the return earned on shareholders' investment.b. Liquidity Ratios:- Quick Ratio provides a more conservative measure of liquidity by excluding inventory, which may be difficult to convert into cash quickly.c. Solvency Ratios:- Debt Ratio shows the proportion of assets financed by debt.- Equity Ratio indicates the proportion of assets financed by shareholders' equity.d. Efficiency Ratios:- Inventory Turnover Ratio measures the speed at which inventory is sold within a given period.- Accounts Receivable Turnover Ratio evaluates the effectiveness of credit sales and collection efforts.- Asset Turnover Ratio measures the efficiency of assets in generating sales revenue.。
银行风险指标测算公式
银行风险指标测算公式1. 应计贷款比例（Loan Loss Reserve Ratio）该指标衡量了银行的资产中存在的信用风险。
应计贷款比例越高，代表银行可能面临的坏账风险越大。
计算公式：应计贷款比例=未偿还的借款金额/总贷款总额2. 资本充足率（Capital Adequacy Ratio）资本充足率是衡量银行资本充足程度的指标，用来衡量银行抵御风险的能力。
计算公式：资本充足率=核心资本/风险加权资产3. 不良贷款率（Non-performing Loan Ratio）该指标衡量了银行不良贷款在全部贷款中的比例，越高代表银行风险越大。
计算公式：不良贷款率=不良贷款余额/总贷款总额4. 逾期贷款比例（Loan Delinquency Ratio）逾期贷款比例用来衡量银行的违约借款比例，可以反映银行的风险管理水平。
计算公式：逾期贷款比例=逾期贷款余额/总贷款总额5. 杠杆比率（Leverage Ratio）杠杆比率是用来比较银行的债务与股东权益之间的关系，越高代表银行的负债水平相对较高，面临的风险也相应增加。
计算公式：杠杆比率=金融工具账面价值总额/股东权益6. 流动性比率（Liquidity Ratio）流动性比率用来衡量银行在支付短期债务时的抵御能力。
计算公式：流动性比率=现金+存放央行+可变现证券/短期债务7. 盈利能力指标（Profitability Ratios）盈利能力指标用来评估银行的盈利水平和业务效益。
常见的盈利能力指标包括净息差、净息差率、资产回报率等。
以上是一些常见的银行风险指标及其计算公式。
需要注意的是，不同的银行风险指标适用于不同的情境和目的，可以根据具体需要选择适合的指标进行测算。
此外，银行风险指标的计算方法也可能因国家、地区的监管要求而有所不同。
财务指标中英文对照
财务指标中英文对照Financial Ratio Analysis财务比率分析财务比率分析是投资者和分析师用来评估公司财务表现和健康状况的工具。
它涉及计算和解释各种比率，以提供对公司财务不同方面的深入了解。
这种分析可以帮助人们做出明智的投资决策，评估公司盈利能力和管理财务责任的能力。
以下是一些最常用的财务比率及其相应的中文翻译：1. Liquidity Ratios 流动性比率- Current Ratio (流动比率)- Quick Ratio (速动比率)2. Profitability Ratios 利润能力比率- Gross Profit Margin (毛利率)- Net Profit Margin (净利率)- Return on Assets (资产回报率)- Return on Equity (股东权益回报率)3. Efficiency Ratios 效率比率- Asset Turnover Ratio (资产周转率)- Inventory Turnover Ratio (存货周转率)- Accounts Receivable Turnover Ratio (应收账款周转率)4. Solvency Ratios 偿债能力比率- Debt to Equity Ratio (负债权益比)- Debt Ratio (负债比率)- Interest Coverage Ratio (利息保障倍数)5. Market Ratios 市场比率- Price to Earnings Ratio (市盈率)- Dividend Yield (股息率)- Price to Sales Ratio (市销率)这些比率提供了对公司财务状况、盈利能力、效率以及履行财务义务能力的重要见解。
通过随时间分析这些比率或将其与行业基准进行比较，投资者和分析师可以识别出公司财务表现的趋势、优势和弱点。
除了这些比率之外，还有财务报表，提供了公司财务状况的全面视角，包括资产负债表、损益表和现金流量表。
LiquidityRatios：流动性比率
What are liquidity ratios?Ratios derived from the balance sheet that measure how easily a firm can pay its debtsTwo key ratios•There are two key ratios that can be calculated to provide a guide to the liquidity position of a business:•The current ratio (or current acid ratio)current assets /current liabilities•The acid test or quick ratiocurrent assets less stock /current liabilitiesInterpreting the current and acid test ratios (general)• A business needs to have enough cash or cash to come to be able to pay its debts• A current ratio in excess of one should be expected (although firms in some industries manage with less)•An acid test ratio of around one is also desirable•It will mean that the firm will have little difficulty in meeting its debts Liquidity•The liquidity position of a business refers to its ability to pay its debts•Liquid assets are those that are held in cash form or can be turned in cash very quickly•The question to consider is - does the firm have enough cash or sufficient access to cash to pay the bills?•The liquidity ratios are of particular interest to lenders and potential lenders Liquidity Ratios•These indicate the ability of a business to pay its creditors (i.e. its debts when they fall due)•They enable us to examine the strength or weakness of the firm in terms of its ability to meet its short term debts•They measure the ability of the firm to survive and avoid default•For this reason they are known as the as solvency ratiosThe Two RatiosAre concerned with the ability of the business to pay its debts•Are the ratio of short term liabilities to liquid assets•Indicate the ability of the business to cover its short term liabilities•Can be expressed as ratio (1:2), a factor (2) or a percentage (200%)Current Ratio•This ratios is a test of liquidity which determines whether short term assets cover short term liabilities•Calculation: current assets divided by current liabilities•Or stock + debtors + cash divided by current liabilities•It shows how many times current liabilities are covered by current assets• A figure of one means that CA exactly equal CL.• A figure of 1.5 means that CA assets cover CL one and a half times over Interpretation of Current Ratio•The textbook ideal is somewhere between 1.5 and 2 but this is only a guide •If it is lower, it means there is a danger of insufficient cash to pay off debts as they fall due - especially if a high proportion of current assets consists ofstocks•If it is higher, it suggests that too much money is tied up in stock or left idle as cash or debtorsAcid Test (or Quick) Ratio•This is a measure of extreme short term liquidity•It is similar to the current ratio but it excludes stock•This makes it a tougher test of liquidity•Calculation:–current assets less stock divided by current liabilities OR–cash plus debtors divided by current liabilitiesWhy exclude stock?•Stock takes longer to turn into cash•Stock is the least liquid of current assets•The firm will be reluctant to sell off stock in a rush - to do so will mean reducing price and therefore reducing profits•The acid test is a measure of whether the business can meet its short-term debts without selling off any stockInterpreting the acid test ratio•The ideal is said to be 1 to 1.5. Again this is only a guide• A ratio of 1 means that current assets less stock exactly cover current liabilities•If it is lower there is danger of insufficient cash to debts as they fall due•If it is higher it suggests the firm has too much cash or debtorsBut is all relative•Some businesses find it hard to turn stock and debtors into cash and so need a high ratio•Some businesses such as supermarkets turn stock into cash very rapidly - so they can happily exist with a current ratio of less than one and even as low as0.3•Large firms are powerful enough to delay payment to suppliers and therefore can happily operate with low liquidity ratios•The acid test is a better test of liquidity for businesses with a low stock turnoverLimitations of liquidity ratios•Like all ratios they should be used with care•The liquidity ratios are derived from the balance sheet which in turn is a snapshot at a moment in time. Balance sheet values at a particular moment intime may not be typical•Ratios can be subject to window dressing or manipulation•Ratios concern the past and not the future•Ratios do not tells what is going right or wrong-they merely invite further questions•Liquidity ratios will vary with seasonal fluctuations in sales•What is satisfactory will depend on the nature of the business, the nature of the products and the time of year。
英文财务指标及计算公式汇总
Profitability ratios measure the firm's use of its assets and control of its e*penses to generate an acceptable rate of return.Gross margin, Gross profit margin or Gross Profit RateOROperating margin, Operating Ine Margin, Operating profit margin or Return on sales (ROS)Note: Operating ine is the difference between operating revenues and operating e*penses, but it is also sometimes used as a synonym for EBIT and operating profit.[10]This is true if the firm has no non-operating ine. (Earnings before interest and ta*es / Sales)Profit margin, net margin or net profit marginReturn on equity (ROE)Return on investment (ROI ratio or Du Pont ratio)Return on assets (ROA)Return on assets Du Pont (ROA Du Pont)Return on Equity Du Pont (ROE Du Pont)Return on net assets (RONA)Return on capital (ROC)Risk adjusted return on capital (RAROC)ORReturn on capital employed (ROCE)Note: this is somewhat similar to (ROI), which calculates Net Ine per Owner's EquityCash flow return on investment (CFROI)Efficiency ratioNet gearingLiquidity ratios measure the availability of cash to pay debt.Current ratioAcid-test ratio (Quick ratio)[17]Operation cash flow ratioActivity ratios measure the effectiveness of the firms use of resources.Average collection periodDegree of Operating Leverage (DOL)DSO RatioAverage payment periodAsset turnoverInventory turnover ratioReceivables Turnover RatioInventory conversion ratioInventory conversion periodReceivables conversion periodPayables conversion periodCash Conversion CycleInventory Conversion Period + Receivables Conversion Period - Payables Conversion PeriodDebt ratios measure the firm's ability to repay long-term debt. Debt ratios measure financial leverage.Debt ratioDebt to equity ratioLong-term Debt to equity (LT Debt to Equity)Times interest-earned ratioORDebt service coverage ratioMarket ratios measure investor response to owning a pany's stock and also the cost of issuing stock.Earnings per share (EPS)Payout ratioORDividend cover (the inverse of Payout Ratio)P/E ratioDividend yieldCash flow ratio or Price/cash flow ratioPrice to book value ratio (P/B or PBV)Price/sales ratioPEG ratio Other Market RatiosEV/EBITDAEV/SalesCost/Ine ratio Sector-specific ratiosEV/capacityEV/output。
Ratio Analysis of Operational Capability
Ratio Analysis of OperationalCapabilityIntroduction:Operational capability refers to a company's ability to efficiently and effectively utilize its resources to produce goods or services. It is crucial for businesses to evaluate their operational capabilities to identify strengths and weaknesses, make informed decisions, and seek improvement opportunities. Ratio analysis is a tool commonly used by analysts and managers to assess a company's operational capability by comparing various financial ratios. In this report, we will analyze key ratios and their implications for a company's operational capability.1. Liquidity Ratios:Liquidity ratios measure a company's ability to meet short-term obligations. Two commonly used liquidity ratios are the current ratio and the quick ratio.a. Current Ratio:The current ratio is calculated by dividing current assets by current liabilities. It indicates a company's ability to cover its short-term liabilities with its short-term assets.A higher current ratio is generally desirable, as it suggests a better ability to meet obligations. However, an excessively high current ratio may indicate an inefficient use of assets.b. Quick Ratio:The quick ratio helps determine a company's ability to pay off its short-term obligations without relying on the sale of inventory. It is calculated by dividing quick assets (current assets minus inventory) by current liabilities. A higher quick ratio indicates a stronger ability to settle debts in the short term.2. Efficiency Ratios:Efficiency ratios evaluate how well a company utilizes its resources to generate sales and profits. Two commonly used efficiency ratios are inventory turnover ratio and asset turnover ratio.a. Inventory Turnover Ratio:The inventory turnover ratio measures how quickly a company sells its inventory during a specific period. A high turnover ratio suggests efficient inventory management and sales process. However, an excessively high ratio may indicate insufficient inventory levels, which can result in lost sales opportunities.b. Asset Turnover Ratio:The asset turnover ratio assesses a company's ability to generate sales based on its total assets. It is calculated by dividing net sales by average total assets. A higher asset turnover ratio indicates better utilization of assets to generate revenue. However, a low ratio may indicate underutilization of assets or poor sales performance.3. Profitability Ratios:Profitability ratios evaluate a company's ability to generate profits from its operational activities. Three commonly used profitability ratios are gross profit margin, operating profit margin, and net profit margin.a. Gross Profit Margin:The gross profit margin measures the percentage of revenue that remains after deducting the cost of goods sold. A higher gross profit margin indicates better pricing control or cost management, which enhances operational capability.b. Operating Profit Margin:The operating profit margin assesses the profitability of a company's core operations. It measures the percentage of revenue left after deducting both the cost of goods sold and operating expenses. A higher operating profit margin suggests better operational efficiency.c. Net Profit Margin:The net profit margin reflects the percentage of revenue left after deducting all expenses, including taxes and interest payments. It indicates how efficiently a company manages its expenses and generates profit from its core operations.Conclusion:Ratio analysis provides valuable insights into a company's operational capability. Through the examination of liquidity ratios, efficiency ratios, and profitability ratios, analysts and managers can assess a company's financial health and identify areas for improvement. It is important to note that ratio analysis should not be considered in isolation but as part of a comprehensive evaluation of a company's overall performance. By regularly analyzing and monitoring these ratios, businesses can make informed decisions to enhance their operational capability and achieve sustainable growth.。
财务比率英语
财务比率英语Financial RatiosFinancial ratios are numerical indicators that are used to measure a company's financial performance. These ratios help investors and analysts evaluate the financial health of a company and make informed decisions. Some of the most commonly used financial ratios include:1. Liquidity RatiosLiquidity ratios measure a company's ability to meet its short-term obligations. The most commonly used liquidity ratios include the current ratio and the quick ratio. The current ratio is calculated by dividing current assets by current liabilities, while the quick ratio is calculated by subtracting inventory from current assets and dividing the result by current liabilities.2. Solvency RatiosSolvency ratios measure a company's ability to meet its long-term obligations. The most commonly used solvency ratios include the debt-to-equity ratio and the interest coverage ratio. The debt-to-equity ratio is calculated by dividing total liabilities by total equity, while the interest coverage ratio is calculated by dividing earnings before interest and taxes by interest expenses.3. Profitability RatiosProfitability ratios measure a company's ability to generate profits.The most commonly used profitability ratios include the gross profit margin, the net profit margin, and the return on equity. The gross profit margin is calculated by subtracting cost of goods sold from revenue and dividing the result by revenue, while the net profit margin is calculated by dividing net income by revenue. The return on equity is calculated by dividing net income by total equity.4. Efficiency RatiosEfficiency ratios measure a company's ability to use its assets and resources efficiently. The most commonly used efficiency ratios include the inventory turnover ratio, the accounts receivable turnover ratio, and the accounts payable turnover ratio. The inventory turnover ratio is calculated by dividing cost of goods sold by average inventory, while the accounts receivable turnover ratio is calculated by dividing revenue by average accounts receivable. The accounts payable turnover ratio is calculated by dividing cost of goods sold by average accounts payable.5. Valuation RatiosValuation ratios measure a company's value relative to its earnings, assets, or cash flow. The most commonly used valuation ratios include the price-to-earnings ratio, the price-to-book ratio, and the enterprise value-to-EBITDA ratio. The price-to-earnings ratio is calculated by dividing the market price per share by earnings per share, while the price-to-book ratio is calculated by dividing the market price per share by book value per share. The enterprise value-to-EBITDA ratio is calculated by dividing enterprise valueby earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation, and amortization. ConclusionIn conclusion, financial ratios are used to measure a company's financial performance and help investors and analysts make informed decisions. There are several types of financial ratios, including liquidity ratios, solvency ratios, profitability ratios, efficiency ratios, and valuation ratios. By analyzing these ratios, investors can gain insight into a company's financial health and make decisions about investing in its stock or bonds.。
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Financial ratios can be classified according to the information they provide. The following types of ratios frequently are used:
Liquidity ratios Asset turnover ratios Financial leverage ratios Profitability ratios Dividend policy ratios
The current ratio is the ratio of current assets to current liabilities:
Current Ratio =
Current Assets Current Liabilities
Short-term creditors prefer a high current ratio since it reduces their risk. Shareholders may prefer a lower current ratio so that more of the firm's assets are working to grow the business. Typical values for the current ratio vary by firm and industry. For example, firms in cyclical industries may maintain a higher current ratio in order to remain solvent during downturns.
Liquidity Ratios
Liquidity ratios provide information about a firm's ability to meet its short-term financial obligations. They are of particular interest to those extending short-term credit to the firm. Two frequently-used liquidity ratios are the current ratio (or working capital ratio ) and the quick ratio .
Quick Ratio =
Current Assets - Inventory Current Liabilities
The current assets used in the quick ratio are cash, accounts receivable, and notes receivable. These assets essentially are current assets less inventory. The quick ratio often is referred to as the acid test .
Finance > Financial Ratios
Financial Ratios
Financial ratios are useful indicate and financial situation. Most ratios can be calculated from information provided by the financial statements. Financial ratios can be used to analyze trends and to compare the firm's financials to those of other firms. In some cases, ratio analysis can predict future bankruptcy.
One drawback of the current ratio is that inventory may include many items that are difficult to liquidate quickly and that have uncertain liquidation values. The quick ratio is an alternative measure of liquidity that does not include inventory in the current assets. The quick ratio is defined as follows:
Cash Ratio =
Cash + Marketable Securities Current Liabilities
The cash ratio is an indication of the firm's ability to pay off its current liabilities if for some reason immediate payment were demanded.