11cold deep drawing of commercial magnesium alloy sheet
神奇的冷知识英语作文初一
神奇的冷知识英语作文初一Fascinating Cold FactsThe world around us is filled with countless wonders and intriguing phenomena that often go unnoticed in our daily lives. One such fascinating area is the realm of cold temperatures and their remarkable effects. From the icy landscapes of the Arctic to the chilling depths of the ocean, the power of cold can manifest in truly astonishing ways. Let us delve into some of the most captivating cold facts that may just leave you in awe.To begin with, did you know that the coldest temperature ever recorded on Earth was an astounding -129°F (-89°C) at Vostok Station in Antarctica? This mind-boggling figure is colder than the surface of Mars and highlights the extreme conditions that can exist on our planet. Imagine the sheer resilience of the hardy researchers and scientists who brave such inhospitable environments in the pursuit of knowledge.Another fascinating cold fact relates to the unique properties ofwater. At temperatures below 32°F (0°C), water transforms into a solid state, becoming ice. However, the true wonder lies in the fact that ice is less dense than liquid water. This anomaly is what allows ice to float on the surface of bodies of water, rather than sinking to the bottom. This remarkable characteristic is essential for the survival of aquatic ecosystems, as it prevents the entire water body from freezing solid and ensures the continued existence of life beneath the surface.Moving on, the power of cold can also be harnessed for practical purposes. One remarkable example is the use of cryogenics, the study and application of extremely low temperatures. Cryogenic technology has enabled remarkable advancements in fields such as medicine, transportation, and energy storage. For instance, certain medical procedures, such as the preservation of human organs for transplantation, rely on cryogenic techniques to maintain the integrity and viability of the tissues. Additionally, the use of cryogenic fuels, such as liquid hydrogen, has revolutionized the aerospace industry, allowing for more efficient and powerful rocket propulsion systems.Interestingly, the effects of cold can also be observed in the natural world beyond our planet. On the surface of Mars, for example, temperatures can plummet to a staggering -195°F (-125°C) during the winter months. This extreme cold has a profound impact on theMartian landscape, leading to the formation of unique geological features like dry ice glaciers and carbon dioxide ice caps. The study of these extraterrestrial cold environments provides valuable insights into the processes that shape the surfaces of other worlds and the potential for life in the universe.Furthermore, the impact of cold on the human body is another fascinating area of exploration. At extremely low temperatures, the human body can undergo remarkable adaptations to cope with the harsh conditions. One such adaptation is the phenomenon of cold-induced shivering, where the body generates heat by rapidly contracting and relaxing muscles. This involuntary response helps to maintain the core body temperature and prevent hypothermia. Additionally, certain individuals have been documented to possess genetic traits that allow them to better withstand the effects of cold, such as increased cold tolerance and the ability to conserve body heat more efficiently.The realm of cold also extends to the microscopic world, where the behavior of molecules and atoms is profoundly influenced by temperature. At extremely low temperatures, matter can exhibit unusual properties, such as superconductivity, where certain materials can conduct electricity without any resistance. This phenomenon has revolutionized technologies like magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and particle accelerators, which rely on theunique properties of superconducting materials. Furthermore, the study of quantum mechanics, a fundamental branch of physics, has been greatly advanced by experiments conducted at cryogenic temperatures, where the behavior of subatomic particles can be observed and understood in unprecedented detail.In the realm of the natural world, the impact of cold is also evident in the stunning beauty of ice formations. From the delicate snowflakes that grace our winter landscapes to the awe-inspiring glaciers that carve through mountainous terrain, the intricate and diverse structures of ice are a testament to the power of cold. These icy wonders not only captivate our senses but also provide valuable insights into the complex processes that shape our planet's climate and ecosystems.Perhaps one of the most intriguing cold facts is the potential for life to thrive in the most extreme cold environments. In the depths of the ocean, where the pressure and darkness are immense, communities of microorganisms have adapted to survive and even thrive in near-freezing temperatures. These extremophiles, as they are called, challenge our understanding of the limits of life and inspire us to explore the vast and mysterious realms of the cryosphere, the frozen regions of our world.In conclusion, the realm of cold is a treasure trove of fascinating factsand phenomena that continue to captivate and inspire us. From the record-breaking temperatures of the Antarctic to the quantum-level behavior of matter, the power of cold has shaped our world in countless ways. As we delve deeper into the mysteries of the cryosphere, we uncover new insights that not only expand our scientific knowledge but also ignite our sense of wonder and curiosity about the natural world. The captivating cold facts presented here are just a glimpse into the extraordinary realm of low temperatures, and there is much more to explore and discover in this fascinating domain.。
冲压常用材料表
制作：BJ
SGCD SGH** SGC** CGCC CGCH CGCD1 CGC** SK SKH SKD SKS SUS-B SUS-CB SUS-HP SUS-HS SUS-CP SUS-CS SUS-CSP SUS-C SUS-CD SUS-2B SUS-BA SUS-LD SUS-HL SECC-K2 SECC-KS EGC-CZ EGC-CS EGC-CF EGC-QS
Steel Plate Cold Commercial Steel Plate Cold Commercial Test Steel Plate Cold Deep drawn Steel Plate Cold deep drawn Extra Steel Plate Cold deep drawn Extra Non-ageing Steel Plate Hot Commercial Steel Plate Hot Deep drawn Steel Plate Hot deep drawn Extra Steel Plate Hot Tube Steel Electrolytic Hot Commercial Steel Electrolytic Hot Deep drawn Steel Electrolytic Hot deep drawn Extra Steel Electrolytic Formability Hot **（引张强度） Steel Electrolytic **（引张强度） Steel Electrolytic Plate Hot **（引张强度） Steel Electrolytic Cold Commercial Steel Electrolytic Cold Deep drawn Steel Electrolytic Cold deep drawn Extra Steel Electrolytic Formability Cold **（引张强度） Steel Plate Black Steel Plate Tin Electrolytic Steel Plate Tin Hot-Dip Steel Galvanized Hot Commercial Steel Galvanized Cold Commercial Steel Galvanized Cold Hard
极地航行船舶防覆冰涂层研究进展
第53卷第6期表面技术2024年3月SURFACE TECHNOLOGY·1·研究综述极地航行船舶防覆冰涂层研究进展张祎轩1，刘涛2，刘耀虎3，刘杰1*，王健君4（1.中国科学院化学研究所，北京 100190；2.上海海事大学，上海 201306；3.中国科学院 前沿科学与教育局，北京 100864；4.中国科学院理化技术研究所，北京 100190）摘要：两极地区是未来重要的能源和资源基地。
然而，极地长年低温多冰，极大限制了我国对两极地区的科学考察、商业航运和能源开发进程。
因此，发展长效稳定的防覆冰技术是推进极地发展战略的关键。
系统阐明了船舶在极地航行过程中面临的结冰困境，分析了船舶积冰的类型，总结了目前解决船舶覆冰问题的多种防除冰技术及发展现状，包括主动防除冰技术（机械除冰、超声导波除冰、加热除冰、化学熔融除冰等）和被动防覆冰涂层技术（气体润滑防覆冰涂层、液体润滑防覆冰涂层、“类液体”润滑防覆冰涂层、界面可控断裂防覆冰涂层等），同时对各技术在极地船舶防冰应用中的优缺点和可行性进行了深入分析。
展望了船舶装备对特种防冰涂层的关键需求，提出主、被动协同除冰技术是实现极地船舶防覆冰的重要策略。
关键词：极地；船舶；防冰；涂层材料；冰黏附中图分类号：TQ050.4 文献标志码：A 文章编号：1001-3660(2024)06-0001-10DOI：10.16490/ki.issn.1001-3660.2024.06.001Research Progress on Anti-icing Coatings for Polar ShipsZHANG Yixuan1, LIU Tao2, LIU Yaohu3, LIU Jie1*, WANG Jianjun4(1. Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; 2. Shanghai Maritime University,Shanghai 201306, China; 3. Bureau of Frontier Sciences and Education, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100864, China; 4. Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China)ABSTRACT: The polar regions are strategically important for the sustainable development of the global economy due to their abundant natural resources and special geographical location. However, the prolonged low temperature and heavy icing in the polar regions have greatly restricted the process of scientific research, commercial shipping, and energy development. Therefore, the icing problem of various types of equipment has become a hot topic of research and the development of long-lasting and stable anti-icing technology is crucial to advancing the polar development strategy.The icing dilemma faced by ships during polar navigation was systematically expounded. Types of ice accretion on ships were analyzed according to the origin of ice. Various anti-icing technologies were summarized, including active anti-icing technologies (mechanical de-icing, ultrasonic de-icing, heating de-icing, chemical de-icing, etc.) and passive anti-icing coating technologies (gas lubrication, liquid lubrication, "liquid-like" lubrication, interface-controlled fracture, etc.).The gas lubrication is mainly composed of micro/nanocomposite structure in the surface and low surface energy hydrophobic layer, which effectively inhibits the icing process by reducing the attachment of water droplets. However, the收稿日期：2023-03-29；修订日期：2023-10-23Received：2023-03-29；Revised：2023-10-23基金项目：国家自然科学基金面上项目（52273220）Fund：National Natural Science Foundation of China (52273220)引文格式：张祎轩, 刘涛, 刘耀虎, 等. 极地航行船舶防覆冰涂层研究进展[J]. 表面技术, 2024, 53(6): 1-10.ZHANG Yixuan, LIU Tao, LIU Yaohu, et al. Research Progress on Anti-icing Coatings for Polar Ships[J]. Surface Technology, 2024, 53(6): 1-10.*通信作者（Corresponding author）·2·表面技术 2024年3月disadvantage of it is liquid generally slipping into a hierarchical scale and adhering to the surface, resulting in the Cassie-Baxter state converting into the Wenzel state. Water freezing in the Wenzel state will cause mechanical interlocking forces and invalid deicing capabilities. Subsequently, the surface can be worn away after repeatedly de-icing. Although certain special structures have been proven to reduce the transition to the Wenzel state, the complex fabrication process is almost impossible to cover on a large scale. Liquid lubrication and "liquid-like" lubrication can greatly reduce the adhesion strength of ice on the solid surface by effectively reducing the strong physical interaction between ice and surface. Liquid lubrication is built through the overfilling lubricating liquid to the micro/nanopores substrate. Despite adhering within the substrate, lubrication becomes invalid over time by evaporation, erosion, and is contaminated. "Liquid-like" lubrication, covalently attached on one end of a flexible macromolecule onto a smooth substrate, determines the lubricating property. The high mobility and small intermolecular force of polymer enable it to function as a lubricating layer. "Liquid-like" lubrication has been considered a promising coating for its extreme uniformity, low adhesion, transparency, and safety. Interface-controlled fracture makes the crack nucleation and growth at the specific position of the interface quickly, accelerates the interface fracture process, and then makes the ice desorb quickly under the action of low shear stress. Under the action of shear stress, the interface between ice and substrate is not uniform, and macroscopic cracks are preferentially generated in the low shear modulus region. The cracks propagate rapidly, making the ice easier to break away from the substrate surface. The current development of anti-icing technologies in solving the icing problem is summarized. The feasibility of each technology to be applied in polar ships is discussed in depth according to their advantages and disadvantages.In the last section, the work emphasizes the key requirements for special anti-icing coatings for ship equipment, and the importance of active and passive cooperative de-icing strategies in polar ship protection technology is proposed.KEY WORDS: polar; ships; anti-icing; coating materials; ice adhesion极地地区具备丰富的自然资源和特殊的地理位置，对全球经济的可持续发展具有重要的战略意义。
DIN EN 10305-5englisch 2010-05
Daimler AG;019 - HPC D652 - GR/PQS;
2
Unkontrollierte Kopie bei Ausdruck (GR/PQS: Rudolf Ehinger, 2010-09-23)
EUROPEAN STANDARD NORME EUROPÉENNE EUROPÄISCHE NORM
DIN EN 10305-5:2010-05 EN 10305-5:2010 (E)
Contents
Page
Foreword ..............................................................................................................................................................3 1 2 3 4 5 5.1 5.2 6 6.1 6.2 6.3 7 7.1 7.2 8 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 8.5 9 9.1 9.2 9.3 10 10.1 10.2 11 11.1 11.2 11.3 11.4 11.5 11.6 12 13
© 2010 CEN
All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved worldwide for CEN national Members.
Ref. No. EN 10305-5:2010: E
Unkontrollierte Kopie bei Ausdruck (GR/PQS: Rudolf Ehinger, 2010-09-23)
Tubes de précision en acier - Conditions techniques de livraison - Partie 5 : Tubes soudés calibrés avec section carrée et rectangulaire Präzisionsstahlrohre - Technische Lieferbedingungen - Teil 5: Geschweißte maßumgeformte Rohre mit quadratischem und rechteckigem Querschnitt
2025届江苏省东台市创新学校英语高三上期末质量跟踪监视试题含解析
2025届江苏省东台市创新学校英语高三上期末质量跟踪监视试题考生须知：1．全卷分选择题和非选择题两部分，全部在答题纸上作答。
选择题必须用2B铅笔填涂；非选择题的答案必须用黑色字迹的钢笔或答字笔写在“答题纸”相应位置上。
2．请用黑色字迹的钢笔或答字笔在“答题纸”上先填写姓名和准考证号。
3．保持卡面清洁，不要折叠，不要弄破、弄皱，在草稿纸、试题卷上答题无效。
第一部分（共20小题，每小题1.5分，满分30分）1．You don’t need an invitation to help others. Give help _____you are asked.A．if B．asC．though D．before2．This restaurant has become popular for its wide ______ of foods that suit all tastes and pockets.A．production B．offerC．range D．division3．The boy is having a fever. Y ou’d better damp a t owel and lay it ______ his forehead. A．across B．withinC．through D．beyond4．It’s second time in five days that he has asked me for higherpay.A．不填；a B．a;the C．the；a D．the；the5．I refuse to accept the blame for something ________ was someone else's fault. A．who B．thatC．as D．what6．—The lecture about 3D technology was very interesting.—It’s a pity. How I wish I ________ time to attend it.A．had B．have C．had had D．have had7．The driver could have survived but he the seat belt.A．had been wearing B．hadn't worn C．wasn’t wearing D．didn't wear 8．—What it be?—It be a man, for it is not moving. It be a dustbin, I think.A．can; may; must B．can; can’t; mustC．can; must; can D．may; may not; could9．---Where is the plane？I can't see it.---It went off its ________________ to keep away from the sudden storm.A．course B．roadC．flight D．direction10．—It______________to plant trees and grass on the hillside.—Yes. They help stop soil from being washed away.A．makes sense B．makes moneyC．makes a living D．makes a mistakes11．--- Where is your new home now?--- In the new developed zone. But I ______ downtown for five years.A．lived B．had livedC．have lived D．was living12． a single world can change the meaning of a sentence, a single sentence can change the meaning of a paragraph.A．Just as B．Even thoughC．Until D．Unless13．—Did Max go to the concert with his family yesterday?—The report scheduled to be handed in tomorrow, he _______ it.A．couldn’t have attended B．needn’t have attended C．wouldn’t attend D．shouldn’t attend14．_____ gas prices are rising, people are looking for less expensive ways to get around. A．Now that B．Even ifC．Although D．Unless15．Contrary to popular belief, the ants, hardworking ________ they are, have their time for play.A．because B．while C．as D．where16．— I am so glad to find you at home. Can you do me a favor?— Sure. _______?A．Why not B．What’s upC．How come D．How is it going17．Jack decided to choose a different ________ and teach history through storytelling. A．analysis B．angle C．attitude D．approach18．By the end of last week,600 people from 50 countries to attend the meeting，with nearly half coming from the United States，Germany and Britain. A．had registered B．have registeredC．registered D．were registered19．School children must be taught how to deal with dangerous ________.A．states B．conditionsC．situations D．positions20．–Excuse me, sir, didn’t you see the red light?–Sorry, my mind ________ somewhere else.A．has been wandering B．was wanderedC．was wandering D．has been wandered第二部分阅读理解（满分40分）阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出最佳选项。
Autodesk CFD软件使用教程：建筑火灾和烟雾模拟说明书
BLD 195948Autodesk CFD for Fire and Smoke Simulation in BuildingsDr. Munirajulu. ML&T Construction, Larsen & Toubro LimitedDescriptionThis class will cover the use of Autodesk CFD software as a design analysis tool for fire and smoke simulation in buildings. We will examine how fire contaminant and smoke generation is modeled, and take you through the procedures and techniques necessary to obtain an efficient solution. You will learn how to identify design risk from the results visualization of smoke and temperature from the simulation. We will show you how to evaluate smoke-free height, tenable temperature, and smoke visibility to meet life-safety goals. Based on the Autodesk CFD results, you will understand how you can gain insight into behavior of smoke from fire, and make good design decisions to minimize smoke hazards. We will also highlight benefits and limitations of smoke simulation in relation to real-world fire scenarios. Finally, you will be able to relate the procedures and techniques described here for large spaces such as atria, convention centers, shopping malls, exhibition halls, airport terminals, and sports arenas.SpeakerDr. Munirajulu. M, B.Tech and Ph.D. from IIT, Kharagpur, India, has more than 22 years of direct and indirect involvement with CFD technology as a design analysis tool in areas such as HVAC, Automotive, Fluid Handling Equipment, Steam turbines and boilers. He has been with Larsen & Toubro Limited since 2005 and prior to this, he has worked with ABB Limited and Alstom Projects India Limited for about 9 years. His professional interests include state of the art CAE technologies (CAD, CFD and FEA). Currently he is responsible for CFD analysis in MEP design related to commercial buildings and airports in L&T Construction, Larsen & Toubro Limited, Chennai. He has been using Autodesk CFD Simulation software for HVAC and MEP applications in areas such as thermal comfort, data center cooling, basement car park ventilation, DG room ventilation effectiveness, rain water free surface flow for roof design, and smoke simulation in buildings in design stage as well as for trouble shooting. He has published 4 nos. of technical papers in international journals of repute and has been a speaker at technical conferences including AU 2017.Learning Objectives• Learn how fire and smoke is modeled • Visualize and Highlight key results• Gain insight into making good design decisions • Understand Benefits and limitationsContentsAutodesk CFD for Fire and Smoke Simulation in Buildings (1)Key word– Life Safety. (4)Back to basics (4)Fire Triangle/ Tetrahedron (4)Stages of fire (5)How fire spreads (6)Effects of uncontrolled fire (7)Hot smoke and life safety—what does temperature do? (7)Smoke contaminant and life safety – what does smoke do? (8)Loss due to fire (8)Objective 1: Fire and smoke modeling using Autodesk CFD (9)Fire safety strategy (9)Codes / standards used (9)General practice of smoke simulation (10)Building geometry: Retail shopping mall (11)Material properties (12)Boundary conditions (13)Mesh details (14)Initial conditions (15)Solver settings (15)Objective 2: Key results for final design (16)What do we look for in CFD analysis? (16)Smoke development (17)Key result 1: Smoke visibility (18)Temperature development (19)Key Result 2: Smoke temperature (20)Air flow field development (20)Key result 3: Air flow field (21)Outcome for final design (22)Objective 3: Insights from CFD analysis for good design decisions (22)Challenges in design..... . (22)Comparison of smoke control zones (23)Comparison of smoke visibility (24)Comparison of smoke temperature (25)Comparison of air/smoke flow field (25)Optimize smoke exhaust system design... summary . (26)More examples: (27)Objective 4: Benefits and limitations (27)Benefits: (27)Limitations: (27)Key word– Life Safety.We are going to look at what would ensure safety of people in a Retail shopping mallbuilding based on CFD analysis to understand smoke and temperature development in the event of fire.Back to basicsBefore we jump into the fire modeling using CFD, let us look at some basics •Fire triangle/ tetrahedron•Stages of fire•What is fire dynamics? How does fire spread?Fire Triangle/ Tetrahedron•The fire triangle identifies thethree needed components offire:•fuel (something that will burn)•heat (enough to make the fuelburn)•and air (oxygen)• a fourth component – theuninhibited chain reaction/news-and-research/news-and-media/press-room/reporters-guide-to-fire-and-nfpa/all-about-fireFire Triangle – Controlled firehttps:///wiki/Fire_triangleFire Tetrahedron – Uncontrolled fireStages of fire•Ignition: Fuel, oxygen andheat join together in asustained chemical reaction.•Growth: With the initial flameas a heat source, additionalfuel ignites. The size of the fireincreases and the plumereaches the ceiling.•Fully developed: Fire hasspread over much of fuel;temperatures reach their peak•Decay (burnout): The fireconsumes available fuel,temperatures decrease, firegets less intense.How fire spreadsFire spreads by transferring the heat energy from the flames in three different ways: - •Conduction: The passage of heat energy through or within a material because of direct contact, such as a burning wastebasket heating a nearby couch, which ignites and heats the drapes hanging behind, until they too burst into flames.•Convection: The flow of fluid or gas from hot areas to cooler areas.•Radiation: Heat traveling via electromagnetic waves, without objects or gases carrying it along. Radiated heat goes out in all directions, unnoticed until it strikes an object.ConductionConvectionhttps:///%3Cfront%3E/fire-dynamicsRadiationEffects of uncontrolled fire•Human loss•Structural damage•Material damage•Disruption of work•Financial lossesHot smoke and life safety—what does temperature do?https:///%3Cfront%3E/fire-dynamicsSmoke contaminant and life safety – what does smoke do?/news-and-research/news-and-media/press-room/reporters-guide-to-fire-and-nfpa/consequences-of-fire#fumesLoss due to fireHaving gone through certain relevant information about fire and facts about consequences of fire in terms of personal and economic loss, we will now get into details about how Autodesk CFD simulation can be useful in evaluating smoke spread and temperature distribution in a Retail mall building with a view to validate smoke exhaust system design for life safety. Objective 1: Fire and smoke modelling using Autodesk CFDFire safety strategyEngineering based approach to fire safe design:•Automatic fire detection (Smoke & heat detectors) - beam detectors in atrium/skylight areas and point type detectors in occupied areas•Automatic alarm system•Automatic fire sprinkler system for fire suppression•Exit signage•Smoke control – make up air and smoke extract fans•Egress – available safe egress time based on NFPA 101•Smoke zones - designed to restrict smoke from spreading from one smoke zone to another•Fire detection system - zoned identical to the smoke zones, including all visual and audible fire alarms.•Fire sprinkler system - zoned similar to the smoke zones and vice versa throughout the building.Codes / standards used•National Building Code (NBC 2005) of India•NFPA 101 Life Safety Code (2006)•NFPA 92 B - Standard for Smoke-control systems (2012 )•BS PD 7974-6:2004General practice of smoke simulation Flow only enters andleaves through thebottom and top surfaces.The main flow directionshould be to the vertical.Gap underneath the firefor cool air to be drawn inBuilding geometry: Retail shopping mallSectional details of the Retail mallMaterial propertiesAir : Variable quantity, to account for density variation with temperature and buoyancy Fire PartUse free arearatio =0.85 andconductivity of200 W/m-K tospread the heatwithin the flameFire modelled as a short cylinder and assigned as resistance material.Steel ring around the fire part (~1/2 flame height) and suppressed fromthe meshFast t- squared fire growth up to 2500 kW and steady state thereafter is considered, Firediameter = 3.35 m (NFPA 92B, A.5.2.1, based on HRRPUA 568 kW/m 2 and fire size of 5 MW). Variation of fire size with respect to time. Fire size reaches 1.75 MW (convective portion of 2.5 MW) at 210 seconds. Convective portion is taken as 70% of the total fire HRR.Boundary conditionsInlet boundary conditions – air domain inlet ambient temperature, scalar and pressureOutlet boundary conditions --smoke exhaust fan capacitiesMesh detailsThe fire and the air above and below - good uniform mesh- to capture the flow accurately by CFDFire sourceSolid ring suppressed from the mesh and ensures that flow only enters and leaves through the bottom and top surfacesInitial conditionsAir domain set at initial conditions as scalar = 0, temperature = 35.20 CSolver settingsObjective 2: Key results for final designWhat do we look for in CFD analysis?For designers and regulators, information about• Smoke movement• Temperature distribution• Airflow fieldSmoke transport is tracked w.r.t rise of smoke in atrium, along corridors and interconnected spacesKey results to look for :• Smoke free space• Tenable smoke temperatureBased on BS PD 7974-6:2004, Annex G•Smoke tenability limit - 10m visibility, Table G.1•Temperature tenability limit - 600C, Table G.3•Toxicity is deemed acceptable if visibility >10mSmoke developmentSmoke visibility (Smoke free space) – X PlaneSmoke visibility (Smoke free space) – Y PlaneSmokevisibility(Smokefreespace)****************+2floor(Z-plane)Key result 1: Smoke visibilitySmoke visibility-10m (smoke free space)Most of walking corridor space is smoke free (smoke free clear height of 1.8m above the corridor floor)Temperature development X PlaneY PlaneKey Result 2: Smoke temperatureTenable smoke temperatureIn G+2 floor below 1.8m FFL,smoke temperature is below600C and hence tenabilitylimits for smoke temperatureis not breached up to 20minutes from start of fireAir flow field development(at UG level above fire location)Y PlaneKey result 3: Air flow fieldAir flow field•Fresh air velocity contacting smoke plume has notexceeded 1.02 m/s. Hencesmoke plume does not getdispersed and rises as plumeabove required smoke freeclear height.•Replacement air velocity atentrance to the shopping malldoes not exceed 1.6 m/s andhence does not hinder peopleescape through the entrance.Outcome for final design•Well defined plume development and smoke rising towards smoke exhaust fans•Make up air does not disturb the smoke plume –no smoke dispersion and visibility problems•Hot smoke temperature is within acceptable limits for human safety.•Smoke visibility is within acceptable limits for safe evacuationBottom line: Smoke exhaust fan capacity and layout is adequate to provide smoke free space for about 20 minutes for the final designObjective 3: Insights from CFD analysis for good design decisionsChallenges in design…..•building geometry is large and complex• a prior distribution of smoke/ air velocities is not known•prescriptive code provides only guidance• a number of scenarios for ventilation fan layout and capacities are possibleSo to arrive at the final design, we had to analyze few design variants and results for the initial design and final design are compared leading to an adequate and good design….Comparison of smoke control zonesOptimize smoke exhaust system design... helpful tool •Estimate smoke exhaust volume flow rate based on:•fire size•outdoor ambient temperature•distance from base of fire to smoke layer interfaceAlso we can estimate:•minimum edge-to-edge separation•maximum number of fans•maximum flow through each fan to avoid plug holingComparison of smoke visibilitySmoke development w.r.t time during fire event- Y planeSmoke development w.r.t time during fire event- z planeComparison of smoke temperatureComparison of air/smoke flow fieldOptimize smoke exhaust system design... SummaryBased on a given smoke exhaust fan layout and fire zoning logic, Autodesk CFD analysis can accurately predict:• smoke development•smoke movement•Visibility levels and temperature distribution.Hence this approach can be used to make good design decisions to minimize smoke hazards.More examples:Objective 4: Benefits and limitationsBenefits:•Easy to use•Quick validation of smoke control strategy•Engineering based approach to fire safety measures (performance based)•Interface with Revit so CAD model to CFD model is easy•More insight leads to better design decisionsLimitations:•Transient solution requires small time step so run time is long –many hours •Scalar for smoke generation (=1) instead of generation rate (Kg/s) as input •Uncertainty in smoke particulate yield values•Tenability for fire brigade –radiation from the smoke layer simulation- challenge •Limited verification of smoke modelThank you for listening…. I hope you enjoyed the class and have met the objectives of the AU class and now will be able to:•Learn how fire and smoke is modeled•Visualize and Highlight key results•Gain insight into making good design decisions•Understand benefits and limitationsMy Contact details are given below:*******************Twitter: @m_munirajuluLinkedIn: https: ///in/ dr-munirajulu-m-3901a219For info on who we are and what we do…。
2024学年福建省晋江市(安溪一中、养正中学高考仿真卷英语试题(含解析)
2024学年福建省晋江市（安溪一中、养正中学高考仿真卷英语试题考生请注意：1．答题前请将考场、试室号、座位号、考生号、姓名写在试卷密封线内，不得在试卷上作任何标记。
2．第一部分选择题每小题选出答案后，需将答案写在试卷指定的括号内，第二部分非选择题答案写在试卷题目指定的位置上。
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考试结束后，请将本试卷和答题卡一并交回。
第一部分（共20小题，每小题1.5分，满分30分）1．On the surface of the water ________, which spoiled the beautiful scenery of the park.A．some dead leaves did float B．some dead leaves floatedC．floated some dead leaves D．did some dead leaves float2．The meeting planned next Monday is very important.A．to be held B．heldC．being held D．holding3．The new playground to be built next year will be ____________ the old one.A．as three times big as B．three times as big asC．as big as three times D．as big three times as4．Encourage your children to try new things, but try not to _________________them too hard.A．draw B．strikeC．rush D．push5．I regret not having taken your advice. Otherwise I ________ this mistake at the moment.A．didn’t make B．wouldn’t makeC．hadn’t make D．wouldn’t have made6．High-speed trains which travel through my hometown ________ up to 250 km per hour make it a small world. A．with B．againstC．at D．over7．—Are we about to having dinner?—Yes, it ________ in the dining room.A．serve B．is servingC．is being served D．has been serving8．---I don’t understand why Cat herine stopped short _____ she ought to have continued.---It’s obvious that she lacked self-confidence.A．when B．whileC．if D．as9．—Be seated, please and I’ll make you a cup of tea.—_________. Let’s come to the point first.A．Y ou needn’t do so B．Please don’t botherC．Y ou are welcome D．You are indeed too polite.10．Zhang Xuan, ______ university student from Shanghai, learns ______ art in her spare time.A．an; / B．a; the C．a; / D．an; the11．Don’t leave the water ______while you brush your teeth.A．racing B．rushingC．running D．rolling12．．She is fed up with sharing a house with others; , she is looking for her own flat.A．moreover B．otherwise C．however D．therefore13．Justin a book about his adventures in Tibet．I hope he can find a good publisher when it is finished．A．was writing B．is currently writing C．has already written D．wrote14．Speaking a foreign language allows you to ________ time in a negotiation, for you can act like you have not understood to come up with your answer.A．save B．afford C．buy D．spend15．If you want to see Mr. Johnson on Friday morning, make sure he is ______ ahead of time.A．approachable B．accessible C．available D．convenient16．What is your main reason for choosing one restaurant another?A．over B．ofC．from D．for17．The whole nation is struggling to work out an inexpensive ______ effective solution to smog.A．yet B．still C．or D．though18．Paul could be a very attractive boy but he ______ to his behaviour.A．paid no attention B．were paying no attentionC．pays no attention D．had paid no attention19．Never before ________ the famous museum was just a stone's thro away from their school, so out ________. A．had they known; went all they B．they had known; went all theyC．had they known; they all went D．they had known; they all went20．While studying, fix your mind on what is really important,or you will _____ remembering nothing.A．end up B．take upC．lead to D．stick to第二部分阅读理解（满分40分）阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出最佳选项。
阿尔法冷（Alphacool）Eisblock Aurora Acrylic GPX图形卡水冷器说明
The Alphacool Eisblock Aurora Acrylic GPX graphics card water coolerwith backplate combines style with performance. Extreme coolingperformance and an extensive digital RGB lighting characterize it.Experience and technical know-how from more than a decade havegone into the development, without making any technicalcompromises. The Eisblock Aurora Acryl GPX is a significant evolutionof the previous Alphacool graphics card water cooler, which has beenimproved in every area.•Fullcover water block •Chrome-plated copper cooler •Adressable digital RGB LEDs- AMD Radeon™ RX 6750 XT V. 1.004 // 08.2023Alphacool Eisblock Aurora Acryl GPX-A RX 6750 XT Reference with BackplateAlphacool article number: 186702x 15x42x1mm thermal pad (7 W/mK) 1x 15x56x1mm thermal pad (7 W/mK) 1x 8x74x1mm thermal pad (7 W/mK) 1x 15x51x2mm thermal pad (7 W/mK) 1x 15x76x2mm thermal pad (7 W/mK) 1x 8x74x3mm thermal pad (3 W/mK) 2x 15x40x3mm thermal pad (3 W/mK) 1x 8x56x3mm thermal pad (3 W/mK) 1x 30x30x3mm thermal pad (3 W/mK) 6x M2x5 screw 6x M2 washer1x Thermal grease (Alphacool Subzero 16 W/mK) 7x M2x11 screw1x digital-RGB adapter1x plug tool2x screw plug1x M3x5 screw1x M3 nut1x backplateThe Alphacool Eisblock Aurora Acrylic GPX graphics card water cooler with backplate combines style with performance. Extreme cooling performance and an extensive digital RGB lighting characterize it. Experience and technical know-how from more than a decade have gone into the development, without making any technical compromises. The Eisblock Aurora Acryl GPX is a significant evolution of the previous Alphacool graphics card water cooler, which has been improved in every area.More performance!During the development of the Eisblock Aurora Acryl GPX graphics card water cooler, emphasis was naturally placed on increasing performance. First, the cooler was brought closer to the individual components by reducing the thickness of the heat conducting pads. Next, the nickel-plated copper block was also made thinner. Step 3 involves the constant optimisation of the water flow within the cooler. The result: All important components such as voltage converters and RAM are cooled much better and more effectively by the water and the cooling performance increases significantly.Chrome-plated copperThe cooler is made entirely of chrome-plated copper. A chrome plating is much harder than a nickel plating and therefore less sensitive to acids, scratches and damage. It completely eliminates the risk of chipping nickel plating. Additionally, chrome plating looks much more homogeneous and provides a shine that cannot be achieved by nickel plating. Chrome-plated coolers have previously only been used in the industrial sector in areas where extreme influences act on the coolers.Brilliant design!The addressable digital aRGB LEDs are embedded directly in the cooling block and run along the sides of the entire cooler. The effect is an illumination that engulfs the entire cooling block. No corner or edge is left unlit by the aRGB LEDs. The new design is more angular, with all edges bevelled. The result is better light diffusion in the water cooler due to the reflections on these bevels. They also create various contours that give the Eisblock Aurora Acryl GPX cooler its very own visual touch.Thermal paste & thermal padsThe included thermal compound is Alphacool's Subzero. With a thermal conductivity of 16 W/mk, it is one of the highest performing thermal pastes on the market. The electrically non-conductive thermal compund is particularly well suited for high contact pressures, but can still be processed perfectly due to its viscosity of 850000 TF. Alphacool Soft Pads with 1mm and 2mm thickness are used on the voltage converter and the graphics memory. The thermal conductivity of the pads is 7W/mK. The pads for the back of the PCB are 3mm thick and have a thermal conductivity of 3W/mk.Other special featuresThe Eisblock Aurora Acryl GPX GPU cooler has the patented screw plugs, which sit flush with the surface of the terminal. The Alphacool logo sits in the corner on the top and is also fully illuminated. On the front of the terminal, corresponding designations of the compatible graphics card manufacturers can be seen. Of course, these are also fully illuminated by the adressable digital LEDs. IN and OUT are marked by small discreet triangles. They are easily recognisable and fit perfectly into the overall visual line of the graphics card water cooler.Drawing。
英语证书考试美国经企管理研究生入学考试(GMT)模拟题2020年(11)_真题-无答案(170)
英语证书考试美国经企管理研究生入学考试(GMT)模拟题2020年(11)(总分100,考试时间75分钟)单项选择题1. 1.While the total enrollment of public elementary and secondary schools in Sondland is one percent higher this academic year than last academic year, the number of teachers there increased by three percent. Thus, the Sondland Education Commission's prediction of a teacher shortage as early as next academic year is unfounded.Which of the following, if true, most seriously weakens the claim that the prediction of a teacher shortage as early as next academic year is unfounded?A. Funding for public elementary schools in Sondland is expected to increase over the next ten years.B. Average salaries for Sondland's teachers increased at the rate of inflation from last academic year to this academic year.C. A new law has mandated that there be 10 percent more teachers per pupil in Sondland's public schools next academic year than there were this academic year.D. In the past, increases in enrollments in public elementary and secondary schools in Sondland have generally been smaller than increases in the number of teachers.E. Because of reductions in funding, the number of students enrolling in teacher-training programs in Sondland is expected to decline beginning in the next academic year.2. 2.Art restorers who have been studying the factors that cause Renaissance oil paintings to deteriorate physically when subject to climatic changes have found that the oil paint used in these paintings actually adjusts to these changes well. The restorers therefore hypothesize that it is a layer of material called gesso, which is under the paint, that causes the deterioration.Which of the following, if true, most strongly supports the restorers' hypothesis?A. Renaissance oil paintings with a thin layer of gesso are less likely to show deterioration in response to climatic changes than those with a thicker layer.B. Renaissance oil paintings are often painted on wooden panels, which swell when humidity increases and contract when it declines.C. Oil paint expands and contracts readily in response to changes in temperature, but it absorbs little water and so is little affected by changes in humidity.D. An especially hard and nonabsorbent type of gesso was the raw material for moldings on the frames of Renaissance oil paintings.E. Gesso layers applied by Renaissance painters typically consisted of a coarse base layer onto which several increasingly fine-grained layers were applied.3. 3.A newly discovered painting seems to be the work of one of two 17th-century artists, either the northern German Johannes Drechen or the Frenchman Louis Birelle, who sometimes painted in the same style as Drechen. Analysis of the carved picture frame, which has been identified as the painting's original 17th-century frame, showed that it is made of wood found widely in northern Germany at the time, but rare in the part of France where Birelle lived. This shows that the painting is most likely the work of Drechen.Which of the following is an assumption that the argument requires?A. The frame was made from wood local to the region where the picture was painted.B. Drechen is unlikely to have ever visited the home region of Birelle in France.C. Sometimes a painting so closely resembles others of its era that no expert is able to confidently decide who painted it.D. The painter of the picture chose the frame for the picture.E. The carving style of the picture frame is not typical of any specific region of Europe.4. 4.Archaeologists working in the Andes Mountains recently excavated a buried 4,000-year-old temple containing structures that align with a stone carving on a distant hill to indicate the direction of the rising sun at the summer solstice. Alignments in the temple were also found to point toward the position, at the summer solstice, of a constellation known in Andean culture as the Fox. Since the local mythology represents the fox as teaching people how to cultivate and irrigate plants, the ancient Andeans may have built the temple as a religious representation of the fox.Which of the following is an assumption on which the argument is based?A. The constellation known as the Fox has the same position at the summer solstice as it did 4,000 years ago.B. In the region around the temple, the summer solstice marks the time for planting.C. The temple was protected from looters by dirt and debris built up over thousands of years.D. Other structural alignments at the temple point to further constellations with agricultural significance.E. The site containing the temple was occupied for a significant amount of time before abandonment.5. 5.Meat from chickens contaminated with salmonella bacteria can cause serious food poisoning. Capsaicin, the chemical that gives chili peppers their hot flavor, has antibacterial properties. Chickens do not have taste receptors for capsaicin and will readily eat feed laced with capsaicin. When chickens were fed such feed and then exposed to salmonella bacteria, relatively few of them became contaminated with salmonella.In deciding whether the feed would be useful in raising salmonella-free chicken for retail sale, it would be most helpful to determine which of the following?A. Whether feeding capsaicin to chickens affects the taste of their meatB. Whether eating capsaicin reduces the risk of salmonella poisoning for humansC. Whether chicken is more prone to salmonella contamination than other kinds of meatD. Whether appropriate cooking of chicken contaminated with salmonella can always prevent food poisoningE. Whether capsaicin can be obtained only from chili peppers6. 6.Which of the following most **pletes the argument below?When mercury-vapor streetlights are used in areas inhabited by insect-eating bats, the bats feedalmost exclusively around the lights, because the lights attract flying insects. In Greenville, the mercury-vapor streetlights are about to be replaced with energy-saving sodium streetlights, which do not attract insects. This change is likely to result in a drop in the population of insect-eating bats in Greenville, since_________.A. the bats do not begin to hunt until after sundownB. the bats are unlikely to feed on insects that do not flyC. the highway department will be able to replace mercury-vapor streetlights with sodium streetlights within a relatively short time and without disrupting the continuity of lighting at the locations of the streetlightsD. in the absence of local concentrations of the flying insects on which bats feed, the bats expend much more energy on hunting for food, requiring much larger quantities of insects to sustain each batE. bats use echolocation to catch insects and therefore gain no advantage from the fact that insects flying in the vicinity of streetlights are visible at night7. 7.Rats injected with morphine exhibit decreased activity of the immune system, the bodily system that fights off infections. These same rats exhibited heightened blood levels of corticosteroids, chemicals secreted by the adrenal glands. Since corticosteroids can interfere with immune-system activity, scientists hypothesized that the way morphine reduces immune responses in rats is by stimulating the adrenal glands to secrete additional corticosteroids into the bloodstream.Which of the following experiments would yield the most useful results for evaluating the scientists' hypothesis?A. Injecting morphine into rats that already have heightened blood levels of corticosteroids and then observing their new blood levels of corticosteroidsB. Testing the level of immune-system activity of rats, removing their adrenal glands, and then testing the rats' immune-system activity levels againC. Injecting rats with corticosteroids and then observing how many of the rats contracted infectionsD. Removing the adrenal glands of rats, injecting the rats with morphine, and then testing the level of the rats' immune-system responsesE. Injecting rats with a drug that stimulates immune-system activity and then observing the level of corticosteroids in their bloodstreams8. 8.Curator: If our museum lends Venus to the Hart Institute for their show this spring, they will lend us their Rembrandt etchings for our print exhibition next fall. Having those etchings will increase attendance to the exhibition and hence increase revenue from our general admission fee. Museum Administrator: But Venus is our biggest attraction. Moreover the Hart's show will run for twice as long as our exhibition. So on balance the number of patrons may decrease.The point of the administrator's response to the curator is to questionA. whether getting the Rembrandt etchings from the Hart Institute is likely to increase attendance at the print exhibitionB. whether the Hart Institute's Rembrandt etchings will be appreciated by those patrons of the curator's museum for whom the museum's biggest attraction is VenusC. whether the number of patrons attracted by the Hart Institute's Rembrandt etchings will be larger than the number of patrons who do **e in the spring because Venus is on loanD. whether, if Venus is lent, the museum's revenue from general admission fees during the print exhibition will exceed its revenue from general admission fees during the Hart Institute's exhibitionE. whether the Hart Institute or the curator's museum will have the greater financial gain from the proposed exchange of artworks9. 9.Which of the following most **pletes the passage?Leaf beetles damage willow trees by stripping away their leaves, but a combination of parasites and predators generally keeps populations of these beetles in check. Researchers have found that severe air pollution results in reduced predator populations. The parasites, by contrast, are not adversely affected by pollution; nevertheless, the researchers' discovery probably does explain why leaf beetles cause particularly severe damage to willows in areas with severe air pollution, sinceA. neither the predators nor the parasites of leaf beetles themselves attack willow treesB. the parasites that attack leaf beetles actually tend to be more prevalent in areas with severe air pollution than they are elsewhereC. the damage caused by leaf beetles is usually not enough to kill a willow tree outrightD. where air pollution is not especially severe, predators have much more impact on leaf-beetle populations than parasites doE. willows often grow in areas where air pollution is especially severe10. 10.On May first, in order to reduce the number of overdue books, a children's library instituteda policy of forgiving fines and giving bookmarks to children returning all of their overdue books. On July first there were twice as many overdue books as there had been on May first, although a record number of books had been returned during the interim.Which of the following, if true, most helps to explain the apparent inconsistency in the results of the library's policy?A. The librarians did not keep accurate records of how many children took advantage of the grace period, and some of the children returning overdue books did not return all of their overdue books.B. Although the grace period enticed some children to return all of their overdue books, it did not convince all of the children with overdue books to return all of their books.C. The bookmarks became popular among the children, so in order to collect the bookmarks, many children borrowed many more books than they usually did and kept them past their due date.D. The children were allowed to borrow a maximum of five books for a two-week period, and hence each child could keep a maximum of fifteen books beyond their due date within a two-month period.E. Although the library forgave overdue fines during the grace period, the amount previously charged the children was minimal; hence, the forgiveness of the fines did not provide enough incentive for them to return their overdue books.11. 11.A certain species of desert lizard digs tunnels in which to lay its eggs. The eggs must incubate inside the tunnel for several weeks before hatching, and they fail to hatch if they are disturbed at any time during this incubation period. Yet these lizards guard their tunnels for only a few days after laying their eggs.Which of the following, if true, most helps explain why there is no need for lizards to guard their tunnels for more than a few days?A. The eggs are at risk of being disturbed only during the brief egg-laying season when many lizards are digging in a relatively small area.B. The length of the incubation period varies somewhat from one tunnel to another.C. Each female lizard lays from 15 to 20 eggs, only about 10 of which hatch even if the eggs are not disturbed at any time during the incubation period.D. The temperature and humidity within the tunnels will not be suitable for the incubating eggs unless the tunnels are plugged with sand immediately after the eggs are laid.E. The only way to disturb the eggs of this lizard species is by opening up one of the tunnels in which they are laid.12. 12.Most banks that issue credit cards charge interest rates on credit card debt that are ten percentage points higher than the rates those banks charge for ordinary consumer loans. These banks' representatives claim the difference is fully justified, since it simply covers the difference between the costs to these banks associated with credit card debt and these associated with consumer loans.Which of the following, if true, most seriously calls into question the reasoning offered by the banks' representatives?A. Some lenders that are not banks offer consumer loans at interest rates that are even higher than most banks charge on credit card debt.B. Most car **panies require that their customers provide signed credit card charge slips or security deposits.C. Two to three percent of the selling price of every item bought with a given credit card goes to the bank that issued that credit card.D. Most people need not use credit cards to buy everyday necessities, but could buy those necessities with cash or pay by check.E. People who pay their credit card bills in full each month usually pay no interest on the amounts they charge.13. 13.Often patients with ankle fractures that are stable, and thus do not require surgery, are given follow-up x-rays because their orthopedists are concerned about possibly having misjudged the stability of the fracture. When a number of follow-up x-rays were reviewed, however, all the fractures that had initially been judged stable were found to have healed correctly. Therefore, it is a waste of money to order follow-up x-rays of ankle fractures initially judged stable.Which of the following, if true, most strengthens the argument?A. Doctors who are general practitioners rather than orthopedists are less likely than orthopedists to judge the stability of an ankle fracture correctly.B. Many ankle injuries for which an initial x-ray is ordered are revealed by the x-ray not to involve any fracture of the ankle.C. X-rays of patients of many different orthopedists working in several hospitals were reviewed.D. The healing of ankle fractures that have been surgically repaired is always checked by means of a follow-up x-ray.E. Orthopedists routinely order follow-up x-rays for fractures of bones other than ankle bones.14. 14.In setting environmental standards for industry and others to meet, it is inadvisable to require the best results that state-of-the-art technology can achieve. Current technology is able to detect and eliminate even extremely minute amounts of contaminants, but at a cost that is exorbitant relative to the improvement achieved. So it would be reasonable instead to set standardsby taking into account all of the current and future risks involved.The argument given concerning the reasonable way to set standards presupposes thatA. industry currently meets the standards that have been set by environmental authoritiesB. there are effective ways to take into account all of the relevant risks posed by allowing different levels of contaminantsC. the only contaminants worth measuring are generated by industryD. it is not costly to prevent large amounts of contaminants from entering the environmentE. minute amounts of some contaminants can be poisonous15. 15.The chemical adenosine is released by brain cells when those cells are active. Adenosine then binds to more and more sites on cells in certain areas of the brain, as the total amount released gradually increases during wakefulness. During sleep, the number of sites to which adenosine is bound decreases. Some researchers have hypothesized that it is the cumulative binding of adenosine to a large number of sites that causes the onset of sleep.Which of the following, if true, provides the most support for the researchers' hypothesis?A. Even after long periods of sleep when adenosine is at its lowest concentration in the brain, the number of brain cells bound with adenosine remains very large.B. Caffeine, which has the effect of making people remain wakeful, is known to interfere with the binding of adenosine to sites on brain cells.C. Besides binding to sites in the brain, adenosine is known to be involved in biochemical reactions throughout the body.D. Some areas of the brain that are relatively inactive nonetheless release some adenosine.E. Stress resulting from a dangerous situation can preserve wakefulness even when brain levels of bound adenosine are high.16. 16.A two-year study beginning in 1977 found that, among 85-year-old people, those whose immune systems were weakest were twice as likely to die within two years as others in the study. The cause of their deaths, however, was more often heart disease, against which the immune system does not protect, than cancer or infections, which are attacked by the immune system. Which of the following, if true, would offer the best prospects for explaining deaths in which weakness of the immune system, though present, played no causal role?A. There were twice as many infections among those in the study with the weakest immune systems as among those with the strongest immune systems.B. The majority of those in the study with the strongest immune systems died from infection or cancer by 1987.C. Some of the drugs that had been used to treat the symptoms of heart disease had a side effect of weakening the immune system.D. Most of those in the study who survived beyond the two-year period had recovered from a serious infection somet me prior to 1978.E. Those in the study who survived into the 1980s had, in 1976, strengthened their immune systems through drug therapy.17. 17.Most scholars agree that King Alfred (A.D. 849-899) personally translated a number of Latin texts into Old English. One historian contends that Alfred also personally penned his own law code, arguing that the numerous differences between the language of the law code and Alfred's translations of Latin texts are outweighed by the even more numerous similarities. Linguistic similarities, however, are what one expects in texts from the same language, the sametime, and the same region. Apart from Alfred's surviving translations and law code, there are only two other extant works from the same dialect and milieu, so it is risky to assume here that linguistic similarities point to common authorship.The passage above proceeds byA. providing examples that underscore another argument's conclusionB. questioning the plausibility of an assumption on which another argument dependsC. showing that a principle if generally applied would have anomalous consequencesD. showing that the premises of another argument are mutually inconsistentE. using argument by analogy to undermine a principle implicit in another argument18. 18.Parland's alligator population has been declining in recent years, primarily because of hunting. Alligators prey heavily on a species of freshwater fish that is highly valued as food by Parlanders, who had hoped that the decline in the alligator population would lead to an increase in the numbers of these fish available for human consumption. Yet the population of this fish species has also declined, even though the annual number caught for human consumption has not increased.Which of the following, if true, most helps to explain the decline in the population of the fish species?A. The decline in the alligator population has meant that fishers can work in some parts of lakes and rivers that were formerly too dangerous.B. Over the last few years, Parland's commercial fishing enterprises have increased the number of fishing boats they use.C. Many Parlanders who hunt alligators do so because of the high market price of alligator skins, not because of the threat alligators pose to the fish population.D. During Parland's dry season, holes dug by alligators remain filled with water long enough to provide a safe place for the eggs of this fish species to hatch.E. In several neighboring countries through which Parland's rivers also flow, alligators are at risk of extinction as a result of extensive hunting.19. 19.A company plans to develop a prototype weeding machine that uses cutting blades with optical sensors and microprocessors that distinguish weeds from crop plants by differences in shade of color. The inventor of the machine claims that it will reduce labor costs by virtually eliminating the need for manual weeding.Which of the following is a consideration in favor of **pany's implementing its plan to develop the prototype?A. There is a considerable degree of variation in shade of color between weeds of different species.B. The shade of color of some plants tends to change appreciably over the course of their growing season.C. When crops are weeded manually, overall size and leaf shape are taken into account in distinguishing crop plants from weeds.D. Selection and genetic manipulation allow plants of virtually any species to be economically bred to have a distinctive shade of color without altering their other characteristics.E. Farm laborers who are responsible for the manual weeding of crops carry out other agricultural duties at times in the growing season when extensive weeding is not necessary.20. 20.Aroca City currently funds its public schools through taxes on property. In place of thissystem, the city plans to introduce a sales tax of 3 percent on all retail sales in the city. Critics protest that 3 percent of current retail sales falls short of the amount raised for schools by property taxes. The critics are correct on this point. Nevertheless implementing the plan will probably not reduce the money going to Aroca's schools. Several large retailers have selected Aroca City as the site for huge new stores, and these are certain to draw large numbers of shoppers frorr neighboring municipalities, where sales are taxed at rates of 6 percent and more. In consequence, retail sales in Aroca City are bound to increase substantially.In the argument given, the two portions in boldface play which of the following roles?A. The first presents a plan that the argument concludes is unlikely to achieve its goal; the second expresses that conclusion.B. The first presents a plan that the argument concludes is unlikely to achieve its goal; the second presents evidence in support of that conclusion.C. The first presents a plan that the argument contends is the best available; the second is a conclusion drawn by the argument to justify that contention.D. The first presents a plan one of whose consequences is at issue in the argument; the second is the argument's conclusion about that consequence.E. The first presents a plan that the argument seeks to defend against a certain criticism; the second is that criticism.21. 21.Which of the following most **pletes the argument?A photograph of the night sky was taken with the camera shutter open for an extended period. The normal motion of stars across the sky caused the images of the stars in the photograph to appear as streaks. However, one bright spot was not streaked. Even if the spot were caused, as astronomers believe, by a celestial object, that object could still have been moving across the sky during the time the shutter was open, since_________.A. the spot was not the brightest object in the photographB. the photograph contains many streaks that astronomers can identify as caused by noncelestial objectsC. stars in the night sky do not appear to shift position relative to each otherD. the spot could have been caused by an object that emitted a flash that lasted for only a fraction of the time that the camera shutter was openE. if the camera shutter had not been open for an extended period, it would have recorded substantially fewer celestial objects22. 22.Economist: Paying extra for fair-trade coffee—coffee labeled with the Fairtrade logo—is intended to help poor farmers, because they receive a higher price for the fair-trade coffee they grow. But this practice may hurt more farmers in developing nations than it helps. By raising average prices for coffee, it encourages more coffee to be produced than consumers want to buy. This lowers prices for non-fair-trade coffee and thus lowers profits for non-fair-trade coffee farmers.To evaluate the strength of the economist's argument, it would be most helpful to know which of the following?A. Whether there is a way of alleviating the impact of the increased average prices for coffee on non-fair-trade coffee farmers' profitsB. What proportion of coffee farmers in developing nations produce fair-trade coffeeC. Whether many coffee farmers in developing nations also derive income from other kinds offarmingD. Whether consumers should pay extra for fair-trade coffee if doing so lowers profits for non-fair-trade coffee farmersE. How fair-trade coffee farmers in developing nations could be helped without lowering profits for non-fair-trade coffee farmers23. 23.Tanco, a leather manufacturer, uses large quantities of common salt to preserve animal hides. New environmental regulations have significantly increased the cost of disposing of salt water that results from this use, and, in consequence, Tanco is considering a plan to use potassium chloride in place of common salt. Research has shown that Tanco could reprocess the by-product of potassium chloride use to yield a crop fertilizer, leaving a relatively small volume of waste for disposal.In determining the impact on company profits of using potassium chloride in place of common salt, it would be important for Tanco to research all of the following EXCEPT:A. What difference, if any, is there between the cost of **mon salt needed to preserve a given quantity of animal hides and the cost of the potassium chloride needed to preserve the same quantity of hides?B. To what extent is the equipment involved in preserving animal hides **mon salt suitable for preserving animal hides using potassium chloride?C. What environmental regulations, if any, constrain the disposal of the waste generated in reprocessing the by-product of potassium chloride?D. How closely does leather that results **mon salt is used to preserve hides resemble that which results when potassium chloride is used?E. Are the chemical properties that make potassium chloride an effective means for preserving animal hides the same as those that **mon salt an effective means for doing so?24. 24.Colorless diamonds **mand high prices as gemstones. A type of less valuable diamonds can be treated to remove all color. Only sophisticated tests can distinguish such treated diamonds from naturally colorless ones. However, only 2 percent of diamonds mined are of the colored type that can be successfully treated, and many of those are of insufficient quality to make the treatment worthwhile. Surely, therefore, the vast majority of colorless diamonds sold by jewelers are naturally colorless.A serious flaw in the reasoning of the argument is thatA. comparisons between the price **mand as gemstones and their value for other uses are omittedB. information about the rarity of treated diamonds is **bined with information about the rarity of naturally colorless, gemstone diamondsC. the possibility that colored diamonds might be used as gemstones, even without having been treated, is ignoredD. the currently available method for making colorless diamonds from colored ones is treated as though it were the only possible method for doing soE. the difficulty that a customer of a jeweler would have in distinguishing a naturally colorless diamond from a treated one is not taken into account。
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托福阅读tpo71R-1原文+译文+题目+答案+背景知识
托福阅读tpo71R-1Electrical Energy from the Ocean原文 (1)译文 (5)题目 (8)答案 (15)背景知识 (16)原文Electrical Energy from the Ocean①Solar energy reaching Earth is responsible for differential heating of the atmosphere and thus air circulation as wind. Some of the energy of wind is transferred to the oceans, where it causes waves and is partly responsible for oceanic currents, although Earth’s rotation also plays a role in currents. Gravitational attraction between Earth and the Sun and Moon generates tides and, along with Earth’s rotation, causes most coastal areas to experience a twice-daily rise and fall of sea level. In short, the oceans possess a tremendous reservoir of largely untapped energy.②If we could effectively harness the energy possessed by the oceans, an almost limitless, largely nonpolluting energy supply would be ensured. Unfortunately, ocean energy is diffuse, meaning that the amount of energy for a given volume of water is small and thus difficult to concentrate and use. Several ways of using ocean energy are being considered or are under development, and one is currently in use, although it accounts for only a tiny proportion of all energy production. Of the several sources of ocean energy ---temperature differences with depth; currents; waves; and tides ---only the last shows much promise for the near future.③Ocean water at depth might be as much as 25℃colder than surface water, a difference that allows for ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC). OTEC exploits this temperature difference to run turbines and generate electricity. The amount of energy available is enormous, but a number of practical problems must be solved before it can be used. For one thing, any potential site must be close to land and also have a sufficiently rapid change with depth to result in the required temperature difference. Furthermore, enormous quantities of warm and cold seawater would have to circulate through an electrical-generating plant, thus requiring that large surface areas bedevoted to this purpose.④The concept of OTEC is more than a century old, but despite several decades of research, no commercial OTEC plants are operating or even under construction, although small experimental ones have been tested in Hawaii and Japan.⑤Wind-generated ocean currents, such as the Gulf Stream, which flows along the east coast of North America, also posses energy that might be tapped to generate electricity. Unlike streams that can be dammed to impound a reservoir, any electrical-generating facility exploiting oceanic currents would have to concentrate currents’diffuse energy and contend with any unpredictable changes in direction. In addition, whereas hydroelectric generating plats on land depend on the rapid movement o water from the higher elevation to the turbines, the energy of ocean currents comes from their flow velocity, which is at most a few kilometers per hour.⑥The most obvious form of energy in the oceans lies in waves.Harnessing wave energy and converting it to electricity is not a new idea, and it has been used on an extremely limited scale. Unfortunately, the energy possessed by a wave is distributed along its crest and is difficult to concentrate. Furthermore, any facility would have to be designed to withstand the effects of storms and saltwater corrosion. The Japanese have developed wave-energy devices to power lighthouses and buoys, and a facility capable of providing power to about 300 homes began operating in Scotland during September 2000.⑦Perhaps tidal power is the most promising form of ocean energy. In fact, it has been used for centuries in some coastal areas to run mills, but its use at present for electrical generation is limited. Most coastal areas experience a twice-daily rise the fall of tides, but only a few areas are suitable for exploiting this energy source. One limitation is that the tidal range must be at least five meters, and there must also be a coastal region where water can be stored following high tide.⑧Suitable sites for using tidal power are limited not only by tidal range but also by location. Many areas along the U.S. Gulf Coast would certainly benefit from tidal power plants, but a tide range of generallyless than one meter precludes the possibility of development. Even areas with an appropriate tidal range such as the Arctic islands of Canada offer little potential because of their great distances from population centers.译文海洋电能①太阳能对地球的影响及海洋能量的潜力到达地球的太阳能是大气层差异加热的根源，进而导致空气循环，即我们所知的风。
Armstrong 术语中英对照
―fail safe‖ to cold water―Feature Code‖ References―out of range‖ system failure―U‖ stampsa complete failurea differential pressure diaphragm actuated mixing unita power failurea pumped recirculationa significant pressure reductiona single-temperature locking seta thermal-shutdown featurea top outleta unique feed forward designa water seala wide range of sizesAbbott reported many Watson-McDaniel trap failures detected by AIM. They are currently replacing with Armstrong IB traps. Additionally, Abbott plans to monitor all (650) traps in facility, purchasing (75 - 100) AIM ST5700 devices over next 5 years.ability to purge systemabsolute pressureaccessories optionsaccessoryaccumulateAccumulation Chamberaccuracy and to provide redundancy in case of individual thermostatAccurate control of blended water drawn from the systemaccurate water temperaturesActivated in error modeactual gravityActuateactuatoractuator stemADAM (Armstrong Digital Account Management)Adaptable to High Ambient Temperatureadjustable maximum temperature limitAdjustable Single Temperature lockoutadjusting the mix of steam and wateradjustment keyAdministratorsAFHAFTaftercoolerAII – T.R.AIMair and CO2 venting at steam temperatureair changeAir CompressorAir Dryerair filter regulatorsair flowAir Handler Unitair handling systemair lineair loadAir LossAir MainAir Motiveair movementair must be introduced into the systemair or inert gasAir Pressureair separatorair streamair supply pressureair systemAir Temperatureair to closeair to openAir valveAir Velocityair ventairstreamAll dimensions and weights are approximate. Use certified print for exact dimensions. Design and materials are subject to change without notice.allen boltAllowable Pressureallowing no condensate backupAlternate ChoiceAluminum Flataluminum KeyfinAmbient Sensing Isolation Valveambient temperatureAmerican Chemical SocietyAmerican Gas AssociationAmerican National Standards InstituteAmerican Petroleum InstituteANCAncillaryanimationANTI-NOISE TRIMAntI-theft devicesapplicable lawaquastatArmey SteamstrongArmstrong Brand PromiseArmstrong coilsArmstrong Condensate Management GroupArmstrong core valuesArmstrong Flo-Rite-Temp Instantaneous Steam/Water Heater pre-piped packages Armstrong Flo-Rite-Temp® Instantaneous SteamArmstrong Global HoldingsArmstrong Heat Transfer GroupArmstrong hot and cold water hose stationsArmstrong Hot Water Equipment Trade (Shanghai) Co., Ltd.Armstrong Hot Water GroupArmstrong Humidification GroupArmstrong HumidiPackArmstrong Intelligent MonitoringArmstrong InternationalArmstrong International - S.E. AsiaArmstrong International Italiana S.r.l.Armstrong International Korea Co., Ltd.Armstrong International Mexico S de RL de CVArmstrong International Mexico S de RL de CVArmstrong International Private LimitedArmstrong International S.A.Armstrong inverted bucket trapArmstrong Machinery (China) Co. LtdArmstrong Machinery (China) Co.,Ltd.Armstrong ModelArmstrong Pressure/Temperature Control GroupArmstrong PromiseArmstrong provides intelligent system solutions that improve utility performance, lower energy consumption, and reduce environment emissions while providing an "enjoyable experience." Armstrong representativeArmstrong SeriesArmstrong ServiceArmstrong Service France SAArmstrong Single Temperature Hose Stations Armstrong Smart Services GroupArmstrong SolutionArmstrong Steam and Condensate GroupArmstrong Sustainability BrochureArmstrong Unfired Steam GeneratorArmstrong‘s engineered condensate trap/pump packages Armstrong‘s engineered condensate pump trap packages Armstrong‘s engineered XXXArmstrong-Cool Fog SystemAsbestos-freeASIASME pumps and receiversASME Sec.ASSEassembled on a compact common base-plateassure maximum efficiencyASTM A216 WCBASTM A351 Gr.ASTM A48 classatmospheric pressureatomize wateraudible alarmAutomatic air ventingAutomatic Differential Condensate ControllerAutomatic shutoff of hot water flowautomatic water softenerAutomation Research CorporationAvailable in a wide range of sizesavailable upon requestback pressureBaked Enamelbalance valveBALANCED TRIMBalancing Valveball float drain trapball valveball valves cross-linked by a stainless steelBall-Type Flow Indicatorsbare pipe heatingbargBASBDbe compliant with ASSE Standardbe supplied pre-plumbed and pressure testedbe supplied pre-wiredbellowsbellows sealBellows sealedBellows Sealed Globe ValvesBENCH SETbimetallicbimetallic elementbimetallic mechanismBimetallic Steam TrapBimetallic Trapbleedblendblended waterblind flangesblowdownblowdown connectionblowdown rateblowdown valveblowerbodyBody and Capbody fits in tight spacesBody Materialbody materialboilerBoiler Blowdown Heat RecoveryBoiler Blowdown Recoveryboiler efficiencyboiler feedBoiler Forced Draft Fansboiler headerBoiler HouseBoiler side recirculating pumpBoiler side recirculating pump to supply the heat exchanger Boiler water conductivityBoiler Water to Water Instantaneous Water Heaters boiling pointboltBolt Assemblybonnetboronizedboth peakBottom Inletbottom outletBottom to C InletBranch LineBranch Welding Fittingbreak a vacuumBronze Gauge Glass AssemblyBtu‘s are captured and returned to the system bucketbucket ventBucket Vent Scrubbing WireBuilding Automation SystembuildupbulletinBulletin 110 - IS-4 LiteratureBulletin No. 200buoyancyburnerBushingbuttweldBuy Onlineby-passby-pass valveC Outlet to C InletCabinet constructionCabinet has a polished stainless steel piano-hinged Cabinet outer flangeCAGECanadian Standards AssociationcapCap BlockCap Gal.Capable of close temperature controlCapacity Conversion Factors for Other Fill Heads capacity linecapacity tableCapital Repaircapsulecarbon dioxideCarbon Steelcarbon steel anglecarbon steel pipecarbonic acidcarryoverCast ironCast Stainless Steelcast steelcatalogcautioncavitationCentifeed CoilCentral Recirculation System Control certified drawingchaplaincheck valveChemical-Free Steamchrome-plated DZR brassCIP connection portcirculating pumpclean steamClosed Loopclosed loop means no motive or flash closed-loopCLOSURE MEMBERCO2 EmissionCO2 emissions will be reduced with Cold Hose Stationscold trapcold water capacityCold Water Hose Stationscold water inlet supplycold water inlet supply failureCold Water Start-Up Capacities combination inlet isolation combining a pump within a steam trap combustionCOMMUNITY COVENANTcompact designcompensatecomplete shutdown of outlet flow Complete Thermal Exchange compress aircompressed air system Compressed Gas Association compression fittingcompressorComputrol, Inc.Condensate Collection Assembly condensate controllercondensate controllerscondensate coolercondensate drainagecondensate loadcondensate must be lifted condensate pumpcondensate recoveryCondensate Recovery Equipment condensate recovery requirements condensate recovery systemCondensate RemovalCondensate Removal and Recovery System condensate returncondensate return linescondensate return systemcondensate supply and returncondensecondensercondensing rateConnection Sizeconnection typeconnectorconnector styleConnector with Integral StrainerConserve Energyconstant low pressure steamConstant PressureCONSTANT PRESSURE DROPconstant steam pressureConsult Armstrong or your local Representative Consult Factorycontaminantscontinuous air venting at steam temperature continuous automatic air and CO2 venting Continuous Discharge Capacities in kgs control chambercontrol loopcontrol modulecontrol panelControl panel UL and CSA approvedcontrol signalcontrol systemcontrol valveControlled Disc TrapCool Fog systemcore valuesCorn Refiners Associationcorrosion resistantcorrosivecost-effective solutioncross-contaminatedcross-linked by a stainless steel bridge pieceCuring PressCuring Press Condensate RemovalCustomer E-BlastsCustomer LocationCv valuecycling wear and tearcylindricalDC Series Automatic Differential Condensate Controllers DCSdeaerationdeareatorde-ionized waterdeliver precise mixed water temperature demineralizedDescriptionDesign and materials are subject to changedesign conditionDESIGN CONDITIONSDesign Pressuredesign specificationdetecting transmitterdew pointdial screwdiaphragm actuatordifferential condensate controllerDifferential Pressuredifferential purging actionDifferntial PressureDigital Control SystemDigital Cycle CounterDigital Mixing CenterDigital Mixing ValveDigital Recirculating Valvedigital recirculation valveDigital Water Temperature Control SolutionsDignitydimensional informationDimensions and WeightDirect Actingdirect acting valveDirect Area DischargeDirect Steam Injection Humidifierdirect-actingDIRECT-ACTING VALVEdirtdirt are held in suspension until dischargeddirt can collect on the orificeDirt PocketDisc SpringsDisc TrapDischarge OrificeDischarge Pressuredischarge valvedispersion tubedissolveDistributed Control SystemDistribution Manifolddistribution systemdistributordiverse flow ratesDomestic Manufactureddoor heaterdouble actingDouble offset butterfly valveDouble-Duty Seriesdownstreamdown-streamdownstream solenoid valve relayDrain Connectiondrain cycledrain linedrain liquiddrain pandrain separatorDrain Trapdrain valvedrainagedrainerdraw off pointsdraw-off requirementdripdrip legdropletsdry airDryerdryer coilsdrying chamberdual gravitydual gravityDual gravity drain trapdual scale top mount Thermometer and Inlet Dual thermostatic elementsdual thermostatsDuct Air TemperatureDuct Heightduct systemductile irondurabledurableduring no-demand periodsDYNAMIC UNBALANCEDZR brass constructionEconomical non-electric operationEducationefficient operationelectric condensate pumpelectric controlelectric humidifierElectric ModulatingElectric motorElectric Steam Humidifierelectricity consumptionElectricity Distributionelectro pneumatic positionerelectrocutionelectrodeElectronic control boxElectronic Mixing Centerelectronic temperature controllerElement Assyelevateelevatedeliminate the requirement for a fitted aquastatEmergency Fixtureemergency fixtureenameled steel frame terminating in five standard union connections enclosureEnd CapEnd connectionend coverend of lifeend-userenergy conservationenergy conservation measureEnergy Conservation Measure (ECM)energy consumptionEnergy ConsumptionEnergy costenergy efficiencyEnergy Efficiencyenergy lossenergy managerEnergy Optimization SystemEnergy SavingsEnergy SeminarEnergy Servicesenergy-efficiency methodologyEnjoyable experienceEnjoyable ExperiencesenthalpyEnvironmentEPCEPC (engineering, procurement, construction) EQUAL PERCENTAGEEquipment Being Drainedequipped with removable temperature adjustment key Error RelayEstimated Investment and Paybackethicsevaporative coolingevaporatorevaporator or condenser of an air conditioner Everlasting Valve, Inc.exhaust headExpect many enjoyable experiences!Exposed areaExpressPackexternal check valvesexternal corrosionExternal PilotExternal StrainerExternally removableF condensatefabricateFabricated StrainersFace to FaceFace-to-FaceFactory settingsFail Closefailure safeFairnessFaith in God, Family, Job (in this order)Fan LocationFan PackageFearlessfeature codefeatures a unique integral thermostatic return limiter feed back/modulating steam control valvefeed headFeed WaterFeed-Forwardfeet of ―safety yellow‖ washdownfield-adjustable maximum limitFigure CGFigure LDfill headFill ValveFin CoilFin Materialfin pitchfin typeFinned pipe tank heatersfitted aquastatFive PillarFixed Pivotfixtureflangeflangeflanged and socketweld connectionsFlanged ConnectionsFlanged lbflanges available in Class 600 and 900flash steamflash tankFloat & Thermostatic Steam Trapsfloat and thermostatic steam trapFloat and Thermostatic TrapFloat Drain Trapfloat steam trap valvefloat type drain trapFloat weightFloat-Fixed Pivotflooded pitsFlo-Rite-Temp® instantaneous steamFlo-Rite-Temp® instantaneous water heaterFlo-Rite-Temp® Pre-Pipedflow applicationsflow capacityflow characteristic curvesflow coefficient CvFlow Controlflow directionflow indicatorflow rateflow timeFlue GasFlue Gas TemperatureFlue Stack TemperatureFluid Catalytic CrackingFluid Controls InstituteFLUID DATAFLUID NAMEFMC RadaFMC-BTfog chamberFog SystemFogger Headfogger manifold barFood ProcessorsfootprintForced Draft (FD)Forged Chrome-moly Steelforged steelFree FloatFree Floating Guided Lever Drain Trap Free Floating Guided Lever Drain Trap free floating lever Air Ventfree-floating stainless steel mechanism freeze protectionfreeze-protection drainfresh steam lossfriction lossfurnishedfuzzy adaptive tuning (FAT)G.P.Mgalvanic corrosiongalvanized steelGas Ventgas-fired humidifiersgasketGatewaygaugegaugegauge glassgauge glassgauge pressureGeneral Services Administration gland packingGlobe ValveGradualgrains of moistureGranbygravity draingreen buildingGreen TeamgrooveGroups of Fixturesguide bushguidelinesHAFThand hinged doorhand leverhandbookHandwheelHard WorkingHardened chrome steel17 hardened stainless steel hazardheaderheat exchangeHeat Exchangerheat lossheat of vaporizationHeat Recoveryheat transferheat transfer equipmentheat valueheaterHeating and Cooling Coils Heating ChamberHeating Coilheating elementheating mediumheating systemheavy dutyheavy duty industrial chrome heavy gaugeheavy oilHeavy-duty springshelp deskhemispherical valveHexhigh back pressureHigh Capacityhigh fireHigh Heat ValueHigh Limit HumidistatHigh Pressurehigh pressure dropHigh temperature safety shut-offhigh washdown temperatureshigh-limit controllerHLARHLAR AVHLAR Maximum Operating Pressures HLS LDHonestyhorizontal flash tanksHorizontal Installationhosehose lengthshose rackhose reelHose StationHose Station Less Hosehot and cold portshot water applicationsHot Water SolutionsHot Water System Solutionshot water temperature control units how to trap jacketed kettlesHPI/CPIHumidiCleanhumidificationHumidification Loadhumidification systemHumidifierhumidifier controlhumidifier locationHumidifier ManifoldHumidity Controlhumidity levelHydro TestHydrocarbonhydronichygroscopic materialhysteresisIB (Trap)IBLVICI ChemicalsIdentifying an occurrence/liftimpellerIMPORTANT NOTEimprove utility performancein the event of a diaphragm failureInconel XIndividual Bathindividual thermostat failureindustrial nickel platingindustrial process critical heat transferIndustry-Specific E-blastsIndustry-Specific Sales LiteratureINHERENT DIAPHRAGM PRESSURE:inlet and outlet connectionsinlet combination ball valve strainersInlet ConnectionInlet PipeInlet Pressureinlet sizeinlet strainerinlet supply temperatureInlet Swing Check Valveinlet union connectionsinlet vane after the fanIn-Linein-lineIn-line Check ValvesIn-line Connectionin-line repairableInstallation and Maintenanceinstalled as the primary temperature controller within a pumped recirculation InstitutionalInstitutional Hot Waterinstitutional low-pressure steam heatinginstruction manualinsulateinsulation jacketIntegral check valveintegral combination inlet check valveIntegral inlet check valves and strainersintegral inlet spring loaded check valvesintegral inlet supply risersintegral mounting flangeIntegral slight flow indicatorintegral strainerintegral strainer connectorIntegral thermometerintegral thermostatic return limiter Integral vacuum breakerintegrated circuit board technology intelligent system solutions interchangingintercoolerintermittentinternal operating componentsInternal pilotInternational Electrotechnical Commission Internet Service ProviderIntrinsically safe digital cycle counters Inverted BucketInverted Bucket Drain Trapinverted bucket large ventInverted Bucket Steam Trapinverted bucket trapIonic Bed TechnologyIonic Bed TechnologyIsolation valvejacketed kettlejobberKey Performance Indicatorskeyed cylinder lockkilojouleKindnessknow-howKnowledge not shared is energy wasted Kyoto ProtocolL finlabor costlag timeslatent heatlavatoryleakageleaking sealsLeaking valves on critical process Legionella risk reductionLevel Controlleverlever mechanismsLeverage Systemlidlifted from the drain pointlight liquidlight loadlightweightLi-ionlimit switchlinear distancelinkageLiquid CoilLiquid Drainerliquid levelLiquid LoadList of MaterialsLIST OF MATERIALSLiteratureLiterature Order Formlive male swivellive steamlive steam lossLoad AirLocal Area Networklock nutlockshield for single temperaturelower energy consumptionLow-maintenance operationLow-profile bodyLoyalistLoyaltylubricationmagnitude of dischargemain housingMain ValveMaintain a consistent systemMaintains mixed water temperaturesmaintains recirculating water temperatures within the circuit maintenanceMaintenance Costmaintenance costsMake Up WaterMake-up Watermanagement programmanifoldmanifold barmanifold lengthManifold Lengths and Duct WidthsManifold Modelmanual throttling devicematerials and weightMaterials of ConstructionMax Allowable PressureMax Allowable TemperatureMax. Operating TemperatureMaximum Allowable PressureMaximum allowable pressuremaximum capacitymaximum efficiency while maintaining minimum motor horsepower Maximum flash loadmaximum inlet pressureMaximum Operating ConditionsMaximum Operating Pressuremaximum pressure dropmaximum protection against freezing and water hammermaximum temperature limiting and single temperature locking feature maximum working pressureMeasured Blend TemperatureMechanical Designmechanical failuremechanical roommechanism assemblyMetering ValveMini Pump Trapminimal fill headminimize stressMixed Airmixed return and return to heat source check valvesmixed return flow indicatormixed return inlet with thermostatic return limitermixed return sight flow indicatormixed water outlet and mixed return inlet with thermostatic return mixing STEAM and WATER for washdownMixing Unitsmixing valveMODEL NUMBER INDEXmodulated controlmodulated outputmodulating steam control valvemodulating steam pressuremoisture contentmotive pressureMotive Steam PressureMotor circuit protectormotor powermount Thermometer and Inlet Check Valvesmount Thermometer and Stainless Steel inlet Checkmounting bracketmoving partsmultiple effectMultiple orientationsmulti-tube steam dispersion panelName of PartNAME OF PARTname plateNational Sanitation Foundationnational sanitation foundation (NSF)Natural Gas PipelinenegligenceNEMAnet positive suction headnew construction and retrofit installationnickel platenitrous oxideNoiseless HeaternominalNon modulating constant steam pressurenon-asbestosnon-condensable gasesNon-Electric Steamnon-helical straight internal tube bundleNon-intrusiveNon-intrusive to the valve, pipe or system; no shutdown required to install. Non-Recirculating Hot Water SystemNon-recirculating hot water systemsNon-Shocknon-wetting distancenozzleNPS Sch.NPSH issuesNPT inlets and outletnutOD TubesOEMoffset from centre of seatoffset from centre of valveolder style dual-globe valve mixing ―YOpen Systemopen the valve against systemopening angleoperating conditionOperating Costoperating historyOperating PressureOperating PrincipleOperation & Maintenanceoperation and maintenanceoperation costoperation of pumpingOperational SpecificationsOperational water pressureoperator programmableoperator typeOperators and Maintenance personnel Optional double-wall platesOptional External Network Adapterorificeorifice sizeOrifice Steam Pressureoriginal flow setting in hot failure modeO-Ringoutdoor airOutdoor EnclosureOutdoor Temperatureoutdoors low ambient temperature trapping outlet ball valveOutlet Connectionoutlet dial thermometeroutlet pressureoutlet stop valve and thermometeroutlet temperatureoutlet temperatureoutlet thermometer and inlet supplyoutlet trapsOutline StrategyOutside Airpackaged solutionPacking sealedPainting Strategypasteurization temperaturepasteurizerPatentPeace of mindperforatedPerformance ContractPetrochempetroleumpharmaceutical manufacturingPhysical Datapiano-hinged door with a keyed cylinder lock pilot valvePipe ConnPipe Connectionspipe sizePiping and Insulationpiping configurationsPiping welded by Section IX welders Piping—Schedule 40, Schedule 80pistonpiston actuatorPiston ValvePlate and frame heat exchangerPlate heat exchangerplate-fin heat exchangerplug & stem assemblyplumbing codes or safety requirements pneumaticpneumatic angel valvepneumatic controlpneumatic control valvePneumatic Modulatingpneumatic operatorpneumatic valve positionersPoint of Usepolymer constructionpolysulfoneportable water supplyPORT-GUIDEDposition feed back transmitterspositionerPower Managementpower supplyPre-Assembledprecise controlpreheatpreheat coilPre-Pipedpre-piped packagespre-piped single temperaturePre-Piped Tempered Waterpre-set outlet temperaturePressure and Temperature Controlpressure differentialPressure DripPressure DropPressure Gaugepressure ratingPressure Reducing Valves PTCpressure temperature ratingpressure waterpressure-testedprevent over-temperature selectionPreventive Set in Order proceduresPrice SheetPrimary Humidificationprimary humidifierProbe Connectionproduct and serviceProduct DescriptionProduct Literatureprogrammable logic controller (PLC)Programmable rangeProgrammable set point rangeproper trapprovide the most efficient and cost-effective solution to your condensate recovery requirements. PRV stationPSIG steampsychrometricpulling the valve off the seatPump Cappump capacityPump Combination PackagesPump CREPump DischargePump TrapPump Trap CapacitiesPump Trap MaterialsPump Trap PackagesPump Trap Physical Datapumped recirculation systemPure FogpurgePurgerPUSH-DOWN-TO-CLOSEPUSH-DOWN-TO-OPENRadaRada Thermostatic Mixing ValveradiatorRadiator TrapRadiator Valveradio frequencyrangeabilityratingratingsrecess flangere-circulated hot water systems Recirculating Hot Waterre-circulating hot water system Recirculating Single Temperature Systems Recirculation Systems Recommendation Chartrecovered flash steamRecovered Liquidreduce cycling wear and tearreduce energyreduce environmental emissionsreduce heat transferredundancyredundantRe-engineeredrefineryrefinery processes.refrigerantregistered trademarkregulatorrelative humidityRelay outputRelief Valve ChallengesRemarksRemote SensorRemovable Insulation Jacketremovable keyremoveremoving the mechanism assemblyrepreplaceable seatsReplacement Coilreplacing gland packingrepresentativeRequired Design PressureRequired Design TRequired Operation PressureRequired Operation Trequired valve fittings and isolation valves reservoirReservoir for Curing Pressresist high back pressureResistance to Hydraulic Shockresistant to water hammerresonatorRespectretrofitreturn airreturn bendreturn check valvereturn headerreturn limiterreturn linereturn on investmentreturn systemreverse acting positionerreverse osmosisReverse Osmosis (RO) plantreverse osmosis waterReverse-ActingREVERSE-ACTING VALVEreversed anglerisky consequencesrivetruggedRugged construction materialrunoutSafetysafety drainsafety factorSaintsame size and specificationSample Specificationssanitarysanitary usesaturated steamsaturated steamsaturated steam temperaturesaturated temperaturescale top mount Thermometerscreen materialsScreen RetainerScrewed NPT and BSPTScrewed or SWscrewed, socketweld or flangedScrivenscrub wireseamlessSeamless Steelseat centre lineseat leakageseat leakage testSeat Nutseat retainerSEAT RINGsectionalSee-Thruself-containedself-operated pressure reducing valves sell trap management services semiconductorSensible heatseparatorseparator chamberserial connection data portSeries CapacitySeries Inverted Bucket Steam Trap Series Low Profile Pump TrapSeries SS TrapSeries Stainless Steel Trap Valve Station Series TrapService flush cycleService flush waiting periodService LifeSet and lock to a single temperatureSet PointSetpoint SelectionSharing Knowledge. Saving Energy. shell and tube heat exchangershine assignmentsShipping Weightshut off pressureshut-offside connectionsignboardSimplestsimplexsingle actingsingle effect。
水墨画展览英语作文英汉译
水墨画展览英语作文英汉译Water Ink Painting ExhibitionThe ancient art of water ink painting has captivated audiences for centuries, with its elegant strokes and ethereal depictions of nature's beauty. Recently, a prestigious gallery in the heart of the city has opened its doors to showcase the work of several renowned water ink artists, offering visitors a rare opportunity to immerse themselves in the timeless elegance of this revered medium.As I step through the gallery's grand entrance, I am immediately struck by the serene ambiance that pervades the space. The soft lighting and minimalist decor create an atmosphere of contemplation, allowing the artwork to take center stage. The walls are adorned with a stunning array of paintings, each one a masterful display of the artist's deft touch and profound understanding of the natural world.One painting in particular catches my eye a sweeping landscape that seems to unfold before me. The artist has masterfully captured the play of light and shadow on a distant mountain range, the peaks shrouded in a delicate mist that lends an air of mystery to the scene.The brushstrokes are bold yet graceful, conveying a sense of movement and energy that belies the static nature of the medium.As I move closer, I am struck by the level of detail and nuance in the painting. The artist has meticulously rendered the texture of the rocks, the gentle curves of the foliage, and the rippling surface of a meandering stream. Each element is imbued with a sense of life and vitality, as if the landscape itself is breathing before my eyes.What truly sets this water ink painting apart, however, is the way in which the artist has captured the essence of the natural world. Rather than simply depicting the physical features of the landscape, the painting seems to evoke a deeper emotional resonance, a sense of tranquility and contemplation that transports the viewer to a realm of serene beauty.This is a recurring theme throughout the exhibition, as each artist showcases their unique interpretation of the natural world. Some paintings focus on the delicate beauty of a single flower, its petals rendered with such precision that they appear to be on the verge of opening. Others depict the sweeping grandeur of a mountain range, the peaks and valleys rendered in bold strokes that convey a sense of power and majesty.What unites these diverse works, however, is the artists' mastery ofthe water ink medium. Each brushstroke is a testament to their skill and their deep understanding of the medium's unique properties. The way the ink interacts with the paper, the way the colors blend and bleed, all contribute to the final work of art, creating a sense of depth and complexity that is truly captivating.As I wander through the gallery, I am struck by the sheer diversity of the artwork on display. From the delicate and ethereal to the bold and dramatic, the water ink paintings in this exhibition offer a glimpse into the rich and varied traditions of this ancient art form. And yet, despite their differences, each work shares a common thread a reverence for the natural world and a desire to capture its beauty and essence in the most evocative and compelling way possible.For those who have never experienced the beauty of water ink painting, this exhibition is a true revelation. It is a testament to the enduring power of this art form, and a reminder of the profound connection between humanity and the natural world that has inspired artists for centuries. Whether you are a seasoned collector or a casual observer, this exhibition is sure to leave a lasting impression, inviting you to pause, reflect, and immerse yourself in the timeless elegance of water ink painting.。
超实用高考英语专题复习：绘画建筑等领域的代表性作品和人物
5．broken adj.
①破碎的，折断的
②不完整的，不流利的
③蹩脚的
距离高考还有一段时间，不少有经验的老师都会提醒考生，愈 是临近高考，能否咬紧牙关、学会自我调节，态度是否主动积极， 安排是否科学合理，能不能保持良好的心态、以饱满的情绪迎接挑 战，其效果往往大不一样。以下是本人从事10多年教学经验总结出 的超实用新高考英语专题复习讲义希望可以帮助大家提高答题的正 确率，希望对你有所帮助，有志者事竟成！养成良好的答题习惯， 是决定高考英语成败的决定性因素之一。做题前，要认真阅读题目 要求、题干和选项，并对答案内容作出合理预测;答题时，切忌跟着 感觉走，最好按照题目序号来做，不会的或存在疑问的，要做好标 记，要善于发现，找到题目的题眼所在，规范答题，书写工整;答题 完毕时，要认真检查，查漏补缺，纠正错误。总之，在最后的复习 阶段，学生们不要加大练习量。在这个时候，学生要尽快找到适合 自己的答题方式，最重要的是以平常心去面对考试。英语最后的复 习要树立信心，考试的时候遇到难题要想“别人也难”，遇到容易 的则要想“细心审题”。越到最后，考生越要回归基础，单词最好 再梳理一遍，这样有利于提高阅读理解的效率。另附高考复习方法 和考前30天冲刺复习方法。
familiar with everyone in the town. 3．Cheer up! All of us believe that you can make your dream
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Photography Show is environmental protection. 3．Some countries in Europe obtain a large amount of money
开展水墨画展览会英语作文
开展水墨画展览会英语作文Chinese ink painting is a centuries-old art form that has captivated audiences around the world. Rooted in the rich cultural traditions of China, this unique style of painting utilizes the simple yet expressive medium of black ink and water to create breathtaking landscapes, portraits, and abstract compositions. As the appreciation for this art form continues to grow globally, there is an increasing demand to showcase the work of talented Chinese ink painters through dedicated exhibitions.Organizing a successful Chinese ink painting exhibition requires meticulous planning and attention to detail. The first and most crucial step is to assemble a dedicated team of organizers who possess a deep understanding and appreciation for the art form. This team should include individuals with expertise in areas such as curation, event management, marketing, and logistics.One of the primary responsibilities of the organizing team is to carefully curate the selection of artwork to be featured in the exhibition. This process involves reaching out to renowned Chineseink painters, both established and emerging, and inviting them to submit their finest works for consideration. The team must then meticulously review each submission, evaluating the technical mastery, artistic expression, and cultural significance of the pieces.In addition to the artwork, the organizing team must also consider the physical space where the exhibition will be held. The venue should be carefully selected to provide an appropriate and visually stunning backdrop for the ink paintings. This may involve securing a gallery or museum space that is well-lit, spacious, and equipped with the necessary infrastructure to display the artwork effectively.Once the venue and artwork have been secured, the organizing team must turn their attention to the logistical aspects of the exhibition. This includes coordinating the transportation and installation of the artwork, ensuring the proper handling and preservation of the delicate pieces, and creating a detailed schedule of events and activities that will take place during the exhibition.One of the key elements of a successful Chinese ink painting exhibition is the educational and cultural programming that accompanies it. This may include artist talks, demonstrations, and workshops that allow visitors to learn more about the history, techniques, and cultural significance of this art form. By providing these educational opportunities, the organizing team can help todeepen the audience's appreciation and understanding of Chinese ink painting.In addition to the educational programming, the organizing team must also develop a comprehensive marketing and outreach strategy to promote the exhibition to a wide audience. This may involve creating a strong visual identity for the event, utilizing social media and digital platforms to reach a global audience, and partnering with local and international media outlets to generate media coverage.Another crucial aspect of organizing a Chinese ink painting exhibition is the development of a robust catalogue or publication that accompanies the event. This publication should include detailed information about the featured artists, their artistic processes, and the cultural and historical context of the artwork. By providing this valuable resource to visitors, the organizing team can further enhance the educational and cultural experience of the exhibition.Throughout the planning and execution of the Chinese ink painting exhibition, the organizing team must also be prepared to address any unexpected challenges or obstacles that may arise. This may involve navigating logistical issues, addressing the needs and concerns of the participating artists, or responding to changing audience preferences and expectations.Despite the numerous challenges involved in organizing a Chinese ink painting exhibition, the rewards can be immense. By showcasing the work of talented Chinese ink painters to a global audience, the organizing team can help to foster a deeper appreciation and understanding of this rich cultural tradition. Moreover, the exhibition can serve as a platform for cultural exchange and dialogue, inspiring visitors to explore the beauty and complexity of Chinese ink painting.In conclusion, organizing a successful Chinese ink painting exhibition requires a multifaceted approach that encompasses careful curation, meticulous planning, and a deep appreciation for the art form. By assembling a dedicated team of organizers, securing an appropriate venue, developing a comprehensive educational and cultural program, and implementing a robust marketing strategy, the organizing team can create a truly exceptional and memorable experience for visitors. Through the power of this timeless art form, the Chinese ink painting exhibition can serve as a bridge between cultures, inspiring awe, wonder, and a deeper understanding of the rich artistic heritage of China.。
水墨画英语作文
水墨画英语作文Water Ink Painting。
Water ink painting, also known as Chinese ink painting, is a traditional art form that has a rich history and cultural significance. Originating in ancient China, this artistic style has evolved over thousands of years, encompassing various techniques and themes. In this essay, we will explore the essence of water ink painting, its techniques, cultural significance, and its enduring appeal.First and foremost, water ink painting is characterized by its use of simple materials: ink, water, and paper. Artists typically use brushes made of animal hair to apply ink onto absorbent rice paper or silk. The techniques employed in water ink painting are diverse, ranging from delicate brushwork to bold, expressive strokes. Artists often manipulate the amount of water and ink to achieve different effects, creating a sense of depth, movement, and emotion in their artwork.One of the key features of water ink painting is its emphasis on spontaneity and expression. Unlike Western painting traditions that prioritize realism and detailed representation, water ink painting values the artist's inner spirit and creative intuition. Through fluid brushwork and minimalistic compositions, artists strive to capture the essence of their subjects rather than their outward appearance. This focus on capturing the mood, energy, and essence of a scene or object is what distinguishes water ink painting as a unique art form.Moreover, water ink painting is deeply rooted in Chinese philosophy and aesthetics. It is influenced by concepts such as harmony, balance, and the interconnectedness of nature. Traditional subjects in water ink painting often include landscapes, flowers, birds, and animals, reflecting the Taoist and Confucian ideals of reverence for nature and simplicity. Through their artwork, artists seek to evoke a sense of tranquility, serenity, and spiritual resonance, inviting viewers to contemplate the beauty and impermanence of the world around them.The enduring appeal of water ink painting lies in its ability to transcend cultural and temporal boundaries. While deeply rooted in Chinese culture and history, its expressive and meditative qualities resonate with people of all backgrounds. In today's fast-paced and technologically-driven world, water ink painting offers a retreat into a realm of quiet contemplation and aesthetic appreciation.Its timeless beauty and universal themes continue toinspire artists and viewers alike, fostering a sense of connection and cultural exchange across borders.In conclusion, water ink painting is a profound and enduring art form that embodies the essence of Chinese culture and aesthetics. Through its simple yet expressive techniques, it captures the beauty and essence of the natural world, inviting viewers to contemplate the deeper meanings of life. Its timeless appeal lies in its ability to evoke a sense of harmony, balance, and tranquility, transcending cultural boundaries and speaking to the universal human experience. As we continue to explore andappreciate the rich heritage of water ink painting, we gain a deeper understanding of ourselves and the world around us.。
函关雪霁图英语作文
Growing up in a small town nestled in the heart of a mountainous region, I was always captivated by the beauty of nature that surrounded me. The town was a place where the seasons changed with a certain grace, and each brought its own unique charm. However, it was the winter that held a special place in my heart, and the sight of the snowcovered mountains after a fresh snowfall was nothing short of magical. This is the story of how a particular winter scene, one that could have been captured in a painting titled The Snowy Pass After the Snowstorm, left an indelible mark on my memory.It was a cold winter morning, and I had woken up to the sound of the wind howling outside my window. The sky was a canvas of dark gray clouds, promising a day of solitude and silence. As I peered through the frostcovered windowpane, I was greeted by a sight that took my breath away. The town, usually bustling with activity, was now shrouded in a blanket of pristine white snow. It was as if time had stopped, and the world had been transformed into a serene and tranquil landscape.The mountains that loomed over our town had donned their winter attire, their peaks dusted with fresh snow that sparkled under the morning sun. The trees, laden with snow, stood like sentinels guarding the pass that led to the heart of the mountains. The branches, bending under the weight of the snow, created a canopy that cast a soft, ethereal glow on the ground below. It was a scene that could have been lifted straight from a classical Chinese painting, with its emphasis on the harmony between nature and the human spirit.As I ventured out into the cold, the air was crisp and clean, carrying the scent of pine and the faint sound of the river flowing nearby. The snow crunched under my boots, a rhythmic reminder of the solitude that winter brings. The pass, usually a bustling route for travelers and traders, was now a quiet path, its secrets hidden beneath the snow.The snowcovered mountains stood tall and proud, their grandeur amplified by the blanket of snow. The peaks, sharp and distinct, pierced the sky, a testament to the power and majesty of nature. The slopes, once green and lush, were now a canvas of white, dotted with the occasional rock or tree that defied the uniformity of the landscape.As I made my way through the pass, I couldnt help but feel a sense of awe and reverence. The snow had transformed the familiar landscape into something new and enchanting. The silence was deafening, broken only by the occasional call of a bird or the rustle of the wind through the trees. It was a moment of pure tranquility, a reminder of the beauty and power of nature.The experience of walking through the snowy pass that day was one that I will never forget. It was a moment of connection with the natural world, a reminder of the beauty that can be found in the simplest of scenes. The sight of the mountains, the sound of the wind, the smell of the pine all these elements came together to create a memory that is as vivid and real as the day it happened.In the years that have passed since that winter morning, I haveencountered many beautiful landscapes and breathtaking views. However, none have quite captured the essence of that day as perfectly as the image of the snowy pass after the snowstorm. It was a moment of pure serenity, a testament to the beauty and majesty of nature, and a reminder of the power of a single, unforgettable scene to leave a lasting impression on the human spirit.。
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3.1 Annealing conditions Since the commercial sheets undergo large deformation during rolling, the fracture occurs even for a low drawing ratio of D=1.32 as shown in Figure 1(a). The magnesium alloy sheet is deeply drawn by annealing the sheet for 500 ºC in temperature and 1 h in holding time as shown in Figure 1 (b). The magnesium alloy blanks were annealed by wrapping the blanks in aluminium foil because of the protection against oxidation.
ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ
2 COLD DEEP DRAWING PROCEDURE Cold deep drawing of commercial AZ31 magnesium alloy sheets having 0.5 mm in thickness was performed. The formability of the magnesium sheets at room temperature was improved. In the deep drawing, the die set was installed in a 250 kN screw driven type universal testing instrument. The blank holder force was set at 1 kN by adjusting clamps consisting of a bolt and disk spring. The diameter of the die was 20 mm, the radius of the punch corner was r=2 and 5 mm and the clearance between the die and punch was set at c=0.5, 0.6 and 0.7 mm by changing the diameter of the punch. The lubricants were an oil-based lubricant for deep drawing of aluminium sheets, molybdenum disulfide, Teflon sheets and Teflon spray, and both sides of the sheet except for the interface with the punch were lubricated. 3 COLD DEEP DRAWING OF COMMERCIAL MAGNESIUM ALLOY SHEETS
1 INTRODUCTION The application of magnesium alloy to electrical and automobile products tends to increase because of high specific strength. Although magnesium alloy products are mainly produced by die casting and thixomoulding, stamping processes are attractive due to high productivity, small wall thickness, high strength, etc. [1,2]. The magnesium alloy has low ductility at room temperature due to small number of slip systems, whereas the ductility is largely heightened by heating between 200 and 300 ºC [3-5]. Warm and hot stamping is common for the magnesium alloy sheet. In the warm and hot stamping, the formability is improved by local heating of the flange portion by means of a die and blank holder with a built-in heater due to the decrease in flow stress and increase in ductility in the flange portion [6]. Cold forming of magnesium alloy sheets is limited to small deformation processes such as bending, and large deformation processes such as deep drawing and bulging are generally difficult. Although the warm deep drawing has high formability, the apparatus becomes complex due to the build-in of heaters, and thus it is desirable in the stamping industry to develop a cold deep drawing process without heaters. It was reported that the limiting drawing ratio for the cold deep drawing of commercial magnesium alloy sheets is considerably low, 1.2-1.4 [7]. On the other hand, Yamashita et al. [8] have carried out cold deep drawing of magnesium alloy sheets with a rubber ring, and the sandwiching of the magnesium sheet between two aluminium sheets is not practical. Although the temperature in the warm forming is decreased by grain refinements of the sheets, room temperature is not attained yet. In the present study, a cold deep drawing process of commercial magnesium alloy sheets without heating was developed. The effects of the annealing temperature, lubrication and tool geometry on the drawability were examined from a deep drawing experiment. In addition, prevention of fracture occurrence and deep drawing of square cups were carried out. Annals of the CIRP Vol. 56/1/2007 -285-
(a) No annealing (b) Annealing Figure 1: Cold deep drawing of commercial AZ31 magnesium alloy sheets without and with annealing for D=1.32. doi:10.1016/j.cirp.2007.05.066
Abstract A cold deep drawing process for commercial AZ31 magnesium alloy sheets was developed. The commercial sheets were successfully formed into circular cups at room temperature by optimising the annealing temperature of the sheets, i.e. a limiting drawing ratio of 1.75 was attained for an annealing temperature of 500 ºC. The increases in elongation, n-value and r-value, and the decrease in flow stress effective in the improvement of drawability were obtained for the annealing. The apparatus for cold deep drawing without heating becomes much simpler than that for the conventional warm deep drawing. The effects of the lubricant, the clearance between the die and the punch and the corner radius of the punch on the drawability were examined. The limiting drawing ratio was increased by applying force onto the edge of a blank through the die corner. In addition, cold deep drawing of magnesium alloy square cups was performed. It was found that comparatively shallow magnesium alloy cups are satisfactorily formed at room temperature without heating. Keywords: Magnesium, Sheet, Cold Deep Drawing