关于“Mechanical properties”中文名的辨析-论文
mechanical properties
工 艺性 能 不属 于 “ 力 学 性 能 ” 是 周 知 的 共 识 ，而 实 际上ＭＰ 包括 工 艺性 能 ，如 弯 曲 、压扁 、 顶 锻 和 成 形 性 等 等 ，更 包 括 液 压 和 润 滑 性 能 。力 学 中的力 具 有三 要 素 ，而这 些 性能 （ 包 括伸 长 率） 试 验 绝 大 多数 始 终 都 与力 的大 小 无 关 。ＭＰ 中的顶 锻 等 试 验 ，可 由用 户 根 据 是 否 出现 裂 纹 、裂 纹 的性
一
３ ． “ 力 学性 能 ”用词 是否 正确 怀疑 “ 力 学性 能 ”是否 正确 的理 由如 下 ：
（ １ ） 并不存在 “ 力 学性 能 ” 。材料 具 有 物 理 和 化 学性 能 ，但 力 学 是 研 究 物 体 运 动 规 律 的 ， 力 学 有 原 理 、定 律 、判 据 和 行 为 ，也 可 以称 自 由落 体 具 有 力 学 的性 质 ，但 并 不 研 究物 体 本 身 的性 能 ，
例如并没有 “ 牛 顿 力 学 性 能 ” 。材 料 力学 研 究构 件 在 外 力 作 用 下 的变 形 、 破 坏 或 失 效 的规 律 。 既 是研究 “ 规 律 ” ，就无 “ 规律 ” 的性 能 ， 即并 不
ＭＰ 的定 义 就是 机械 性 能 １ ． ＭＰ 在广 义 上 的含 义 是机械 性 能
一
要 观 点摘 录 如 下 ：
对 于 金 属 材 料 的 重 要 术 语 ｍ ｅ ｃ ｈ ａ ｎ ｉ Ｃ ａ １ ｐ ｒ ｏ ｐ ｅ ｒ ｔ ｉ ｅ ｓ （ 以下 简 称 ＭＰ ） ，２ ０ 世纪８ Ｏ 年代 前 中 国 大 陆 称 为 “机 械 性 能 ” ， 以 后 改 称 为 “力 学 性 能 ” ， 并 成 了 固 定 的 术 语 。 笔 者 认 为 “力 学 性 能 ”的译 法 并不 合 适 ， 阐 明 了ＭＰ 正 确 的 定名 应是 国际 通 用 、 概 念 确 切 的 “ 机械 性 能 ” ， 并认 为 所 谓的 “ 力 学性 能 ”并 不存在 。
【机械类文献翻译】机械,源自于希腊语之Mechine及拉丁文Machina
英文原文Machinery, Machina Mechine derived from the Greek and Latin,Mechanical gear (figure 1) means "clever design", as a general mechanical concept, can be traced back to the Roman period, main is to distinguish and hand tools. Of modern Chinese language the word "Machine" is organization is (Mechanism) of the English and the floorboard of the Machine (the Machine). Mechanical characteristics are: machinery is a combination of physical components. To determine the relative motion of mechanical parts. So the Machine can convert mechanical energy or accomplish useful mechanical work, is the most basic concept in modern mechanical principle, the modern concept of Chinese machinery more derived from the word "Machine" of the Japanese, Japanese machinery should supplies to do the following definition (that is, in accordance with the following three characteristics is called mechanical Machine) :1, the machinery is a collection of objects, concentration to the various parts are also difficult to deformation.2, the object must implement the mutual movement, single, regulations.3, to exert energy into a useful form, or converted into mechanical work effectively. Mechanism and machine definition is derived from the mechanical engineering, belongs to the most basic concept of modern mechanical principles, mechanical more modern concepts derived from Chinese of the word "machine" in Japanese.All have certain sports machine and the floorboard of the system. Such as machine tools, tractors, etc.Mechanical engineering is related to the theoretical basis of natural science and technology, Mechanical gear (figure 2) combined with the accumulation of technical experience in the production practice, study and solve in the development, design, manufacture, installation, use and repair of all kinds of machinery an applied subject of theoretical and practical problems.Every development in the field of engineering requirements in mechanical engineering has adapted to the development, need mechanical engineering provides the necessary machinery. Some mechanical invention and improvement, and could lead to new engineering technology and the emergence and development of new industry. Large machinery manufacturing success, for example, led to the establishment of electric power system; The invention of the locomotive led to the rise of railway engineering and railway undertakings; The invention of the internal combustion engines, gas turbines, rocket engines, etc and progress, as well as the successful development of aircraft and spacecraft has led to the rise of aviation and aerospace business; The development of high voltage equipment lead to the success of many new synthetic chemical engineering and so on.Mechanical engineering is in all respects under the pressure of rising demand for development,at the same time from different disciplines and the advancement of the technology improved and innovative ability.Machinery is a simple device, it can transfer energy, force from one place to another place. Mechanical gear (FIG. 3) it can change the shape of the object structures to create new objects. In life, all around us there are thousands of different kinds of machinery in the work for us. Everyday understanding of mechanical is a mechanical device, which is all kinds of machines and equipment.From the point of view of mechanical professional: machinery has a very important basic position.Machinery is a modern society the five factors of production and service (that is, people, money, energy, materials and machinery).When Marx to industrial society, industrial society, especially in big industrial society, which is machine production machine age.Whether from life in contact with all kinds of physical devices, such as telephones, electric lights, television, refrigerator, elevator and so on contains the machine, or included in the general machinery, and from the point of production, all kinds of machine tools, automation equipment, aircraft, ships, god five, six, and so on, are short of machinery.So, machinery is one of the foundations of modern society. If someone say agriculture is the foundation, also understandable, but in modern society, mechanical serve as the basis for the rest of the industry and engineering, it is no exaggeration to think is the big pillar in society.Any modern industrial and engineering applications require machinery, is the People's Daily life, are increasingly used all kinds of machinery, such as cars, bicycles, watches and clocks, cameras, washing machine, refrigerator, air conditioner, vacuum cleaners, etc.The first "machine" is defined as the Roman architect vitruvius pollio (Vitruvii) in it Mechanical gear (figure 4) for building ten book mainly for carrying heavy things work machinery and tools: the difference between "mechanical (machane) and tools (organon) seem to have the following differences between. The machine is most artificial and very big power and effect, such as heavy ballista and grapes press. While the tool is a manipulation of the staff carefully processing, to achieve the purpose of such as were the shape of light range ballista or circular spiral device. Thus, tools and machinery are used in the indispensable thing." The ancient Greek for cylindrical gears. Alexandria, Mr Hiro (Heron of Alexandria) in the 1st century first discussed the basic elements of machinery, mechanical elements considered to be five classes: wheel and shaft, lever, pulley, wedge, spiral. Hiro's discourse reflects the classical mechanical characteristics. BC China has guidelines on the application of complex gear system, the incense burner in the application of the permanent "control level of the bogie and other parts of a cross. "Annotations", said: "the machine, the crossbow tooth; enclosed, the arrow around." Said wen jie zi "explanation of" machine "is" machine, the main mover ", refers to the crossbow.Mechanical in leipzig, Germany in 1724 and liao poulter (Leopold) is defined as "machines or tools is a kind of artificial device, use it to produce favorable movement; at the same time can't use other ways to save time and power, it can save". British mechanics, Willis (truly illis) in its "agency theory" (The Principle of Mechanism, 1841) give The definition of:Machinery gear speed reducer "any machine (machine) are made in a variety of different ways of connecting a set of artifacts that make it a component, the component will happen in a certain sport, these artifacts and the initial movement of the components of relative motion relationship depends on the nature of the connections between them." German machinery at le loro (F.R euleaux) in the theory of kinematics (Theoretische Kinematik, Grundzuge einer TheorieChina is the world's first national machinery development. Chinese mechanical engineering technology not only has a long history and splendid achievements in Chinese is not only the material culture and social economic development plays an important role in the world, and to promote the progress of civilization, technology has made great contribution to Chinese traditional machine. And in a long period ahead in the world. In modern times, especially from the early 18th century, due to the nineteen forties, due to the economic and social reasons, such as the China machinery industry, stagnation, in the 100 years is western bourgeois political revolution and industrial revolution, mechanical science and technology is developing rapidly, and far more than the level of China. So, China mechanical development level and the western gap widens, sharply to the 19th century middle behind western one hundred years.After the founding of new China, especially in the past 30 years, our country's mechanical science and technology development speed. To the mechanical product large-scale, precision, automation and discusses the trend of development. In some aspects has reached or exceeded the world advanced level. Generally speaking, currently China mechanical science and technology achievement is huge, developing fast, high level of unprecedented. In this period, China has no end of mechanical science and technology will develop to a higher level. As long as we can adopt the correct policy, with good technology development and innovation, our machinery industry and mechanical technology can revitalize, leading to the development trend of mechanical industry.Just small ramming machinery:In the 1960s, China mechanical very small tamp lack, many small venues ramming basically USES artificial ramming.Early 1960s, changsha construction machinery institute and Beijing architectural engineering institute, etc., the technical innovation achievements in mass on the basis of summing up Chinese characteristic invented the breaststroke ramming machine, 1962 exceeded national science and technology. The breaststroke ramming machine structure is simple, easy to use and maintenance in 1960s, soon became the dominant products to consolidate machinery. According to not complete count breaststroke tamp cumulative yield reached more than 50,000 machine, in the economic development of our country has played an important role. Since 1970's, the breaststroke ramming machine was gradually more advanced performance of vibration shock ram and vibrating plate ram, now replaced by laying machine has rarely breaststroke, basically be eliminated.In 1964, changsha construction machinery institute HB120 developed movable type, type of Shanghai began laying machine, engineering machine production mainly by tianjin municipal later, annual production engineering machinery dongting about 200. In the 1980s, movable type ramming machine product quality has increased greatly, have exported to southeast Asia and Africa. Since 1990s, internal-combustion type ramming machine production sales, and gradually decreased in only a few small private enterprise production.In 1977, changsha construction machinery factory buildings and developed in liuzhou HZR250 type and the HZR70 type vibrating plate ram, these two kinds of products in 1979 and 1982 passed by the ministry of construction of the organization. Then yiwu building construction machinery factory, siping, anyang vibrators factory, tianjin municipal engineering machinery dongting and other enterprises have started producing vibrating plate ram. In 1986, changsha construction machinery research and develop a larger HZR450 type of vibrating plate ram. Since 1990s, vibrating plate ram in our country has developed very quickly, varieties of products, specifications and increase production enterprises, foreign vibrating plate ram gradually to enter the Chinese market.In 1983, changsha construction machinery institute and the joint development of hubei vibration in the first HZR70 type vibration shock ramming, 1984, passed by the ministry of construction, organization construction technology progress in 1985 won prizes. Due to the vibration impact compaction result has good ramming, productivity, high volume and weight of small, lightweight flexible outstanding characteristics, deeply user etc, obtained a rapid promotion, and soon ZiJiang development to the factory, xinxiang municipal engineering machine tool plant and tianjin dozensof dongting production factory etc. Vibration shock ramming although than vibrating plate ram, but later development speed of development, production and use of extensive than vibrating plate ram, has become the largest in China in the ramming machinery products. Since 1990s, foreign vibrating plate ram gradually to enter the Chinese market.Vibration shock ramming and vibrating plate ram the successful development in our country, not only for our construction department provides advanced performance of mechanical, laying have achieved good economic benefit and social benefit, and make our ramming mechanical technology into a big step forward, shorten the gap with the advanced world level, promoting the development of compaction machine.The mechanical processing:According to the archaeological discovery, hot-working casting in Beijing pinggu, changping and so have proved that the 16th century BC shang dynasty (bronze objects. Ming yongle (1403-1424 years), Beijing produce world-renowned Ming yongle great 3-ton bell made (46.5 tons) and tower (63 tons of great 3-ton bell made of iron clock (25) and the furnace of melting, pit TaoFan model and method of casting. In the 1950s, Beijing based on clay sand castings in manual. In 1955, Beijing first machine tool plant began using leakage mould modelling, double-sided model and iron plate type plate and standard sand box modelling. In 1965, start using plastic model. In 1980, the institute and Beijing municipal electrical factory has successfully developed line frequency coreless bathroom plug stem bottom note type electric insulation casting. In 1982, hospital and Beijing the casting machine research cupola tuyere oxygen blowing technology. 1985-1988, Beijing institute of machine of floating end face seal ring by die successful test pressure casting process.In 1959, Beijing second metalforming machinery general factory changed (Beijing) built 2500 ton heavy-duty hydraulic press. In 1971, the factory produced 6,000 tons, which is then Beijing hydrtesting biggest metalforming equipment. 1968-1979, Beijing hoisting machine factory has 300 tons of using hydraulic press 2000 tons and create crane and large panel. In the 1980s, Beijing institute of electrical and developed a series of Beijing mould centre high-precision cutting die, the multistage close to or to import mould level, changed Beijing precision punching moulds dependence on imports.Before 1949, Beijing has heat treatment furnace, salt dissolved by thermocouples means furnace, quenching and tempering, parts of annealing, normalizing, quenching and tempering, carburizing and etc. In 1956, Beijing first began using high-frequency quenching machine tool plant. In 1961, the Beijing second machine tool plant began using gas nitriding quenching. In 1969, the followingenterprise by Beijing gage start light quenching. In 1978, the complete machine tool research institute of Beijing guide surface contact quenching process and equipment, quenching condition of quality inspection. In 1979, scientific research institute of China academy of railway and mechanical institute of high-power diesel engine cylinder collaboration of surface modification of laser. In 1979, Beijing institute of electrical carbon dioxide laser is developed, and the kilowatt in early 1980s respectively applied in cylinder and stamp printing equipments of laser treatment. Among them, tsinghua university, Beijing, Beijing institute of electrical YouPiaoChang jointly completed YouPiaoChang seven color machine DaKongQi laser surface strengthening research. From 1984 to 1990, Beijing institute of vacuum heat treatment research, gas carburizing microcomputer control technology (Beijing university of aeronautics &astronautics and cooperation), rare earth soft nitriding, powder metallurgy products surface strengthening, kerosene and methanol small drops of microcomputer control method of carburizing, solid boriding and carburizing process computer aided process planning and tracking control system, and the application of new technology heat in production. Welding and cutting in 1949, Beijing has geo-drilling, electric welding and cutting etc oxyacetylene flame manual operation. In 1963, Beijing metal structure and YiJiBu mechanical science research cooperation to develop tungsten argon arc welding, and realize the nitrogen plasma cutting stainless steel. In 1964, the use of dc argon arc welding and tungsten wire alloying technology solved by tilting electrolysis industry worse pure nickel welding. In 1966, Beijing metal structure factory developed by rotating sphere of the submerged arc welding automatic welding. In 1968, the plant began to liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) instead of acetylene cutting. In the early 1980s, tsinghua university invented new MIG welding arc arc technology in control, control a breakthrough. In the early 1980s, the Beijing urban construction design completed liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) mobile pneumatic rail welding technology research and application. In 1990, Beijing metal structure factory to adopt CNC precision cutting and with photo-electricity tracking and CNC pursuit of high input automatic programming technology plasma cutting.Visible, China mechanical development in modern development of its rapid.中文原文机械，源自于希腊语之Mechine及拉丁文Machina，机械齿轮（图1）原指“巧妙的设计”，作为一般性的机械概念，可以追溯到古罗马时期，主要是为了区别与手工工具。
材料性能 Ch1_Uniaxial Mechanical Properties讲解
Ductility/塑性
Ductility is a solid material's ability to deform under tensile stress before fracture
－材料在载荷作用下断开破坏前而能产生的塑性变形量的能力。
Ductility/塑性
1. Percent/specific elongation %EL /延伸率
We must therefore select a material that has high yield strength, or we must make the component large enough so that the applied force produces a stress that is below the yield strength.
物理意义：σs代表材料开始产生明显塑性变形的抗力,是材料设计和选材的主
要依据之一。
Yield strength is an important indictor for the most engineering design, which is influenced by many factors such as raw material quality, chemical composition
B: Ultimate Tensile Strength Pb 材料所能承受的最大载荷
4．Seg.IV(BK) ― nonuniform/localized plastic deformation, concentration of plastic deformation 局部集中塑性 变形
第一章 绪论
The most common properties considered are strength, ductility, hardness, impact resistance, and fracture toughness.
关于金属材料的论文
Second, the performance
For more rational use of metal materials, give full play to its function, must master all kinds of metal material made of zero, member in normal working circumstances should have the performance (performance) and in hot and cold processing process material should have the performance (process performance).
Material process performance refers to the material used to cold, hot working method ability.
一、分类：
金属材料通常分为黑色金属、有色金属和特种金属材料。
①黑色金属又称钢铁材料，包括含铁90％以上的工业纯铁，含碳 2％～4％的铸铁，含碳小于 2％的碳钢，以及各种用途的结构钢、不锈钢、耐热钢、高温合金、精密合金等。广义的黑色金属还包括铬、锰及其合金。
②有色金属是指除铁、铬、锰以外的所有金属及其合金，通常分为轻金属、重金属、贵金属、半金属、稀有金属和稀土金属等。有色合金的强度和硬度一般比纯金属高，并且电阻大、电阻温度系数小。
金属材料是指由金属元素或以金属元素为主构成的具有金属特性的材料的统称。包括纯金属、合金、金属间化合物和特种金属材料等。
人类文明的发展和社会的进步同金属材料关系十分密切。继石器时代之后出现的铜器时代、铁器时代，均以金属材料的应用为其时代的显著标志。现代，种类繁多的金属材料已成为人类社会发展的重要物质基础。我们对金属材料的认识应从以下几方面开始：
mechanical properties中文名演变过程及定义
mechanical properties中文名演变过程及定义作者：赵中平等来源：《中国科技术语》2015年第01期摘要：文章阐述了mechanical properties中译名由“机械性能”到“力学性能”的演变过程，认为mechanical properties译为“力学性能”并不合适，应译为“机械性能”。
指出了这种变更存在的问题，进一步说明了mechanical properties一词的定义。
关键词：术语，金属材料，机械性能，力学性能中图分类号：N04；H059；TH文献标识码：A文章编号：1673-8578（2015）01-0042-05Abstract： This article mainly elaborates the evolution process of the Chinese translation on “mechanical properties”. The author points out that “lixue xingnen” is not suitable for the Chinese tran slation of “mechanical properties”， and further illustrate that the definition on the term “mechanical properties”.Keywords： term，metal material，mechanical properties对于金属材料的重要的术语mechanical properties（以下简称MP），20世纪80年代前中国大陆称为“机械性能”，以后改称为“力学性能”，并成了固定的术语。
在资料[1]～[4]中，笔者认为“力学性能”的译法并不合适，阐明了MP正确的定名应是国际通用、概念确切的“机械性能”，并认为所谓的“力学性能”并不存在。
下面通过历史回顾和事实分析，叙述“机械性能”怎样被引导成“力学性能”，指出MP等同于“力学性能”的观点是由不恰当的翻译形成的误解，进一步阐明MP的定义就是“机械性能”。
毕业设计论文外文文献翻译机械设计制造及其自动化轴承的摩擦与润滑中英文对照
Friction , Lubrication of BearingIn many of the problem thus far , the student has been asked to disregard or neglect friction . A ctually , friction is present to some degree whenever two parts are in contact and move on each other. The term friction refers to the resistance of two or more parts to movement.Friction is harmful or valuable depending upon where it occurs. friction is necessary for fastening devices such as screws and rivets which depend upon friction to hold the fastener and the parts together. Belt drivers, brakes, and tires are additional applications where friction is necessary.The friction of moving parts in a machine is harmful because it reduces the mechanical advantage of the device. The heat produced by friction is lost energy because no work takes place. A lso , greater power is required to overcome the increased friction. Heat is destructive in that it causes expansion. Expansion may cause a bearing or sliding surface to fit tighter. If a great enough pressure builds up because made from low temperature materials may melt.There are three types of friction which must be overcome in moving parts: (1)starting, (2)sliding,and(3)rolling. Starting friction is the friction between two solids that tend to resist movement. When two parts are at a state of rest, the surface irregularities of both parts tend to interlock and form a wedging action. T o produce motion in these parts, the wedge-shaped peaks and valleys of the stationary surfaces must be made to slide out and over each other. The rougher the two surfaces, the greater is starting friction resulting from their movement .Since there is usually no fixed pattern between the peaks and valleys of two mating parts, the irregularities do not interlock once the parts are in motion but slide over each other. The friction of the two surfaces is known as sliding friction. A s shown in figure ,starting friction is always greater than sliding friction .Rolling friction occurs when roller devces are subjected to tremendous stress which cause the parts to change shape or deform. Under these conditions, the material in front of a roller tends to pile up and forces the object to roll slightly uphill. This changing of shape , known as deformation, causes a movement of molecules. As a result ,heat is produced from the added energy required to keep the parts turning and overcome friction.The friction caused by the wedging action of surface irregularities can be overcome partly by the precision machining of the surfaces. However, even these smooth surfaces may require the use of a substance between them to reduce the friction still more. This substance is usually a lubricant which provides a fine, thin oil film. The film keeps the surfaces apart and prevents the cohesive forces of the surfaces from coming in close contact and producing heat .Another way to reduce friction is to use different materials for the bearing surfaces and rotating parts. This explains why bronze bearings, soft alloy s, and copper and tin iolite bearings are used with both soft andhardened steel shaft. The iolite bearing is porous. Thus, when the bearing is dipped in oil, capillary action carries the oil through the spaces of the bearing. This type of bearing carries its own lubricant to the points where the pressures are the greatest.Moving parts are lubricated to reduce friction, wear, and heat. The most commonly used lubricants are oils, greases, and graphite compounds. Each lubricant serves a different purpose. The conditions under which two moving surfaces are to work determine the type of lubricant to be used and the system selected for distributing the lubricant.On slow moving parts with a minimum of pressure, an oil groove is usually sufficient to distribute the required quantity of lubricant to the surfaces moving on each other .A second common method of lubrication is the splash system in which parts moving in a reservoir of lubricant pick up sufficient oil which is then distributed to all moving parts during each cycle. This system is used in the crankcase of lawn-mower engines to lubricate the crankshaft, connecting rod ,and parts of the piston.A lubrication system commonly used in industrial plants is the pressure system. In this system, a pump on a machine carries the lubricant to all of the bearing surfaces at a constant rate and quantity.There are numerous other sy stems of lubrication and a considerable number of lubricants available for any given set of operating conditions. Modern industry pays greater attention to the use of the proper lubricants than at previous time because of the increased speeds, pressures, and operating demands placed on equipment and devices.Although one of the main purposes of lubrication is reduce friction, any substance-liquid , solid , or gaseous-capable of controlling friction and wear between sliding surfaces can be classed as a lubricant.V arieties of lubricationUnlubricated sliding. Metals that have been carefully treated to remove all foreign materials seize and weld to one another when slid together. In the absence of such a high degree of cleanliness, adsorbed gases, water vapor ,oxides, and contaminants reduce frictio9n and the tendency to seize but usually result in severe wear。
Mechanical properties of metal materials中文
This document includes Mechanical properties of metal materials, failure analysis and design criteria (strength theories). It is the fundamentals of mechanics of materials. Please refer to references for extensive reading.第三节金属材料的性能材料的性能有使用性能和工艺性能两类。
[使用性能]是保证工件的正常工作应具备的性能，主要包括力学性能、物理性能、化学性能等。
[工艺性能]是材料在被加工过程中适应各种冷热加工的性能，包括铸造性能、锻压性能、焊接性能、热处理性能、切削加工性能等。
本节主要讲述力学性能、物理和化学性能、工艺性能一、材料的力学性能载荷：零件和工具在使用过程中所受的力，按作用方式不同，可分为拉伸、压缩、弯曲、剪切、扭转等，又可分为静载荷和动载荷。
静载荷——力的大小不变或变化缓慢的载荷。
如静拉力、静压力等。
动载荷——力的大小和方向随时间而发生改变。
如冲击载荷、交变载荷、]循环载荷等。
应力：材料在任一时刻所受的力除以横截面积之商。
用“σ”表示。
变形：金属在外力的作用下尺寸和形状的变化，“弹性变形”和“塑性变形”弹性变形——去除外力后，物体能完全恢复原状的变形。
塑性变形——当外力取消后，物体的变形不能完全恢复，而产生的永久变形。
力学性能：是指在力的作用下所显示的与弹性和非弹性反应相关或涉及应力—应变关系的性能，通俗地讲是指材料抵抗外力引起的变形和破坏的能力。
强度（strength）：材料在力的作用下抵抗塑性变形和断裂的能力。
分为抗拉、抗压、抗弯、抗剪强度等塑性（plasticity）：塑性是金属在外力作用下能稳定地改变自己的形状和尺寸，而各质点间的联系不被破坏的性能硬度（hardness）：材料抵抗局部变形，特别是塑性变形、压痕或划痕的能力称为硬度韧性（toughness）：韧性是指金属在冲断前吸收变形能量的能力，即抵抗冲击破坏的能力······1、抗拉强度与塑性测量[拉伸试验]：GB/T228-1987（新标准，GB/T228-2002）。
polymer mechanical properties聚合物的机械性能
5.5 高聚物的物理-机械性能一、力学性能（mechanical properties）高聚物的力学性能指的是在外力作用下，高聚物应力与应变之间所呈现的关系，它包括弹性、塑性、强度、蠕变、松弛和硬度等。
当高聚物用作结构材料时，这些性能尤其显得十分重要。
高聚物力学性能的两大特点是具有高弹性和粘弹性。
所谓高弹性是区别于普弹性而言的。
一般金属的普弹形变只有千分之几，但高聚物的高弹形变可达30~1,000%。
由于高聚物同时具有粘性液体和弹性固体的特征，研究高聚物的力学性能时必须考虑应力、应变、作用时间或频率、温度等四个参数，而时-温是等效的，温度越高表示力的作用时间越长，反之亦然。
对于同一种高聚物，如果拉伸时的温度远低于玻璃化温度，就会出现脆性破坏，形变量约10%；如果略低于玻璃化温度，能出现韧性形变，有细颈和强迫高弹性发生；如果高于玻璃化温度，则出现橡胶状高弹形变；如果远高于玻璃化温度，就会出现流动。
高聚物的理论强度可从该高分子链的化学键强度和高分子链之间相互作用力来估算。
但是高聚物材料的实际强度比估算的理论强度要小得多（约为0.01~0.001）。
这是因为高聚物的强度还受其聚集态结构和缺陷等的影响。
缺陷能使应力高度集中而使材料中产生薄弱环节，在外力作用下断裂总是首先在该处发生。
缺陷对纤维强度的影响尤其明显，纤维直径越粗，出现缺陷的几率越大，缺陷造成应力集中和承受负荷面积减少，故抗拉强度越低。
除温度外，应变速率也有很大影响，应变速率大时为脆性断裂，应变速率小时为韧性断裂。
脆性断裂强度随分子量的降低而降低。
而高分子的刚性侧基会使其屈服应力和脆性断裂应力增加。
交联度足够高的高聚物不能产生韧性断裂。
拉伸后的高聚物因分子取向会导致高聚物强度的各向异性。
结晶结构的多样性也会影响到结晶高聚物的强度和破坏方式，例如，大的球晶通常可使高聚物的断裂伸长率和韧性降低，而通过拉伸高度取向的纤维状结晶有很高的抗拉强度。
结晶高聚物中晶区对非晶区起着类似增强剂的作用，人们正试图用各种方法使高聚物中的高分子结构局部地高度有序化而达到自身增强的目的，即制备所谓同质异相的自增强高分子复合物。
机械工程专业英语翻译
机械工程专业英语翻译Introduction机械工程是一门涵盖机械原理、设计、制造以及维护的综合性学科，其中涉及许多专业术语和英语翻译。
良好的英语翻译能力对机械工程师在国际合作和成果交流中至关重要。
本文将介绍机械工程专业中常见的英语单词和短语，并提供中文翻译和相关注释。
Mechanical Principles 机械原理对于机械原理，下面是一些常见的英语单词和短语。
1.Mechanism（机构）：A mechanism is a device designedto transform input forces and movement into a desiredoutput force and movement.2.Kinematics（运动学）：Kinematics is the study ofmotion, without regard to the cause of the motion.3.Statics（静力学）：Statics is the study of thebehavior of structures, under the action of forceswithout producing motion.4.Dynamics（动力学）：Dynamics is the study of thebehavior of motion of objects under the action of forces.5.Thermodynamics（热力学）：Thermodynamics deals withthe relationships between heat, work, and energy.6.Fluid Mechanics（流体力学）：Fluid mechanics is thestudy of the behavior of fluids at rest or in motion. Mechanical Design 机械设计对于机械设计，下面是一些常见的英语单词和短语。
机械类外文文献翻译机械类英文翻译机械专业毕业设计中英文翻译机械专业中英文翻译机械专业英文翻译(优.选)
中英文翻译原文：Comment on medicines and chemical reagents package machineryconceptual designIn recent years, Carry out GMP (medicines and chemical reagents produces specifications of quality) attestation system because of sustained our country economic situation rise and country to pharmacy industry mandatory. Medicines and chemical reagents package machinery has got quite great progress. The new product increases by gradually. Engineering level has had very big improvement. But be returning very big gaps back to existence compared with international standards. Level being close to 60%'s product cannot to reach upper developed country century eighties. Large-scale advanced equipment is dependent on entrance mainly. Low our country medicines and chemical reagents package machinery engineering level is that the design designing personnel low level from our country enterprise arouses to a great extent.One, our country medicines and chemical reagents package machinery current situation analysesOur country medicines and chemical reagents package machinery still has bigger gap compared with advanced international level. What time is insufficient on domestic medicines and chemical reagents package machinery design under main existence1) Backward domestic mechanical performance medicines and chemical reagents package machinery mostly, accuracy low velocity, is slow, stationarity dispatches package machinery travel process to contain large amount of dyadic complicated intermittence motion. Come to come true mainly from the cam, the connecting rod. But, many design that the personnel is unable to require that the independence designs the parameter calculating cam bar linkage kinematics and dynamics according to job cycle picture and accuracy. Be only the surveying and mapping carrying out a piecemeal that the abroad model machine cam connecting rod part is dismantled down simplely. Bring about actuating mechanism error is very big. That domestic medicines and chemical reagents package machinery runs speed mostly is more general than hanging down according to cutting frequency if the aluminium moulds bubble coverpacker's for 100 one 300 mins, full-automatic medicine box packer dress box speed 50- 200 boxes/ ms in. But, on the international, the advanced aluminium moulds rushing steeping cover packer cutting frequency be able to reach 600 mins. Full-automatic medicine box packer dress box speed is able to reach 600 ~ 800 box/ mins. Not only working speed of domestic medicines and chemical reagents package machinery is slow. And, the partner has bigger noise.2) Is under the control of horizontal backward. Domestic medicines and chemical reagents package machinery controls low, automation of level difference mostly , the malfunction leads height. (Main package machinery finger box dress controls domestic medicines and chemical reagents with drinking wine holding machinery with) adopt PLC to do a scene mostly. But, advanced medicines and chemical reagents package machinery realizes supervisory control abroad mostly from computer system. Under the control of horizontal relatively backward. Great majority domestic medicines and chemical reagents package machinery automation sex is relatively poor. Adopt a single to produce a pattern first commonly. The full-automatic production line is few. Two is that full-automation works cannot to achieve. Require that the manpower feeds in raw material. Hand movement enchases. If in a little paper box packer, Page, paper box all needs medicine board , specifications paper to move charging personally. And require specially-assigned person to pay attention to if specifications, medicine board, paper box already finish using at any time. Happen to avoid bringing about machine racing or bringing about incomplete specifications, medicine board, and medicine box phenomenon. Other, domestic medicines and chemical reagents package mechanic failure rates are higher. Control a component (if the relay, electromagnetic valve, contactor, breaker etc.) etc. are often easy to damage. Halt also to frequently occur the malfunction.3) Functions are unitary, expansion sex is bad. Medicines and chemical reagents package machinery is that the form designs that specifically for specially appointed package. The general specification range inner in regulation is adjustable. But, a lot of our country medicines and chemical reagents package machinery considers insufficiency when designing that. Be not that reforming going a step further sets apart sufficient space. Cause the machinery designing that to be able to only adapt to the form board in several kinds simplicities. Change not adapting to wrapping material or the form board dimension. Fit in with even. The package finished product mass giving birth to a child is neither nice.4) Considers deficiency synthetically. Resource does not fully utilize. Our country medicines and chemical reagents there exists the chaos phenomenon in package machinery design. A lot of machinery designs that the personnel drags to the electric motor moving the synchrony technology, the servo drive technology do not knows. The problem simple electrical equipment available is resolved uses complicated mechanism to come to come true but. Some though the control organ works to come having adopt the synchrony electric motor to wait for a device. But choose block of wood ding-dang. The maximum having brought about resource not only wastes this condition. And make machinery function designing that low.5) Model is inflexible. Model seldom considering machinery time medicines and chemical reagents of our country package machinery design. Many machine molding that the manufacturer produces is not beautiful do not have model even. Give person feeling to rigid, to inflexible, not to have vigor. A few medicine box packers are middle. The nut all assembles screw on the machine outside board. But, the oil cup and flow nipple that a little lubrication uses also can be seen everywhere. Be stained fully with a greasy dirt easy to use machine everywhere time oiling. Impression is rough to person. No beautiful.Two, medicines and chemical reagents package machinery conceptual design contentPeople long-term study passes. Define conceptual design being: "Have been ascertaining the mission queen. Pass abstract-relation. Design the function structure. Explore appropriate effect principle and their combination waiting. Ascertain out basic finding the solution approach. Reach find the solution scheme. This part of the conceptual design designing that the job is called conceptual design is referred to make the queen who designs purpose and now has condition clear. The designer searches for many-sided knowledge. Analysis abstracts the solution on generating dyadic broad frame significance the day after tomorrow. Medicines and chemical reagents package machinery conceptual design demands according to each product life cycle stages. Carrying out the product function creates , the function breaks up as well as the function and son are functional physical design: That conception and systematization carrying out the scheme satisfying the operating principle that the function and structure demand finding the solution and carrying out the operating principle carrier realizing the function structure's design the conceptual design process is that one finds the solution realizing a function's , satisfies the various technologyand various there existing in economic target's , possibility scheme well ultimate for sure synthetically optimum scheme process. The conceptual design effect embodies in the product design early phase stage mainly. Chief architect is based on functional need of product but primitive conception and impulsion sprouting out form the product main body frame. And, it responds to every main module and module including. In order to accomplishing overall layout and the exterior, the first step designs that. And then carry out the optimization appraising a sum. Ascertain the overall design plan. Design that the personnel carries out the chief architect design thought going to designing middle concretely again from every part. Detail designs realization. The conceptual design putting medicines and chemical reagents package machinery into practice demands to design that the personnel reinforces the cognition to medicines and chemical reagents package first. Deepen the connotation understanding medicines and chemical reagents packages. Introduce modern package idea. Be in line with the international conventions actively. Modern package is to ensure the product safety not only. Make product transportation convenient. And be getting up propagate, environmental protection, defends against false. Attractive looks waits for the many-sided effect. Wrap up contents additional information. The medicines and chemical reagents package machinery design personnel should show solicitude for development of package system closely. Go deep into the handicraft studying package. Know demand of development of wrapping material and the person to machinery product very well. Only when such ability designs that out satisfy the high tone machinery product that the consumer demands. Medicines and chemical reagents package machinery conceptual design content has mainly:1) Makes the design mission clear. Be ready for feasibility analysis. The designer designs initial stage working in being in progress. Respond to the feasibility considering a product sufficiently. One aspect is the marketplace thinking. Include the production marketing, product raw material, the fabricating cost thinking: Another aspect is thinking that the product processes. Include thinking now having a working ability, processing handicraft, processing the function and periphery supporting industry. Periphery supporting environment thinking points to the local enterprise working ability mainly processes level, heat treatment handicraft and the infrastructural facilities construction etc.2) Function design. Great majority our country medicines and chemical reagents package machinery is the same kind model copying to abroad. But peculiar nationalconditions because of our country existence. Must carry out appropriate reforming on the product. To satisfy request of our country. But fault blindly copy blindly. The machinery designing that is packed in, irrigates the dress function outside except needing to satisfy a box. We must consider the additional function packing machinery. If in package box should add a counting cup. The medicine spoon waits an utensil down. Be put into use with convenience of customers. In machine, kind of aspect developing can design comparatively advanced machinery. If sterile pack machinery, the package machinery retaining freshness etc.Can develop the corollary equipment selling complete sets of equipment and the post-processing at reduced prices in the medicines and chemical reagents package front.3) Functions decomposition. Medicines and chemical reagents package machinery belongs to the integration of machinery with electronics product. Should consider every function all round time design. Sort Er Yan. The medicines and chemical reagents package machinery function may divide 3 major parts being that organization moves, monitors biography feel, the information processing and controlling a function basically. The function subdivides organization motion according to may not kind with machine , packer may be molding , heat-seal , pressure trace mark, according to cutting 4 big functions if the aluminum moulds bubble cover. But, paper box package machinery may be that the box opens, paper box transfers, breaks tongue , functions such as inserting tongue , flattening and putting a batch number up mark poison board under paper folding, deducing paper feed. Want to consider machinery lubrication, safe functions such as running, packing hygiene of machinery too in the process of design. This demands the technology designing that the personnel considers detecting sufficiently. Brightness, machine, electricity integration technology, computer art. Intersection between the pneumatic technology, the logistics technology connection.4) Organization is designed. Be to realize the predetermined function. We need to use different organization. This needs the part synthesizing each considering a complete machine among one process. Use the product designing that while satisfying the usage request. Structure is simple, pragmatic. Medicines and chemical reagents package machinery organization designs time. Respond to the principle choosing appropriate organization motion and constituting. Think sufficiently to realize what specially appointed motion needs organization. If cam organization. Bar linkage. Cam bar linkage. Respond to the technology wielding separation drive at the same time.Think that the transmission shaft designs a problem (if castellated shaft and ladder axis etc.) and drive are systematic synthetically. Design that process middle should cut down the effect that the uncertainty factor brings about to the full. Messenger organization operation is stable. Design that machinery carries out kinetic methods of analysis answering now and then. With lifting, machinery runs speed and stationarity. Should think that various packing machinery, adjustable, holds the mistake, but expansion, stationarity as well as beautiful-rization besides. Run after machinery is deft but stable. Design process but consult package machinery design of all kinds strong point. Draw other machinery (if plastic machinery, prints machinery) merit at the same time. Design the outside except carrying out organization. Return approach back to the realization should think that every function is other. If vacuum, electrical equipment waits under the control of. To expect that optimum combination is a product's turn.5) System under the control of schemes design. In medicines and chemical reagents package machinery, a very important part is that real time detecting is back-off to every organization. To ensure that equipment operation is smooth. Now many machinery products has selected and used large amount of photo electricity switch being the detecting component. Equipment has such as PC detecting bubble cover system on some machinery and the like system. This need all designs that meticulously. And, the general naval company is an integral whole.Three, concluding remarksThe thought a concept is designed melts to enter medicines and chemical reagents package machinery design being able to fall off designing a fault. Shorten a design cycle. Accelerate the product exploitation. Make the product designing that more rational, have affinity, more suitable man-machine project more. It is also that the main means costing down and improving enterprise competition is short of passive competition aspect backward for improving medicines and chemical reagents package machinery design at the same time. To adapt to the challenge that "queen GMP times" brings about. Design that the personnel must take product conceptual design seriously. Deepen the significance understanding conceptual design's.译文论药品包装机械的概念设计近年来，由于我国经济形势的持续高涨和国家对制药行业强制性推行GMP(药品生产质量规范)认证制度，药品包装机械取得了长足的进步。
关于“Mechanical properties”中文名的辨析
ｐ ｒ ｏ ｐ ｅ ｒ ｔ ｉ ｅ ｓ ” 都 不 宜称 为 力 学性 能 ， 其定 名应 改 回机 械性 能， 这有 利 于广 大科技 工作 者对概 念 的正确 理 解和 与 国际 学界 保持 一致 。主要 论 点如 下 。
③ 台湾地 区和 台资 企业一 直使 用名 词“ 橙械性 能 ” 。 ④ 日文没 有名 词“ 力学 性 能 ” 。Ｊ Ｉ Ｓ Ｇｏ ４ １ ６明确 ： ｍｅ ｃ ｈ ａ ｎ ｉ ｃ ａ ｌ ｔ ｅ ｓ ｔ ｉ ｎ ｇ （ 下 简 称 ＭＴ） 是 横 械试 黢 ，日汉 、 英 日汉 、 日英 汉 辞典 都 写 明 ： 楼 械 的性 耍 一Ｍｅ ｃ ｈ ａ ｎ ｉ ｃ ａ ｌ ｐ ｒ ｏ ｐ ｅ ｒ ｔ ｙ － 机 械性 能， 根本没 有 名词“ 力学 性能 ” 。
验” 。 而 在标 出英 文名称时 ， 按理说 只需恢复成 单一 的 ＭＴ， 但 却 只把前 半部 分力 学性 能翻译 成 ＭＴ， 变成
ｍｅ ｃ ｈ ａ ｎ ｉ ｃ ａ ｌ ａ ｎ ｄ ｔ ｅ ｃ ｈ ｎ ｏ ｌ ｏ ｇ ｉ ｃ ａ ｌ ｔ ｅ ｓ ｔ ｉ ｎ ｇ ， 即原 ＭＴ＝ＭＴ＋ ｔ ｅ ｃ ｈ ｎ ｏ ｌ ｏ ｇ ｉ ｃ ａ ｌ ｔ ｅ ｓ ｔ ｉ ｎ ｇ， 造成力 学性能试 验等 同 ＭＴ的 误解 。以后 该标准 改版 ， 以及 ＧＢ ／ Ｔ １ ０ ６ ２ ３ －１ ９ ８ ９《 金属 力 学性 能试 验术 语 》 （ 其 又忽 略 了 Ａ Ｓ Ｔ Ｍ 中称 为 “ 机械性能 ” 比较确切 的注 解） 出版 ， 更进一 步合二 而一将标 题 中的 ＭＴ直接 翻译 成“ 力 学性 能试 验” ， 去 除 了工艺试 验 。这两个 重要标准影 响力越来越 大 ， 从 此大家 只能接受 。
材料工程专业英语6机械性能Mechanical properties
Low yielding point
Stress- strain curve of a low carbon steel specimen
Definition of concepts
Stress （应力）is a measure of an applied mechanical load or force, normalized (归一化 )to take into account cross-sectional area. Two different stress parameters were definedengineering stress and true stress.
Stress-strain curve 应力应变曲线
elastic recovery 弹性回复 stiffness n. 刚度 modulus of elasticity 弹性模量
deform v. distort/bend/twist： To alter the shape of by pressure or stress. 使变形：通过压力或拉力改变…的形状 Deformation n.变形
What should you be able to do after studying this chapter?
know what a tensile-testing apparatus is used for. Know how stress-strain curve is obtained. Name what are the main mechanical properties。
inch are often used.
Modulus of elasticity（弹性模量）,
mechanical properties-1
0
Pp
lb
lk
lu
l伸长(mm)
（低碳钢的拉伸曲线）
弹性变形 变形 三阶段 弹塑性变形
Pb ：强度极限的载荷 试样某一部位截面开始急降 颈缩——导致载荷下降。 Pk ：断裂载荷
10
断裂
(MPa)
p ：比例强度极限 保持直线关系的最大应力值
k
e ：弹性强度极限 p-e 弹性变形阶段 过e ，弹变+微量塑变
2
l2 4 总真应变， e ln ln 1.386 l0 1
e e1 e2
8
1.2 工程应力－应变曲线
9
b P 载荷 (N)
k e p
s Pk
Pp ：保持直线关系的最大载荷 过P点曲线开始偏离直线
Pe：变形开始阶段 卸载后立刻恢复原状（弹变） 超过，伸长只部分恢复（塑变） Ps ：屈服时的最小变形 屈服：载荷不增加或反而减少，试 样还继续伸长的现象。 屈服后，材料出现明显塑 变，表面滑移带。 形变强化（加工硬化）：屈服后欲 变形必须不断增载，随 塑变增大，变形抗力增大。
dP= SdA+AdS
由于颈缩发生在最大载荷点 dP=0
所以
d S/ S=- dA/A
S= d S/(- dA/A )
根据体积不变原理
Adl+ldA=0 - dA/A=dl/l 所以 又因为 因此 S= d S/（dl/l） dl/l de S= d S/ de
即：在颈缩失稳处的塑性真应变在 数值上等于形变硬化指数。
真应力
S
P Ai
Ai：瞬时截面积
据塑变过程中体积不变原则 A0 l0 Ai l i
S
l l P P li 0 (1 ) Ai A0 l0 l0
mechanical properties的正名是机械性能
仅 与机 器 和 器 械 有 关 ．忽 视 了它本 身包 含 “ 有
力作 用 的”或 “ 力 学 的 ” 内 涵 实 际 上 力 学 ｍｅ ｃ ｈ ａ ｎ ｉ ｃ ｓ产 生 后 ．即使 力 学 专业 名 词 仍 然 一 直与 “ 机 械 的” 紧 密相 连 ．只 有极 少 数 才 冠 以 “ 力学的” （ 如 力学 公 式 、定 理 ） 。如 用 力 做 的
关 键词 术语 机械性 能 机械 力 学
由于 对 中 文 “ 机 械 的 ”含 义 的 片 面 理 解 。 误 认 为 ｍｅ ｃ ｈ ａ ｎ ｉ ｃ ａ ｌ 是 ｍｅ ｃ ｈ ａ ｎ ｉ ｃ ｓ衍 生 的形 容 词 ．这 是促 使 一 些 标准 和 专 业 人 士将 原 本 公认 的 材料 “ 机 械 性 能 ” 改称 “ 力 学 性能 ” 的 原 因 之 一 。这 样 就 出现 了概 念 性 问题 。笔 者 认 为定
金 化 等等 。而 对 材 料 的性 能 定 名机 械 性 能 也符
２８
研讨 园地 ｌ Ｆ ｉ ｅ ｌ ｄ ｏ ｆ Ｄ ｉ ｓ ｃ ｕ ｓ ｓ ｉ ｏ ｎ
“ 横 械 性赁 ” 同 时 ｍｅ ｃ ｈ ａ ｎ ｉ ｃ ａ ｌ ｌ ｙ更 不 可 能 是 “ ｍｅ ｃ ｈ ａ ｎ ｉ ｃ ｓ ” 的副 词 。绝 不 是 “ 力 学地 ” 。 这 也 佐证 ｍｅ ｃ ｈ ａ ｎ ｉ ｃ ａ ｌ 通 常不能 译成 “ 力学 的 ” 其 三 ． 周 知 Ｍｅ ｃ ｈ ａ ｎ ｉ ｃ ａ ｒ ｐ ｒ ｏ ｐ ｅ ｒ ｔ ｉ ｅ ｓ是 工
化 与 质
量
踩
０
摘 要
将 ｍｅ ｃ ｈ ａ ｎ ｉ ｃ ａ ｌ ｐ ｒ ｏ ｐ ｅ ｒ ｔ ｉ ｅ ｓ 改称 “ 力 学性 能 ”存 在 两个概 念性 的错 误 ：一 是认 为
mechanical 意思
mechanical 意思1. Mechanical 意思不就是机械的嘛！就像机器人一样，只会按照设定好的程序行动，多死板啊！比如那些流水线上的机械臂，每天重复着同样的动作，这就是 mechanical 呀！2. Mechanical 意思就是没啥灵活性呗！就好比一个老古板，总是一成不变。
你看那台旧缝纫机，不就是很 mechanical 地运作着嘛。
3. Mechanical 意思就是很生硬啊！就跟说话不拐弯的人似的。
比如说，有些人做事的方式特别 mechanical，一点都不懂得变通。
4. Mechanical 不就是呆板的意思嘛！就像一个不会思考的木偶。
你想想那些只会按部就班工作的人，多 mechanical 啊！5. Mechanical 意思就是没有感情色彩呀！如同一个冰冷的机器。
像那种纯靠程序驱动的设备，就是很典型的 mechanical 呀！6. Mechanical 意思不就是缺乏创意嘛！简直就是个死脑筋。
比如有些重复劳动的工作，真的是太 mechanical 了。
7. Mechanical 就是很刻板咯！跟个老古董似的。
你看那些传统的机械装置，不就是机械得很嘛。
8. Mechanical 意思就是很无趣呀！像个无聊的摆设。
就好像有些机械的流程，让人觉得好没意思。
9. Mechanical 不就是僵化嘛！就跟一块硬邦邦的石头一样。
想想那些机械的规章制度，多让人无奈啊！10. Mechanical 就是没有生气呀！仿佛一个毫无活力的物件。
像那种老式的机械钟，走起来都是那么 mechanical 。
我的观点结论：Mechanical 就是形容那些呆板、僵化、缺乏灵活性和创意的事物或行为。
对机械英语的认识作文
对机械英语的认识作文Mechanical English refers to the specializedterminology and language used in the field of mechanical engineering. It encompasses a wide range of technical terms, jargon, and concepts specific to mechanical engineering and related industries. Understanding mechanical English is crucial for professionals, students, and enthusiasts in the field, as it facilitates effective communication, collaboration, and knowledge exchange within the mechanical engineering community.At its core, mechanical English serves as a language of precision and clarity in describing mechanical systems, components, processes, and principles. It provides a common framework for engineers, technicians, and researchers to discuss, analyze, and innovate in various areas of mechanical engineering, including but not limited to:1. Design and Analysis: Mechanical English is essential for conveying design specifications, engineering drawings,and technical reports related to the design and analysis of mechanical systems. Terms such as "stress analysis,""finite element method," and "kinematics" are commonly used to describe the behavior and performance of mechanical components under different conditions.2. Manufacturing and Production: In the manufacturing and production phase, mechanical English is used to discuss processes such as machining, casting, welding, and assembly. Engineers and technicians rely on terms like "tolerance," "material properties," and "quality control" to ensure the efficiency and accuracy of manufacturing operations.3. Thermodynamics and Fluid Mechanics: Concepts related to thermodynamics, heat transfer, and fluid mechanics are central to many mechanical engineering applications. Mechanical English enables professionals to discuss phenomena such as "entropy," "convective heat transfer,"and "Bernoulli's principle" with precision and clarity.4. Mechatronics and Robotics: With the integration of mechanical systems and electronic control, mechatronics androbotics have become increasingly important in modern engineering. Mechanical English is used to describe components like actuators, sensors, and controllers, as well as concepts such as "closed-loop control" and "kinematic chains" in robotic systems.5. Renewable Energy and Sustainability: As the focus shifts towards renewable energy sources and sustainable engineering practices, mechanical English plays a vital role in discussing topics such as "energy efficiency," "carbon footprint," and "renewable energy technologies" in the context of mechanical engineering projects and initiatives.Moreover, mechanical English extends beyond technical discussions to encompass standards, codes, and regulations governing the design, operation, and maintenance of mechanical systems. Terms like "ASME standards," "ISO certification," and "OSHA regulations" are part of the vocabulary used by professionals to ensure compliance and safety in engineering practices.In addition to its practical utility, proficiency in mechanical English enhances career opportunities for individuals in the mechanical engineering field. Employers often seek candidates who can effectively communicate and collaborate with colleagues, clients, and stakeholdersusing the specialized language of mechanical engineering. Whether writing technical reports, giving presentations, or participating in interdisciplinary teams, the ability to articulate ideas and concepts in mechanical English ishighly valued in the industry.In conclusion, mechanical English is more than just a collection of technical terms; it is the language that enables communication, innovation, and progress in thefield of mechanical engineering. By mastering mechanical English, professionals gain access to a wealth of knowledge, opportunities, and resources that drive advancements in technology and industry.。
制造业中的机械CAD数据解释外文文献翻译、中英文翻译
制造业中的机械CAD数据解释在CAD/CAM、计算机显示和智能制造业中，一个零件形状的描述对CAD 数据库来说是一个重要问题。
它可用于在CAD / CAM的设计评价，机构的计算机描述和机器的识别中，并在智能，自动化，集成制造中起连接设计和制造的作用。
70年代后期以来，这主题一直在积极研究，相当数量的计算方法已经被提出，以确定零件有工程意义的几何要素（这里称为“特征” ）。
然而，每一个被提议的机械装置只能够解决的有限几何域的零件（如多面体组成的零件），或只能应用于零件，而在相互信息交流的方面受到限制。
本文的目的是审查和总结发展研究CAD数据的机器特征识别，以讨论的优势和潜在的问题，每一种处理办法，指出一些今后调查可能需要的有用的指导。
由于大部分在这一领域的工作集中在加工的特点，文章的主要内容包括这些特征与制造领域。
为了更好地理解技术发展水平，特征自动识别的方被分为以下类别：图表基础，结构调整模式识别，规则基础，和体积。
每一类我们研究的问题，如特征的定义，机制承认特点，应用范围，作出的假设。
此外，该问题是解决信息的输入的透视图，边界代表性的优点和缺点。
它对机械的立体几何（CSG ），和2D绘图方面有重要的作用。
重点放在尖端的机制相关问题互动信息交流特征。
1 .导言设计是一组重要的过程，发生在不同的产品生产周期阶段。
计算机辅助设计（ CAD ），一般来说，是指利用计算机，以协助设计过程中的各职能。
工程师考虑将用CAD数据代表了产品或零件的要素：在机械部件领域，这些通常是一组工程图纸或一个零件的实体模型。
虽然CAD被用于协助各种各样的设计任务， CAPP (计算机辅助工艺过程规划)通常被用于转换零件设计成制造业指示描述如何导致零件或如何建立汇编满足设计规格活动的汇集。
通常被用于零件转换设计到制造的的描述，描述如何零件的生产或如何建立装配以满足设计规范。
机械零部件的领域，工艺规划涉及零件加工顺序过程的确定（如铣，磨，钻等），夹具配置建立在零件加工的每一个进程和使用的工具，及每道工艺的顺序。
机械专业论文中英文对照
机械专业论文中英文对照第一篇：机械专业论文中英文对照Gearbox Noise Correlation with Transmission Error and Influence of Bearing PreloadABSTRACT The five appended papers all deal with gearbox noise and vibration.The first paper presents a review of previously published literature on gearbox noise and vibration.The second paper describes a test rig that was specially designed and built for noise testing of gears.Finite element analysis was used to predict the dynamic properties of the test rig, and experimental modal analysis of the gearbox housing was used to verify the theoretical predictions of natural frequencies.In the third paper, the influence of gear finishing method and gear deviations on gearbox noise is investigated in what is primarily an experimental study.Eleven test gear pairs were manufactured using three different finishing methods.Transmission error, which is considered to be an important excitation mechanism for gear noise, was measured as well as predicted.The test rig was used to measure gearbox noise and vibration for the different test gear pairs.The measured noise and vibration levels were compared with the predicted and measured transmission error.Most of the experimental results can be interpreted in terms of measured and predicted transmission error.However, it does not seem possible to identify one single parameter,such as measured peak-to-peak transmission error, that can be directly related to measured noise and vibration.The measurements also show that disassembly and reassembly of the gearbox with the same gear pair can change the levels of measured noise and vibration considerably.This finding indicates that other factors besides the gears affect gearnoise.In the fourth paper, the influence of bearing endplay or preload on gearbox noise and vibration is investigated.Vibration measurements were carried out at torque levels of 140 Nm and 400Nm, with 0.15 mm and 0 mm bearing endplay, and with 0.15 mm bearing preload.The results show that the bearing endplay and preloadinfluence the gearbox vibrations.With preloaded bearings, the vibrations increase at speeds over 2000 rpm and decrease at speeds below 2000 rpm, compared with bearings with endplay.Finite element simulations show the same tendencies as the measurements.The fifth paper describes how gearbox noise is reduced by optimizing the gear geometry for decreased transmission error.Robustness with respect to gear deviations and varying torque is considered in order to find a gear geometry giving low noise in an appropriate torque range despite deviations from the nominal geometry due to manufacturing tolerances.Static and dynamic transmission error, noise, and housing vibrations were measured.The correlation between dynamic transmission error, housing vibrations and noise was investigated in speed sweeps from 500 to 2500 rpm at constant torque.No correlation was found between dynamic transmission error and noise.Static loaded transmission error seems to be correlated with the ability of the gear pair to excite vibration in the gearbox dynamic system.Keywords: gear, gearbox, noise, vibration, transmission error, bearing preload.ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This work was carried out at Volvo Construction Equipment in Eskilstuna and at the Department of Machine Design at the Royal Institute of Technology(KTH)in Stockholm.The work was initiated by Professor Jack Samuelsson(Volvo and KTH), Professor SörenAndersson(KTH), and rs Bråthe(Volvo).The financial support of the Swedish Foundation for Strategic Research and the Swedish Agency for Innovation Systems –VINNOVA –is gratefully acknowledged.Volvo Construction Equipment is acknowledged for giving me the opportunity to devote time to this work.Professor Sören Andersson is gratefully acknowledged for excellent guidance and encouragement.I also wish to express my appreciation to my colleagues at the Department of Machine Design, and especially to Dr.Ulf Sellgren for performing simulations and contributing to the writing of Paper D, and Dr.Stefan Björklund for performing surface finish measurements.The contributions to Paper C by Dr.Mikael Pärssinen are highly appreciated.All contributionsto this work by colleagues at Volvo are gratefully appreciated.1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background Noise is increasingly considered an environmental issue.This belief is reflected in demands for lower noise levels in many areas of society, including the working environment.Employees spend a lot of time in this environment and noise can lead not only to hearing impairment but also to decreased ability to concentrate, resulting in decreased productivity and an increased risk of accidents.Quality, too, has become increasingly important.The quality of a product can be defined as its ability to fulfill customers’ demands.These demands often change over time, and the best competitors in the market will set the standard.Noise concerns are also expressed in relation to construction machinery such as wheel loaders and articulated haulers.The gearbox is sometimes the dominant source of noise in these machines.Even if the gear noise is not the loudest source, its pure high frequency tone is easily distinguished from other noise sources and is oftenperceived as unpleasant.The noise creates an impression of poor quality.In order not to be heard, gear noise must be at least 15 dB lower than other noise sources, such as engine noise.1.2 Gear noise This dissertation deals with the kind of gearbox noise that is generated by gears under load.This noise is often referred to as “gear whine” and consists mainly of pure tones at high frequencies corresponding to the gear mesh frequency and multiples thereof, which are known as harmonics.A tone with the same frequency as the gear mesh frequency is designated the gear mesh harmonic, a tone with a frequency twice the gear mesh frequency is designated the second harmonic, and so on.The term “gear mesh harmonics” refers to all multiples of the gear mesh frequency.Transmission error(TE)is considered an important excitation mechanism for gear whine.Welbourn [1] defines transmission error as “the difference between the actual position of the output gear and the position it would occupy if the gear drive were perfectly conjugate.” Transmission error may be expressed as angular displacement or as linear displacement at the pitch point.Transmission error is caused by deflections, geometric errors, and geometric modifications.In addition to gear whine, other possible noise-generating mechanisms in gearboxes include gear rattle from gears running against each other without load, and noise generated by bearings.In the case of automatic gearboxes, noise can also be generated by internal oil pumps and by clutches.None of these mechanisms are dealt with in this work, and from now on “gear noise” or “gearbox noise” refers to “gear whine”.MackAldener [2] describes the noise generation process from a gearbox as consisting of three parts: excitation, transmission, and radiation.The origin of the noise is the gearmesh, in which vibrations are created(excitation), mainly due to transmission error.The vibrations are transmitted via the gears, shafts, and bearings to the housing(transmission).The housing vibrates, creating pressure variations in the surrounding air that are perceived as noise(radiation).Gear noise can be affected by changing any one of these three mechanisms.This dissertation deals mainly with excitation, but transmission is also discussed in the section of the literature survey concerning dynamic models, and in the modal analysis of the test gearbox in Paper B.Transmission of vibrations is also investigated in Paper D, which deals with the influence of bearing endplay or preload on gearbox noise.Differences in bearing preload influence a bearing’s dynamic properties like stiffness and damping.These properties also affect the vibration of the gearbox housing.1.3 Objective The objective of this dissertation is to contribute to knowledge about gearbox noise.The following specific areas will be the focus of this study: 1.The influence of gear finishing method and gear modifications and errors on noise and vibration from a gearbox.2.The correlation between gear deviations, predicted transmission error, measured transmission error, and gearbox noise.3.The influence of bearing preload on gearbox noise.4.Optimization of gear geometry for low transmission error, taking into consideration robustness with respect to torque and manufacturing tolerances.2 AN INDUSTRIAL APPLICATION −TRANSMISSION NOISE REDUCTION 2.1 Introduction This section briefly describes the activities involved in reducing gear noise from a wheel loader transmission.The aim is to show how the optimization of the gear geometry described in Paper E is used in an industrial application.The author was project manager for the “noise work team” and performed the gearoptimization.One of the requirements when developing a new automatic power transmission for a wheel loader was improving the transmission gear noise.The existing power transmission was known to be noisy.When driving at high speed in fourth gear, a high frequency gear-whine could be heard.Thus there were now demands for improved sound quality.The transmission is a typical wheel loader power transmission, consisting of a torque converter, a gearbox with four forward speeds and four reverse speeds, and a dropbox partly integrated with the gearbox.The dropbox is a chain of four gears transferring the powerto the output shaft.The gears are engaged by wet multi-disc clutches actuated by the transmission hydraulic and control system.2.2 Gear noise target for the new transmission Experience has shown that the high frequency gear noise should be at least 15 dB below other noise sources such as the engine in order not to be perceived as disturbing or unpleasant.Measurements showed that if the gear noise could be decreased by 10 dB, this criterion should be satisfied with some margin.Frequency analysis of the noise measured in the driver's cab showed that the dominant noise from the transmission originated from the dropbox gears.The goal for transmission noise was thus formulated as follows: “The gear noise(sound pressure level)from the dropbox gears in the transmission should be decreased by 10 dB compared to the existing transmission in order not to be perceived as unpleasant.It was assumed that it would be necessary to make changes to both the gears and the transmission housing in order to decrease the gear noise sound pressure level by 10 dB.2.3 Noise and vibration measurements In order to establish a reference for the new transmission, noise and vibration were measured for the existing transmission.Thetransmission is driven by the same type of diesel engine used in a wheel loader.The engine and transmission are attached to the stand using the same rubber mounts that are used in a wheel loader in order to make the installation as similar as possible to the installation in a wheel loader.The output shaft is braked using an electrical brake.2.4 Optimization of gears Noise-optimized dropbox gears were designed by choosing macro-and microgeometries giving lower transmission error than the original(reference)gears.The gear geometry was chosen to yield a low transmission error for the relevant torque range, while also taking into consideration variations in the microgeometry due to manufacturing tolerances.The optimization of one gear pair is described in more detail in Paper E.Transmission error is considered an important excitation mechanism for gear whine.Welbourn [1] defines it as “the difference between the actual position of the output gear and the position it would occupy if the gear drive were perfectly conjugate.” In this project the aim was to reduce the maximum predicted transmission error amplitude at gear mesh frequency(first harmonic of gear mesh frequency)to less than 50% of the value for the reference gear pair.The first harmonic of transmission error is the amplitude of the part of the total transmission error that varies with a frequency equal to the gear mesh frequency.A torque range of 100 to 500 Nm was chosen because this is the torque interval in which the gear pair generates noise in its design application.According to Welbourn [1], a 50% reduction in transmission error can be expected to reduce gearbox noise by 6 dB(sound pressure level, SPL).Transmission error was calculated using the LDP software(Load Distribution Program)developed atthe Gear Laboratory at Ohio State University [3].The “optimization” was not strictly mathematical.The design was optimized by calculating the transmission error for different geometries, and then choosing a geometry that seemed to be a good compromise, considering not only the transmission error, but also factors such asstrength, losses, weight, cost, axial forces on bearings, and manufacturing.When choosing microgeometric modifications and tolerances, it is important to take manufacturing options and cost into consideration.The goal was to use the same finishing method for the optimized gears as for the reference gears, namely grinding using a KAPP VAS 531 and CBN-coated grinding wheels.For a specific torque and gear macrogeometry, it is possible to define a gear microgeometry that minimizes transmission error.For example, at no load, if there are no pitch errors and no other geometrical deviations, the shape of the gear teeth should be true involute, without modifications like tip relief or involute crowning.For a specific torque, the geometry of the gear should be designed in such a way that it compensates for the differences in deflection related to stiffness variations in the gear mesh.However, even if it is possible to define the optimal gear microgeometry, it may not be possible to manufacture it, given the limitations of gear machining.Consideration must also be given to how to specify the gear geometry in drawings and how to measure the gear in an inspection machine.In many applications there is also a torque range over which the transmission error should be minimized.Given that manufacturing tolerances are inevitable, and that a demand for smaller tolerances leads to higher manufacturing costs, it is important that gears be robust.In other words, the important characteristics, in this case transmissionerror, must not vary much when the torque is varied or when the microgeometry of the gear teeth varies due to manufacturing tolerances.LDP [3] was used to calculate the transmission error for the reference and optimized gear pair at different torque levels.The robustness function in LDP was used to analyze the sensitivity to deviations due to manufacturing tolerances.The “min, max, level” method involves assigning three levels to each parameter.2.5 Optimization of transmission housing Finite element analysis was used to optimize the transmission housing.The optimization was not performed in a strictly mathematical way, but was done by calculating the vibration of the housing for different geometries and then choosing a geometry that seemed to be a good compromise.Vibration was not the sole consideration, also weight, cost, available space, and casting were considered.A simplified shell element model was used for the optimization to decrease computational time.This model was checked against a more detailed solid element model of the housing to ensure that the simplification had not changed the dynamic properties too much.Experimental modal analysis was also used to find the natural frequencies of the real transmission housing and to ensure that the model did not deviate too much from the real housing.Gears shafts and bearings were modeled as point masses and beams.The model was excited at the bearing positions by applying forces in the frequency range from 1000 to 3000 Hz.The force amplitude was chosen as 10% of the static load from the gears.This choice could be justified because only relative differences are of interest, not absolute values.The finite element analysis was performed by Torbjörn Johansen at Volvo Technology.The author’s contribution was the evaluation of the results of differenthousing geometries.A number of measuring points were chosen in areas with high vibration velocities.At each measuring point the vibration response due to the excitation was evaluated as a power spectral density(PSD)graph.The goal of the housing redesign was to decrease the vibrations at all measuring points in the frequency range 1000 to 3000 Hz.2.6 Results of the noise measurements The noise and vibration measurements described in section 2.3 were performed after optimizing the gears and transmission housing.The total sound power level decreased by 4 dB.2.7 Discussion and conclusions It seems to be possible to decrease the gear noise from a transmission bydecreasing the static loaded transmission error and/or optimizing the housing.In the present study, it is impossible to say how much of the decrease is due to the gear optimization and how much to the housing optimization.Answering this question would have required at least one more noise measurement, but time and cost issues precluded this.It would also have been interesting to perform the noise measurements on a number of transmissions, both before and after optimizing the gears and housing, in order to determine the scatter of the noise of the transmissions.Even though the goal of decreasing the gear noise by 10 dB was not reached, the goal of reducing the gear noise in the wheel loader cab to 15 dB below the overall noise was achieved.Thus the noise optimization was successful.3 SUMMARY OF APPENDED PAPERS 3.1 Paper A: Gear Noise and Vibration – A Literature Survey This paper presents an overview of the literature on gear noise and vibration.It is divided into three sections dealing with transmission error, dynamic models, and noise and vibration measurement.Transmission error is an important excitation mechanism for gear noise and vibration.It isdefined as “the differen ce between the actual position of the output gear and the position it would occupy if the gear drive were perfectly conjugate” [1].The literature survey revealed that while most authors agree that transmission error is an important excitation mechanism for gear noise and vibration, it is not the only one.Other possible time-varying noise excitation mechanisms include friction and bending moment.Noise produced by these mechanisms may be of the same order of magnitude as that produced by transmission error, at least in the case of gears with low transmission error [4].The second section of the paper deals with dynamic modeling of gearboxes.Dynamic models are often used to predict gear-induced vibrations and investigate the effect of changes to the gears, shafts, bearings, and housing.The literature survey revealed that dynamic models of a system consisting of gears, shafts, bearings, and gearbox casing can be useful in understanding and predicting the dynamic behavior of a gearbox.Forrelatively simple gear systems, lumped parameter dynamic models with springs, masses, and viscous damping can be used.For more complex models that include such elements as the gearbox housing, finite element modeling is often used.The third section of the paper deals with noise and vibration measurement and signal analysis, which are used when experimentally investigating gear noise.The survey shows that these are useful tools in experimental investigation of gear noise because gears create noise at specific frequencies related to the number of teeth and the rotational speed of the gear.3.2 Paper B: Gear Test Rig for Noise and Vibration Testing of Cylindrical Gears Paper B describes a test rig for noise testing of gears.The rig is of the recirculating power type and consists of two identical gearboxes,connected to each other with two universal joint shafts.Torque is applied by tilting one of the gearboxes around one of its axles.This tilting is made possible by bearings between the gearbox and the supporting brackets.A hydraulic cylinder creates the tilting force.Finite element analysis was used to predict the natural frequencies and mode shapes for individual components and for the complete gearbox.Experimental modal analysis was carried out on the gearbox housing, and the results showed that the FE predictions agree with the measured frequencies(error less than 10%).The FE model of the complete gearbox was also used in a harmonic response analysis.A sinusoidal force was applied in the gear mesh and the corresponding vibration amplitude at a point on the gearbox housing was predicted.3.3 Paper C: A Study of Gear Noise and Vibration Paper C reports on an experimental investigation of the influence of gear finishing methods and gear deviations on gearbox noise and vibration.Test gears were manufactured using three different finishing methods and with different gear tooth modifications and deviations.T able3.3.1 gives an overview of the test gear pairs.The surface finishes and geometries of the gear tooth flanks were measured.Transmission error was measured using a single flank gear tester.LDP software from Ohio State University was used for transmission error computations.The test rig described in Paper B was used to measure gearbox noise and vibration for the different test gear pairs.The measurements showed that disassembly and reassembly of the gearbox with the same gear pair might change the levels of measured noise and vibration.The rebuild variation was sometimes of the same order of magnitude as the differences between different tested gear pairs, indicating that other factors besides the gears affect gear noise.In a study of theinfluence of gear design on noise, Oswald et al.[5] reported rebuild variations of the same order of magnitude.Different gear finishing methods produce different surface finishes and structures, as well as different geometries and deviations of the gear tooth flanks, all of which influence the transmission error and thus the noise level from a gearbox.Most of the experimental results can be explained in terms of measured and computed transmission error.The relationship between predicted peak-to-peak transmission error and measured noise at a torque level of 500 Nm is shown in Figure 3.3.1.There appears to be a strong correlation between computed transmission error and noise for all cases except gear pair K.However, this correlation breaks down in Figure 3.3.2, which shows the relationship between predicted peak to peak transmission error and measured noise at a torque level of 140 Nm.The final conclusion is that it may not be possible to identify a single parameter, such as peak-to-peak transmission error, that can be directly related to measured noise and vibration.3.4 Paper D: Gearbox Noise and Vibration −Influence of Bearing Preload The influence of bearing endplay or preload on gearbox noise and vibrations is investigated in Paper D.Measurements were carried out on a test gearbox consisting of a helical gear pair, shafts, tapered roller bearings, and a housing.Vibration measurements were carried out at torque levels of 140 Nm and 400 Nm with 0.15 mm and 0 mm bearing endplay and with 0.15 mm bearing preload.The results shows that the bearing endplay or preload influence gearbox pared with bearingswith endplay, preloaded bearings show an increase in vibrations at speeds over 2000 rpm and a decrease at speeds below 2000 rpm.Figure 3.4.1 is a typical result showing theinfluence of bearing preload on gearbox housing vibration.After the first measurement, the gearbox was not disassembled or removed from the test rig.Only the bearing preload/endplay was changed from 0 mm endplay/preload to 0.15 mm preload.Therefore the differences between the two measurements are solely due to different bearing preload.FE simulations performed by Sellgren and Åkerblom [6]show the same trend as the measurements here.For the test gearbox, it seems that bearing preload, compared with endplay, decreased the vibrations at speeds below 2000 rpm and increased vibrations at speeds over 2000 rpm, at least at a torque level of 140 Nm.3.5 Paper E: Gear Geometry for Reduced and Robust Transmission Error and Gearbox Noise In Paper E, gearbox noise is reduced by optimization of gear geometry for decreased transmission error.The optimization was not performed strictly mathematically.It was done by calculating the transmission error for different geometries and then choosing a geometry that seemed to be a good compromise considering not only the transmission error, but also other important characteristics.Robustness with respect to gear deviations and varying torque was considered in order to find gear geometry with low transmission error in the appropriate torque range despite deviations from the nominal geometry due to manufacturing tolerances.Static and dynamic transmission error as well as noise and housing vibrations were measured.The correlation between dynamic transmission error, housing vibrations, and noise was investigated in a speed sweep from 500 to 2500 rpm at constant torque.No correlation was found between dynamic transmission error and noise.4 DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS Static loaded transmission error seems tobe strongly correlated to gearbox noise.Dynamic transmission error does not seem to be correlated to gearbox noise in speed 第二篇：机械专业英语词汇中英文对照机床 machine tool金属工艺学 technology of metals刀具 cutter摩擦 friction联结link传动 drive/transmission轴 shaft弹性 elasticity频率特性 frequency characteristic误差 error响应 response定位 allocation机床夹具 jig动力学 dynamic运动学 kinematic静力学static分析力学analyse mechanics拉伸pulling压缩hitting剪切shear扭转 twist弯曲应力 bending stress强度 intensity三相交流电three-phase AC磁路magnetic circles变压器transformer异步电动机asynchronous motor几何形状geometrical精度precision正弦形的 sinusoid交流电路 AC circuit机械加工余量 machining allowance变形力 deforming force变形 deformation应力 stress硬度 rigidity热处理 heat treatment退火anneal正火normalizing脱碳decarburization渗碳carburization电路 circuit半导体元件 semiconductor element反馈 feedback发生器 generator直流电源 DC electrical source门电路 gate circuit逻辑代数 logic algebra外圆磨削 external grinding内圆磨削 internal grinding平面磨削 plane grinding变速箱 gearbox离合器 clutch绞孔 fraising绞刀reamer螺纹加工 thread processing螺钉 screw铣削 mill铣刀 milling cutter功率 power工件 workpiece齿轮加工 gear mechining齿轮 gear主运动 main movement主运动方向 direction of main movement进给方向 direction of feed进给运动 feed movement合成进给运动resultant movement of feed合成切削运动resultant movement of cutting合成切削运动方向 direction of resultantmovement of cutting切削深度 cutting depth前刀面 rake face 刀尖nose of tool前角rake angle后角clearance angle龙门刨削planing主轴 spindle主轴箱 headstock卡盘 chuck加工中心 machining center车刀 lathe tool车床 lathe钻削镗削 bore车削 turning磨床 grinder基准 benchmark钳工 locksmith 锻 forge压模 stamping焊 weld拉床 broaching machine拉孔 broaching装配 assembling铸造found流体动力学fluid dynamics流体力学fluid mechanics加工machining液压 hydraulic pressure切线 tangent机电一体化 mechanotronics mechanical-electrical integration 气压 air pressure pneumatic pressure稳定性 stability介质 medium液压驱动泵 fluid clutch液压泵 hydraulic pump阀门 valve失效 invalidation强度 intensity载荷 load应力 stress安全系数safty factor可靠性reliability螺纹thread螺旋helix 键 spline销 pin滚动轴承 rolling bearing滑动轴承 sliding bearing弹簧 spring 制动器 arrester brake十字结联轴节 crosshead联轴器 coupling 链 chain皮带 strap精加工 finish machining粗加工 rough machining变速箱体 gearbox casing腐蚀 rust氧化 oxidation磨损 wear耐用度 durability随机信号random signal离散信号discrete signal超声传感器ultrasonic sensor第三篇：机械专业论文中英文摘要摘要本文主要论述了基于PLC的钢管打捆机控制系统的设计思路和设计过程。
机械.中英文对照名词解释
