07-Pull System(Kanban) and Flow Manufacturing 管理培训资料 2012

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FundamentalsofAerodynamics

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Fundamentals of Aerodynamics
Fourth Edition
John D. Anderson, Jr.
Curator of Aerodynamics National Air and Space Museum Smithsonian Institution and Professor Emeritus University of Maryland
பைடு நூலகம்
Contents
xiii
Chapter 4 Incompressible Flow over Airfoils 295 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 Introduction 297 Airfoil Nomenclature 300 Airfoil Characteristics 302 Philosophy of Theoretical Solutions for Low-Speed Flow over Airfoils: The Vortex Sheet 307 4.5 The Kutta Condition 312
Inventarisiert unter
TECHWISCHE UNIVERSITAT DARMSTADT
Fachgebiot Konstruktiver Leichtbau und Bauwelsen Prof. Dr.-lng. Helmut Schurmann S4287 Darmstadt, PetersenstraBe 30
187
3.19
3.20 3.21 3.22
190
Incompressible Flow in a Duct: The Venturi and Low-Speed Wind Tunnel 197 Pitot Tube: Measurement of Airspeed 210 Pressure Coefficient 219 Condition on Velocity for Incompressible Flow 221 Governing Equation for Irrotational, Incompressible Flow: Laplace's Equation 222 3.7.1 -. Infinity Boundary Conditions 225 3.7.2 Wall Boundary Conditions 225 Interim Summary 226 Uniform Flow::Our First Elementary Flow 227 Source Flow: O u r Second Elementary Flow 229 : ...; .•,..= :. ....• Combination of a Uniform Flow with a Source and Sink 233 Doublet Flow: Our Third Elementary Flow 237 Nonlifting Flow over a Circular Cylinder 239 Vortex Flow: Our Fourth Elementary Flow 245 Lifting Flow over a Cylinder 249 The Kutta-Joukowski Theorem and the Generation of Lift 262 Nonlifting Flows over Arbitrary Bodies: The Numerical Source Panel Method 264 Applied Aerodynamics: The Flow over a Circular Cylinder—The Real Case 274 Historical Note: Bernoulli and Euler—The Origins of Theoretical Fluid Dynamics 282 Historical Note: d'Alembert and His Paradox 287 Summary 288 Problems 291

Mellanox MMA2P00-AS MMA2P00-ASHT 25GbE SFP28 光纤传输器

Mellanox® MMA2P00-AS/MMA2P00-ASHT is a pluggable SFP28 optical transceiver designed foruse in 25GbE Ethernet. It incorporates Mellanox integrated circuit technology in order to provide highperformance at low power. The transceiver operates over a pair of multi-mode fibers (MMF), using anominal wavelength of 850nm, and is SFF-8402 compliant.MMA2P00-AS/MMA2P00-ASHT has a standard SFP28 connector on the electrical side towards the hostsystem supporting IEEE 802.3bm. The optical interface is composed of two optical channels/fibers, onein each direction, intended for a multi-mode optical cable connected via standard LC connectors. Eachchannel/fiber operates at signaling rates up to 25.78125GBd.The transceiver offers selectable retiming for both its optical transmitter and receiver for the 25Gb/s rate,and it also supports lower bit rates without. The transmitter has programmable input equalizers and inputsquelch function, while the receiver has programmable output amplitude and pre-emphasis.Rigorous production testing ensures the best out-of-the-box installation experience, performance, anddurability.T able 1 - Absolute Maximum RatingsT able 2 - Operational Module InformationNotes: 1. Internal temperature readout through DDMI of up to 75°C is allowed. 2. Internal temperature readout through DDMI of up to 90°C is allowed.MMA2P00-AS | MMA2P00-ASHT25GbE SR SFP28 MMF Optical Transceiver†PRODUCT BRIEFINTERCONNECT©2019 Mellanox Technologies. All rights reserved.†For illustration only. Actual products may vary.350 Oakmead Parkway, Suite 100, Sunnyvale, CA 94085Tel: 408-970-3400 • Fax: © Copyright 2019. Mellanox Technologies. All rights reserved.Mellanox and Mellanox logo are registered trademarks of Mellanox Technologies, Ltd.LinkX is a trademark of Mellanox Technologies, Ltd. All other trademarks are property of their respective owners.Mellanox 25GbE SR SFP28 MMF T ransceiverpage 2Warranty InformationMellanox LinkX optical transceivers include a 1-year limited hardware warranty, which covers parts repair or replacement.Mechanical Schematics53911PB Rev 1.22Table 3 - Part Number and Description。

PAB-OM-K007操作手册-进程泵 PAF5410说明书

PAB-OM-K007Operation ManualProcess pumpPAF5410Contents1. Precautions for handling P22. Precautions for installation P33. Description and function ofP3 individual port4. How to use P3 to 45. Maintenance and check P46. Specification and how toP5 to 6 order7. Discharge capability P7 to 88. Troubleshooting P9 to 109. Operating principle P11Safety instructionsThis operation manual indicates the precautions for safety use of process pump with the level of potential hazard as follows. Those precautions contain the content essential to keep safety.WarningOperator error could result in serious injury and loss of life.CautionOperator error could result in injury or equipment damage.Warning•When dangerous fluid or fluid possibly harmful to human is used, take measure to isolate human from the pump. Should the external leakage of transported fluid come out, the serious damage to human could be caused.•When flammable or highly corrosive fluid is transported, keep the fire source away from the pump.Otherwise, the fire and explosion could be caused.•Prevent splash of corrosive fluid or other solvents to the external face of the pump.•If attachment of unknown liquid is found on the external face of the pump, do not touch it without care.2) External leakage of transported fluid•When flammable or dangerous fluid is transported, keep the fire source and corrosive material away from the pump. For this purpose, prepare the vessel for possible leakage and take other measures to prevent contact with the fire source and corrosive material. Otherwise, the fire and explosion could be caused.•During operation of pump, the transported fluid could leak due to life out of the diaphragm. In this case, take prevention for the leakage to avoid adverse effect to human or facility.•Do not touch the leakage of fluid without care. If the fluid has high temperature or is chemical, the contact could result in burn and other injuries.3) Disassembly•Do not disassemble the pump.Caution•Mount the filter with filtration of approx. 0.01μ. For the quality of air to be used, refer to Compressed Air Cleaning Equipments Catalog No. 5∗∗Typical circuit shown on No.5Compressor HAW(after cooler) AT(air tank) AFF(main line filter) IDF(refrigerating air dryer) AM(mist separator) AMD(micro mist separator) PAF•If the amount of foreign materials generated from air supply (carbon powder etc.) is large, mount super mist separator etc. to reinforce prevention for attachment of dust. Deposit of foreign materials could increase resistance and prevent smooth operation.2) Quality of transported fluid•If it is known solid materials enter the transported fluid, mount the filter with filtration of 0.2mm at least on fluid in.3) Life and replacement•Suspend operation and replace the diaphragm before it reaches the end of life. If the diaphragm breaks, the transported fluid leaks inside the pump and exhaust port, and the internal parts of the pump are damaged and the air blows FLUID OUT port.Calculation of life of diaphragm (depending on operating conditions)0.130l (discharge amount per one cycle) X 50 million cycles (referential life cycles)Referentiallife date =Discharge per 1min. (l) X operating time per day (hour) X 60 (min.)•The pump internal capacity is about 600 m l.4) Pilot air•Confirm the supplied pilot air is within specified range from 0.2 to 0.5MPa. The air out of this range could cause malfunction, stop of operation, damage of internal parts and external leakage.5) Discharge amount and suction head•Given discharge rate and suction head are for the condition with fresh water, room temperature, atmospheric pressure and no piping. Thus, they are varied by physical characteristic of transported fluid, and in some cases, enough suction head can’t be obtained.6) Max. Discharge amount•Given max. discharge rate is for the condition with supplied pressure of 0.5MPa, no suction head, piping I.D. of 5/8”, piping length of 0.5m.7) Operating temperature•The pump is available from 0 to 90 O C, but should be cared not to freeze.(Avoid exposure to heat cycle)Caution• Only horizontal mounting is available. When the pump is not mounted horizontally with its bottom faced down, it may cause sucking failure.• Use four M8 bolts to mount the pump. If the bolts are not tightened firmly, the pump could be exposed to the vibration and eventually damage. 2) Piping• Perform flushing enough for piping to avoid intrusion of cutting chips and sealant debris created by screwing the piping and fitting. If the tape is used for sealing, leave two threads exposed. 3) Material of fitting• The threaded part is made of resin. Thus, do not tighten the metal fitting to avoid collapse of the thread.4) Tightening torque• Insufficient tightening torque could cause external leakage and excessive one could damage threaded part and parts. Keep adequate value for tightening.3. Description and function of individual portSuction port (FLUID IN)--- To suck transported fluid. Connect suction piping.Discharge port (FLUID OUT) --- To discharge fluid sucked inside the pump. Connect discharge piping. Air supply port (AIR SUP) --- Supply compressed air set by regulator etc. Air exhaust port (AIR EXH)--- Exhaust pilot air.Caution 1) Start and stopa; Press manual pin.(Only at first operation)b; Connect air piping to air supply port ”AIR SUP”, and fluid transfer piping to suction port “FLUID IN” discharge port ”FLUID OUT”.c; Set pilot air pressure within 0.2 to 0.5MPa by regulator. Pump operates when 3-way valve on air supply port “AIR SUP” is energized, exhausting noise generated from air exhaust port “AIR EXH”, and fluid flows from suction port “FLUID IN” to “FLUID OUT”.At this time, ball valve on discharge side is open. It sucks by itself without priming. To restrict exhausting noise, mount silencer (AN200-02 option) on air exhaust port “AIR EXH”. d; Exhaust air supplied from 3-way valve on supply port “AIR SUP” to stop pump.Thread size Adequate tightening torque (N m)Rc1/8 0.4 to 0.5 Rc1/4 0.8 to 1 Rc3/4 4 to 5● Typical circuit3 port solenoid valveAir supply2) Adjustment of discharged flow ratea; Use ball valve connected to discharge side to adjust discharge flow. Do not close valve suddenly, as it generates surge and remarkably shortens pump life.b; When discharge flow is under range of specifications, keep minimum flow for process pump by installing bypass circuit from discharge side to suction side. Discharge flow under minimum flow may stop pump due to unstable operation.● Typical circuit5. Maintenance and check1) During operation• During operation of pump, it is necessary to check leakage of fluid and air and operating condition periodically. If any abnormality or concern is seen, stop the pump immediately and contact local supplier or SMC.• When touching the pump for maintenance, put the protective tool such as glove which isn’t affected by transported fluid to prevent burn. 2) During stop• If the pump is stopped for a few hours, exhaust the air at supply side.• If the pump is left unused for extended period, clean inside of the pump to prevent adherence and sticking of transported fluid over the time which could cause abnormal operation. 3) Check and repair• Replace the diaphragm before it reaches referential life cycles (specified cycles). If the pump is continued after the life of diaphragm, the check valves of wetted part as well as the diaphragm are deteriorated and operating failure could be caused.ＰＡＦ５４１※●Actuation ● Thread type Ｎ● Option ００６● Port size6. Specifications and how to order● SpecificationsModel PAF5410Main fluidsuction / discharge port Rc, G, NPT 3/4, 3/4 tube piping, With nutPort sizeDriving airSupply / Exhaust portRc, G, NPT 1/4Body New PFADiaphragm / Packing PTFEMaterial ofwetted partCheck valve New PFA, PTFEDischarge amount 5 to 45L/min Average discharge pressure 0 to 0.4MPa Pilot air consumption Max. 300L/min (ANR)Note 2) Dry Max. 1m (Inside of the pump is dry.) Suction head Wet Max. 4m (The pump contains the fluid.) Transported fluid temperature 0 to 90 O C (No freezing or temperature fluctuation.) Ambient temperature 0 to 70 O C (No freezing or temperature fluctuation.) Pilot air pressure 0.2 to 0.5MPa Proof pressure 0.75MPa Mounting direction Horizontal (mounting hole at bottom) Weight 6kg Note 1) Above values are at room temperature and with fresh water. Note 2) Calculated for atmospheric condition, 20 O C (ANR)● How to orderFemale threadＰＡＦ５４１ＳActuation ●Ｎ● Option Nill None 0Automatically operatedSymbol Option Symbol ActuationSymbol Fitting type １ＬＱ１● Fitting size ＩＮ sideOUT side Symbol 191925251925565665● Thread typeSymbol Type Nill ＲｃＮＦＮＰＴＧFitting type ●Ｓ　ＮWith silencer０１※１９ＰＡＦ５４１※Actuation ●● Thread type Ｎ● Option ０Ｐ１９Tubing size ●Tube extensionWith nut7. Discharge capability1) Flow characteristicWith reference to flow characteristic graph (shown below), operating condition of the pump can be set.Recommended typical condition A:Obtain pilot air pressure when discharge rate is 20L/min and discharge pressure is 0.2MPa.<Assumption; Fresh water (viscosity 1mPa s , specific gravity1.0) is used as transported fluid>1. Plot the cross point between line with discharge rate 20L/min and line with pressure 0.2MPa.2. Calculate pressure of transported fluid based on the point. In this example, the point is located between discharge curves (full line) with 0.3MPa and 0.4MPa and it can be found required air pressure at this point is approx. 0.37MPa in proportional relation.Caution●the fluid with higher viscosity such as oil is used, convert the fluid to fresh water with reference to viscosity characteristic graph.●The discharge rate is affected by characteristic of transported fluid (viscosity, specific gravity, concentration of slurry) and operating conditions (temperature, pump head, transporting distance) etc. and should be confirmed before use.● In the application where the back pressure is applied from discharge port “FLUID OUT”, the result of (pilot air pressure - back pressure, i.e. pressure difference) is pilot air pressure on the graph. Also, it should be noted discharge rate decreases compared with normal condition.● If required output of compressor is calculated from air consumption, consider the output is 0.75 kW per air consumption of 100L/min (ANR) for reference.2) Viscosity characteristicWith reference to viscosity characteristic graph (shown below), discharge amount of transported fluid with higher viscosity can be calculated.Recommended typical condition B:Calculate discharge amount of fluid with viscosity 100mPa s in case of discharge rate 9L/min and discharge pressure 0.2MPa.1. Find ratio of discharge rate to fresh water for the fluid with viscosity 100mPa s from the graph.Then, it is found to be 45%.2. After that, convert it to discharge rate of fresh water.Since discharge rate 45% of fresh water is equal to 9L/min of the fluid, with the following calculation;9L/min ÷ 0.45 = 20L/minit is found discharge rate 10L/min is necessary for fresh water.3. Then, refer to flow characteristic graph and calculated air pilot pressure.OCaution● The viscosity of fluid is affected by operating conditions (temperature, transporting distance etc.)andfluctuation of ambient temperature.● Viscosities up to 1000 mPa s can be used.清水に対する吐出量の比率（％）1000100101908070605040302010Ratioofdischargeamounttofreshwater(%)8. TroubleshootingIf any abnormality is found, perform check along with the following list. If the abnormality can’t be eliminated, return the pump to SMC.WarningExhaust dangerous fluid out of the pump before check.•Do not return the pump with dangerous fluid left. Be sure to substitute it with DI water.Otherwise, the fluid could cause burn and other damages on human during transportation.Trouble Possiblecause Remedy1) Supply of air can’t move the pump. - Internal air piping is clogged withdust.- Suction side (FLUID IN) or dischargeside (FLUID OUT) is closed or haslarge resistance.- Defect inside the body.- Insufficient supplied air pressure.- Intrusion of foreign materials intopump chamber.- Damaged diaphragm.- Cleaning or replacement ofpilot air switching part.- Review of piping at suction ordischarge side and removalof restrictor.- Replacement of pump.- Supply of air at adequatepressure.- Cleaning.- Replacement of pump.The pump doesn’t suck. - Check valve is clogged.- Check valve is damaged or worn.- The filter at suction side(FLUID IN)is clogged.- Excessive required suction head.- Incorrect mounting direction.- The diaphragm is damaged orcomes off.- Sealing failure of fitting at suctionside (FLUID IN).- Excessive viscosity of transportedfluid.- Incorrect insertion of check valve.- Cleaning.- Replacement of pump.- Cleaning of filter.- Reduction to suction headcovered by the pump.- Remounting in normaldirection.- Replacement of pump.- Secure mounting of seal.- Use of fluid with lowerviscosity.- Remounting in correctdirection.2) The pump starts, but doesn’t discharge.The pump sucks, but doesn’t discharge - Check valve or fitting at dischargeside (FLUID OUT) is clogged.- Cleaning.3) The discharge rate is insufficient. - Check valve at suction side (FLUIDIN) or discharge side (FLUID OUT)is clogged.- Excessive viscosity of transportedfluid.- Excessive required suction ordischarge pressure.- The filter of suction side (FLUID IN)is clogged.- The filter of discharge side (FLUIDOUT) is clogged.- Insufficient air supply.- Too small port size of transportedfluid piping.- Application of back pressure fromdischarge side (FLUID OUT).- Cleaning.- Non-conformance.- Reduction of required head.- Cleaning or replacement.- Cleaning or replacement.- Supply of air at adequatepressure.- Increase of air supply.- Removal of back pressure orincrease of supplied airpressure.4) A lot of air bubble come out from discharge side (FLUID OUT). - Air is sucked by suction side (FLUIDIN).- Sealing failure of fitting at suctionside (FLUID IN).- Damaged diaphragm.- Prevention of suction.- Secure mounting of seal.- Replacement of pump.5) Transferred fluid is flowedout from exhaust port.(AIR EXH)- Damaged diaphragm - Replacement of pump.6) Transported fluid or air leaks from jointed part to outside. - The diaphragm is damage or comesoff.- Looseness of bolts which fix theparts at each port.- Replacement of pump.- Retightening.- 10 -- 11 -9. Operating principleWhen compressed air is supplied to air supply port within 0.2 to 0.5MPa, internal directional control valve operates and diaphragm starts reciprocation.Air is supplied in actuating chamber shown in Fig.1, fluid in pump chamber is flowed out. Meanwhile, pump chamber B sucks fluid.When pilot valve is pushed out at stroke end, built-in directional control valve is shifted, and starts reverse operation (Fig.2). This repeated operation realizes continuous suction and discharge.ActuatingActuatingportPump Suction port Pump Suction port port Actuating Actuating Fluid flowAir flowFig.1 Fig.2Actuating chamber B Air exhaust portDischarge port (FLUID OUT) Suction port (FLUID IN) Pump chamber BActuating chamber A Pump chamber A Check valve。

The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology

Ping LouÆZu-de ZhouÆYou-Ping ChenÆWu AiStudy on multi-agent-based agile supply chain management Received:23December2002/Accepted:23December2002/Published online:5December2003ÓSpringer-Verlag London Limited2003Abstract In a worldwide network of suppliers,factories, warehouses,distribution centres and retailers,the supply chain plays a very important role in the acquisition, transformation,and delivery of raw materials and products.One of the most important characteristics of agile supply chain is the ability to reconﬁgure dynami-cally and quickly according to demand changes in the market.In this paper,concepts and characteristics of an agile supply chain are discussed and the agile supply chain is regarded as one of the pivotal technologies of agile manufacture based on dynamic alliance.Also,the importance of coordination in supply chain is emphas-ised and a general architecture of agile supply chain management is presented based on a multi-agent theory, in which the supply chain is managed by a set of intelli-gent agents for one or more activities.The supply chain management system functions are to coordinate its agents.Agent functionalities and responsibilities are de-ﬁned respectively,and a contract net protocol joint with case-based reasoning for coordination and an algorithm for task allocation is presented.Keywords Agile supply chainÆMulti-agent systemÆCoordinationÆCBRÆContract net protocol1IntroductionAdvanced technology and management are constantly being adopted to improve an enterpriseÕs strength and competitive ability in order to achieve predominance among hot global competition.In a report on21st century manufacturing strategy development,the author suggests that various production resources,including people,funds,technology and facilities should be inte-grated and managed as a whole;thus optimising the utilisation of resources and taking full advantage of advanced manufacturing technology,information tech-nology,network technology and computer[1].Agile manufacture based on dynamic alliance is coming into being so that enterprises can remain competitive in a constantly changing business environment and is becoming a main competitive paradigm in the interna-tional market.Agility,which has basically two mean-ings:ﬂexibility and reconﬁgurability,has become a very important characteristic of a modern manufacturing enterprise.Flexibility is an enterpriseÕs ability to make adjustments according to customersÕneeds.Reconﬁgu-rability is the ability to meet changing demands[2,3].The ability to quickly respond to marketÕs changes, called agility,has been recognised as a key element in the success and survival of enterprises in todayÕs market.In order to keep up with rapid change,enterprises need to change traditional management in this hot competition. Through dynamic alliance,enterprises exert predomi-nance themselves,cooperate faithfully with each other, and compete jointly so as to meet the needs of the ﬂuctuating market,andﬁnally achieve the goal of win-win[2,3].So how to improve agility in the supply chain, namelyﬂexibility and reconﬁgurability,is one of the important factors to win against the competition.Supply chain management(SCM)is an approach to satisfy the demands of customers for products and ser-vices via integrated management in the whole business process from raw material procurement to the product or service delivery to customers.In[4],M.S.Fox et al. describe the goals and architecture of integrated supply chain management system(ISCM).In this system,each agent performs one or more supply chain management functions,and coordinates its decisions with other rele-vant agents.ISCM provides an approach to the real timeInt J Adv Manuf Technol(2004)23:197–203 DOI10.1007/s00170-003-1626-xP.Lou(&)ÆZ.ZhouRoom107,D8Engineering Research Center of Numerical Control System,School of Mechanical Science&Engineering, Huazhong University of Science&Technology, 430074Wuhan,Hubei,P.R.ChinaE-mail:louping_98@Y.-P.ChenÆW.AiSchool of Mechanical Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430074Wuhan,Hubei,P.R.Chinaperformance of supply chain function.The integration of multi-agent technology and constraint network for solving the supply chain management problem is pro-posed[6].In[7],Yan et al.develop a multi-agent-based negotiation support system for distributed electric power transmission cost allocation based on the networkﬂow model and knowledge query&manipulation language (KQML).A KQML based multi-agent coordination language was proposed in[8,9]for distributed and dy-namic supply chain management.However,the coordi-nation mechanisms have not been formally addressed in a multi-agent-based supply chain.In most industries, marketing is becoming more globalised,and the whole business process is being implemented into a complex network of supply chains.Each enterprise or business unit in the SCM represents an independent entity with conﬂicting and competing product requirements and may possess localised information relevant to their interests.Being aware of this independence,enterprises are regarded as autonomous agents that can decide how to deploy resources under their control to serve their interests.This paperﬁrst introduces concepts and characteris-tics of agile supply chains and emphasises the impor-tance of coordination in supply chain.Then,it presents an architecture of agile supply chain based on a multi-agent theory and states the agentsÕfunctions and responsibilities.Finally,it presents a CBR contract net protocol for coordination and the correlative algorithm for task allocation in multi-agent-based agile supply chains.2Agile supply chainA supply chain is a network from the topologic structure which is composed of autonomous or semi-autonomous enterprises.The enterprises all work together for pro-curement,production,delivery,and so on[10].There is a main enterprise in the supply chain that is responsible for conﬁguring the supply chain according to the de-mand information and for achieving supply chain value using fundﬂow,materialﬂow and informationﬂow as mediums.There are three discontinuous buﬀers to make the materialﬂowﬂuently and satisfy the change in the demand.On the one hand,as every enterprise manages inventory independently,plenty of funds are wasted.As the demand information moves up-stream,the forecast is inaccurate and the respond to the change in demand is slow[11].Accordingly,the key method for competi-tiveness is improving and optimising supply chain management to achieve integrated,automated,and agile supply chain management and to cut costs in the supply chain.To optimise supply chain management and coordi-nate the processes for materialﬂow,fundﬂow and informationﬂow,it is necessary to make materialﬂow ﬂuent,quickly fund turnover and keep information integrated.Prompt reconﬁguration and coordination is an important characteristic of agile supply chain according to dynamic alliance compositing and de-compositing(enterprise reconﬁguration).Agile supply chain management can improve enterprise reconﬁguring agility.The agile supply chain breaks through the tra-ditional line-style organizational structure.With net-work technology an enterprise group is formed by a cooperative relationship which includes an enterprise business centre,a production design centre,a supplier,a distribution centre,a bank,a decision-making centre, etc.It reduces the lead time to the market to satisfy customer demand.Agile supply chain without temporal and spatial limits promptly expands the enterprise scale,marketing share and resource by allied enterprise.So,a key factor of the agile supply chain is to integrate heterogeneous information systems adopted in various enterprises.The integration information system can provide marketing information and supplier details.Feasible inventory, quantity and cycle of replenished stock,delivery,etc.is designed using the shared information.It is evident that agile supply chain is a typical distributed system.A multi-agent system(MAS)which is characterised byﬂexibility and adaptability is suit-able for an open and dynamic environment.Thus MAS is a good method for agile supply chain man-agement.3The concept of agents and MASSome people deﬁne an agent as any piece of software or object which can perform a speciﬁc given task.Presently the prevailing opinion is that an agent must exhibit three important general characteristics:autonomy,adapta-tion,and cooperation[8,12,13].Autonomy means that agents have their own agenda of goals and exhibit goal-directed behaviour.Agents are not simply reactive,but can be pro-active and take initiatives as they deem appropriate.Adaptation implies that agents are capable of adapting to the environment,which includes other agents and human users,and can learn from the expe-rience in order to improve themselves in a changing environment.Cooperation and coordination between agents are probably the most important feature of MAS. Unlike those stand-alone agents,agents in a MAS col-laborate with each other to achieve common goals.In other words,these agents share information,knowledge, and tasks among themselves.The intelligence of MAS is not only reﬂected by the expertise of individual agents but also exhibited by the emerged collective behaviour beyond individual agents.Of course various agents have diﬀerent functions,but some functions are needed for each agent.A generic structure of agents that includes two parts is presented:agent kernel and function mod-ule.Figure1exhibits the generic structure of agents which is a plug-in model.In Fig.1,the generic agent includes the following components:198The mailbox handles communication between one agent and the other agents.The message handler processes incoming message from the mailbox,orders them according to priority level,and dispatches them to the relevant components of the agent.The coordination engine makes decisions concerning the agent Õs goals,e.g.how they should be pursued,when to abandon them,etc.,and sends the accepted tasks to the planner/scheduler.It is also responsible for coordi-nating the agents Õinteractions with other agents using coordination protocols and strategies.The planner and scheduler plans the agent Õs tasks on the basis of decisions made by the coordination engine and on resources and task speciﬁcations available to the agent.If not,a message is sent to the coordination en-gine for ﬁnding extra resources.The blackboard provides a shared work area for exchanging information,data,and knowledge among function modules.Every function module is an inde-pendent entity.These function modules execute con-currently by the control of planner/scheduler and collaborate through the blackboard.The acquaintance database describes one agent Õs relationships with other agents in the society,and its beliefs about the capabilities of those agents.The coor-dination engine uses information contained in this database when making collaborative arrangements with other agents.The resource database reserves a list of resources (referred to in this paper as facts)that are owned by and available to the agent.The resource database also sup-ports a direct interface to external systems,which allows the interface to dynamically link and utilise a proprie-tary database.The ontology database stores the logical deﬁnition of each fact type—its legal attributes,the range of legal values for each attribute,any constraints betweenattribute values,and any relationship between the attributes of that fact and other facts.The task/plan database provides logical descriptions of planning operators (or tasks)known to the agent.4Multi-agent-based agile supply chain management Multi-agent-based agile supply chain management per-forms many functions in a tightly coordinated manner.Agents organise supply chain networks dynamically by coordination according to a changing environment,e.g.exchange rates go up and down unpredictably,customers change or cancel orders,materials do not arrive on time,production facilities fail,etc.[2,14].Each agent performs one or more supply chain functions independently,and each coordinates his action with other agents.Figure 2provides the architecture of multi-agent-based agile supply chains.There are two types of agents:functional agents and mediator agents.Functional agents plan and/or control activities in the supply chain.Mediator agents play a system coordinator role s by promoting coopera-tion among agents and providing message services.Mediator agents dispatch the tasks to the functional agents or other mediator agents,and then those func-tional or mediator agents complete the tasks by coordi-nation.All functional agents coordinate with each other to achieve the goals assigned by mediator agents.The mediator-mediator and mediator-agent communication is asynchronous,and the communication mode can be point-to-point (between two agents),broadcast (one to all agents),or multicast (to a selected group of agents).Messages are formatted in an extended KQML format.The architecture is characterised by organizational hier-archy and team spirit,simplifying the organisational architecture and reducing the time needed to fulﬁl the task.The rest of this section brieﬂy describes each of the mediator agents underdevelopment.Fig.1Generic structures of agents199–Customer mediator agent:This agent is responsible for acquiring orders from customers,negotiating with customers about prices,due dates,technical advisory,etc.,and handling customer requests for modifying or cancelling respective orders,then sending the order information to a scheduling mediator agent.If a customer request needs to be re-designed,the infor-mation is sent to a design mediator agent,then to a scheduling mediator agent.–Scheduling mediator agent:This agent is responsible for scheduling and re-scheduling activities in the fac-tory,exploring hypothetical ‘‘what-if’’scenarios for potential new orders,and generating schedules that are sent to the production mediator agent and logis-tics mediator agent.The scheduling agent also acts as a coordinator when infeasible situations arise.It has the capability to explore tradeoﬀs among the various constraints and goals that exit in the plant.–Logistics mediator agent:This agent is responsible for coordinating multi-plans,multiple-supplier,and the multiple-distribution centre domain of the enterprise to achieve the best possible results in terms of supply chain goals,which include on-time delivery,cost minimisation,etc.It manages the movement of products or materials across the supply chain from the supplier of raw materials to the ﬁnished product customer.–Production mediator agent:This agent performs the order release and real-time ﬂoor control functions as directed by the scheduling mediator agent.It monitors production operation and facilities.If the production operation is abnormal or a machine breaks down,this agent re-arranges the task or re-schedules with the scheduling mediator agent.–Transportation mediator agent:This agent is responsible for the assignment and scheduling of transportation resources in order to satisfy inter-plant movement speciﬁed by the logistics mediator agent.It is able to take into account a variety oftransportation assets and transportation routes in the construction of its schedules.The goal is to send the right materials on time to the right location as assigned by the logistics mediator agent.–Inventory mediator agent:There are three invento-ries at the manufacturing site:raw product inven-tory,work-in-process inventory,and ﬁnished product inventory.This agent is responsible for managing these inventories to satisfy production requirements.–Supplier mediator agent:This agent is responsible for managing supplier information and choosing suppli-ers based on requests in the production process.–Design mediator agent:This agent is responsible for developing new goods and for sending the relevant information to the scheduling mediator agent for scheduling,as well as to the customer mediator agent for providing technological advice.5Coordination in a multi-agent-based agile supply chainCoordination has been deﬁned as the process of man-aging dependencies between activities [15].One impor-tant characteristic of an agile supply chain is the ability to reconﬁgure quickly according to change in the envi-ronment.In order to operate eﬃciently,functional entities in the supply chain must work in a tightly coordinated manner.The supply chain works as a net-work of cooperating agents,in which each performs one or more supply chain functions,and each coordinates its action with that of other agents [5].Correspondingly,a SCMS transforms to a MAS.In this MAS,agents may join the system and leave it according to coordinating processes.With coordination among agents,this MAS achieves the goal of ‘‘the right products in the right quantities (at the right location)at the right moment at minimalcost’’.Fig.2An architecture of multi-agent based agile supply chain management2005.1Contract net protocol combined withcase-based reasoningThe contract net is a negotiation protocol(CNP)pro-posed by Smith[15].In the CNP,every agent is regarded as a node,such as a manager or a contractor.The manager agent(MA)is responsible for decomposing, announcing,and allocating the task and contractor agent(CA)is responsible for performing the task.This protocol has been widely used for multi-agent negotia-tion,but it is ineﬃcient.For this reason,contract net protocol is combined with case-based reasoning(CBR).In case-based reasoning(CBR),the target case is deﬁned as problem or instance which is currently being faced,and the base case is problem or instance in the database.CBR searches the base case in the database under the direction of the target case,and then the base case instructs the target case to solve the problem.This method is eﬃcient.But at the very beginning,it is very diﬃcult to set up a database which includes all problems solving cases.The cases may be depicted as follows:C¼\task;MA;taskÀconstraint;agentÀset> Here,MA is task manager.Task-constraint repre-sents various constraint conditions for performing the task,depicted as a vector{c1,c2,c3,...,c m}.Agent-set is a set of performing the task as deﬁned below:Agent set¼\sub task i;agent id;cost;time;resource>f gtask¼[ni¼1sub task iIn the supply chain,the same process in which a certain product moves from the manufacturer to the customer is performed iteratively.So,case-based rea-soning is very eﬃcient.Consequently,combining con-tract net protocol with CBR could avoid high communicating on load,thus promoting eﬃciency.The process can be depicted as follows(Fig.3).5.2The algorithm for task allocation baseon CBR contract net protocolThere are two types of agents in the supply chain, cooperative and self-interested agents.Cooperative agents attempt to maximise social welfare,which is the sum of the agents utilities.They are willing to take individual losses in service of the good of the society of agents.For example,function agents come from the same enterprise.In truth,the task allocation among cooperative agents is combinational optimisation prob-lem.Self-interested agents seek to maximise their own proﬁt without caring about the others.In such a case,an agent is willing to do other agentsÕtasks only for com-pensation[16].Function agents,for example,come from diﬀerent enterprises.In the following section the algorithm for task allo-cation among self-interested agents based on CBR contract net protocol will be addressed.Before describ-ing the algorithm,there are some deﬁnitions that must be clariﬁed:Task—A task which is performed by one agent or several agents together:T=<task,reward,con-straints>,where task is the set of tasks(task={t1,t2,..., t m}),reward is the payoﬀto the agents that perform the task(reward={r1,r2,...,r m}),and constraints refer to the bounded condition for performing the task(con-straints={c1,c2,...,c n}).Agent coalition(AC)—A group of agents that per-form task T,described as a set AC={agent i,i=1,2,...,n}.Eﬃciency of agent—Eﬃciency of an agent i is de-scribed as follows:E i¼rewardÀcostðÞ=costð1Þwhere reward is the payoﬀto the agent performing task T,and cost refers to that spend on performing the task. If agent i is not awarded the task,then E i=0.Eﬃciency of agent coalition—E coalition¼rewardÀX micost iÀh!,X micost iþh!ð2Þwhere reward is the payoﬀof the agent coalition per-forming task T;cost i refers to that spend on performing task t i;and h is the expense on forming coalition,which is shared by the members of the coalition.If the coalition is not awarded task T,then E coalition<=0.6Algorithm:1.After MA accepts the task T=<task,reward,constraint>(task is decomposable),then it searches the database.2.If itﬁnds a corresponding case,it assigns the task orsubtask to the related agents according to the case, and the process is over3.If no case is found,then the task T is announced toall relevant agents(agent i,i=1,2,...n).4.The relevant agents make bids for the task accord-ing to their own states and capabilities.Thebid Fig.3CBR contract net process201from agent i can be described as follows:Bid i =<agentid i ,T i ,price i ,condition i >,where i ex-presses the bidding agent (i =1,2,...,h );agentid i is the exclusive agent identiﬁer;T i is the task set of agent i Õs fulﬁlment;price i is the recompense of agent i fulﬁlling the task T i ;and condition i is the constraint conditions for agent i to fulﬁl the task T i .5.If [1 i h&T i then the task T can not be performed.Otherwise MA makes a complete combination of the agents,namely to form a number of agent coalitions (or agent sets,amounting to N =2h )1).6.First MA deletes those agent coalitions where no agents are able to satisfy the constraint condition.Next the rest of the coalitions are grouped by the number of agents in coalitions and put into set P (P ={P 1,P 2,...,P h })in order of the minimum re-compense increase of the coalitions,where P i is the set of agent coalitions,including i agents.7.MA puts the ﬁrst coalition from each group P i(i =1,2,...,h )into set L ,and if L is null then it returns to (10),otherwise it calculates the minimum re-compense of each coalition as follows:Min Pm iprice i ÃT is :t :P h i ¼1T i TP m icondition i constraitThen it searches for the minimal agent coalition AC min from the set L .8.MA sends the AC min to the relevant agents,namely MA requests that these agent fulﬁl the task to-gether.The relevant agents calculate the E coalition and E i according to Eqs.1and 2.IfE coalition !max miE i ,then all agents in the AC minaccept the proposal to form a coalition to perform the task T together.MA assigns the task to the AC min ,and the process is over.Otherwise it deletes the AC min from P i and returns to (7).9.If the relevant agents accept the task or subtask,then MA assigns the task to them.The process is over.If some agents cannot accept the subtask and the stated time is not attained,then it returns to (3),otherwise it returns to (10).10.The process is terminated (namely the task cannotbe performed).After all processes have been completed,case-based maintenance is required to improve the CBR.Thus eﬃciency is continuously promoted.6.1An example–A simple instantiation of a supply chain simulation is presented here and the negotiating process among agents is shown.In this supply chain instantiation,thetransportation mediator agent (TMA)has a transporttask T ,in which it has to deliver the ﬁnished product to the customer within 15units of time and must pay 1500monetary units for it,that is T =<t ,1500,15>.Four transport companies can perform task T .Each company is an autonomous agent,that is four agents,agent A,agent B,agent C and agent D.So the TMA announces the task T to the four agents.Then the four agents make a bid for the task T as shown in Table 1.–So the four agents can form 24)1coalitions (see Fig.4),which are put into set P .Cooperation between agents in the coalition requires expense and the ex-pense for forming the coalition increases with the growth of in coalition size.This means that expanding the coalition may be non-beneﬁcial.The expense of each agent in forming a coalition h is 100.First,the coalitions in which no agents can satisfy the constraint conditions are deleted from the set P .The rest of the coalitions are grouped by the number of agents in the coalition and ordered according to the recompense of each group that was increased due to the coalition,namely P 1={B},P 2={{A,B},{A,C},{B,C},{A,D},{B,D}},P 3={{A,B,C},{A,B,D},{B,C,D}},P 4={{A,B,C,D}}.Then the cost and eﬃciency of coalition {B},{A,C}and {A,B,C}are calculated as follows:Price f A ;B g ¼Min ð800x 1þ1200x 2Þs :t :20x 1þ12x 2 15x 1þx 2!1x 1!0:x 2!0Price f A ;B ;C g ¼Min ð800y 1þ1200y 2þ2000y 3Þs :t :20y 1þ12y 2þ5y 3 15y 1þy 2þy 3!1y 1!0:y 2!0;y 3!Fig.4Agent coalition graphTable 1The bids of four agents Agent Id Price Conditions Agent A 80020Agent B 120012Agent C 20005AgentD25003202the following result can be obtained:Price{B}=1200; x1=0.3750,x2=0.6250,Price{A,B}=1050;and y1= 0.3750,y2=0.6250,y3=0.The above result shows that agent B does not attend the coalition{A,B,C},that is both agent B and coalition{A,B}can fulﬁll the task and satisfy the constraint conditions.According to Eqs.1 and2,E A,E B,E{A,B}:E A=0(because TMA does not assign the task to A.),E B=(1500)1200)/1200=0.25, E{A,B}=(1500)1050)2*100)/(1050+2*100)=0.2can be obtained.Because of E{A,B}<max{E A,E B},agent B does not agree to form a coalition.Therefore,the TMA se-lects agent B to fulﬁl the task.7ConclusionsIn this paper,the concept and characteristics of agile supply chain management are introduced.Dynamic and quick reconﬁguration is one of important characteristics of an agile supply chain and agile supply chain man-agement is one of the key technologies of agile manu-facturing based on dynamic alliances.As agile supply chain is a typical distributed system,and MAS is eﬃ-cient for this task.In the architecture of agile supply chain management, the supply chain is managed by a set of intelligent agents that are responsible for one or more activities.In order to realise the agility of supply chains,coordination amongst agents is very important.Therefore,it can be suggested that contract net protocol should be combined with case-based reasoning to coordinate among agents. Acknowledgement The authors would like to acknowledge the funding support from the National Science Fund Committee (NSFC)of China(Grant No.5991076861).References1.Goldman S,Nagel R,Preiss K(1995)Agile competitors andvirtual organization.Van Nostrsand Reinhold,New York, pp23–32,pp158–1662.Yusuf YY,Sarhadi M,Gunasekaran A(1999)Agile manu-facturing:the drivers,concepts and attributes.Int J Prod Eng 62:33–433.Gunasekaran A(1999)Agile manufacturing:A framework forresearch and development.Int J Prod Eng62:87–1054.Fox MS,Chionglo JF,Barbuceanu M(1992)Integrated chainmanagement system.Technical report,Enterprise Integration Laboratory,University of Toronto5.Shen W,Ulieru M,Norrie DH,Kremer R(1999)Implementingthe internet enabled supply chain through a collaborative agent system.In:Proceedings of agentsÔ99workshop on agent-based decision support for managing the internet-enabled supply-chain,Seattle,pp55–626.Sandholm TW,Lesser VR(1995)On automated contracting inmulti-enterprise manufacturing.Advanced Systems and Tools, Edinburgh,Scotland,pp33–427.Beck JC,Fox MS(1994)Supply chain coordination via medi-ated constraint relaxation.In:Proceedings of theﬁrst Canadian workshop on distributed artiﬁcial intelligence,Banﬀ,Alberta, 15May19948.Chen Y,Peng Y,Finin T,Labrou Y,Cost R,Chu B,Sun R,Willhelm R(1999)A negotiation-based multi-agent system for supply chain management.In:Working notes of the ACM autonomous agents workshop on agent-based decision-support for managing the internet-enabled supply-chain,4:1–79.Wooldridge M,Jennings NR(1995)Intelligent agents:theoryand practice.Knowl Eng Rev10(2):115–15210.Barbuceanu M,Fox MS(1997)The design of a coordinationlanguage for multi-agent systems.In:Muller JP,Wooldridge MJ,Jennings NR(eds)Intelligent agent III:agents theories, architecture and languanges(Lecture notes in artiﬁcial intelligence),Springer,Berlin Heidelberg New York,pp341–35711.Hal L,Padmanabhan V,Whang S(1997)The Bullwhip eﬀect insupply chains.Sloan Manag Rev38(4):93–10212.Yung S,Yang C(1999)A new approach to solve supply chainmanagement problem by integrating multi-agent technology and constraint network.HICASS-3213.Yan Y,Yen J,Bui T(2000)A multi-agent based negotiationsupport system for distributed transmission cost allocation.HICASS-3314.Nwana H(1996)Software agents:an overview.Knowl Eng Rev11(3):1–4015.Smith RG(1980)Contract net protocol:high-level communi-cation and control in a distributed problem solver.IEEE Trans Comput29(12):1104–111316.Barbuceanu M,Fox MS(1996)Coordinating multiple agentsin the supply chain.In:Proceedings of theﬁfth workshop on enabling technology for collaborative enterprises(WET ICEÕ96).IEEE Computer Society Press,pp134–14117.Jennings NR,Faratin P,Norman TJ,OÕBrien P,Odgers B(2000)Autonomous agents for business process management.Int J Appl Artif Intell14(2):145–1818.Malone TW,Crowston K(1991)Toward an interdisciplinarytheory of coordination.Center for coordination science tech-nical report120,MIT Sloan School203。

Bussmann

Finger-safe power distribution blocksCatalog symbol:• PDBFS_Description:The small footprint, high Short-Circuit Current (SCCR) Bussmann™ series power distribution blocks provide IP20* finger-safe protection under specified conditions. These UL® Listed, single-pole blocks are of a modular design that permits dovetailing together the required number of poles for an application and still meet the UL 1953 minimum 1” and 2” spacing required per UL 508A for feeder circuit applications and per NEC® for field installations.With SCCRs up to 200 kA, these blocks help achieve compliance with National Electrical Code (NEC) and OSHA requirements by resolving a common SCCR “weak link” in industrial control panels.To increase application flexibility, these blocks feature dual-wire rated ports that accept copper or aluminum conductors while retaining a UL Listed status.With panel or 35 mm DIN-Rail** mounting for application flexibility these blocks are suitable for installation in wireways and industrial control panel feeder and branch circuits.* See table on page 5.** PDFFS504 panel mount only.Catalog number example:PDBFS204 is a 1-pole blockWhere:• The catalog symbol “PDBFS” defines the block as a finger-safe design.• The catalog number ending “204” in this example defines this block’s lineside and loadside characteristics covering the ampacity, number of ports and wire sizes, etc.• See the catalog number table for details on the available lineside/loadside characteristics.How to order:From the catalog number table, select the catalog number that defines the desired lineside/loadside port and conductor characteristics.Order one block per pole for the application. Multiple single-pole blocks can be ganged together via the dovetailing feature to form multi-pole configurations.Specifications:Ratings• Volts:• 600 V (UL)• 690 V (IEC)• Amps: 175 to 760 A• SCCR: Up to 200 kA (see table for circuit protection details)Agency information• UL 1953 Listed, Guide QPQS, File E256146• CSA® Certified, Class 6228-01, File 47235• RoHS compliant• CEFlammability rating• UL 94 V0Storage and operating temperature range • -4°F to 248°F (-20°C to 120°C)Conductors†• Stranded 75°C copper and aluminum• Higher temperature rated conductors permitted with appropriate derating† As specified in the catalog number table.2Technical Data 10536Effective June 2021Finger-safe power distribution blocks/bussmannseriesFeatures and benefits•IP20 finger-safe under specified conditions increases safety by isolating energized connections.•Wire-ready captive termination screws cannot be misplaced and are shipped “backed out” to save time on conductor installation.• Sliding DIN-Rail latch provides easy block mounting.•For multiple pole applications, all single-pole units can be gang mounted by using the interlocking dovetail pins that are pre-installed on the side of the blocks.•Elongated panel-mounting holes provide greater flexibility and installation ease when matching up with drilled panel holes.Dual wire port application•Rated for dual wire port application to increase the possiblenumber of lineside and loadside connections. E.g., PDBFS220 can accept two wires into the lineside port (#4 - #14 Cu, #4 - #8 Al) and two wires per port (eight connections total) on the loadside lug (#8 - #14 Cu, #8 Al).•Dual wire applications are only viable when using two wires of the same size, stranding, and insulating and conductor material.Ferrule terminal application•Bussmann series PDBFS power distribution blocks are rated for use with UL Listed ferrules (see catalog number table for details).•Ferrule applications allow for the use of a broader range of conductor stranding and simulate a more efficient, solid wire connection with the PDBFS terminal port.•Always use UL Listed ferrules in accordance with the manufacturer’s specifications and instructions.Catalog numbers:(customer supplied) applied according to the manufacturer’s specifications. Ferrule ratings apply to copper wire only.** See pages 4 and 5 for the tested upstream overcurrent protective devices necessary for achieving these SCCRs.† Torque rating for dual wire and ferrule application is 30.5 N•m (270 Lb-in).†† Torque rating for ferrule application is 13.6 N•m (120 Lb-in).3Finger-safe power distribution blocksTechnical Data 10536Effective June 2021/bussmannseries Selecting SCCR power distribution blocks and terminal blocksShort-circuit current rated power distribution blocksBussmann series power distribution blocks have three distinct styles to match different application needs. There are the PDBFS_ and PDB_ high short-circuit current rated power distribution blocks and the 16_ power terminal blocks. The differences are whether the power distribution blocks are enclosed or not, and whether they are UL 1953 Listed power distribution blocks or UL 1059 Recognized power terminal blocks, which have different minimum spacing requirements. The table on this page will assist you in selecting which block is right for your application.Why these are importantPer the NEC and OSHA, equipment cannot be installed in anelectrical system at a location where the available fault (short-circuit) current is greater than the equipment’s SCCR.Further, equipment SCCRs are required in the 2014 NEC and for UL 508A Listed control panels. Marking the equipment SCCR on control panels (NEC 409.110), industrial machinery electrical panelsSelection tableThis table provides an overview of the three Bussmann series power distribution and terminal blocks mentioned above. For details on the PDB_ blocks, see data sheet number 10537. For the 16_ blocks, see data sheet numbers 10533 (UL Recognized power distribution blocks),10534 (splicer blocks) and 10535 (stud blocks).PDBFS_distribution blocksY es***Y es Y es Y es Y es Y es Y esPDB_UL 1953 Listed powerdistribution blocksNo †Y es Y es Y es Y es Y es Y es, with optional cover 16_UL 1059 Recognizedterminal blocksNo †Y esNo ††Y esNo ††Y esNo* When protected by proper fuse class with maximum ampere rating specified or smaller.** For details, see PDB and TB minimum spacing requirements for equipment table below.*** IP20 finger-safe under specific conditions, see data sheet page 5.† Optional covers are available. Not IP20, but provide a safety benefit.††No, except: Y es, if single pole units installed with proper spacings.Power distribution and terminal block minimum spacing requirements for equipment508A branch circuits 3/8”1/2”1/2”1995 HVAC3/8”1/2”1/2”Note: Refer to specific UL standards for complete spacing details.(NEC 670.3(A)), and HVAC equipment (NEC 440.4(B)) is required by the NEC.Power distribution and terminal blocks not marked with a component SCCR are typically one of the weakest links in a control panel’s equipment SCCR and may limit the equipment SCCR to no more than 10 kA. The PDBFS_ and PDB_ products have the increased spacing required for use in feeder circuits of equipment listed to UL 508A (UL 1059 terminal blocks must be evaluated for proper spacings). Also, for building wiring systems, the PDBFS_ andPDB_ power distribution blocks can be used to meet the 2014 NEC requirements in section 376.56(B) for power distribution blocks in wireways.See the last page of this data sheet for SCCR tools and resources to help you further understand and solve your SCCR needs.4Technical Data 10536Effective June 2021Finger-safe power distribution blocks/bussmannseriesUpstream fusing for SCCR and minimum enclosure dataThis table contains the tested SCCR levels for each PDBFS power distribution block using the specified lineside and loadside conductors and Bussmann series Class J, RK1, RK5 and T fuses. Using these tested SCCR levels also requires the power distribution block be installed in anenclosure with the minimum size indicated for each catalog number.PDBFS2202/0 - #8#4 - #1220010060200200 kA 16 x 16 x 6.75#4 - #1417510030175100 kA 2001006020050 kA PDBFS303350 - #6350 - #6400200100400200 kA 36 x 30 x 12.625PDBFS330500 - #6#2 - #6400200100400200 kA 24 x 20 x 6.75#6 - #142001006020050 kA 17510030175100 kA PDBFS377300 - #4#4600400200600200 kA 24 x 20 x 6.75400200100400100 kA #4 - #142001006020050 kA #4#460040020060050 kA PDBFS500350350600400200600200 kA 36 x 30 x 12.625350 - #4350 - #4600400200600100 kA PDBFS504500500600600200800**200 kA 36 x 30 x 12.625500 - #6500 - #6600400200600100 kAAmpacities 75°C per NEC ® Table 310.16 and UL 508A Table 28.1.* Class G 60 A (SC-60) or less or Class CC 30 A (LP-CC-30, FNQ-R-30, KTK-R-30) or less are suitable for all SCCRs in this table.** Class L 800 A (KRP-C 800_SP) or less fuses suitable for this particular SCCR case.Upstream circuit breakers for SCCR and minimum enclosure dataThis table contains the tested SCCR levels for each PDBFS power distribution block using the specified lineside and loadside conductors and Eaton and General Electric circuit breakers. Using these tested SCCR levels also requires the power distribution block be installed in an enclosure with the minimum size indicated for each catalog number.PDBFS SCCR as rated with Eaton circuit breakersPDBFS2042/0 - #82/0 - #865480E125H, EGB125, E125B, EGE125,E125G, EGS125, E125S, PDG13P , PDG13M12516 x 16 x 6.75PDBFS330500 - #3#2 - #814480LGH400, L400H, LGE400, L400E, LGS400, L400S, PDG33M, PDG33G, PDG33K 40024 x 20 x 6.7525LGC400, L400C, LGU400,L400U, LGX400, L400X, PDG33P PDBFS377(2) 300 - #2#430480LGH600, L600H, LGE600, L600E, LGS600, L600S, PDG33M, PDG33G, PDG33K60024 x 20 x 6.75#618#814#442LGC600, L600C, LGU600,L600U, LGX600, L600X, PDG33P#635#8145Finger-safe power distribution blocksTechnical Data 10536Effective June 2021/bussmannseriesPDBFS SCCR as rated with General Electric circuit breakersPDBFS2042/0 - #82/0 - #848016 x 16 x 6.7525SEHA, PEAC, PEBC,PEAE, PEBE150PDBFS2202/0 - #8#4 - #1265480SELA, PEAN, PEBN 15016 x 16 x 6.7525SEHA, PEAC, PEBC,PEAE, PEBE150PDBFS303250 - #6350 - #665480SFLA, PEDN, PEEN 25024 x 20 x 6.75250 - #635SFHA, PEDE, PEEE 2503/0 - #6350 - #665SELA, PEAN, PEBN 15025SEHA, PEAC, PEBC,PEAE, PEBE150PDBFS330250 - #6#2 - #1265480SFLA, PEDN, PEEN 25024 x 20 x 6.7535SFHA, PEDE, PEEE 2503/0 - #665SELA, PEAN, PEBN 15025SEHA, PEAC, PEBC,PEAE, PEBE150Specified installation conditions for IP20 finger-safe ratingsThis table contains the installed wire and trim lengths, and other conditions the PDBFS power distribution blocks need in order to be compliant withIP20 specifications. IP20 compliance status is indicated in the lineside and loadside wire port and terminal screw opening columns.PDBFS2202/0 - #80.75 (19)Y es Y es #4 - #14Top row 0.55 (14), Bottom row 0.85 (22)Y es Y es Screws fully opened N/A Y es No wire in hole No N/A PDBFS303350kcmil - 2/01.35 (34)Y es Y es 350kcmil - 2/01.25 (32)Y es Y es 1/0 - #6No Y es 1/0 - #6No Y es PDBFS330500 - 250kcmil1.25 (32)Y esY es #2 - #14Top row 0.59 (15), Bottom row 1.2 (30)Y es Y es 4/0 - #6No Y es Screws fully opened N/A Y es No wire in hole Y es N/A PDBFS377300kcmil - 4/0Top row 1.15 (29)bottom row 1.4 (36)Y esY es #4 - #14Top row 0.55 (14), Middle row 1.00 (35), Bottom row 1.22 (31)Y es Y es 3/0 - #4No Y es Screws fully open N/A Y es Screws fully open N/A No No wire in port Y es N/A No wire in port No N/A PDBFS500350kcmil - 2/01.25 (32)NoY es 350kcmil - 2/01.25 (32)Y esY es 1/0 - #4No Y es 1/0 - #4No Y es Screws fully opened N/A No Screws fully open N/A No No wire in port No N/A No wire in port No N/A PDBFS504500 - 350kcmil 1.25 (32)Y esY es 500 - 350kcmil 1.25 (32)Y esY es 300 - #6No Y es 300 - #6No Y es Screws fully open N/A No Screws fully opened N/A No No wire in portNoN/ANo wire in portNoN/A6Technical Data 10536Effective June 2021Finger-safe power distribution blocks/bussmannseriesDimensions — in (mm)PDBFS2201.03 (26) 3.73 (95) 2.15 (54) 3.55 (90) 2.92 (74)0.20 (5)0.40 (10)N/A PDBFS3031.54 (39) 4.66 (118) 2.87 (73) 4.49 (114) 3.82 (97)0.20 (5)0.44 (11)N/A PDBFS3301.54 (39) 4.66 (118) 2.87 (73) 4.49 (114) 3.82 (97)0.20 (5)0.44 (11)N/A PDBFS3771.88 (47) 4.66 (118) 2.93 (74) 4.49 (114) 3.82 (97)0.20 (5)0.44 (11)N/A PDBFS500 2.37 (60) 4.66 (118) 2.60 (66) 4.49 (114) 3.82 (97)0.20 (5)0.44 (11)N/APDBFS5042.54 (64)4.49 (114)3.15 (80)—3.82 (97)0.20 (5)0.35 (9)1.81 (46)LinesideLoadsideLinesideLoadsidePDBFS220PDBFS204PDBFS303PDBFS3307Finger-safe power distribution blocksTechnical Data 10536Effective June 2021/bussmannseries LinesideLoadsideLinesideLoadsideLinesideLoadsidePDBFS377PDBFS500PDBFS504Multi-pole block gangingPDBFS power distribution blocks are single-pole devices that can be ganged for the required number of poles using the interlocking dovetail pins that are pre-installed on each block.To interlock and gang two or more blocks (DIN-Rail or panel mount):•Place blocks of the same catalog number side-by-side and slide the dovetail pin of one block into the reciprocal slot on the other and press together until fully seated and the backs of both blocks are coplanar.•Repeat the step above until the number of desired poles are gangedNote: Dissimilar PDBFS blocks can be ganged together. E.g., a PDBFS204 can be ganged with a PDBFS220 using the interlocking dovetailing pins. Ganging a PDBFS504 with any other PDBFS will prevent DIN-Rail mounting.Dovetailing feature permits easy ganging for multi-pole applications8Finger-safe power distribution blocksTechnical Data 10536Effective June 2021Eaton, Bussmann and OSCAR are valuable trademarks of Eaton in the U.S. and other countries. Y ou are not permitted to use the Eaton trademarks without prior written con-sent of Eaton.CSA is a registered trademark of the Canadian Standards Group.NEC is a registered trademark of the National Fire Protection Association, Inc.UL is a registered trademark of the Underwriters Laboratories, Inc.Eaton1000 Eaton Boulevard Cleveland, OH Bussmann Division 114 Old State Road Ellisville, MO 63021United States/bussmannseries © 2021 EatonAll Rights Reserved Publication No. 10536June 2021Follow us on social media to get thelatest product and support information.For Eaton’s Bussmann series product information,call 1-855-287-7626 or visit:/bussmannseriesThe only controlled copy of this data sheet is the electronic read-only version located on the Eaton network drive. All other copies of this document are by definition uncontrolled. This bulletin is intended to clearly present comprehensive product data and provide technical information that will help the end user with design applications. Eaton reserves the right, without notice, to change design or construction of any products and to discontinue or limit distribution of any products. Eaton also reserves the right to change or update, without notice, any technical information contained in this bulletin. Once a product has been selected, it should be tested by the user in all possible applications.DIN-Rail mountingAll versions of the Bussmann series PDBFS power distribution blocks can be DIN-Rail mounted except for the PDBFS504, which can only be panel mounted.It is recommended for multi-pole applications that the individual blocks be ganged using the included dovetailing feature. See Multi-pole block ganging for details.To mount, perform the following:•Using an appropriate size flat blade screw driver, open the DIN-Rail latch that is on the lineside of each block.•Hook the loadside DIN-Rail tabs onto the lower edge of the 35 mm DIN-Rail•Rotate the block(s) up until they are seated over the upper and lower edges of the DIN-Rail•Push the DIN-Rail latch(es) down and into the locked position.To remove blocks, reverse the previous steps.Note: To prevent damage to the block housing when torquing the terminal screws, DIN-Rail end stops are required on each side of the block or ganged blocks.The recommended Bussmann series DIN-Rail end stops are:BRKT-NDSCRW2DIN-Rail end stop with screw-clamp anchorPanel mountingAll Bussmann series PDBFS power distribution blocks can be panel mounted. It is recommended for multi-pole applications that the individual blocks be ganged using the included dovetailing feature. See Multi-pole block ganging for details.Use two (2) suitable length #10 or M5 screws for each block being mounted. Use four (4) screws for each PDBFS504 block. The max torque for the mounting screws is 17 in-lbs (1.92 N •m).SCCR tools and resourcesEaton offers many resources that help customers understand and assess their SCCR needs.Please use the following whenever you have questions, concerns or just need help with SCCR ratings.Engineering services for SCCROSCAR™ compliance software eliminates the guesswork in equipment SCCR calculations.This innovative OSCAR compliance software assists customer compliance with new Code and standards requirements for short-circuit current ratings as they relate to control panels, equipment and assemblies. Go to and request a seven-day free trial.If your equipment SCCR needs improvement, contact the Bussmann Application Engineers for a free design review. Call toll-free1-855-BUSSMANN (855-287-7626) or email FuseT *************.Online SCCR tools and publications•Free SCCR Protection Suite online tool. An easy, fast way to search for components and their SCCRs. Visit .•Application notes:• Developing an effective SCCR plan for facilities and purchasers of industrial equipment — publication no. 10367•Developing an equipment SCCR standard for manufacturers of industrial equipment — publication no. 10368•Four steps to determine equipment SCCR — publication no. 10538• Equipment SCCR made easy brochure — publication no. 10374•SPD (Selecting Protective Devices) handbook; over 250 pages covering the application of overcurrent protective devices, SCCR and more — publication no. 3002。

Numerical Linear Algebra

letters (and occasionally lower case letters) will denote scalars. RI will denote the set of real
tions to the algorithm, it can be made to work quite well. We understand these algorithmic
transformations most completely in the case of simple algorithms like Cholesky, on simple
LA
Numerical Linear Algebra
Copyright (C) 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995 by the Computational Science Education Project
This electronic book is copyrighted, and protected by the copyright laws of the United States. This (and all associated documents in the system) must contain the above copyright notice. If this electronic book is used anywhere other than the project's original system, CSEP must be noti ed in writing (email is acceptable) and the copyright notice must remain intact.

HYDRO-TRANSPORT SYSTEM AND BOOST PUMP THEREFOR

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天津理工大学计算机网络题库

PART Ⅰ: ChoiceB 1. Which of the following services does not the transport layer provide for the application layer?A.In-order delivery of data segments between processesB.Best effort delivery of data segments between communicating hostsC.Multiplexing and demultiplexing of transport layer segmentsD.Congestion controlA 2. What are the two of the most important protocols in the Internet?A. TCP and IPB. TCP and UDPC. TCP and SMTPD. ARP and DNSC 3. The Internet provides two services to its distributed applications: a connection oriented reliable service and a ( ).A. connection oriented unreliable serviceB. connectionless reliable serviceC. connectionless unreliable serviceD. In order data transport serviceD 4. Processes on two different end systems communicate with each other by exchanging ( ) across the computer network.A. packetsB. datagramC. framesD. messagesA 5. The job of delivering the data in a transport-layer segment to the correct socket is called ( ).A. demultiplexingB. multiplexingC. TDMD. FDMC 6. Two important reasons that the Internet is organized as a hierarchy of networks for the purposes of routing are:A.Least cost and maximum free circuit availabilityB.Message complexity and speed of convergenceC.Scale and administrative autonomyD.Link cost changes and link failureB 7. Which of characters is not distance-vector algorithm’s characters？（）A. iterativeB. globalC. asynchronousD. distributedD 8. The length of IPV6 address is （）bits.A. 32B. 48C. 64D. 128C 9. The host component of a CIDR address of the form a.b.c.d/25 can contain addresses for:A.225 hosts (minus “special” hosts)B.512 hosts (minus “special” hosts)C.2(32-25) hosts (minus “special” hosts)D.25 hosts (minus “special” hosts)C 10. The primary function of the address resolution protocol (ARP) that resides in Internet hosts androuters is:A.To provide LAN router functionsB.To translate between LAN addresses and physical interface addressesC.To translate IP addresses to LAN addressesD.To calculate the shortest path between two nodes on a LANA 11. The POP3 protocol runs over ____ and uses port ____.A. TCP 110B. UDP 110C. UDP 25D. TCP 25D 12.When a destination host transport layer receives data from the network layer, it unambiguouslyidentifies the appropriate process to pass the data to by using a triplet consisting of:A. Source port #, destination IP address, and source IP addressB. Destination port #, source port #, process ID#C. Destination port #, source port #, destination IP addressD. Destination port #, source port #, source IP addressD 13. From the list below, select the items found in the TCP segment structure that are not found in theUDP segment structure:A. Application Generated DataB. Destination Port #C. Source Port #D. Sequence #A 14. The RIP routing protocol is based on an algorithm that is:A. Based on information received only from link “neighbors”B. A link state algorithmC. An OSPF algorithmD. A centralized routing algorithmB 15. With an exterior routing protocol, which of the following issues generally dominates the routing decisions?A. Geographical distance between AS’sB. PolicyC. Number of AS’s traversedD. Current congestion levels in the AS’sA 1. End system are connected together by ____.A. communication linksB. application layerC. transport layerD. the network layerC 2. Which application’s NOT using TCP?A. SMTPB. HTTPC. DNSD. All of themB 3. In the polling protocols, the master node polls each of the nodes in a/an ____ fashion.A. randomB. appointedC. round-robinD. uncirculatedC 4. The DNS protocol runs over ____ and uses port ____.A. UDP 36B. TCP 36C. UDP 53D. TCP 53A 5. TCP provides a ____ service to its applications to eliminate the possibility of the sender over-flowingthe receiver’s buffer.A. flow-controlB. congestion controlC. reliability controlD. data connectionD 6. We can classify just about any multiple access protocol as belonging to one of three categories: channel partitioning protocols, random access protocols, and ____.A. address resolution protocolsB. Dynamic host configuration protocolsC. link-control protocolsD. taking-turns protocolsB 8. The maximum transfer unit(MTU) in Ethernet frame structure is ()byte .A. 1000B. 1500C. 800D. 2000B 9. The socket of UDP is identified by _____ and _______.A. source IP address and source port numberB. destination IP address and destination port number.C. source IP address and destination port number.D. destination IP address and source IP address.C 10. Which is not plug and play in the following four items?A. DHCPB. HubsC. RoutersD. SwitchesD 11．Which of routers is not default routers ?A. first-hop routerB. source routerC. destination routerD. second-hop routerB 13. ICMP is_____.A. the protocol of Application layerB. the protocol of network layerC. the protocol of transport layerD. not a part of TCP/IP protocolsB 14. As general, we has following channel partitioning protocols except ____.A. TDMB. CSMAC. FDMD.CDMAD 15. ____ is most used for error reporting.A. UDPB. SMTPC. FTPD. ICMPB 16. The header of IPV6 is ____byte.A. 20B. 40C. 60D. 80B 17. In the network layer these service are host-to-host service provided by ____. （B）A. the transport layer to the network layerB. the network layer to the transport layerC. the network layer to the network layerD. the transport layer to the transport layerA 18. If there is not enough memory to buffer an incoming packet , a policy that drop the arriving packet called ____.A. drop-tailB. packet lossC. protocolD. encapsulationC 19. In either case, a ____ receives routing protocol messages, which are used to configure its forwarding table.A. serverB. hostC. routerD. ModemD 20. Which of the following functions does not belong to PPP___.A. framingB. link-control protocolsC. network-control protocolsD. error correctionB 1. Which of the following services does the Internet network layer provide for the Internet transport layer?A.In-order delivery of data segments between processesB.Best effort delivery of data segments between communicating hostsC.Multiplexing and demultiplexing of transport layer segmentsD.Congestion controlD 2. The main task of the Internet’s Domain Name System (DNS) is to:A.Translate port numbers to IP addressesB.Specify the standards for Internet domain namesC.Provide an authority for registering domain namesD.Translate mnemonic（记忆的）names to IP addressesA 10. The FTP protocol runs over ____ and uses port ____.A. TCP 21B. TCP 80C. UDP 20D. TCP 110C 3.RDT3.0’s receiver FSM is same to:a) RDT1.0 b) RDT2.1 c) RDT2.2 d) RDT2.0B 4.The Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) provides which of the following services?a)End-to-end station addressingb)Application multiplexingc)Inter network routingd)Medium access control (MAC)D 6.Given that the requested information is not available at any intermediate databases, a non-iterated DNS query from a requesting host would follow the path:a)Root name server, local name server, authoritative name serverb)Authoritative name server, root name server, host name serverc)Local name server, root name server, local name server, authoritative name servere)Local name server, root name server, authoritative name serverA 8.lect the four essential steps, briefly described, for terminating a TCP connection between a client and a server, assuming that the initiating host is the client:(1)Client sends TCP segment with ACK0 and final sequence number(2)Client sends TCP segment with FIN =1 and goes into FIN_WAIT state(3)Server sends TCP segment to ACK the client’s FIN request and enters CLOSE_WAIT state(4)Server sends TCP segment with FIN=0(5)Server sends TCP segment with FIN=1(6)Client sends TCP segment with to ACK server’s FIN and enters second FIN_WAIT state(7)Client sends TCP segment with FIN=0a) 2，3，5，6 b) 5，1，2，3 c) 1，3，5，7 d) 2，3，4，6B 10.When compensating for link cost changes in the distance vector algorithm, it can generally be said that:a)Increased costs are propagated quickly, i.e., “bad news” travels fastb)Decreased costs are propagated rapidly, i.e., “good news” travels fastc)Decreased costs do not converged)None of the aboveB 14.As an IP datagram travels from its source to its destination:a)the source IP address is changed at each router to identify the sending routerb)the router uses the destination IP address to consult its routing tablec)the router does not use the IP addresses in the datagramd)the destination IP address is changed at each router to reflect the next hopC 15.From the list below, choose the bit pattern which could be a valid generator value for the CRC code (R) 11010:a)1110b)011010c)100101d)10011A 16.Consider sending a 1300 byte IPv4 datagram into a link that has an MTU of 500 bytes:a)Three fragments are created.b)Four fragments are created.c)Three fragments are created with offsets 0, 500 1000d)The last fragment consists of exactly 300 bytes of data from the original datagramC 17.Suppose one IPv6 router wants to send a datagram to another IPv6 router, but the two are connected together via an intervening IPv4 router. If the two routers use tunneling, then:a)The sending IPv6 router creates an IPv4 datagram and puts it in the data field of an IPv6datagram.b)The sending IPv6 router creates one or more IPv6 fragments, none of which is larger than themaximum size of an IPv4 datagram.c)The sending IPv6 router creates an IPv6 datagram and puts it in the data field of an IPv4datagram.d)The sending IPv6 router creates an IPv6 datagram and intervening IPv4 router will reject theIPv6 datagramD 18.Which of the following was an important consideration in the design of IPv6a)fixed length 40-byte header and specified options to decrease processing time at IPv6 nodesb)128-bit addresses to extend the address spacec)different types of service (flows) definedd)all of the aboveD 19.A network bridge table is used to perform the following:a)Mapping MAC addresses to bridge port numbersb)Forwarding frames directly to outbound ports for MAC addresses it handlesc)Filtering (discarding) frames that are not destined for MAC addresses it handlesd)All of the abovePART Ⅱ: True / False (1 points per question – total:20 points)1. The DNS server can update the records. (T)2. The TCP connection is a direct virtual pipe between the client’s socket and the server’s connection socket. （T）3. SMTP protocol connect the sender’s mail server and receiver’s mail server (T)4. Whereas a transport-layer protocol provides logical communication between processes running on different hosts, a network-layer protocol provides logical communication between hosts. (T)5. UDP and TCP also provide integrity checking by including right-detection fields in their headers. (F)6. If the application developer chooses UDP instead of TCP, then the application is not directly talking with IP. ( F )7. When we develop a new application, we must assign the application a port number. ( T )8. Real-tine applications, like Internet phone and video conferencing, react very poorly to TCP’s congestion control. ( T )9. The sender knows that a received ACK or NAK packet was generated in response to its most recently transmitted data packet. (T)10. To simplify terminology, when in an Internet context, we refer to the 4-PDU as a unit. (F)11. DV algorithm is essentially the only routing algorithm used in practice today in the Internet。

respect the unstable

In words, this theorem states that the sensitivity function of a feedback system must not only be finite in the right-half plane, but it must pass through certain interpolation points corresponding to right-half-plane singularities of the loop. Most of us recognize this immediately as an elegant and compact description of control system constraints imposed by unstable, nonminimum-phase systems. It was formally developed in the context of parametrizing all stabilizing controllers, and it was popularized in the 1980s as part of the interpolation-theoretic approach to H ∞ optimization. (Of course, it was understood as stated above for single-input, single-output (SISO) systems as far back as the 1950s. Some historical notes on this theorem can be found in [1].) Unfortunately, we are not as quick to recognize that this mathematical description includes some very dangerous systems. For example, the theorem applies to the JAS-39 airplane (the SAAB Gripen), which crashed on landing in 1989 in one of its first test flights. Figure 1 shows a video frame from the crash. Fortunately, the pilot survived, but the airplane was lost and its development program substantially delayed. The theorem also applies to the Chernobyl nuclear plant, shown in Figure 2 as it appeared shortly after its accident in 1986. We are all familiar with the consequences of that accident— hundreds of people dead, hundreds of thousands evacuated, and hundreds of millions of dollars in cleanup costs. These and other examples dramatize the contrast between elegant mathematical statements and the real physical systems that they purport to describe. I have selected these two examples Figure 1. Gripen JAS39 prototype accident on 2 February 1989. The pilot because both catastrophes involve explicit, received only minor injuries.

optisystem7.0组件库英译汉 (1)

Component library 组件库（根据optisystem7.0翻译。

本人水平有限，错误疏忽之处在所难免——YGM）一、default 系统默认值二、custom 自定义三、favorites 收藏夹四、recently used 最近使用过的一、default 系统默认值●Visualizer library 观察型组件库●Transmitters library 发送类器件库●WDM multiplexers library 波分多路复用器件库●Optical fibers library 光纤器件库●Amplifiers library 放大器组件库●Filters library 滤波器器件库●Passives library 无源器件库●Network library 网状器件库●Receivers library 接收端器件库●Signal processing library 信号处理器件库●Tools library 工具类器件库●Optiwave software tools 光波类软件库●Matlab library Matlab组件库●Cable access library 有线接收器件库●Free space optics 自由空间光●EDA cosimulation library 电子设计自动化仿真组件库（1）Visualizer library观察型组件库Optical 光学类Test sets：Optical filter analyzer 光学滤波式分析器（测试设备）Photonic all-parameter analyzer 光电子全参量分析器Differential mode delay analyzer 差模延迟分析器Optical spectrum analyzer 光谱仪Optical time domain visualizer 光时域观察仪Optical power meter 光功率计WDM analyzer 波分复用分析仪Dual port WDM analyzer 双端口波分复用分析仪Polarization analyzer 检偏振器Polarization meter 偏振仪表Spatial visualizer 空间立体观察器Encircled flux analyzer 环型通量分析仪Electrical 电学类Test sets：Electrical filter analyzer 电子类滤波器分析仪S parameter extractor S参量提取器Oscilloscops visualizer 示波器RF spectrum analyzer 射频频谱分析仪Eye diagram analyzer 眼图BER analyzer 误码率分析仪Electrical power meter visualizer 功率表Electrical constellation visualizer 万用表Electrical carrier analyzer 载波分析（2）Transmitters library 发送机组件Optical sources光源CW laser 连续波激光器Laser rate equations 速率方程Laser measured 激光测量LED 发光二极管White light source 白光Pump laser 激光泵浦Pump laser array 激光泵浦阵列CW laser array 连续激光阵列CW laser measured 连续波激光测量Directly modulated laser measured 调制激光直接测量CW laser array ES 连续波激光回声探测VCSEL laser 垂直端面发射激光器Controlled pump laser 可控泵浦激光Spatial CW laser 空间连续波激光器Spatial laser rate equations 空间激光速率方程组Spatial LED 空间发光二级管Spatial VCSEL 空间垂直端面发射激光器Spatiotemporal VCSEL 空域/时域垂直端面发射激光器Bit sequence generators 码元产生器Pseudo-random bit sequence generator 伪随机码发生器User defined bit sequence generator 用户自定义码发生器Pulse generators 脉冲发生器Electrical : RZ pulse generator 归零脉冲发生器NRZ pulse generator 非归零脉冲发生器Gaussian pulse generator 高斯脉冲发生器Hyperbolic-secant pulse generator 双曲正割脉冲发生器Sine generator 正弦波产生器Triangle pulse generator 三角脉冲产生器Saw-up pulse generator 上升锯齿波产生器Saw-down pulse generator 下降锯齿波产生器Impulse generator 脉冲产生器Raised cosine pulse generator 升余弦脉冲Sine pulse generator 正弦脉冲Measured pulse 测量脉冲Measured pulse sequence 测量脉冲组Bias generator 电流偏差产生器Duobinary pulse generator 二进制脉冲产生器Electrical jitter 电抖动Noise source 噪声源Predistortion 预失真、预矫正M-ary pulse generator M进制脉冲发生器M-ary raised cosine pulse generator M进制升余弦脉冲发生器Optical: Optical Gaussian pulse generator 高斯光脉冲产生器Optical sech pulse generator 双曲正割光脉冲产生器Optical impulse generator 光测量脉冲发生器Measured optical pulse 测量脉冲Measured optical pulse sequence 测量光脉冲组TRC measurement date TRC测量数据Spatial optical gaussian pulse generator 高斯空间光脉冲产生器Spatial optical impulse generator 空间光脉冲产生器Spatial optical sech pulse generator 双曲正割空间光脉冲产生器Optical modulators 光调制器Mach-zehnder modulator M-Z调制器Electroabsorption modulator 电吸收调制器Amplitude modulator 调幅Phase modulator 调相Frequency modulator 调频Dual drive Mach-zehnder modulator measured 双驱动M-Z调制器Electroabsorption modulator measured 电吸收调制器Single drive Mach-zehnder modulator measured 单驱动M-Z调制器Dual port dual drive Mach-zehnder modulator measured 双端口双驱动M-Z调制器LiNb Mach-zehnder modulator LiNb M-Z调制器Optical transmitters 光发送机WDM transmitter 波分复用光发送机Spatial optical transmitter 空间光发送机Optical transmitter 光发送机Multimode 多模Multimode generator 多模产生器Laguerre transverse mode generator 拉盖尔横模产生器Donut transverse mode generator 环行横模产生器Measured transverse mode generator 可调横模产生器(3)WDM multiplexers library WDM多路复用器Add and drop 分插复用WDM add 合复用器WDM drop 分复用器WDM add and drop 分插复用器Demultiplexers 解复用器WDM demux 1x2 1x2解复用器WDM demux 1x4 1x4解复用器WDM demux 1x8 1x8解复用器WDM demux WDM解复用器Ideal demux 理想解复用器WDM demux ES 额外区段波分复用器WDM interleaver demux 交错波分复用器Multiplexers 复用器WDM mux 2x1 2x1复用器WDM mux 4x1 4x1复用器WDM mux 8x1 8x1复用器WDM mux 复用器Ideal mux 理想复用器WDM mux ES 额外波段复用器Nx1 mux bidirectional Nx1双向复用器AWG 阵列波导光栅AWG NxN NxN阵列波导光栅AWG NxN bidirectional NxN双向阵列波导光栅(4)Optical fibers library 光纤组件Multimode：linear multimode fiber 线性多模光纤Measured-index multimode fiber 指数多模光纤Parabolic-index multimode fiber 抛物线形多模光纤Optical fiber 光纤Optical fiber CWDM 稀疏波分复用光纤Bidirectional optical fiber 双向光纤(5)Amplifiers library 放大器件OpticalEDFA: Erbium doped fiber 掺饵光纤EDFA 掺饵光纤放大器EDFA black box EDFA黑盒子Optical amplifier 光放大器EDFA measured 基于标准的掺饵放大器EDF dynamic 可移动掺饵光纤EDF dynamic analytical 动态分析Er-Yb codoped fiber 铒-镱混合掺杂光纤Yb doped fiber 掺镱光纤Yb doped fiber dynamic 可移动掺镱光纤Er-Yb codoped fiber dynamic 可动铒-镱混合掺杂光纤Ranam : Raman amplifier average power model 拉曼平均功率放大器Raman amplifier dynamic model 拉曼放大器动态模型SOA: Traveling wave SOA 行波半导体光放大器Wideband traveling wave SOA 宽频行波半导体光放大器Reflective SOA 反射式半导体光放大器Waveguide amplifier: Er Yb codoped waveguide 铒-镱混合掺杂波导ElectricalElectrical amplifier 电放大器Transimpedance amplifier 互阻抗放大器Limiting amplifier 限幅放大器AGC amplifier 自动增益控制放大器(6)Filters libraryOpticalFBG: Fiber bragg grating 光纤布拉格光栅Uniform fiber bragg grating 均匀布拉格光栅Ideal dispersion compensation FBG 理想色散补偿布拉格光栅Optical IIR filter 无限脉冲响应滤波器Measured optical filter 测量滤波器Rectangle optical filter 矩形滤波器Trapezoidal optical filter 梯形滤波器Gaussian optical filter 高斯滤波器Butterworth optical filter 巴特沃斯滤波器Bessel optical filter 贝塞尔滤波器Fabry perot optical filter F-P滤波器Acousto optical filter 声光滤波器Mach Zehnder interferometer 马赫曾德尔干涉仪Inverted optical IIR filter 反相光IIR滤波器Inverted rectangle optical filter 反相矩形滤波器Inverted trapezoidal optical filter 反相梯形滤波器Inverted Gaussian optical filter 反相高斯滤波器Inverted buttertworth optical filter 反相巴特沃斯滤波器Inverted Bessel optical filter 反相贝塞尔滤波器Gain flattening filter增益平坦滤波器Delay interferometer 延时干涉仪Periodic optical filter 周期性光滤波器Measured group delay optical filter 群延时测量光滤波器3 port filter bidirectional 3端口双向滤波器Reflective filter bidirectional 反射双向式滤波器Transmission filter bidirectional 透射双向式滤波器ElectricalIIR filterLow pass rectangle filter 低通矩形滤波器Low pass gaussian filter 低通高斯滤波器Low pass butterworth filter 低通巴特沃斯滤波器Low pass Bessel filter 低通贝塞尔滤波器Low pass chebyshev filter 低通切比雪夫滤波器Low pass RC filter 低通阻容滤波器Low pass raised cosine filter 低通升余弦滤波器Low pass cosine roll off filter 低通余弦滚降滤波器Low pass squared cosine roll off filter 低通余弦平方滚降滤波器Measured filter 标准滤波器Band pass rectangle filter 带通矩形滤波器Band pass Gaussian filter 带通高斯滤波器Band pass butterworth filter 带通巴特沃斯滤波器Band pass Bessel filter 带通贝塞尔滤波器Band pass chebyshev filter 带通切比雪夫滤波器Band pass RC filter 带通阻容滤波器Band pass raised cosine filter 带通升余弦滤波器Band pass cosine roll off filter 带通余弦滚降滤波器Band pass squared cosine roll off filter 带通余弦平方滚降滤波器S parameters measured filter S参量测量滤波器（7）Passives library 无源器件库OpticalAttenuators: Optical attenuator 光衰减器Attenuator bidirectional 双向衰减器Couplers: X coupler X型耦合器Pump coupler co-propagating 混合传播泵浦耦合器Pump coupler counter-propagating 相向传播泵浦耦合器Coupler bidirectional 双向耦合器Pump coupler bidirectional 双向泵浦耦合器Power combiners: Power combiner 2x1 2x1功率合成器Power combiner 4x1 4x1功率合成器Power combiner 8x1 8x1功率合成器Power combiner 功率合成器Polarization: Linear polarizer 线偏振片Circular polarizer 圆偏振片Polarization attenuator 偏振衰减器Polarization combiner 偏振合波器Polarization controller 偏振控制器Polarization rotator 偏振转子Polarization splitter 偏振光分路器PMD emulator 偏振模色散仿真器Polarization delay 偏振延迟Polarization phase shift 偏振相移Polarization waveplate 半波片Polarization combiner bidirectional 双向偏振合路器Isolators: Isolator 隔离器Ideal isolator 理想隔离器Isolator bidirectional 双向隔离器Circulators: Circulator 循环器Ideal circulator 理想循环器Circulator bidirectional 双向循环器Connectors: Connector 连接器Connector bidirectional 双向连接器Spatial connector 空间连接器Reflectors: Reflector bidirectional 双向反射器Taps: Tap bidirectional 双向Measured components: Measured component 测量组件Luna technologies OV A measurement Multimode: Spatial aperture 孔径（多模）Thin lens 薄透镜Vortex lens 漩涡透镜Phase shift 相移Time delay 延时ElectricalAttenuators: Electrical attenuator 衰减器Couplers: 90 degree hybrid coupler 90°混合耦合器180 degree hybrid coupler 180°混合耦合器DC blockers: DC block 隔直器Splitters: Splitters 1x2 1x2分离器Splitters 1xN 1x2分离器Combiners: Combiners 2x1 2x1组合器Combiners Nx1 Nx1组合器Measured components: 1 port S parameters 1端口参量2 port S parameters 2端口参量3 port S parameters 3端口参量4 port S parameters 4端口参量Electrical signal time delay 电信号延时Electrical phase shift 电信号相移(8) Network library 网状器件库Frequency conversion 变频Ideal frequency converter 理想变频Optical switches 光开关Optical swich 光开关Digital optical swich 数字光开关Optical Y swich Y型光开关Optical Y select Y型光选择开关Ideal switch 2x2 2x2理想开关Ideal Y switch 理想Y型开关Ideal Y select 理想Y型选择开关Ideal Y switch 1x4 理想1x4Y开关Ideal Y select 4x1 理想4x1Y选择Ideal Y switch 1x8 理想1x8Y选择Ideal Y select 8x1 理想8x1Y选择Ideal Y select Nx1 理想Nx1Y选择Ideal Y switch 1xN 理想1xNY开关Dynamic Y select Nx1 measured 动态Y选择Nx1Dynamic Y switch 1xN measured 动态Y开关1xNDynamic Y switch 1xN 动态Y开关1xNDynamic Y select Nx1 动态Y选择Nx1Dynamic space switch matrix NxM measured NxM动态空间矩阵测量开关Dynamic space switch matrix NxM NxM动态空间矩阵开关2x2 switch bidirectional 双向2x2开关(9) Receivers library 接收端器件库Regenerators 热交流器Clock recovery 时钟恢复Ideal frequency demodulator 理想频率解调Ideal phase demodulator 理想相位解调Data recovery 数据恢复3R regenerator 3R再生器Electronic equalizer 电子均衡器MLSE equalizer 最大似然估计值均衡器Integrate and dump 积分陡落Photodetectors 光电探测器Photodetector PIN PIN光电探测器Photodetector APD APD光电探测器Spatial PIN photodetector 空间PIN光电探测器Spatial APD photodetector 空间APD光电探测器Optical receivers 光接收机Spatial optical receiver 空间光接收机Optical receiver 光接收机Multimode 多模Mode combiner 模式合路器Mode selector 模式选择器(10)Signal processing library 信号处理组件库Arithmetic 算法Optical: Optical gain 光增益Optical adder 加法器Optical subtractor 减法器Optical bias 光偏置Optical multiplier 乘法器Optical hard limiter 硬限幅器Electrical: Electrical gain 电增益Electrical adder 加法器Electrical substractor 减法器Electrical multiplier 乘法器Electrical bias 偏置Electrical norm 模方Electrical differentiator 微分Electrical integrator 积分Electrical rescale 缩放Electrical reciprocal 倒数Electrical abs 绝对值Electrical sgn 符号函数ToolsOptical: Merge optical signal bands 合并信号带Convert to parameterized 参数化Convert to noise binsConvert to optical individual samples 转到小样本Convert from optical individual samples 从小样本转化Optical downsampler 降低取样频率取样器Signal type selector 信号类型选择器Channel attacher 频道连接Convert to sampled signals 抽样信号转化Logic 逻辑运算Electrical: Electrical NOT 非Electrical AND 与Electrical OR 或Electrical XOR 异或Electrical NAND 与非Electrical NOR 或非Electrical XNOR 同或Binary: Binary NOT 二进制非Binary AND 二进制与Binary OR 二进制或Binary XOR二进制异或Binary NAND二进制与非Binary NOR 二进制或非Binary XNOR二进制同或Delay 延时Duobinary precoder 双二进制预编码器4-DPSK precoder 四进制DPSK预编码器(11)Tools library 工具库Fork 1x2 1x2分路器Loop control 循环控制Ground 接地Buffer selector 缓冲选择Fork 1xN 1xN分路器Binary null 无效二进制Optical null 无效光Electrical null 无效电Binary delay 二进制延时Optical delay 光延时Electrical delay 电延Optical ring controller 光环型控制器Duplicator 复制器Save to file 保存到文件夹Load from file 从文件夹打开Switch 开关Select 选择Limiter 限幅器Intializer 初始化Electrical ring controller 电环形控制器Command line application 命令行应用Swap horiz 水平交换(12)Optiwave software tools 光软件工具OptiAmplifier 光放大器OptiGrating 光栅WDM phasar demux 1xN 1xN WDM移相解复用器WDM phase mux Nx1 1xN WDM移相复用器OptiBPM component NxM NxM 光束传播组件库Save transverse mode 保存横模(13)MATLAB library Matlab组件库ElectricalMATLAB filter 滤波器OpticalMATLAB optical filter 光滤波器MATLAB component 组件(14)Cable access library 有线接收组件库Carrier generators 载波发生器Carrier generator 载波发生器Carrier generator measured 测量用载波发生器Transmitters 发送机Modulators: Electrical amplitude modulator 调幅Electrical frequency modulator 调频Electrical phase modulator 调相Electrical PAM modulator 脉冲幅度调制Electrical QAM modulator 正交幅度调制Electrical PSK modulator PSK调制Electrical DPSK modulator DPSK调制Electrical FSK modulator FSK调制Electrical CPFSK modulator 连续相位频移键控调制Electrical OQPSK modulator 偏移四相相移键控Electrical MSK modulator 最小频移键控调制Quadrature modulator 正交调制Pulse generators: PAM pulse generator PAM脉冲调制QAM pulse generator QAM脉冲调制PSK pulse generator PSK脉冲调制DPSK pulse generator DPSK脉冲调制OQPSK pulse generator OQPSK脉冲调制MSK pulse generator MSK脉冲产生器Sequence generators: PAM sequence generators PAM码产生器QAM sequence generators QAM码产生器PSK sequence generators PSK码产生器DPSK sequence generators DPSK码产生器Receivers 接收器件Demodulators: Electrical amplitude demodulator 幅度解调Electrical phase demodulator 相位解调Electrical frequency demodulator 频率解调Quadrature demodulator 正交解调Decoders: PAM sequence decoder PAM译码器QAM sequence decoder QAM译码器PSK sequence decoder PSK码译码器DPSK sequence decoder DPSK译码器Detectors: M-ary threshold detectors M进制阈值检测器(15)Free space optics 空间光FSO channel 自由空间光通信OWC channel 单向通道(16)EDA cosimulation library 电子设计自动化仿真组件库Load ADS file从文件夹打开ADSSave ADS file 保存ADS到文件夹Load spice CSDF file 打开CSDFSave spice stimulus file 保存少许激励到文件夹Triggered load spice CSDF file 触发Triggered save spice stimulus file 触发翻译：李朝辉李蕾陈晨黄丽2011年12月31日(仅供学习与交流使用，不得擅自转载！)。

精益基本概念

TPS Structure 丰田生產系统结構
TPS Autonomous 自働化
製造方法會使成本改變 Production Processes can be made cost changes
Right People to do Right Things in Right Time and Right Quantity 定人、定物、定時、定人、定物、定時、定量
Method
Align machine according to process 按照製程順序排列机器設備 Single piece flow 单件流
Tools
U-shape line U字型生产線 Skill matrix 員工能力表
1.
Determine necessary qty 以必要数量决定策略
Small batch production 小批生产
Minimize set-up time 缩短換模時间
Internal vs external die exchange 從外的轉化
How to apply Lean in your business? 怎樣應用精益在工作上？
The Lean Production System 精益制造系统
Lean Principles 精益的原理
to do more and more with less and lessless human effort, less human equipment, less time, and less spacewhile coming closer and closer to providing customers with exactly what they want. 用最少做最多最少的工人, 最少的設備, 最少的時間, 最少的空間同時越來越接近客人的要求

核黄素测试国际标准(德国)

Information sheetRiboflavin testfor low-germ or sterileprocess technologies Fluorescence test for examination of cleanabilityFor food, aseptic, pharmacy and chemistryContents1.Introduction (3)2.Scope (3)3.Terms, definitions (3)4.Aim of the fluorescence test (4)5.Instatallation, equipment, specifications and carrying out the test (5)5.1General notes and points to be observed (5)5.2Test build-up (5)5.3Test equipment and specifications (5)5.3.1Test solution (5)5.3.2Water used to prepare the test solution (6)5.3.3Cleaning water (6)5.3.4Darkening (6)5.3.5Inspection lamp (UV lamp) (6)5.3.6Surfaces to be examined (6)5.3.7Pre-cleaning (6)5.3.8Adjustment of components (6)5.3.9Spray balls/nozzles and fittings (6)5.3.10Pressure and flow rate measurement (6)5.3.11Cleaning procedure (6)5.4Carrying out the test (7)6.Evaluation of the fluorescence test (7)7.Documentation of the fluorescence test (8)7.1Documentation of fluorescence test before carrying out the test (8)7.2Documentation of fluorescence test during carrying out the test (8)7.3Documentation of the fluorescence test after carrying out the test (8)8.Annex (9)8.1Ingredients and recipes of test solutions (9)8.2Schematic sketch of an installation for carrying out a fluorescence test (10)This publication has been prepared by the "Riboflavin Test" Working Party of the Sterile Process Engineering Group of VDMA. It is available as a downloadable file under/verfahrenstechnik. Suggestions for improvements and additions can be sent to the address below.VDMAVerfahrenstechnischeMaschinen und ApparateLyoner Str. 1860528 Frankfurt am MainTelephone +49 69 66 03-1432Fax +49 69 66 03-1421E-mail vtma@Internet: /verfahrenstechnik1.IntroductionTests for examination of cleanability play a major role in sterile process technology. A variety of tests are applied in practice, depending on the respective use case, suitability or requirements. This information sheet does not specify further details in this respect. The described fluorescence test is first and foremost suitable for the components named in the scope, as far as these can be examinated by means of visual inspection. This being the case, the fluorescence test is not intended to replace other well-established tests, but rather to supplement available possibilities in this sector.The objective of this information sheet is to provide manufacturers, suppliers and users with a document that can simplify the accord, planning, carrying out and documentation of a fluorescence test. In doing so, the information sheet summarizes different tests commonly used in practice as well as comprehen-sive experience gathered with these tests to provide a possible coarse of action. Manners of procedure or accords that deviate in part or completely are, however, expressly possible.2.ScopeThe scope of this information sheet covers components, apparatuses, machinery and plants (also re-ferred to in this information sheet as ‘components’) for low-germ or sterile process technologies with high or highest requirements regarding cleanability, as far as these are accessible for visual inspection.These components are used in the food, aseptic processing, pharmaceutical and chemicals sector, e.g.vessels, reactors, filter equipment, pumps, agitators, centrifuges, pasteurizers, filling systems etc. includ-ing fittings and peripheral equipment.Note on use:This information sheet gives advices to the user. It is, however, incumbent upon the user of the informa-tion sheet to verify or consider requirements, the current validity thereof and necessary measures con-cerning the user’s concrete use case. This concerns in particular all laws, ordinances, directives etc. that could be relevant for the respective case of use.3.Terms, definitionso Fluorescence testTest using a fluorescent substance for examination of cleanability of components o CleanabilityComplete removal of the test solution by the cleaning medium under application of the selectedconditions with regard to the cleaning elements, cleaning process or the design of the compo-nento Cleanability testTest for complete cleanability under the conditions selected for the fluorescence test o Weak point testTest for localizing critical points;Usually parameter values of the cleaning procedure are used which deviate from those of thecleanability test (reduced pressure or throughput of the cleaning medium or duration of clean-ing process)o Optimization testStepwise optimization and testing of the suitability of new parameter values through separate,new cleanability testso Test solutionSolution for carrying out the fluorescence testo CIP cleaningCleaning of components in assembled condition (Cleaning In Place)o Cleaning waterWater for cleaning the component being examinedo Fully demineralised waterFully desalinated water;also referred to Aqua purificata (AP) or Purified Watero WFI waterWater For Injectiono Critical pointsPoints that are difficult to clean and can be cleaned completelyo Non-critical pointsPoints that are easy to clean and can be cleaned completelyo Non-cleanable pointsPoints that cannot be cleaned completelyo Cleaning elementElement for targeted application of cleaning liquid to the component to be examined;Examples of cleaning elements: spray ball, rotating jet cleaner, cleaning nozzle, spray lance o Surfaces to be examinedAreas of the component being examined that are to be accounted for in the fluorescence test o Surfaces to be wettedSurfaces to be examined on which the test solution is to be appliedo Carrying out the testApplication and removal of the test solution as well as the subsequent inspection for remainingfluorescenceo Workplace limit value1Limit for the time-dependent average concentration of a substance in the air at the workplace, inrelation to a given reference period.4.Aim of the fluorescence testThe fluorescence test described in this information sheet is for the examination of cleanability. This is carried out by the examination of the basic accessibility to, as well as the complete wetting of all areas in which a verification of cleanability through the cleaning medium is required.The cleanability test is aimed to verify complete cleanability; the result of the test is a qualitative state-ment. In addition to this, the step-by-step or repeatedcarrying out of the fluorescence test also enables qualitative statements or examination of measures for improving or optimizing the cleaning process.Table 1 specifies the goals that can be achieved with the fluorescence test:Fluorescence test: Aim of the test: Criterion of quality after the test:Weak point test Localizing critical points;provided as optional pre-liminary stage to thecleanability test. - Visible fluorescence2 at critical points (acc. definition in Clause 3); these are to be con-firmed through a cleanability test.Cleanability test Verification of fullcleanability.- No visible fluorescence2.Optimization test Stepwise optimizationand checking of suitabil-ity of new parametervalues through separate,new cleanability tests. - No visible fluorescence2.- Improved parameter values (e.g. reduced wa-ter consumption, shorter cleaning time)Table 1: Achievable goals using fluorescence test acc. to information sheet1 Specifies the concentration of a substance at which acute or chronical health implications are generally not to be expected. Defi-nition from Hazardous Substance Ordinance of December 23, 2004 (BGBl. (German Federal Law Gazette)I P. 3758, 3759), last amanded through Article 4 of the Ordinance of March 6, 2007 (BGBl. I P. 261)2When checking the surfaces being examined for any fluorescence by means of visual inspection using a UV lamp.5.Instatallation, equipment, specifications and carrying out the test5.1General notes and points to be observedRegulations and directives relating to occupational health and safety must always be observed when carrying out the test. Furthermore, special reference is made to the following:o Testing personnel:No specific requirements are placed with regard to the education of testing personnel. Testingpersonnel should, however, be suitably and trained to carrying out the test or guided by in-housework instructions.o UV lamp:The use of a UV lamp can cause damage to eyes through penetrating UV rays. It is therefore nec-essary to wear safety goggles and to observe any additional protection measures specified bythe manufacturer of the UV lamp.o Occupational safety:As the UV lamp is always used in a moist environment personal fuse protection of the electricalsupply should be provided, e.g. using isolating transformers3. If it is necessary to light up a vesselwith a UV lamp when carrying out the test and to enter a vessel, this precautionary measure isstrongly advised.o Degreasing agent:The safety data sheet of the supplier must be available and must be observed.o Fluorescent substance:The safety data sheet of the supplier must be available and must be observed.o Drying out:When completely dried there is no homogeneous thickness of the applied layer of fluorescentsubstance. Reproducible verification of the cleanability is not possible in this case. With partial orincomplete drying there is also no reproducible condition with regard to the removal or dissolv-ing of the fluorescent substance. Drying out of the test solution must therefore be avoided.5.2Test build-upThe test build-up for performing a fluorescence test can be carried out in compliance with the arrange-ment shown in Annex 8.2, Fig. 1.5.3Test equipment and specifications5.3.1Test solutionA test solution has to be prepared prior to carrying out the test. Table 2 in Annex 8.1 specifies Ingredientsand recipes of test solutions. These ingredients and recipes have proved their worth in fluorescence tests in practice and in trial carried out during the preparation of this information sheet.It is basically also possible to use other partially or completely deviating ingredients or recipes for the test. Deviations and the effect these may have are to be taken into account or arranged separately, if necessary.Note on recipes containing ethanol: Some recipes are used which require the addition of ethanol in wa-ter for the preparation of test solutions (for improved wettability, but also increasing the drying ten-dency). This can have an impact on the protection against explosion, occupational health and safety and must be considered separately, if necessary.According to calculations and assuming realistic conditions, it must be expected that the limit value for the workplace will be exceeded; the ethanol intake through inhaled air can cause a significant increase in the blood alcohol level (allowing for typical vegetative physiological values for breathing rate etc.). Under realistic temperatures it may also occur that the lower ignition limit of the ethanol air mixture in the gas phase is exceeded.If necessary, effects resulting from the use of recipes containing ethanol are to be accounted for through own observations, measurements and/or appropriate measures.3Isolating transformers transform applied electrical line voltages in the ratio of 1:1 to a winding with safe electrical separation (increased or doubled isolation to the system). They generate a non-earthed, free potential of the output voltage so that no current can flow through the body to earth upon contact. They are used for works on devices fed with line voltage to reduce the hazard of an electric shock.5.3.2Water used to prepare the test solutionThe quality of the water used for preparing the test solution should have at least the same quality as that of the cleaning water (see Clause 5.3.3). To avoid deposits of minerals such as lime, demineralized water should always be used as a minimum quality for preparing the test solution. The water for the test solution should be at room temperature.5.3.3Cleaning waterWater of at least drinking water quality is to be used as cleaning water. The temperature of the cleaning water is to be in the range of 12 — 25 °C. At temperatures lower than this, a decline in the cleaning result is to be expected.5.3.4DarkeningIt must be possible to darken the area of the surfaces to be examined; this only applies if the surfaces to be examined are not automatically in the dark due to their arrangement (e.g. on the inside of vessels).5.3.5Inspection lamp (UV lamp)A UV lamp is used to make the fluorescence of the test solution visible, safety notes in this respect are given in Clause 5.1. The common wavelength for UV lamps used for the fluorescence test is 365 nm.5.3.6Surfaces to be examinedSurfaces for exmaninations are usually the inside surfaces of a component being examined including fittings and, wherever cleaning elements are available for cleaning outer surfaces, also the correspond-ing outer surfaces.Note: To save time, it may be expedient when testing large, interconnected surfaces, not to wet all parts with the test solution. This can be the case, for example, with parts of large, interconnected surfaces of a vessel wall, as long as it can be assumed that these surfaces will react in the same way as the adjacent, fully wetted parts when cleaning off the test solution.Surfaces not to be wetted are still to be attributed to the surfaces to be examined and accounted for in carrying out the test and documentation.If parts of the surface to be examined are not to be wetted with test solution, this is to be arranged in advance and documented before carrying out the test.5.3.7Pre-cleaningThe surfaces to be examined must look clean and and be grease free.Note: If due to the design or operation it is not possible to make the surface completely grease free it must be taken into account that at these points there will be reduced adherence and consequently easier removal of the test solution. The wettability of these areas can therefore not be evaluated using the fluo-rescence test.5.3.8Adjustment of componentsThe component to be examined, e.g. a vessel or piece of equipment must be positioned as instructed. Any deviations are to be corrected or documented if necessary.5.3.9Spray balls/nozzles and fittingsSpray balls/nozzles in or on the component to be examined must be mounted in compliance with the specification (e.g. shop drawing, assembly instructions) of the component to be examined. For the clean-ing process all fittings required for the operation must be installed.5.3.10Pressure and flow rate measurementPrior to every connection of a spray ball/nozzle a pressure and flow rate measurement should be carried out (ideally required as standard). If this is not possible, the conditions at the individual sprayballs/nozzles must be calculated using the available data. The number, position and arrangement of pumps, pressure and flow rate measurements and spray balls/nozzles should therefore be outlined. (comp. Clause 7.1).5.3.11Cleaning procedureThe cleaning procedure for the test is carried out using cleaning water (see Clause 5.3.3). The duration of the actual cleaning process has to be adjusted to the actual degree of contamination during the later use.The cleaning procedure is usually specified by the supplier of the component being examined (e.g. com-plete vessel, equipment etc. including fixtures in compliance with Clause 2). In doing so, the aim of the fluorescence test (see Clause 4, Table 1) is to be observed. The specification for the cleaning procedure should contain details ono duration,o pressure,o flow rate ando sequenceof the cleaning element application. It should also contain details ono filling levels of the component ando valve positions as well aso positions and/or movement/speed of rotation of the component’s active elements.A suitable cleaning procedure may involve the application the cleaning elements or element-free con-nections with water, or the movement/speed of rotation of moving elements in or through cleaning water. Beyond this, an appropriate cleaning procedure can also comprise a random combination thereof.5.4Carrying out the testNotes:Before carrying out the test it is important to observe the points described in Clauses 5.1, 5.2 and 5.3.The documentation prior to performance of the test is described in Clause 7.1.Carrying out the test:1.Apply test solution to surfaces to be wetted using an atomizer nozzle. The surfaces to be wettedmust be wetted completely.As an alternative the surfaces to be examined can also be wetted with test solution through flood-ing and subsequent emptying of the component being examined. When flooding, always make sure that the component can be completely flooded.2.Bring component to be examined into correct operating condition.3.Carry out the cleaning procedure described in Clause 5.3.11.4.Visually inspect the surfaces to be examined for detectable fluorescence using a UV lamp.6.Evaluation of the fluorescence testThe fluorescence test is considered as successfully passed when the criterion of quality described in Table1 is met after completion of the test.If the cleanability test for the component being examined is failed, the cause of this failure must be de-termined. The test is then repeated after correction measures have been carried out (e.g. modification of the cleaning procedure) and possibly coordination with the client. The new test conditions must be documented.When carrying out the weak point test it may occur that it is not the associated criterion of quality that is met, but rather that of the cleanability test. In this case, it is recommended to mutually acknowledge the weak point test as cleanability test.7.Documentation of the fluorescence testThe following listed items are to be documented:7.1Documentation of fluorescence test before carrying out the testa)Test build-upo Description, sketches/shop drawings, or pictures of the installationo Wavelength of used UV lampb)Component to be examinedo Designation of the component to be examinedo Drawing number (possibly revision number) of the component to be examinedo Serial number or factory number of the component to be examinedo Just when some parts are not to be wetted with test solution: surfaces to be examined (comp. 5.3.6; if necessary using drawings or sketch diagrams to specify)c)Measuring devices and reference measuring devices used for the testo Name and test equipment number of the used reference measuring deviceso Calibration protocols of the used measuring equipmentd)Test solution/cleaning watero Quality of water used to prepare test solutiono Temperature of water used for preparing test solution (room temperature: yes/no)o Recipe of the used test solution (see Annex, Clause 8.1)o Quality and temperature of cleaning water (see Clause 5.3.3)7.2Documentation of fluorescence test during carrying out the testa)Description of test in compliance with Table 1 (e.g. "weak point test")b)Cons. number of testc)Date, test begins (time of day)d)Confirmation 'test solution fluorescing’e)Confirmation that surfaces to be wetted have been completely wetted with the test solution, orthe component has been completely filled with test solutionf)Confirmation ‘component is in correct operating condition'g)Start of cleaning procedureh)Application of cleaning elements, if applicable:o durationo pressureo flow rateo sequencei)Filling levels of the component, if applicablej)Valve positions, if applicablek)Positions and/or movement/speed of rotation of active elements of the component, if applicable l)End of cleaning procedurem)Carrying out and result of visual inspection using a UV lamp7.3Documentation of the fluorescence test after carrying out the testa)Date, end of test (time of day)b)Position and shape of critical points, if applicablec)Pictures of condition of the component being examined after completion of the test (optional)d)Evaluation according to Clause 68.Annex8.1Ingredients and recipes of test solutionsRecipe No.: 1 2 3Case of application: All components Only components that are com-pletely filled with test solution(flooded). Test for de-sign experi-ments, where critical points are difficult to defineRemark: Application of thetest solution canalready be identi-fied with the na-ked eye, solutionhas been sprayedon evenly; dryingof the test solution(compare Clause5.1) is avoided. Manual application of the testsolution is obmitted. Addition ofhydroxyethyl cellulose is there-fore also no longer necessary.With this recipe partially thinnerlayer thicknesses occur whenapplied by spraying. These layersare not adequately identifiablewith the naked eye, could lead toincorrect conclusions in the as-sessment of the cleaning result.The test solution is thereforeonly to be used for completeflooding.Increasedadhesion ofthe test solu-tion. Appro-priate forcases inwhich there isonly a narrowmargin be-tween adhe-sion and re-moval of thetest solution.Constituent / AdditionRiboflavin (dyes, increases vis-cosity and is fluorescent);CAS-No.: 83-88-50.2 g 0.2 g 1 gWater (serves as solvent andcarrier medium of the ribofla-vin); For requirementssee Clause 5.3.2.1000 ml 1000 ml 1000 mlHydroxyethyl cellulose ("HEC", for increasing viscosity and layer thickness); Requirements: normal type (not allyl modified),with swelling delay (reacts with delayed swelling), viscosity class: 100 000 mPas (in 1.9 % solution, 20 °C, 20°GH);Viscosity of applied HEC test solution: 50 -75 mPas Recommended(not absolutelyessential):5 g- 10gTable 2: Ingredients and recipes of test solutionsNote:Instead of riboflavin also uranin (CAS-No.: 518-47-8) can be used as fluorescent substance. With the same dosing, test solutions of both fluorescent substances are equally good when applied in the fluores-cence test.8.2Schematic sketch of an installation for carrying out a fluorescence testFig. 1: Schematic sketch of an installation for carrying out a fluorescence test© VDMA Process Plant and Equipment Association, English edition published: March 2008 Page 10 of 10 Information sheet 'Riboflavin test for low-germ or sterile process technologies'。

Parker Hannifin Hydraulic Cartridge Systems TB-000

HCS Brief TB-00039/2011HCS BriefHydraulic Cartridge SystemsTB-0003Parker Hannifi n Hydraulic Cartridge Systems Division (HCS) off ers many various diff erent types of Pressure Control Valves to meet your needs. HCS off ers Direct Acting, Diff erential Area, Pilot Operated, Cross-over, Unloading, Sequence, Reducing, and Reducing/Relieving.HCS sets the relief valves to crack open at a standard or customer specifi c setting. Crack is defi ned as when drops turn into a steady stream, or approximately .25 gpm at the setting.To assist the customer in setting the pressure control valve to a specifi c value for the application (if adjustable valve is ordered), the following chart of psi/turn is off ered as a guide only. Th is guide is intended to help set a valve in the absence of a test stand or a gauge mounted on the system.(For all valves shown as “S” Adjustable, “K” Knob option can be substituted. )PSI per turn for Pressure ControlsGuide to setting adjustable pressure controlsTech BriefHCS Brief TB-0003 9/2011© 2011 Parker Hannifi n CorporationParker Hannifi n CorporationHydraulic Cartridge Systems Division 595 Schelter Road Lincolnshire, IL 60069phone 847 955 5000************************/hcsMore InformationParker Cartridge Valves are available from the Hydraulic Cartridge Systems Division. Consult your HCS catalog orw /hcs for more information. You can also contact a Product Manager or Technical Support Specialist for help at 847-955-5000 or H **********************.。

Toyota’s Management Philosophy

• Profits: $13.7 b for the fiscal year ended 3/07
– GM = $-1.97b, Ford = $-12.61b (fiscal year 2006)
Market capitalization: $186.71 b (5/10/07)
– GM = $16.6b, Ford = $15.7b, Daimler-Chrysler = $81.77b
Toyota’s Economic Performance
July 2007 • Sales: 9.34 million cars worldwide forecast for 2007
– If achieved with surpass GM to be largest auto firm in sales
Global Implications of TMP
• For other industries • For economic development • For sustainability
Why has Toyota been successful?
In the words of Katsuaki Watanabe, President of Toyota: “We’re doing the same thing we always did; we’re consistent. There’s no genius in our company. We just do whatever we believe is right, trying every day to improve every little bit and piece. But when 70 years of very small improvements accumulate, they become a revolution.”

paco 0.4.2 软件说明书

Package‘paco’October14,2022Version0.4.2Date2020-08-19Title Procrustes Application to Cophylogenetic AnalysisDescription Procrustes analyses to infer co-phylogeneticmatching between pairs of phylogenetic trees.Author Juan Antonio Balbuena<******************>,Timothee Poisot<****************>,Matthew Hutchinson<*****************************>,Fernando Cagua<*****************>;see PLoS ONE Balbuena et al2013<https:///10.1371/journal.pone.0061048>Maintainer Matthew Hutchinson<*****************************>Depends R(>=3.0.0)Imports vegan(>=2.2-0),ape,plyrSuggests testthatNote The current version(0.4.2)ﬁxes a numerical issue withsymmetric implementation of the paco_links function.License MIT+ﬁle LICENSEURL https://www.uv.es/cophylpaco/Encoding UTF-8RoxygenNote7.1.1NeedsCompilation noRepository CRANDate/Publication2020-08-2518:10:02UTCR topics documented:add_pcoord (2)gl_links (3)gophertree (3)licetree (3)PACo (4)12add_pcoord paco_links (5)prepare_paco_data (6)residuals_paco (7)Index8 add_pcoord Principal Coordinates analysis of phylogenetic distance matricesDescriptionTranslates the distance matrices of’host’and’parasite’phylogenies into Principal Coordinates,as needed for Procrustes superimposition.Usageadd_pcoord(D,correction="none")ArgumentsD A list with objects H,P,and HP,as returned by paco::prepare_paco_data.correction In some cases,phylogenetic distance matrices are non-Euclidean which gen-erates negative eigenvalues when those matrices are translated into PrincipalCoordinates.There are several methods to correct negative eigenvalues.Cor-rection options available here are"cailliez","lingoes",and"none".The"cail-liez"and"lingoes"corrections add a constant to the eigenvalues to make themnon-negative.Default is"none".ValueThe list that was input as the argument‘D’with four new elements;the Principal Coordinates of the‘host’distance matrix and the Principal Coordinates of the‘parasite’distance matrix,as well as, a‘correction’object stating the correction used for negative eigenvalues and a‘note’object stating whether or not negative eigenvalues were present and therefore corrected.NoteToﬁnd the Principal Coordinates of each distance matrix,we internally a modiﬁed version of the function ape::pcoa that uses vegan::eigenvals and zapsmallExamplesdata(gopherlice)library(ape)gdist<-cophenetic(gophertree)ldist<-cophenetic(licetree)D<-prepare_paco_data(gdist,ldist,gl_links)D<-add_pcoord(D)gl_links3 gl_links Gopher-lice interactionsDescriptionOne part of example data.The associations between pocket gophers and their chewing lice ectopar-asites.Usagedata(gopherlice)gophertree Gopher phylogenyDescriptionOne part of example data.The phylogeny of pocket gophers.Usagedata(gopherlice)licetree Lice phylogenyDescriptionOne part of example data.The phylogeny of chewing lice.Usagedata(gopherlice)4PACo PACo Performs PACo analysis.DescriptionTwo sets of Principal Coordinates are superimposed by Procrustes superimposition.The sum of squared residuals of this superimposition give an indication of how congruent the two datasets are.For example,in a biological system the two sets of Principal Coordinates can be composed from the phylogenetic distance matrices of two interacting groups.The congruence measured by PACo indicates how concordant the two phylogenies are based on observed ecological interactions between them.UsagePACo(D,nperm=1000,seed=NA,method="r0",symmetric=FALSE,proc.warnings=TRUE,shuffled=FALSE)ArgumentsD A list of class paco as returned by paco::add_pcoord which includes PrincipalCoordinates for both phylogenetic distance matrices.nperm The number of permutations to run.In each permutation,the network is ran-domized following the method argument and phylogenetic congruence betweenphylogenies is reassessed.seed An integer with which to begin the randomizations.If the same seed is used the randomizations will be the same and results reproducible.If NA a random seedis chosen.method The method with which to permute association matrices:"r0","r1","r2","c0", "swap","quasiswap","backtrack","tswap","r00".Brieﬂy,"r00"produces theleast conservative null model as it only maintains totalﬁll(i.e.,total numberof interactions)."r0"and"c0"maintain the row sums and column sums,re-spectively,as well as the total number of interactions."backtracking"and anyof the"swap"algorithms conserve the total number of interactions in the ma-trix,as well as both row and column sums.Finally,"r1"and"r2"conserve therow sums,the total number of interactions,and randomize based on observedinteraction frequency.See vegan::commsim for more details.symmetric Logical.Whether or not to use the symmetric Procrustes statistic,or not.When TRUE,the symmetric statistic is used.When FALSE,the asymmetric is used.Adecision on which to use is based on whether one group is assumed to track theevolution of the other,or not.paco_links5 proc.warnings Logical.Make any warnings from the Procrustes superimposition callable.If TRUE,any warnings are viewable with the warnings()command.If FALSE,warnings are internally suppressed.Default is TRUEshuffled Logical.Return the Procrustes sum of squared residuals for every permutation of the network.When TRUE,the Procrustes statistic of all permutations is returnedas a vector.When FALSE,they are not returned.ValueA paco object that now includes(alongside the Principal Coordinates and input distance matrices)the PACo sum of sqaured residuals,a p-value for this statistic,and the PACo statistics for each randomisation of the network if shufﬂed=TRUE in the PACo call.NoteAny call of PACo in which the distance matrices have differing dimensions(i.e.,different num-bers of tips of the two phylogenies)will produce warnings from the vegan::procrustes function.These warnings require no action by the user but are merely letting the user know that,as the distance matrices had differing dimensions,their Principal Coordinates have differing numbers of columns.vegan::procrustes deals with this internally by adding columns of zeros to the smaller of the two until the are the same size.Examplesdata(gopherlice)require(ape)gdist<-cophenetic(gophertree)ldist<-cophenetic(licetree)D<-prepare_paco_data(gdist,ldist,gl_links)D<-add_pcoord(D)D<-PACo(D,nperm=10,seed=42,method="r0")print(D$gof)paco_links Contribution of individual linksDescriptionUses a jackknife procedure to perform bias correction on procrustes residuals(i.e.interactions)that are indicative of the degree to which individual interactions are more supportive of a hypothesis of phylogenetic congruence than others.Interactions are iteratively removed,the globalﬁt of the two phylogenies is reassessed and bias in observed residuals calculated and corrected.Usagepaco_links(D,.parallel=FALSE,proc.warnings=TRUE)6prepare_paco_dataArgumentsD A list of class paco as returned by paco::PACo..parallel If TRUE,calculate the jackknife contribution in parallel using the backend pro-vided by foreach.proc.warnings As in PACo.If TRUE,any warnings produced by internal calls of paco::PACo will be available for the user to view.If FALSE,warnings are internally sup-pressed.ValueThe input list of class paco with the added object jackknife which contains the bias-corrected resid-ual for each link.Examplesdata(gopherlice)require(ape)gdist<-cophenetic(gophertree)ldist<-cophenetic(licetree)D<-prepare_paco_data(gdist,ldist,gl_links)D<-add_pcoord(D)D<-PACo(D,nperm=10,seed=42,method="r0")D<-paco_links(D)prepare_paco_data Prepares the data(distance matrices and association matrix)for PACoanalysisDescriptionSimple wrapper to make sure that the matrices are sorted accordingly and to group them together into a paco object(effectively a list)that is then passed to the remaining steps of PACo analysis.Usageprepare_paco_data(H,P,HP)ArgumentsH Host distance matrix.This is the distance matrix upon which the other will besuperimposed.We term this the host matrix in reference to the original cophy-logeny studies between parasites and their hosts,where parasite evolution wasthought to track host evolution hence why the parasite matrix is superimposedon the host.P Parasite distance matrix.The distance matrix that will be superimposed on the host matrix.As mentioned above,this is the group that is assumed to track theevolution of the other.HP Host-parasite association matrix,hosts in rows.This should be a binary matrix.If host species aren’t in the rows,the matrix will be translated internally.residuals_paco7ValueA list with objects H,P,HP to be passed to further functions for PACo analysis.Examplesdata(gopherlice)library(ape)gdist<-cophenetic(gophertree)ldist<-cophenetic(licetree)D<-prepare_paco_data(gdist,ldist,gl_links)residuals_paco Return Procrustes residuals from a paco objectDescriptionTakes the Procrustes object from vegan::procrustes of the global superimpostion and pulls outeither the residual matrix of superimposition or the residual of each individual interaction(linkbetween host and parasite).Usageresiduals_paco(object,type="interaction")Argumentsobject An obejct of class procrustes as returned from PACo(and internally the vegan::procrustes function).In a PACo output this is D\$proc.type Character string.Whether the whole residual matrix(matrix)or the residualsper interaction(interaction)is desired.ValueIf type=interaction,a named vector of the Procrustes residuals is returned where names are theinteractions.If type=matrix,a matrix of residuals from Procrustes superimposition is returned.Examplesdata(gopherlice)library(ape)gdist<-cophenetic(gophertree)ldist<-cophenetic(licetree)D<-prepare_paco_data(gdist,ldist,gl_links)D<-add_pcoord(D,correction= cailliez )D<-PACo(D,nperm=100,seed=42,method= r0 )residuals_paco(D$proc)Index∗datasetsgl_links,3gophertree,3licetree,3add_pcoord,2gl_links,3gophertree,3licetree,3PACo,4paco_links,5prepare_paco_data,6residuals_paco,78。

2-Bin system_2-箱系统

Value Stream Map for Deeper Understanding and Focus Identify Key Input, Process and Output Metrics Develop Operational Definitions Develop Data Collection Plan Validate Measurement System Collect Baseline Data Determine Process Capability Complete Measure Gate
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1 盒螺钉 2 盒螺钉 1 打油 30 包连接器 1 卷标贴 4 管子密封剂
2-Bin 补给系统: 工作位设计
需要将所有的部件都放到产线工位上待机吗？
L? 供给周期
h? P? H max
分析产品组合: 举例
800
LRD01 0.1% LRD02 0.2% LRD03 0.6% LRD04 1.8% LRD05 3.6% LRD06 8.9% LRD07 10.9%
Mistake-Proofing/ Zero Defects Standard Operating Procedures (SOP’s) Process Control Plans Visual Process Control Tools Statistical Process Controls (SPC) Solution Replication Project Transition Model Team Feedback Session
提高员工生产率:

排除在使用点的零件/供应短缺减少由于人员/管理等，从库房和/或供应商重新找回供应/库存的时间浪费排除材料的丢失或放错地方

自动控制原理（中英文对照李道根）习题3.题解

■SolutionsP3.1 The unit step response of a certain system is given by t t e e t c 21)(---+=, 0≥t (a) Determine the impulse response of the system.(b) Determine the transfer function )()(s R s C of the system.Solution:The impulse response is the differential of corresponding step response, i.e.t t e e t tt c t k 22)(d )(d )(--+-==δAs we know that the transfer function is the Laplace transform of corresponding impulse response, i.e.232422111]2)([)()(222++++=+++-=+-=--s s s s s s e e t L s R s C tt δP3.2Consider the system described by the block diagram shown in Fig. P3.2(a). Determinethe polarities of two feedbacks for each of the following step responses shown in Fig. P3.2(b), where “0” indicates that the feedback is open.Solution:In general we have(a) Block diagram.1.1.1.1.1(b) U nit-step resp onses(1)(2)(3)(4)(5)Figure P3.221020221)()(k k s k s k k s R s C ±±=Note that the characteristic polynomial is210202)(k k s k s s ±±=∆where the sign of s k 2is depended on the outer feedback and the sign of 21k k is depended on the inter feedback.Case (1).The response presents a sinusoidal. It means that the system has a pair of pure imaginary roots, i.e. the characteristic polynomial is in the form of 212)(k k s s +=∆. Obviously, the outlet feedback is “–”and the inner feedback is “0”.Case (2).The response presents a diverged oscillation.The system has a pair of complex conjugate roots with positive real parts, i.e. the characteristic polynomial is in the form of 2122)(k k s k s s +-=∆. Obviously, the outlet feedback is “+”and the inner feedback is “–”.Case (3).The response presents a converged oscillation. It means that the system has a pair of complex conjugate roots with negative real parts, i.e. the characteristic polynomial is in the form of 2122)(k k s k s s ++=∆. Obviously,both the outlet and inner feedbacks are “–”.Case (4).In fact this is a ramp response of a first-order system. Hence, the outlet feedback is “0”to produce a ramp signal and the inner feedback is “–”.Case (5).Considering that a parabolic function is the integral of a ramp function, both the outlet and inner feedbacks are “0”.P3.3Consider each of the following closed-loop transfer function. By considering the location of the poles on the complex plane, sketch the unit step response, explaining the results obtained.(a) 201220)(2++=s s s Φ,(b) 61166)(23+++=s s s s Φ(c) 224)(2++=s s s Φ,(d) )5)(52(5.12)(2+++=s s s s ΦSolution:(a) )10)(2(20201220)(2++=++=s s s s s ΦBy inspection, the characteristic roots are 2-, 10-. This is an overdamped second-order system. Therefore, considering that the closed-loop gain is 1=Φk , its unit step response can be sketched as shown.(b) )3)(2)(1(661166)(23+++=+++=s s s s s s s ΦBy inspection, the characteristic roots are 1-, 2-, 3-.Obviously, all three transient components are decayed exponential terms. Therefore, its unit step response, with a closed-loop gain 1=Φk , is sketched as shown..1.1(c) 1)1(4224)(22++=++=s s s s ΦThis is an underdamped second-order system, because its characteristic roots are j ±-1. Hence, transient component is a decayed sinusoid. Noting that the closed-loop gain is 2=Φk , the unit step response can be sketched as shown.(d) )5](21[(5.12)5)(52(5.12)(222++=+++=s s s s s s ）＋ΦBy inspection, the characteristic roots are 21j ±-, 5-. Since51.0-<<-, there is a pair of dominant poles,21j ±-, for this system. The unit step response, with a closed-loop gain 5.0=Φk , is sketched as shown.P3.4 The open-loop transfer function of a unity negative feedback system is)1(1)(+=s s s G Determine the rise time, peak time, percent overshoot and setting time (using a 5% setting criterion).Solution: Writing he closed-loop transfer function2222211)(nn n s s s s s ωςωωΦ++=++=we get 1=n ω, 5.0=ς. Since this is an underdamped second-order system with 5.0=ς, the system performance can be estimated as follows.Rising time .sec 42.25.0115.0arccos 1arccos 22≈-⋅-=--=πςωςπn r t Peak time .sec 62.35.011122≈-⋅=-=πςωπn p t Percent overshoot %3.16%100%100225.015.01≈⨯=⨯=--πςπςσe e p Setting time .sec 615.033=⨯=≈ns t ςω(using a 5% setting criterion)P3.5 A second-order system gives a unit step response shown in Fig. P3.5. Find the open-loop transfer function if the system is a unit negative-feedback system.Solution:By inspection we have%30%100113.1=⨯-=p σSolving the formula for calculating the overshoot,.1.1Figure P3.5.0.23.021==-ςπςσe p , we have 362.0ln ln 22≈+-=ppσπσςSince .sec 1=p t , solving the formula for calculating the peak time, 21ςωπ-=n p t , we getsec/7.33rad n =ωHence, the open-loop transfer function is)4.24(7.1135)2()(2+=+=s s s s s G n n ςωωP3.6A feedback system is shown in Fig. P3.6(a), and its unit step response curve is shown in Fig. P3.6(b). Determine the values of 1k , 2k ,and a .Solution:The transfer function between the input and output is given by2221)()(k as s k k s R s C ++=The system is stable and we have, from the response curve,21lim )(lim 122210==⋅++⋅=→∞→k sk as s k k s t c s t By inspection we have%9%10000.211.218.2=⨯-=p σSolving the formula for calculating the overshoot, 09.021==-ςπςσe p , we have608.0ln ln 22≈+-=ppσπσςSince .sec 8.0=p t , solving the formula for calculating the peak time, 21ςωπ-=n p t , we getsec/95.4rad n =ωThen, comparing the characteristic polynomial of the system with its standard form, we have.2.2(a)(b)Figure P3.622222n n s s k as s ωςω++=++5.2495.4222===n k ω02.695.4608.022=⨯⨯==n a ςωP3.7A unity negative feedback system has the open-loop transfer function)2()(k s s k s G +=(a) Determine the percent overshoot.(b) For what range of k the setting time less than 0.75 s (using a 5% setting criterion).Solution: (a)For the closed-loop transfer function we have222222)(nn n s s k s k s ks ωςωωΦ++=++=hence, by inspection,we getsec /rad k n =ω, 22=ςThe percent overshoot is%32.4%10021=⨯=-ςπςσe p (b) Since 9.022<=ς, letting.sec 75.025.033<⨯=≈kt ns ςω(using a 5% setting criterion)results in2275.06⎪⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛>k , i.e. 32>k P3.8For the servomechanism system shown in Fig. P3.8,determine the values of k and a that satisfy the following closed-loop system design requirements.(a) Maximum of 40% overshoot.(b) Peak time of 4s.Solution:For the closed-loop transfer function we have22222)(nn n s s k s k s ks ωςωωαΦ++=++=hence, by inspection, we getk n =2ω, αςωk n =2,and n n k ωςςωα22==Taking consideration of %40%10021=⨯=-ςπςσe p results in280.0=ς.In this case, to satisfy the requirement of peak time, 412=-=ςωπn p t , we haveFigure P3.8.sec /818.0rad n =ωHence, the values of k and a are determined as67.02==n k ω, 68.02==nωςαP3.9 The open-loop transfer function of a unity feedback system is)2()(+=s s k s G A step response is specified as:peak time s 1.1=p t , and percent overshoot %5=p σ.(a) Determine whether both specifications can be met simultaneously. (b) If the specifications cannot be met simultaneously, determine a compromise value for k so that the peak time and percent overshoot are relaxed the same percentage.Solution:Writing the closed-loop transfer function222222)(nn n s s k s s ks ωςωωΦ++=++=we get k n =ωand k 1=ς.(a) Assuming that the peak time is satisfiedsec1.1112=-=-=k t n p πςωπwe get 16.9=k . Then, we have 33.0=ςand%5%33%10021>=⨯=-ςπςσe p Obviously, these two specifications cannot be met simultaneously.(b) In order to reduce p σthe gain must be reduced. Choosing sec 2.221==p p t t results in04.31=k , 57.01=ς, %102%3.111=>=p p σσRechoosing sec 31.21.22==p p t t results in85.21=k , 59.01=ς, %10.51.2%0.101=<=p p σσLetting sec 255.205.23==p p t t results in941.23=k , 583.03=ς, %10.2505.2%5.103=≈=p p σσIn this way, a compromise value is obtained as941.2=k P3.10A control system is represented by the transfer function)13.04.0)(56.2(33.0)()(2+++=s s s s R s C Estimate the peak time, percent overshoot, and setting time (%5=∆), using the dominant pole method, if it is possible.Solution:Rewriting the transfer function as]3.0)2.0)[(56.2(33.0)()(22+++=s s s R s C we get the poles of the system: 3.02.021j s ±-=，, 56.23-=s . Then, 21，s can be considered as a pair of dominant poles, because )Re()Re(321s s <<，.Method 1. After reducing to a second-order system,the transfer function becomes13.04.013.0)()(2++=s s s R s C (Note: 1)()(lim 0==→s R s C k s Φ)which results in sec /36.0rad n =ωand 55.0=ς. The specifications can be determined assec 0.42112ςωπ-=n p t , %6.12%10021=⨯=-ςπςσe p sec 67.2011ln 12=⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛-=ς∆ςωn s t Method 2. Taking consideration of the effect of non-dominant pole on the transient components cause by the dominant poles, we havesec0.8411)(231=--∠-=ςωπn p s s t %6.13%10021313=⨯-=-ςπςσe s s s p sec 6.232ln 1313=⎪⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛-⋅=s s s t n s ∆ςωP3.11By means of the algebraic criteria, determine the stability of systems that have thefollowing characteristic equations.(a) 02092023=+++s s s (b) 025103234=++++s s s s (c) 021*******=+++++s s s s s Solution:(a) 02092023=+++s s s . All coefficients of the characteristic equation are positive. Using L-C criterion,1609120202>==D This system is stable.(b) 025103234=++++s s s s . All coefficients of the characteristic equation are positive. Using L-C criterion,15311002531103<-==D This system is unstable.(c) 021*******=+++++s s s s s . (It’s better to use Routh criterion for a higher-order system.)All coefficients of the characteristicequation are positive. Establish the Routh arrayas shown.There are two changes of sign in the first column, this system is unstable.P3.12The characteristic equations for certain systems are given below. In each case,determine the number of characteristic roots in the right-half s -plane and the number of pure imaginary roots.(a) 0233=+-s s (b) 0160161023=+++s s s (c) 04832241232345=+++++s s s s s (d) 0846322345=--+++s s s s s Solution:(a) 0233=+-s s . The Routh array shows that there are two changes of sign in the first column. So that there are two characteristic roots in the right-half s -plane.(b) 0160161023=+++s s s The 1s -row is an all-zero one and an auxiliary equation is made based on 2s -row162=+s Taking derivative with respect to s yields2=s The coefficient of this new equation is inserted in the1s row, and the Routh array is then completed. By inspection, there are no changes of sign in the firstcolumn, and the system has no characteristic roots in the right-half s -plane. The solution of the auxiliary are 4j s ±=, the system has a pair of pure imaginary roots.(c) 04832241232345=+++++s s s s s . The Routh array is established as follows.The 1s -row is an all-zero one and an auxiliary equation based on 2s -row is42=+s Taking derivative with respect to s yields2=s The coefficient of this new equation isinserted in the 1s row, and the Routh array is then completed. By inspection, there are no changes of sign in the first column, and the system has no characteristic roots in the right-half5s 1914s 21023s 402s 1021s -0.800s 23s 1-32s 0 0>⇒ε21s εε23--0s 23s 1162s 101⇒16016⇒1s 02⇒0s 165s 112324s 31⇒248⇒4861⇒3s 41⇒164⇒2s 41⇒164⇒1s 02⇒0s 4s -plane. The solution of the auxiliary are 2j s ±=, the system has a pair of pure imaginaryroots.(d) 0846322345=--+++s s s s s .The Routh array is established as follows.The 3s -row is an all-zero one and an auxiliary equationbased on 4s -row is04324=-+s s Taking derivative with respect to s yields643=+s s The coefficient of this new equation is inserted in the 3s row, and the Routh array is then completed. By inspection, the sign inthe first column is changed one time, and the system has one root in the right-half s -plane. The solution of the auxiliary are 121±=，s 243j s ±=，, the system has one pair of pure imaginary roots.P3.13The characteristic equations for certain systems are given below. In each case, determine the value of k so that the corresponding system is stable. It is assumed that k is positive number.(a) 02102234=++++k s s s s (b) 0504)5.0(23=++++ks s k s Solution: (a) 02102234=++++k s s s s .The system is stable if and only if⎪⎪⎩⎪⎪⎨⎧<⇒>=>9022*********k k D k i.e. the system is stable when 90<<k .(b) 0504)5.0(23=++++ks s k s . The system is stable if and only if⎪⎩⎪⎨⎧>-+⇒>-+⇒>+=>>+0)3.3)(8.34(05024041505.00,05.022k k k k k k D k k i.e. the system is stable when 3.3>k .P3.14The open-loop transfer function of a negative feedback system is given by)12.001.0()(2++=s s s Ks G ςDetermine the range of K and ςin which the closed-loop system is stable.Solution: The characteristic equation is2.001.023=+++K s s s ςThe system is stable if and only if5s 13-44s 21⇒63⇒-84-⇒3s 04⇒06⇒02s 3-8 1s 5000s -8⎪⎩⎪⎨⎧<⇒>-⇒>=>>ςςς200010200101.02.002.0,02K K .ς.K D k The required range is 020>>K ς.P3.15The open-loop transfer function of negative feedback system is given)12)(1()1()()(+++=s Ts s s K s H s G The parameters K and T may be represented in a plane with K as the horizontal axis and T as the vertical axis. Determine the region in which the closed-loop system is stable.Solution:The characteristic equation is)1()2(223=+++++K s K s T Ts Since all coefficients are positive, the system is stable if and only if)1)(2(01222>++⇒>++=K T K T KT D 022>++-T KT K 04)2()2(>+-+-T T K 4)1)(2(<--⇒K T The system is stable in the region 4)1)(2(<--K T , which is plotted as shown. (Letting 2-='T T and 1-='K K results in 4<''K T .)P3.16A unity negative feedback system has an open-loop transfer function)1)(1)(1()(2+++=Ts n nTs Ts Ks G where 10≤≤n , 0>K , T is a positive constant.(a) Determine the range of K and n so that the system is stable.(b) Determine the value of K required for stability for 1=n , 0.5, 0.1, 0.01, and 0.(c) Discuss the stability of the closed-loop system as a function of n for a constant K .Solution:The closed-loop characteristic equation is)1)(1)(1(2=+++K Ts n nTs Ts ＋i.e. 01)1()(22223333=+++++++K Ts n n s T n n n s T n ＋(a) The system is stable if and only if)1(1)1(233222>+++++=Tn n Tn K T n n n D i.e.)1(0)1()1(2223322>--++⇒>+-++K n n n n T K T n n n ⎪⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛-++⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛+++<⇒-⎪⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛++<1111112222n n n n n n K n n n K ⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛++<⇒⎪⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛-+++++<2222211)1(11)1(n n K n n n n n n n K '21hence, the system is stable when ⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛++<<2211)1(0n n K .(b) The value of K required for stability for 1=n , 0.5, 0.1, 0.01, and 0are calculated as shown.80<<K for 1=n ,5.110<<K for 5.0=n ,21.1220<<K for 1.0=n ,102020<<K for 01.0=n ,∞<<K 0for 0=n .(c) For a constant K , the stability of the closed-loop system is related to the value of n , the larger the value of n ,the easier the system to be stable. (Stagger principle.)P3.17A unity negative feedback system has an open-loop transfer function)16)(13()(++=s s s Ks G Determine the range of k required so that there are no closed-loop poles to the right of the line 1-=s .Solution:The closed-loop characteristic equation is18)6)(3(0)16)(13(=+++⇒=+++K s s s K ss s i.e. 01818923=+++K s s s Letting 1~-=s s resulting in)1018(~3~6~018)5~)(2~)(1~(23=-+++⇒=+++-K s s s K s s s Using Lienard-Chipart criterion, all closed-loop poles locate in the right-half s ~-plane, i.e. to the right of the line 1-=s , if and only if⎪⎩⎪⎨⎧<⇒>-⇒>-=>⇒>-91408.1820311018695,010182K K K D K K The required range is 91495<<K , or 56.10.56<<K P3.18A system has the characteristic equation291023=+++k s s s Determine the value of k so that the real part of complex roots is 2-, using the algebraiccriterion.Solution:Substituting 2~-=s s into the characteristic equation yields02~292~102~23=+-+-+-k s s s ）（）（）（0)26(~~4~23=-+++k s s s The Routh array is established as shown.If there is a pair of complex roots with real part of 2-, then26=-k 3s 112s 426-k 1s 0si.e. 30=k . In the case of 30=k , we have the solution of the auxiliary equation j s ±=~, i.e. j s ±-=2.P3.19 An automatically guided vehicle is represented by the system in Fig. P3.19.(a) Determine the value of τrequired forstability.(b) Determine the value of τwhen one root of the characteristic equation is 5-=s , and the values of the remainingroots for the selected τ.(c) Find theresponse of the system to a step command for the τselected in (b).Solution:The closed-loop transfer function is10101010)()()(23+++==s s s s R s C s τΦ(a) The closed-loop characteristic equation is 010101023=+++s s s τSince all coefficients are positive, the system is stable if and only if1.0010110102>⇒>=ττD (b) Substituting 5~-=s s into the characteristic equation yields0105~105~105~23=+-+-+-）（）（）（s s s τ0)50135(~)2510(~5~23=-+-+-ττs s s In the case of 050135=-τ, i.e. 7.2=τ, we have 0~1=s , i.e. 51-=s . Solving the characteristic equation with 7.2=τ, i.e. 0~2~5~23=++-s s s results in 56.4~2=s and 44.0~3=s . Hence the remaining roots are 44.02-=s and 56.43-=s .(c) The closed-loop transfer function for 7.2=τis)5)(56.4)(44.0(10)(+++=s s s s ΦThe unit step response of the system is500.156.421.144.021.111)5)(56.4)(44.0(10)(+--+++-=⋅+++=s s s s s s s s s C tt t e e e t c 556.444.000.121.121.11)(----+-=Or, considering that there is a dominant pole for the system, we have127.2144.044.0)(+=+≈s s s Φte t c 44.01)(--≈P3.20A thermometer is described by the transfer function )11+Ts . It is known that, measuring the water temperature in a container, one minute is required to indicate 98% of the actual water temperature. Evaluate the steady-state indicating error of the thermometer if the container is heated and the water temperature is lineally increased at the rate of C/min 10 .travelFig.P3.19Solution:One minute required to indicate 98% of the actual water temperature means that the setting time is sec 604=≈T t s , i.e. the time constant of the thermometer issec15≈T The indicated error caused by the given ramp input, C/sec)(6010C/min)(10)( ==t t r , is222611611161)()()(sTs Ts s Ts s s C s R s E ⋅+=⋅+-=-=By inspection, a first-order system is always stable. Hence, the steady-state indicating error isC ss s s e s ss 5.26111515lim 20=⋅+⋅=→P3.21 Determine the steady-state error for a unit step input, a unit ramp input, and an acceleration input 22t for the following unit negative feedback systems. The open-loop transfer functions are given by(a) )12)(11.0(50)(++=s s s G ,(b) )5.0)(4(10)()(++=s s s s H s G (c) )11.0()15.0(8)(2++=s s s s G ,(d) )5)(1(10)(2++=s s s s G (e) )2004()(2++=s s s k s G Solution:(a) )12)(11.0(50)(++=s s s G . This is a second-order system and must be stable. Asa 0-type system,0=υ, the corresponding error constants are50=p K , 0=v K , 0=a K Consequently, the corresponding steady-state errors are0196.0501110.=+=+=p r ss K r ε, ∞==v v ss K v 0.ε, ∞==aa a ss K v .εrespectively.(b) )5.0)(4(10)()(++=s s s s H s G . The characteristic polynomial is40209)(23+++=s s s s τ∆Using L-C criterion,01402014092>==D the closed-loop system is stable. By inspection, system type 1=υand open-loop gain 5=K . Hence, the corresponding steady-state errors are0.=r ss ε, 2.01.==Kv ss ε, ∞=a ss .εrespectively.(c) )11.0()15.0(8)(2++=s s s s G . The characteristic polynomial is40209)(23+++=s s s s τ∆Using L-C criterion01402014092>==D the closed-loop system is stable. By inspection, system type 1=υand open-loop gain 5=K . Hence, the corresponding steady-state errors are0.=r ss ε, 2.01.==Kv ss ε, ∞=a ss .εrespectively.(d) )5)(1(10)(2++=s s s s G . The characteristic polynomial is1056)(234+++=s s s s ∆By inspection, this system is unstable (due to constructional instability).(e) )2004()(2++=s s s k s G . The characteristic polynomial isks s s s +++=2004)(23∆Using L-C criterionkkD -==800200142the closed-loop system is stable if and only if 8000<<k . This is a 1-type system with a open-loop gain 200k K =. In the case of 8000<<k , i.e. 40<<K ,the corresponding steady-state errors are0.=r ss ε, kK v ss 2001.==ε, ∞=a ss .εrespectively.P3.22 The open-loop transfer function of a unity negative feedback system is given by)1)(1()(21++=s T s T s Ks G Determine the values of K , 1T , and 2T so that the steady-state error for the input, bt a t r +=)(, is less than 0ε. It is assumed that K , 1T , and 2T are positive, a and b are constants.Solution:The characteristic polynomial is Ks s T T s T T s ++++=221321)()(∆Using L-C criterion, the system is stable if and only if2121212121212001T T T T K T KT T T T T K T T D +<⇒>-+⇒>+=Considering that this is a 1-type system with a open-loop gain K , in the case of 2121T T T T K +<, we have0..εεεεεbK Kbv ss r ss ss >⇒<=+=Hence, the required range for K is21210T T T T K b+<<εP3.23 The open-loop transfer function of a unity negative system is given by)1()(+=Ts s K s G Determine the values of K and T so that the following specifications are satisfied:(a) The steady-state error for the unit ramp input is less than 02.0.(b) The percent overshoot is less than %30and the setting time is less s 3.0.Solution:Assuming that both K and T are positive, the system must be stable. To meet the requirement on steady-state error, we have5002.010≥⇒≤==k KK v v ss εTo meet the second requirement, we have358.0%3021≥⇒≤=-ςσςπςe p and%)2(,10sec3.03=≥⇒≤≈∆ςωςωn ns t Considering that KT21=ςand TKn =ω, we get 95.1358.021≤⇒≥=KT KTς05.02010≤⇒=≥=T KT T K n ςωFinally, to met all specifications, the required ranges K and T are⎪⎩⎪⎨⎧≤≤≤T K T 95.15005.0P3.24 The block diagram of a control system is shown in Fig. P3.24, where)()()(s C s R s E -=. Select the values of τand b so that the steady-state error for a ramp input is zero.Figure P3.24Solution:Assuming that all parameters are positive, the system must be stable. Then, the error response is)()1)(1()(1)()()(21s R K s T s T b s K s C s R s E ⎥⎦⎤⎢⎣⎡++++-=-=τ)()1)(1()1()(2121221s R Ks T s T Kb s K T T s T T ⋅+++-+-++=τLetting the steady-state error for a ramp input to be zero, we get221212210.)1)(1()1()(lim )(lim sv Ks T s T Kb s K T T s T T s s sE s s r ss ⋅+++-+-++⋅==→→τεwhich results in⎩⎨⎧=-+=-00121τK T T Kb I.e. K T T 21+=τ, Kb 1=.P3.25 The block diagram of a compound system is shown in Fig. P3.25.Select the values ofa andb so that the steady-state error for a parabolic input is zero.Solution: The characteristic polynomial is 1012.0002.0)(23+++=s s s s ∆Using L-C criterion,1.01002.01012.02>==D the system is stable. The transfer function between error and input is given by10)102.0)(11.0()(10)102.0)(11.0()102.0)(11.0(101)102.0)(11.0()(101)()()(22++++-++=++++++-=-=s s s bs as s s s s s s s s s bs as s C s R s E 10)102.0)(11.0()101()101.0(002.023+++-+-+=s s s s b s a s Letting the steady-state error for a parabolic input to be zero yields010)102.0)(11.0()101()101.0(002.0lim 30230.=⋅+++-+-+⋅=→sa s s s sb s a s s s ass εwhich results inFigure P3.25⎩⎨⎧=-=-01012.00101a b i.e. 012.0=a , 1.0=b .P3.26 The block diagram of a system is shown in Fig. P3.26. In each case, determine the steady-state error for a unit step disturbance and a unit ramp disturbance, respectively.(a) 11)(K s G =, )1()(222+=s T s K s G (b) ss T K s G )1()(111+=, )1()(222+=s T s K s G , 21T T >Solution: (a) In this case the system is of second-order and must be stable. The transferfunction from disturbance to error is given by212212.)1(1)(K K Ts s K G G G s d e ++-=+-=ΦThe corresponding steady-state errors are12120.11)1(lim K s K K Ts s K s s p ss -=⋅++-⋅=→ε∞→⋅++-⋅=→22120.1)1(lim sK K Ts s K s s a ss ε(b) Now, the transfer function from disturbance to error is given by)1()1()(121222.+++-=s T K K s T s sK s d e Φand the characteristic polynomial is21121232)(K K s T K K s s T s +++=∆Using L-C criterion,)(121211212212>-==T T K K T K K T K K D the system is stable. The corresponding steady-state errors are01)1()1(lim 1212220.=⋅+++-⋅=→s s T K K s T s sK s s p ss ε121212220.11)1()1(lim K s s T K K s T s sK s s a ss -=⋅+++-⋅=→εFigure P3.26P3.27 The block diagram of a compound system is shown in Fig. P3.26, where1)(111+=s T K s G , )1()(222+=s T s K s G ,233)(K K s G =Determine the feedforward block transfer function )(s G d so that the steady-state error due tounit step disturbance is zero.Solution: the characteristic equation is 0121=+G G , i.e.21221321)(K K s s T T s T T ++++Using L-C criterion, the system is stable if and only if002121212121212>-+=+=T T K K T T T T K K T T D hence, the system is stable if212121T T T T K K +<The transfer function from disturbance to error is given by111)(1)1(1)(2211112322212123.+⋅++⎥⎦⎤⎢⎣⎡⋅+++-=+--=s T K s T K s G s T K K K s T s K G G G G G G G s dd de Φ21212113)1)(1()()1(K K s T s T s s G K K s T K d +++++-=When the system is stable, letting the steady-state error to be zero yields0)1)(1()()1(lim 0212121130=⋅⎥⎦⎤⎢⎣⎡+++++-⋅=→s d K K s T s T s s G K K s T K s d s ss ε[]0)()1(lim 21130=++→s G K K s T K d s i.e.213)(K K K s G d -=The feedforward block function is 213)(K K K s G d -=, where 212121T T TT K K +<.Figure P3.27。

AD 2000-Merkblatt W 7-2014

FDBR e. V. Fachverband Anlagenbau, Düsseldorf Deutsche Gesetzliche Unfallversicherung (DGUV), Berlin Verband der Chemischen Industrie e. V. (VCI), Frankfurt/Main Verband Deutscher Maschinen- und Anlagenbau e. V. (VDMA), Fachgemeinschaft Verfahrenstechnische Maschinen und Apparate, Frankfurt/Main Stahlinstitut VDEh, Düsseldorf VGB PowerTech e. V., Essen Verband der TÜV e. V. (VdTÜV), Berlin The above associations continuously update the AD 2000-Merkblätter in line with technical progress. Please address any proposals for this to the publisher:
ICS 23.020.30
AD 2000-Merkblatt
November 2014 edition
Materials for
pressure vessels
Bolts and nuts made from ferritic steels
AD 2000-Merkblatt
W7
The AD 2000-Merkblätter are prepared by the seven associations listed below who together form the “Arbeitsgemeinschaft Druckbehälter” (AD). The structure and the application of the AD 2000 Code and the procedural guidelines are covered by AD 2000-Merkblatt G 1. The AD 2000-Merkblätter contain safety requirements to be met under normal operating conditions. If above-normal loadings are to be expected during the operation of the pressure vessel, this shall be taken into account by meeting special requirements. If there are any divergences from the requirements of this AD 2000-Merkblatt, it shall be possible to prove that the standard of safety of this Code has been maintained by other means, e.g. by materials testing, tests, stress analysis, operating experience.