考研高分英语笔记(97分)

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考研英语长难句笔记

考研英语长难句笔记
都说我如水百变,可是我清澈不变
Iamclaimedchangeablelikewater.Bycontrast,myclaritykeepsconsistent
Doyoustillkeepthatdayinmind?IfailedtopastCET4,andasaresult,Ishedtearsintherainalone. Atthesametime,youcameuptomeandsubsequentlyyoubetmyshoulderandtoldme“thereexistsnodestinationinlife”
P29妒嫉本身就是一种仰望
Beingjealousisakindofworship
有意义就是好好活
Beingmeaningfulproves(is)to(已经有动词)livewell
好好活就是有意义
Livingwellseems(is)todomeaningfulthings
什么是并列句:就是用连词连接俩个句子
Theevidence(thatflowersinthegreenhousefailtoundergostorms)indicates(表明)thatkidsshouldbynomeans(no)bespoiledbytheirseniorcitizens(父母)
长难句分析
能够识别各个名词性从句并把它们通顺的翻译出来
Persistencemustbepointedoutoutstandingly(非常)crucial(重要)
Overfishingisclaimedmorethan(后面加形容词做非常的意思)fearful(严重的)byanincreasingamountofprofessors
三种情况无被动

考研英语历年真题阅读理解精读笔记(一)

考研英语历年真题阅读理解精读笔记(一)

众所周知,考研是⼈⽣的⼀次重新洗牌和重⼤机遇,⽽在考研的四门课程中,英语成了许多考⽣前进征途上的⼀只凶猛拦路虎和⼗分困难的羁跘与障碍。

详细分析历年考研英语试卷,⼜可以发现主要⽭盾在于阅读(占60%的分数),故可谓:得阅读者得天下。

阅读的60分细分为Part A、Part B 和Part C,其中Part A为四篇阅读理解,占40分,是阅读理解考试中的主战场。

那么,阅读Part A有没有什么技巧呢? 技巧⼀:看懂 阅读理解其实主要考的是“阅读”之后的“理解”,所以,看得懂乃是第⼀项技巧。

任何⼀篇⽂章,若要能看懂它,⾄少需要两个条件:认识单词和看明⽩句⼦。

单词就像盖房的砖⽡,考研词汇⼤约为5500个,这不是⼀个⼩数字,也并⾮三两天时间可以记住的,所以,考⽣必须先买⼀本考研英语词汇书进⾏系统、长期的学习和记忆。

(推荐《考研英语词汇真题词频语境记忆》,该书打破了传统考研词汇书按字母顺序排序的做法,⽽是采⽤历年真题作为单词出现频率的统计依据,将所有⼤纲单词及超纲单词按照历年真题出现的频率从⾼到低排列,⽽且全部按照考过的不同词义配不同的真题例句,可以使学⽣⽤最少的时间获得的学习效果)。

拿到词汇书之后,⾸先⽤⼤约⼀周的时间把这些单词中你根本不认识的挑出来,如rear,tedious,deteriorate,plausible,jargon,isotope,……,(因为这些单词你可能完全不认识,看到之后两眼漆⿊,所以称之为“⿊”字)。

“⿊”字是阅读的头⼀个障碍,单词不认识,句⼦当然看不懂,所以,消灭“⿊”字是当务之急。

(争取⽤⼀个⽉左右的时间消灭它们!) 考研词汇中,除“⿊”字外,还有⼤量意思⾮常明⽩的所谓“⽩”字,如:able,benefit,culture,space,topic,……。

此类单词可⼀掠⽽过,除“⿊”(完全不认识)和“⽩”(完全明⽩)字两类外,还有许多似会不会的“灰”字,如:treaty,tutor,sample,saddle,fuss,……。

2022年考研英语小作文个人笔记(word版)

2022年考研英语小作文个人笔记(word版)

考研英语小作文(书信类应用文)写在前面:英语一英语二小作文都是考察应用文写作,也即书信类应用文,字数要求100词,实际写110词左右即可,不要过长更不要不足100词。

一些格式问题。

Dear XX顶格写,正文开头空四个字母,末尾Yours,Li Ming 右对齐。

考试中忘记写Dear或者Yours部分不要在意,一般不会扣分。

当然为了书信结构完整,请尽量不要忘记这两个小细节,实在忘记了不要过多得去纠结。

关于英语练字。

如果你备考时间充裕可以选择练字,如果时间不允许,可以把更多精力放在其他科目上,只需要定期模考或者摹写英语作文,考试时只需要保证卷面整洁,字体清晰,让阅卷老师舒服即可,也不必苛求自己一定写得多么艺术。

除本文外,还需回顾近十年小作文真题及其范文,其中投诉信多年未考查,你可以自己斟酌要不要准备这个类型的小作文。

08真题(英语一):道歉+建议信Directions:You have just come back from Canada and found a music CD in your luggage that you forgot toreturn to Bob, your landlord there. Write him a letter to1)make an apology, and2)suggest a solution例文:Dear Bob:开头:我写此信的目的是为了向你道歉。

在离开加拿大时,我忘了把那盘披头⼠士乐队的CD还给你。

走的时候太匆忙了,我把所有东西都塞到⼠行李中,没有仔细检查。

当时要是多加注意的话,就不会犯这种低级错误了。

I’m writing to apologize for having forgotten to return the “the Beatles”CD to you when I left Canada. I was in such a hurry that I packed everything in my luggage without checking carefully. Had I paid more attention then, I wouldn’t have made such a stupid mistake.第二段:因为我知道你特别珍爱那盘CD,所以⼠一定要想办法解决这个问题。

考研英语历年真题阅读理解精读笔记(十一)

考研英语历年真题阅读理解精读笔记(十一)

TEXT 4 It is said that in England death is pressing, in Canada inevitable and in California optional.Small wonder.Americans life expectancy has nearly doubled over the past century.Failing hips can be replaced, clinical depression controlled, cataracts removed in a 30-minute surgical procedure.Such advances offer the aging population a quality of life that was unimaginable when I entered medicine 50 years ago.But not even a great health care system can cure death-and our failure to confront that reality now threatens this greatness of ours. Death is normal; we are genetically programmed to disintegrate and perish, even under ideal conditions.We all understand that at some level, yet as medical consumers we treat death as a problem to be solved.Shielded by third party payers from the cost of our care, we demand everything that can possibly be done for us, even if it's useless.The most obvious example is late stage cancer care.Physicians-frustrated by their inability to cure the disease and fearing loss of hope in the patient-too often offer aggressive treatment far beyond what is scientifically justified. In 1950, the US spent $12.7 billion on health care. In 2002, the cost will be $1540 billion.Anyone can see this trend is unsustainable.Yet few seem willing to try to reverse it.Some scholars conclude that a government with finite resources should simply stop paying for medical care that sustains life beyond a certain age-say 83 or so.Former Colorado governor Richard Lamm has been quoted as saying that the old and infirm "have a duty to die and get out of the way", so that younger, healthier people can realize their potential. I would not go that far.Energetic people now routinely work through their 60s and beyond, and remain dazzlingly productive.At 78, Viacom chairman Sumner Redstone jokingly claims to be 53.Supreme Court Justice Sandra Day O Connor is in her 70s, and former surgeon general C.Everett Koop chairs an Internet start up in his 80s.These leaders are living proof that prevention works and that we can manage the health problems that come naturally with age.As a mere 68 year-old, I wish to age as productively as they have. Yet there are limits to what a society can spend in this pursuit.As a physician, I know the most costly and dramatic measures may be ineffective and painful.I also know that people in Japan and Sweden, countries that spend far less on medical care, have achieved longer, healthier lives than we have.As a nation, we may be overfunding the quest for unlikely cures while underfunding research on humbler therapies that could improve people's lives. 56. What is implied in the first sentence? [A] Americans are better prepared for death than other people. [B] Americans enjoy a higher life quality than ever before. [C] Americans are over confident of their medical technology. [D] Americans take a vain pride in their long life expectancy. 57. The author uses the example of cancer patients to show that . [A] medical resources are often wasted [B] doctors are helpless against fatal diseases [C] some treatments are too aggressive [D] medical costs are becoming unaffordable 58. The author's attitude toward Richard Lamm's remark is one of . [A] strong disapproval [B] reserved consent [C] slight contempt [D] enthusiastic support 59. In contrast to the US, Japan and Sweden are funding their medical care . [A] more flexibly [B] more extravagantly [C] more cautiously [D] more reasonably 60. The text intends to express the idea that . [A] medicine will further prolong people's lives [B] life beyond a certain limit is not worth living [C] death should be accepted as a fact of life [D] excessive demands increase the cost of health careachieve12 v.①完成,实现;②达到,达成,获得 aggressive5 a.①侵略的,好⽃的;②⼤胆的,积极的 attitude14 n.①(to,towards)态度,看法;②姿势 author69 n.①作者;②创始⼈ billion11 num./n.[美]⼗亿,[英]万亿 cancer11 n.癌 chair4 n.①椅⼦;②主席(职位);vt.主持,担任 claim12 v.①要求;②声称,主张;③索赔;n.①要求;②主张,断⾔;③索赔;④权利,要求权,所有权 conclude5 v.①结束,终结;②断定,下结论;③缔结,议定 confident3 a.(of,in)确信的,⾃信的 confront3 v.①使⾯临,使遭遇;②⾯对(危险等) consent3 v./n.(to)同意,赞成,答应 contempt4 n.轻蔑,藐视 contrast5 v.对⽐,对照;n.对⽐,对照,差异 court10 n.①法院,法庭;②宫廷,朝廷;③院⼦;④球场 doctor12 n.①博⼠;②医⽣;v.伪造,篡改 dramatic4 a.①戏剧的,戏剧性的;②剧烈的,激进的;③显著的,引⼈注⽬的 energetic2 a.有⼒的,精⼒旺盛的 enthusiastic2 a.热情的,热⼼的 excessive3 a.过多的,过分的来源:考试⼤ express4 v.表达,表⽰;a.特快的,快速的;n.快车,快运 failure6 n.①失败,不及格;②失败者;③故障,失灵;④未能 fatal4 a.致命的,毁灭性的 finite2 a.有限的 former10 a.①前任的;②以前的,在前的;pron.前者 frustrate1 v.挫败,阻挠,使灰⼼ fund14 n.资⾦,基⾦;v.资助,投资 governor1 n.总督,州(省)长 hip2 n.髋部;a.时髦的 humble2 a.①谦卑的,恭顺的;②低下的,卑微的;v.降低,贬抑 ideal5 a.①理想的,完美的;②空想的;③理想主义的;④唯⼼的;n.理想 imply12 v.意指,含...意思,暗⽰ inevitable5 a.不可避免的,必然发⽣的 intend15 v.想要,打算,企图 justice2 n.①公正,公平;②审判,司法;③法官 justify8 v.证明...是正当的,认为有理 measure14 v.测量;n.①尺⼨,⼤⼩;②[常pl.]措施,办法;③法案,法律规定 mere7 a.①纯粹的;②仅仅,只不过 obvious13 a.明显的,显⽽易见的 optional1 a.可以任选的,⾮强制的 painful5 a.疼痛的,使痛苦的 perish1 v.①丧⽣;②凋谢;③毁灭,消亡 physician10 n.内科医⽣ potential13 a.①潜在的,可能的;②势的,位的;n.潜能,潜⼒ procedure4 n.程序,⼿续,步骤 productive4 a.⽣产(性)的,能产的,多产的 prolong3 v.拉长,延长 proof2 n.①证据,证明;②校样,样张 pursuit6 n.①追赶,追求;②职业,⼯作 quest3 n.寻求 quote5 v.引⽤,援 reality10 n.①现实,实际;②真实 remark7 n.(about,on)评语,议论,意见;v.①(on)评论,谈论;②注意到,察觉 replace7 v.①放回,替换,取代;②归还 reserve2 n.①储备(物),储藏量,储备⾦;②缄默,谨慎;v.①保留,储备;②预定,预约 resource7 n.①[pl.]资源,财⼒;②办法,智谋;③应变能⼒;④设备 reverse1 n.①相反,反转,颠倒;②背⾯,后⾯;a.相反的,倒转的;v.颠倒,倒转,(使)倒退 scholar5 n.学者 sentence9 n.①句⼦;②判决,宣判;v.宣判,判决 shield2 n.①防护物,护罩;②盾,盾状物;v.保护,防护 solve9 v.解决,解答 supreme2 a.①极度的,最重要的;②⾄⾼的,的 surgeon1 n.外科医⽣ sustain5 v.①⽀撑,撑住;②维持,持续,经受,忍耐 system31 n.①系统,体系;②制度,体制 technology27 n.⼯艺,技术 therapy2 n.治疗,理疗 threaten8 v.①恐吓,威胁;②有...危险,快要来临 trend12 n.倾向,趋势;v.伸向,倾向 unlikely5 a.未必的,靠不住的 vain2 a.①徒劳的,徒然的;②⾃负的,虚荣的;n.徒劳,⽩费 worth5 n.价值;a.值得的 advance10 v.①前进,进展;②推进,促进;③提出(建议等);④提前;n.①前进,进展;②预付,预⽀ cataract1 n.①⼤瀑布;②⽩内障 cautiously1 ad.慎重地 clinical1 a.临床的 consumer20 n.消费者 dazzlingly1 ad.灿烂地,耀眼地 depression2 n.①沮丧,消沉;②(经济)萧条,不景⽓ disapproval1 n.不赞成 disintegrate1 vt.(使)分解,(使)碎裂 expectancy2 n.期待,期望 extravagantly1 ad.挥霍⽆度地 flexibly1 ad.易曲地,柔软地 genetically2 ad.遗传地 inability1 n.⽆能,⽆⼒ ineffective2 a.⽆效的 infirm1 a.弱的,不坚固的,柔弱的 leader10 n. overfund1 vt.对...提供充⾜资⾦ productively1 ad.有结果地,有成果地 reasonably2 ad.适度地,相当地 routinely1 ad.例⾏公事地 surgical1 a.外科的,⼿术上的;n.外科病房,外科⼿术 treatment7 n.待遇,对待,处理,治疗 unaffordable1 a.供应不起的 underfund1 vt.投资不⾜ unimaginable2 a.,想不到的,不可思议的 unsustainable1 a.不能成⽴的,不能⽀持的 难句1 Shielded by third party payers from the cost of our care, we demand everything that can possibly be done for us, even if it’s useless. [结构分析] 1. 本句主⼲结构为:... we demand everything ... ; 2. everything后⾯是that引导的定语从句,that在从句中作主语; 3. 第⼀个逗号前为过去分词短语shielded引导的状语成分,第⼆个逗号后⾯是even if引导的让步状语从句; [本句难点]主要是过去分词作状语,以及定语从句的⽤法; [⽅法对策]抓住句⼦主⼲,然后再分析状语等其他成分; [例句精译]由于医疗费⽤由第三⽅⽀付,我们常常要求⽤尽所有的医疗⼿段,即使它们不会有任何作⽤。

考研英语一最高分97

考研英语一最高分97

考研英语一最高分97
【最新版】
目录
1.考研英语一的最高分
2.考研英语一的重要性
3.考研英语一的备考建议
正文
【考研英语一的最高分】
考研英语一的最高分为 97 分,这是一个相当高的分数,意味着考生在英语的听、说、读、写四个方面都有出色的表现。

要达到这个分数,不仅需要扎实的英语基础知识,还需要严谨的备考策略和技巧。

【考研英语一的重要性】
对于许多考研的学生来说,考研英语一的重要性不言而喻。

它是全国硕士研究生入学考试的必考科目之一,也是评价考生英语水平的重要标准。

不仅如此,它也是许多高校选拔研究生的重要依据,直接影响到考生的录取结果。

【考研英语一的备考建议】
要想在考研英语一的考试中取得好成绩,以下几点备考建议是必不可少的。

首先,要坚持长期的英语学习。

语言学习是一个长期的过程,需要不断的积累和实践。

考生可以通过阅读英文书籍、看英文电影、听英文歌曲等方式,提高自己的英语听说读写能力。

其次,要制定科学的学习计划。

考生应该根据自己的英语水平和时间安排,制定出合理的学习计划,确保每一个学习环节都能得到充分的学习和复习。

再次,要进行系统的模拟考试。

模拟考试可以帮助考生了解自己的考试水平,找出自己的薄弱环节,同时也能帮助考生熟悉考试的流程和规则,提高考试的适应性和应变能力。

最后,要保持良好的心态。

考试不仅是知识的较量,也是心态的较量。

良好的心态可以帮助考生保持冷静,充分发挥自己的水平,取得理想的成绩。

兄弟我整理的合肥新东方杨进老师考研英语英翻汉笔记(

兄弟我整理的合肥新东方杨进老师考研英语英翻汉笔记(

有的单词或者词组虽然有很多层含义,但是在考研中固定的就考几个意思,其译法也是机械和“八股”的:1.establishment主要考的意思是“机构”n.,其次考的意思是“建立”n..(实例见96年72题)2.subject主要考的意思是“目标”n.,其次才是“主语”n.. (实例见96年75题)3.specific一般译为“特定的”adj.最好不要译为“特别的”(实例见96年72题)4.there be固定有两种译法,一是“届时将有…”,二是“有…的存在”(实例见97年71题)5.argue,believe,convince很多情况下必须译为“认为”v.,不要译为“争论”“相信”之类的意思(实例97年72题Some philosophers argue that rights exist only within a social contaract,as part of an exchange of duties and entitlement.一些哲学家认为权利仅仅存在于社会契约之中,作为义务和权力交换的一部分)6.consideration通常固定译为“关怀,关爱”n. (实例见97年73题)7.bear有三种译法,分别是“忍受”“承担”和“运载”(实例见98年73题中的balloon-borne)8.discipline译为“纪律”或“学科”n.(实例见99年72题)9. either…or…译为“要么…要么…”而且通常是做题的时候一看到“either”就要找“or”(实例见97年73题)10.whether…or…译为“要么…要么…”而且通常是做题的时候一看到“whether”就要找“or”(实例见99年74题)11.as译为“作为…”或者“和…一样”(实例见99年真题)12.additional固定译为“新的”adj. 不要翻译成“另外的”“附加的”(实例见00年75题)13.while只有四种情况,一是“在…的时候”,引导时间状语从句,可以为“于此同时”;二是“只要”,引导条件状语从句While there is life,there is hope.只要生命存在,希望就存在;三是“尽管”,引导让步状语从句,While respected,he is not liked.尽管他很受尊敬,但不被别人喜欢;四是“然而”Jane is dressed in brown while Mary is in blue.14.further在修饰n.时表示“更多的”或者是数量的增加。

2021刘晓燕考研英语语法长难句笔记(名词)

2021刘晓燕考研英语语法长难句笔记(名词)

一、成分二、什么是名词性从句三、名词性从句的引导词四、分析(一)写作分析1.主语从句2.同位语从句(二)长难句分析1.主语从句2.宾语从句3.表语从句五、修饰名词的成分——定语1. 什么是定语2. 定语的成分3. 定语的位置4. 定语从句一、成分主语、宾语、表语、同位语主语:The movie proves brilliant.宾语:I appreciate the actress.表语:She keeps a ghost.同位语:I enjoy the part,the end.(同位语只能跟在名词后,the part=the end;作文中任何名词的后面都可以再加一个名词作为同位语出现)例句:Over fishing, a universal phenomenon throughout the word, has become increasingly grave under modern conditions.过度捕捞,一个全球普遍现象,已经变得越来越严重了。

二、什么是名词性从句主语从句:The movie proves brilliant.What I saw proves brilliant.宾语从句:I appreciate the actress.I appreciate what she did.表语从句:She keeps a ghost.She keeps who I admire.同位语从句:I enjoy the part, the end.I enjoy the part that she knew the truth.名词在句子中能够充当的成分从句都能充当这就是名词性从句,名词性从句一共包括四类:主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、同位语从句三、名词性从句的引导词例句她已经离婚了是显而易见的She has got divorced is conspicuous.(句子不能做主语)That she has got divorced is conspicuous.她离婚了吗是个秘密Has she got divorced keeps a secret.→whether she has got divorced keeps a secret.她什么时候离婚是个谜When did she get divorced remains a mystery. →When she got divorced remains a mystery.引导词名词性从句的引导词是按照从句的类型分的类,一共把引导词分成三类:that(当从句是陈述句时,并且that在从句中不充当任何成分也没有任何意思)whether(当从句是一般疑问句时,并且whether在从句中不充当任何成分,意思翻译成是否)所有特殊疑问词(当从句是特殊疑问句时)并且英语中所有的从句一定都是陈述句的形式,也就是引导词+主语+谓语的形式练习:练习一:我正在思考外星人存在吗I am wondering whether the allien exists.(宾语从句)(可数名词不能单独使用,a/复数/the;不确定是否可数用the)练习二:他们为什么去西藏离开家乡是一个谜Why they left hometown for Tibet remains a mystery.(可数名词不能单独使用)Why they left their hometown for Tibet remains a mystery.(主语从句)(主系表)练习三:关键是你什么时候有钱呀关键(主语)是(谓语)你什么时候有钱呀(表语)The point seem when wealth will be available for you.(表语从句)available可得到的练习四:有一天你会发现事业、友情、亲情都比爱情重要你(主语)发现(谓语)事业、友情、亲情都比爱情重要(宾语)Someday, you will find that career, kinship and friendship are all more indispensable than romance.(宾语从句)四、分析(一)写作分析1.主语从句主语从句的满分表达就是把主句从句放到句末去,加it做形式主语,主语从句的满分句型可以写在作文中任何一句话的前面用来拉长句子显而易见,众所周知:It keeps common knowledge thatIt looks beyond dispute that(超越争论)It is universally acknowledged thatIt has been widely accepted that我认为:It keeps my perspective that例句:女人总是对的是一个常识That ladies tend to be right keeps common knowledge.→It keeps common knowledge that ladies tend to be right.例句:关于养宠物这个话题已经引起广泛关注了It has been widely accepted that the subject about raising pets has been brought into the limelight.2.同位语从句同位语从句的位置:名词后;句末她的丈夫去世了这个消息传遍了整个村庄The news that her husband passed away has been spread the whole village.→(The news has been spread the whole village that her husband passed away.同位语从句可以放在句末,但作文中不要放在句末)河南人都是骗子这个想法是不正确的The outlook that individuals from henan province tend to be deceivers remains wrong.(outlook/perspective/idea观点,看法)温室里的花朵不能经受风雨这个事实表明我们不应该溺爱孩子The evidence that flowers in the greenhouse fail to endure storms demonstrates that kids should never be spoiled.穿自己的鞋不仅方便而且还确保了一点不用去管别人的感受Wearing my own shoes proves not only convenient but also ensures a point that the feelings of others can be ignored.(二)长难句分析能够快速的识别各个名词性从句,并且把他们通顺的翻译出来1.主语从句只要见到有引导词放在句首,并且从句后没有被逗号逗号隔开就绝对是主语从句,主语从句从句首开始到主句的谓语动词之前结束(前面没有引导词的动词就是主句的谓语动词)除此以外,只要见到it...that通常也是主语从句,主语从句从that开始到句末结束The outlook that individuals from henan province tend to be deceivers remains wrong.(同位语从句)When I saw you, I loved you.(状语从句)引导词在句首,不是主语从句就是状语从句例句:That the plates are moving is now beyond dispute.That the plates are moving主语 is谓语 beyond dispute表语例句:Whether the government should increase the financing of pure science at the expend of technology or vice versa often depends on the issue of which is seen as the driving force.Whether...versa主语(由whether...or...并列的两个从句共同充当主语) depends on谓语 the issue宾语 of which is seen as the driving force定语政府是应该以技术为代价增加对纯科学的投入还是以纯科学为代价增加对技术的投入通常取决于哪一个被视为驱动力的问题例句:How well the predictions will be validated by later performance depends upon the amount, reliability,and appropriateness of the information used and on the skill and wisdom with which it is interpreted.depends upon谓语;the amount, reliability,and appropriateness宾语;with which it is interpreted定语(定前面所有名词)and+介词+定语upon→on;the skill and wisdom→the amount, reliability,and appropriateness;of the information used→ with which it is interpreted省略了depends以后的行为将会多么准确的证明这些预言取决于所使用的信息的数量、可靠性和适合性并且还取决于解释信息的技巧和智慧例句:It is generally agreed that a person of high intelligence is one who can grasp ideas readily, make distinctions, reason logically, and make use of verbal and mathematical symble in solving problems.that ...problems主句;谓语is agreed;主语从句中:谓语is,主语a person,定语of high intelligence,表语one,修饰one的定语成分who... problems为四个并列的定语从句→who can grasp ideas readily, who can make distinctions, who can reason logically, and who can make use of verbal and mathematical symble in solving problems.众所周知一个高智商的人是一个能够轻易理解思想的人,是一个能够做出辨别的人,是一个能够进行逻辑推理的人,并且还能够使用语言和数学的符号解决问题的人例句:For example, it has long been known that total sleep deprivation is 100% fatal to rats, yet, upon examination of the dead bodies, the animals look completely normal.主语that ...normal,谓语has been known(has帮助known构成现在完成时,been帮助known完成被动)主语从句之所以这么长是因为由yet并列的两个句子共同充当主语,两个句子均为主系表结构比如说,长期以来众所周知完全的睡眠的剥夺对老鼠来说是百分之一百致命的,但是通过检查这些尸体,这些动物看起来完全正常2.宾语从句只要实义动词的后面有个引导词,就暂定为宾语从句(还可能是状语从句He died when he saw me)She said that she would marry an old rich man.that 可省略,在名词性从句中,只有宾语从句可以省略,作文中不省略,作文为正式文体You have all heard it repeated that men of science work by means of induction(归纳法)and deduction(演绎法),that by the help of these operations,they,in a sort of sense, manage to extract from Nature certain natural laws,and that out of these , by some special skills of their own,they build up their theories.主谓宾宾补You主语,have heard谓语,it宾语,repeated宾补it形式宾语,指代that...你们听说以下的事情被重复吧:科学家们通过归纳法和演绎法进行工作,通过这些操作的帮助,他们成功地抽出从自然中抽出了一些自然法则,在这些自然法则之中,通过他们自己的一些特殊的技能,他们建立起了自己的理论(out of 在...之中,在...之外)This alone demonstrates that the television business is not an easy world to survive in.A fact underlined by statistics shows that out of eight European television networks no less than 50% took a loss in 1989.(在...之中)3.表语从句只要系动词的后面有个引导词,就一定是表语从句Galileo's greatest glory was that in 1609 he was the first person to turn the newly invented telescope on the heavens to prove that the planets revolve around the sun rather than around the Earth.Galileo's greatest glory主语,was谓语,that ...Earth表语从句从句中:he主语,was谓语,the first person表语,to ...planets定语伽利略最伟大的成就是在1609年他是第一个用新发明的望远镜观测天空证明了行星是绕着太阳转的而不是绕着地球转的第一人4. 同位语从句只要名词的后面有个引导词,就暂定为同位语从句(可能性很小)A century ago,Freud formulated his revolutionary theory that dreams were the disguised shadows of our unconscious desires and fears.Freud主语,formulated谓语,his revolutionary theory宾语,that ...fears同位语从句从句:dreams主语,were谓语,the disguised shadows表语,of our unconscious desires and fears定语(shadows的定语)一个世纪以前,弗洛伊德解释了他的革命性的理论梦是我们无意识地欲望和恐惧的映射But the idea that the journalist must understand the law more profoundly than an ordinary citizen rests on an understanding of the established conventions and special responsibilities of the news media.the idea主语,rests on谓语,that ...citizen同位语从句,an understanding+special responsibilities宾语,of the established+of the news media分别为两个名词的定语记者必须要比普通人更深刻的理解法律这种想法取决于对既定风俗的理解和新闻媒体的特殊责任Evidence came up that specific speech sounds are recognized by babies as young as 6 months old.Evidence主语,came up谓语,同位语从句后置 that ...old六个月大的婴儿能够识别具体的说话的声音这种证据已经出现了五、修饰名词的成分——定语1. 什么是定语只要听到...的+名词,...的就是修饰这个名词的定语成分2. 定语的成分1. 形容词修饰名词那个善良的夜莺失去了他的意志The naive nightingale lost his life.2. 名词修饰名词夜莺的歌声能够使那朵花开放The singing of the nighting enables the rose to bloom.3. 介词短语做定语窗外的夜莺听到了年轻人的感叹The nighting out of the window heard the sigh of the youngster.4. 非谓语动词修饰名词那只唱歌的夜莺死的很悲惨The singing nighting died pitifully.=The nighing to sing died pitifully.5. 从句修饰名词我喜欢王子送给我的珠宝3. 定语的位置前小后大特殊:1. 形容词修饰不定代词,放在不定代词后something special2. 当过去分词修饰名词的时候即使只有一个单词也通常放在名词后被抛弃的那个男人看起来很可怜The boy discarded looks pitiful这是一个关于夜莺和玫瑰的故事This is a fiction about a nighting and a rose.那个懂爱的年轻人离开了王子的舞会The youngster grasping romance left the party of the prince. 4. 定语从句(1)构成n(先行词)+引导词+句子定语从句修饰名词,名词性从句代替名词(2)引导词定语从句的引导词是按照先行词的种类分的类,一共把引导词分成5类①当先行词是人的时候引导词有:who whom whose②当先行词是物的时候引导词有:that which whose③当先行词是时间的时候引导词有:that which when④当先行词是地点的时候引导词有:that which where⑤当先行词是原因的时候引导词有:that which why名词后面不是定语从句就是同位语从句到底是谁决定了定语从句的引导词I will never forget the day when I met you.(从句不缺主谓宾)that在定语从句中充当关系代词,代替先行词引导定语从句(定从中that与which等同)。

考研英语语法十天速成超详细笔记

考研英语语法十天速成超详细笔记

考研英语语法10天速成一.情态动词的现在完成式的用法情态动词现在完成式主要有两个功能:表示已经发生的情况和表示虚拟语气。

在这两个方面must/mustn’t,;can/cann’t;need/needn’t;may/mayn’t;might/mightn’t;should/shouldn’t;ought等情态动词+完成式表示的意思是有一定区别的1.表示已经发生的情况。

1)must have+过去分词,表示对已发生情况的肯定推测,译为“(昨天)一定……”。

如:My pain apparent the moment I walked into the room, for the first man I met asked sympathetically:” Are you feeling all right?”[A] must be [B] had been [C] must have been [D] had to be(答案为C)2)can’t / couldn’t have+过去分词,表示对已发生情况的否定推测,译为“(昨天)一定没……”。

如:Mary my letter; otherwise she would have replied before now.[A] couldn’t have received [B] ought to have received[C] has received [D] shouldn’t have received(答案为A)3)may / might have +过去分词,表示对已发生的事情做不肯定、可能性很小的推测,或事实上根本没发生,译为“也许……”。

如:At Florida Power’s Crystal River plant, a potentially serious leakage of radioactive water may have been unknowingly caused by an electrician.2.表示虚拟语气。

考研英语历年阅读理解真题精析--1997年part1

考研英语历年阅读理解真题精析--1997年part1

Unit 4Part OneIt was 3:45 in the morning when the vote was finally taken. After six months of arguing and final 16 hours of hot parliamentary debates, Australia's Northern Territory became the first legal authority in the world to allow doctors to take the lives of incurably ill patients who wish to die. The measure passed by the convincing vote of 15 to 10. Almost immediately word flashed on the Internet and was picked up, half a world away, by John Hofsess, executive director of the Right to Die Society of Canada. He sent it on via the group's on line service, Death NET. Says Hofsess: “We posted bulletins all day long, because of course this isn't just something that happened in Australia. It's world history.”The full import may take a while to sink in. The NT Rights of the Terminally III law has left physicians and citizens alike trying to deal with its moral and practical implications. Some have breathed sighs of relief, others, including churches, right to life groups and the Australian Medical Association, bitterly attacked the bill and the haste of its passage. But the tide is unlikely to turn back. In Australia — where an aging population, life extending technology and changing community attitudes have all played their part — other states are going to consider making a similar law to deal with euthanasia. In the US and Canada, where the right to die movement is gathering strength, observers are waiting for the dominoes to start falling.Under the new Northern Territory law, an adult patient can request death — probably by a deadly injection or pill — to put an end to suffering. The patient must be diagnosed as terminally ill by two doctors. After a “cooling off” period of seven days, the patient can sign a certificate of request. After 48 hours the wish for death can be met. For Lloyd Nickson, a 54 year-old Darwin resident suffering from lung cancer, the NT Rights of Terminally III law means he can get on with living without the haunting fear of his suffering: a terrifying death from his breathing condition. “I'm not afraid of dying from a spiritual point of view, but what I was afraid of was how I'd go, because I've watched people die in the hospital fighting for oxygen and clawing at their masks,” he says.1 . From the second paragraph we learn that _____ .A)the objection to euthanasia is slow to come in other countriesB)physicians and citizens share the same view on euthanasiaC)changing technology is chiefly responsible for the hasty passage of the lawD)it takes time to realize the significance of the law's passage2 . When the author says that observers are waiting for the dominoes to start falling, he means _____.A)observers are taking a wait and see attitude towards the future of euthanasiaB)similar bills are likely to be passed in the US, Canada and other countriesC)observers are waiting to see the result of the game of dominoesD)the effect taking process of the passed bill may finally come to a stop3 . When Lloyd Nickson dies, he will _____.A)face his death with calm characteristic of euthanasiaB)experience the suffering of a lung cancer patientC)have an intense fear of terrible sufferingD)undergo a cooling off period of seven days4 . The author's attitude towards euthanasia seems to be that of _____.A)oppositionB)suspicionC)approvalD)indifferenceUnit 4 (1997)Part 1重点词汇:parliamentary? (议会的,国会的)←parliament+ary。

唐叔考研英语阅读笔记

唐叔考研英语阅读笔记

食用小指南,尽情享用:建议用电脑或者手机端Wps打开,标注较多,直接打开无法显示。

根据题型汇总题目。

包含4篇精读。

加粗重点看,其中选项中加粗的为正确选项。

红色是关键,蓝色是定位,黄色是观点。

~一起分享,共同进步~时间紧促,如有错误,敬请谅解。

正反选项特征●1正反混淆●2偷换概念●3答非所问●4不同内容的嫁接(逻辑错误)Lest 表示因果关系Should 表示相反●5非最佳答案(与中心不统一)●6绝对化用词(最高级)正确答案特征●1同义改写干扰选项,主动偷换被动●2与中心思想密切相关3语气缓和(may )在infer 题目里只要选项里有may100%正确标点符号的作用:逗号,两个逗号之外是主干,一个逗号之后不是主干!00-Text1-2,96-T5-1,06-T2冒号,解释前面的内容97-T3-t60We live in a society in which the medicinal and social use of substances (drugs) is pervasive: (=)an aspirin to quiet a headache, some wine to be sociable, coffee to get going in the morning, a cigarette for the nerves. When do these socially…..60. The word “pervasive” (Line 1, Paragraph 2) might mean ________.[A] widespread [B] overwhelming[C] piercing [D] fashionable07-T4-t36-para1It never rains but it pours. Just as bosses and boards have finally sorted out their worst accounting and compliance troubles, and improved their feeble corporation governance, a new problem threatens to earn them –especially in America –the sort of nasty headlines that inevitably lead to heads rolling in the executive suite: (=)data insecurity. Left, until now, to odd,low-level IT staff to put right, and seen as a concern only of data-rich industries such as banking, telecoms and air travel, information protection is now high on the boss’s agenda in businesses of every variety.36. The statement “It never rains but it pours” is used to introduce[A] the fierce business competition. [B] the feeble boss-board relations.[C] the threat from news reports.[D] the severity of data leakage.分号,前后为并列关系,画等号03-T4-Para2 Death is normal;(=) we are genetically programmed to disintegrate and perish, even under ideal conditions. We all understand that at some level, yet as medical consumers we treat death as a problem to be solved.97-T5-Para3I t is also less than most forecasters had predicted. In late 1994 the panel of economists which The Economist polls each month said that America’s inflation rate would average 3.5% in 1995. In fact, it fell to 2.6% in August, and is expected to average only about 3% for the year as a whole. In Britain and Japan inflation is running half a percentage point below the rate predicted at the end of last year. This is no flash in the pan;(=)over the past couple of years, inflation has been consistently lower than expected in Britain and America.例证题(蓝色表示定位,黄色是观点)标志:example case illustrate demonstrate to show 例子本身不重要,例子前后观点最重要!干扰选项就是例子本身99.T5.t67 Science, in practice, depends far less on the experiments it prepares than on the preparedness of the minds of the men who watch the experiments. Sir Isaac Newton supposedly discovered gravitythrough the fall of an apple. Apples had been falling in many places for centuries and thousands of people had seen them fall. But Newton for years had been curious about the cause of the orbital motion of the moon and planets. What kept them in place? Why didn’t they fall out of the sky? The fact that the apple fell down toward the earth and not up into the tree answered the question he had been asking himself about those larger fruits of the heavens, the moon and the planets.. The author wants to prove with the example of Isaac Newton that ________.[A] inquiring minds are more important than scientific experiments[B] science advances when fruitful researches are conducted[C] scientists seldom forget the essential nature of research[D] unpredictability weighs less than prediction in scientific research01.T2.t57 To take advantage of this tool, some impoverished countries will have to get over their outdated anti-colonial prejudices with respect to foreign investment. Countries that still think foreign investment is an invasion of their sovereignty might well study the history of infrastructure (the basic structural foundations of a society) in the United States. When the United States built its industrial infrastructure, it didn’t have the capital to do so. And that is why America’s Second Wave infrastructure -- including roads, harbors, highways, ports and so on -- were built with foreign investment. The English, the Germans, the Dutch and the French were investing in Britain’s former colony. They financed them. Immigrant Americans built them. Guess who owns them now? The Americans.57. The writer mentioned the case of the United States to justify the policy of ________.[A] providing financial support overseas[B] preventing foreign capital’s control[C] building industrial infrastructure [D] accepting foreign investment00.T2.t56 Where is another way to commit evolutionary suicide: stay alive, but have fewer children. Few people are as fertile as in the past. Except in some religious communities, very few women have 15 children. Nowadays the number of births, like the age of death, has become average. Most of us have roughly the same number of offspring. Again, differences between people and the opportunity for natural selection to take advantage of it have diminished. India shows what is happening. The country offers wealth for a few in the great cities and poverty for the remaining tribal peoples. The grand mediocrity of today -- everyone being the same in survival and number of offspring -- means that natural selection has lost 80% of its power in upper-middle-class India compared to the tribes56 What does the example of India illustrate?[A] Wealthy people tend to have fewer children than poor people.[B] Natural selection hardly works among the rich and the poor.[C] The middle class population is 80% smaller than that of the tribes.[D] India is one of the countries with a very high birth rate.To paraphrase 18th-century statesman Edmund Burke, “all that is needed for the triumph of a misguided cause is that good people do nothing.” One such cause now seeks to end biomedical research because of the theory that animals have rights ruling out their use in research. Scientists need to respond forcefully to animal rights advocates(情态动词表示作者观点), whose arguments are confusing the public and thereby threatening advances in health knowledge and care. Leaders of the animal rights movement target biomedical research because it depends on public funding, and few people understand the process of health care research. Hearing allegations of cruelty to animals in research settings, many are perplexed that anyone would deliberately harm an animal46. The author begins his article with Edmund Burke’s words to ________.[A] call on scientists to take some actions[B] criticize the misguided cause of animal rights[C] warn of the doom of biomedical research[D] show the triumph of the animal rights movementFor example, a grandmotherly woman staffing an animal rights booth at a recent street fair was distributing a brochure that encouraged readers not to use anything that comes from or is tested in animals—no meat, no fur, no medicines. Asked if she opposed immunizations, she wanted to know if vaccines come from animal research. When assured that they do, she replied, “Then I would have to say yes.” Asked what will happen when epidemics return, she said, “Don’t worry, scientists will find some way of using computers.” Such well-meaning people just don’t understandt4848. The example of the grandmotherly woman is used to show the public’s ________.[A] discontent with animal research[B] ignorance about medical science(ignorance~don’t understand~反复出现)[C] indifference to epidemics[D] anxiety about animal rights06T01t4 例子A yet观点B(AB相反)Rodriguez notes that children in remote villages around the world are fans of superstars like Arnold Schwarzenegger and Garth Brooks,(A)yet(B)“some Americans fear that immigrants living within the United States remain somehow immune to the nation’s assimilative power.”(B:移民对国家的同化力量免疫=国家的同化力量弱(Yet,说明应该与A事实相反)倒推A:(国家力量强大)=选项D)24. Why are Arnold Schwarzenegger and Garth Brooks mentioned in Paragraph 5?[A] To prove their popularity around the world.[B] To reveal the public’s fear of immigrants.[C] To give examples of successful immigrants.[D] To show the powerful influence of American culture.52, was nearly toothless. So he hired a dentist to transplant nine teeth into his jaw – having extracted them from the mouths of his slaves.That’s a far different image from the cherry-tree-chopping George most people remember from their history books(A)。

刘晓燕考研英语语法长难句笔记整理

刘晓燕考研英语语法长难句笔记整理

一、what is 简单句?二、简单句得分类(一)主谓结构(二)主谓宾(三)主谓表(四)主谓双宾(五)主谓宾宾补三、句子得成分(词性得问题)(一)谓语(二)主语(三)宾语(四)表语一、what is 简单句?英语必须具备主谓结构,并且主语一定就是谓语动作得发出者,如果有宾语,宾语一定就是谓语动作得承受者。

试译:我得英语说得很好I speak English well、我要去剪头A barber will cut my hair、二、简单句得分类(一)主谓结构he died; welaugh(ed)(二)主谓宾谓语:实意动词(三)主谓表谓语:系动词系动词:1、be2、感官动词:looksmell taste sound feel3、变化:bee get4、保持:keep stay remain(四)主谓双宾(五)主谓宾宾补I bought him a dog(双宾)It makeshim happy(宾补)判断双宾还就是宾补:二者就是否有关系,无关双宾有关宾补;加is就是否通顺,通顺为宾补不通为双宾三、句子得成分(词性得问题)(一)谓语有时态得实意动词或系动词充当谓语1、谓语得成分谓语只能就是动词,动词只能做谓语,所以我们需要把一句话中所有不做谓语得动词变成不就是动词(1)+ing主动(2)+ed被动(3)+to目得2、动词能不能多?绝对不能,一句话中只能有一个动词得存在,并且充当谓语,多余得动词全部变成非谓语动词,所以英语中有了独立主格与分词作状语Beat you is my fault、→Beating you is my fault、I enjoy watch TV、→I enjoywatching TV、My dream is watch TV、→My dream is watching TV、My dream is bee a teacher、→My dream is being a teacher、试译:她拍了拍我得肩膀,一句话都没说就离开了Hebeat my shoulder, saying nothing, departed、我爱您,您爱我I loving you,you loveme、 (独立主格)(能分清主次,留主要得为谓语;分不清留后面得为谓语)把几句话写成一句话得方法:●独立主格(分词作状语):把多个句子用逗号连接写成一个句子,留一个为谓语,其她变为非谓语动词●并列句:在几句话中加连词●复合句:把最重要得句子留下,其她变为从句冬天来了,春天就不远了Winter approaching, springwill be around thecorner、我就是一个老师,我喜欢唱歌I be a teacher, I enjoy singing、(独立主格)主语一致省略一个主语Be a teacher, I enjoy singing、(分词作状语)3、动词能不能少?绝对不能,当一句话中需要动词而没有动词时,永远都加be动词,并且be动词没有意思Your mother mustvery beautiful、→Your mother must be very beautiful、I against you、→I amagainst(介词) you、谓语总结:一句话中有且只有一个有时态得实意动词或者系动词得存在,并且充当谓语。

考研英语历年真题阅读理解精读笔记(九)

考研英语历年真题阅读理解精读笔记(九)

考研英语历年真题阅读理解精读笔记(九)TEXT 2To paraphrase 18th century statesman Edmund Burke, all that is needed for the triumph of a misguided cause is that good people do nothing. One such cause now seeks to end biomedical research because of the theory that animals have rights ruling out their use in research. Scientists need to respond forcefully to animal rights advocates, whose arguments are confusing the public and thereby threatening advances in health knowledge and care.Leaders of the animal rights movement target biomedical research because it depends on public funding, and few people understand the process of health care research.Hearing allegations of cruelty to animals in research settings, many are perplexed that anyone would deliberately harm an animal.For example, a grandmotherly woman staffing an animal rights booth at a recent street fair was distributing a brochure that encouraged readers not to use anything that comes from or is tested in animals-no meat, no fur, no medicines.Asked if she opposed immunizations, she wanted toknow if vaccines come from animal research.When assured that they do, she replied, Then I would have to say yes. Asked what will happen when epidemics return, she said, Don't worry, scientists will find some way of using computers.Such well meaning people just don't understand.Scientists must communicate their message to the public in a compassionate, understandable way-in human terms, not in the language of molecular biology.We need to make clear the connection between animal research and a grandmother's hip replacement, a father's bypass operation, a baby's vaccinations, and even a pet's shots.To those who are unaware that animal research was needed to produce these treatments, as well as new treatments and vaccines, animal research seems wasteful at best and cruel at worst.Much can be done.Scientists could adopt middle school classes and present their own research.They should be quick to respond to letters to the editor, lest animal rights misinformation go unchallenged and acquire a deceptive appearance of truth.Research institutions could be opened to tours, to show that laboratory animals receive humane care.Finally, because the ultimate stakeholders are patients, the health research community should actively recruit to its causenot only well-known personalities such as Stephen Cooper, who has made courageous statements about the value of animal research, but all who receive medical treatment.If good people do nothing there is a real possibility that an uninformed citizenry will extinguish the precious embers of medical progress.46. The author begins his article with Edmund Burke's words to .A.call on scientists to take some actionsB.criticize the misguided cause of animal rightsC.warn of the doom of biomedical researchD.show the triumph of the animal rights movement47. Misled people tend to think that using an animal in research is .A.cruel but naturalB.inhuman and unacceptableC.inevitable but viciousD.pointless and wasteful48. The example of the grandmotherly woman is used to show the public's .A.discontent with animal researchB.ignorance about medical scienceC.indifference to epidemicsD.anxiety about animal rights49. The author believes that, in face of the challenge from animal rights advocates, scientists should .A.communicate more with the publicB.employ hi-tech means in researchC.feel no shame for their causeD.strive to develop new cures50. From the text we learn that Stephen Cooper is .A.a well-known humanistB.a medical practitionerC.an enthusiast in animal rightsD.a supporter of animal researchacquire7 v.①取得,获得,占有;②学到action11 n.①行动,行为;②动作,活动;③(on)作用adopt4 v.①采用,采纳,通过;②收养anxiety3 n.①挂念,焦虑,焦急,忧虑;②渴望,热望appearance3 n.①出现,出场,露面;②外表,外貌,外观argument6 n.①争论,辨认;②论据,论点,理由assure2 v.①使确信,使放心;②保证,担保author69 n.①作者;②创始人biology4 n.生物学booth1 n.电话亭,货摊brochure1 n.小册子bypass1 n.旁路,迂回的旁道cause28 n.①原因,理由;②事业,事件,奋斗目标;v.使产生,引起challenge10 n.①挑战(书);②艰巨任务,难题;v.向...挑战communicate3 v.①传达,传送;②交流;③通讯,通话community17 n.①同一地区的全体居民,社会,社区;②共同体,团体confuse9 v.使混乱,混淆connection2 n.联系,连接criticize3 v.批评,评论depend16 v.(on)取决于,依靠,信赖,相信distribute1 v.①分发,分配;②分布;③配(电);④(over)散布doom2 n.厄运,劫数;v.注定,命定editor2 n.编辑,编者encourage13 v.鼓励,怂恿epidemic1 a.①流行性的;②传染的;n.①流行病;②传播extinguish1 v.熄灭,扑灭fair9 a.①公平的,合理的;②相当的,尚好的;③晴朗的;④金发的;n.集市,交易会,博览会fur1 n.毛,毛皮harm2 n./v.伤害,损害,危害hip2 n.髋部;a.时髦的ignorance1 n.①无知,愚昧;②不知道inevitable5 a.不可避免的,必然发生的institution4 n.①公共机构,协会,学校;②制度,惯例knowledge15 n.①知识,学识;②知道,了解laboratory3 n.实验室lest3 conj.惟恐,免得means32 n.方法,手段mislead4 v.把...带错路,使误入歧途oppose7 v.反对,反抗perplex2 v.使困惑,使费解,使复杂化personality9 n.①人格,个性;②人物,名人practitioner2 n.从业者,开业者present16 a.①出席的,到场的;②现在的,目前的;n.①现在,目前;②礼物,赠品;v.①赠(送),呈献;②介绍,陈述;③提出,呈交;④上演process34 n.①过程,进程;②工序,制作法;③工艺;v.加工,处理recruit1 v.招募(新兵),招收(新成员);n.新兵,新成员replacement1 n.取代,替换,替换物,代替物respond8 v.①回答,答复;②(to)响应school44 n.①学校;②(大学里的)学院,系;③学派,流派science58 n.①科学;②学科setting6 n.①安置,安装;②(日,月的)沉落;③(固定东西的)柜架底座;④环境,背景staff5 n.①全体职工,全体人员;②杠,棒;③参谋部;v.配备工作人员statement7 n.声明,陈述statesman1 n.政治家strive5 v.奋斗,努力target5 n.目标,对象,靶子;vt.以...为目标tend26 v.①趋向,往往是;②照料,看护theory20 n.①理论,原理;②学说,见解,看法;③看法,观点threaten8 v.①恐吓,威胁;②有...危险,快要来临triumph4 n.胜利,成功;v.得胜,战胜ultimate2 a.①最后的,最终的;②根本的vicious1 a.恶毒的,凶残的,邪恶的advance10 v.①前进,进展;②推进,促进;③提出(建议等);④提前;n.①前进,进展;②预付,预支advocate13 n.提倡者,鼓吹者;v.提倡,鼓吹allegation1 n.主张,断言,辩解biomedical2 a.生物医学的citizenry2 n.公民或市民(集合称)compassionate1 a.有同情心的courageous1 a.勇敢的,有胆量的cruelty1 n.残忍,残酷deceptive2 a.欺骗性的deliberately1 ad.故意地discontent2 n.不满ember1 n.灰烬,余烬enthusiast1 n.热心家,狂热者funding6 n.基金,资金humane1 a.仁慈的,人道的,人文的humanist1 n.人道主义者,人文主义者immunization1 n.使免除,使免疫indifference2 n.不关心,冷漠inhuman1 a.野蛮的leader10 n.misinformation1 n.报错,错误的消息molecular2 a.分子的,由分子组成的paraphrase1 v.解释;n.解释pointless1 a.无意义的stakeholder1 n.股东,赌金保管者treatment7 n.待遇,对待,处理,治疗unacceptable2 a.无法接受的,不受欢迎的unaware3 a.不知道的,没觉察到的unchallenged1 a.未受到挑战的,未引起争论的,不成问题的uninformed1 a.未被通知的,无知的,未受教育的vaccination1 n.种痘,接种疫苗vaccine2 a.疫苗的,牛痘的;n.疫苗难句1To paraphrase 18th century statesman Edmund Burke, all that is needed for the triumph of a misguided cause is that good people do nothing.[结构分析]1. 本句主要部分是直接引语,直接引语的句子主干部分是:... all ... is + that引导的表语从句;2. all后面的that引导定语从句,修饰all;3. is后面的that引导表语从句;[本句难点]主要是直接引语中两个that和两个is影响理解;[方法对策]分清直接引语中的主干和修饰成分就比较好理解本句了;[例句精译]18世纪政治家爱德蒙·博克曾说过类似这样的话,好人的沉默和旁观,就可以导致坏人事业的胜利。

考研英语阅读真题1997解析

考研英语阅读真题1997解析

1997 考研英语阅读真题解析Text 1核心词汇bitter [5bitE ]a.( 有) 苦( 味) 的; 痛苦的, 厉害的; 严寒的,刺骨的calm [ka:m]a.( 天气, 海洋等) 静的n. 平静v.( 使) 平静certificate [sE5tifikit ]n. 证书(certif (y)+ic+ate) ,certify ic 形容词后缀,ate 作名词后缀表“物”,于是“具证明性质的东西”→证书diagnose [5daiE^nEuz ]v. 诊断domino [5dCminEu]n. 多米诺骨牌euthanasia [7ju:WE5neiziE ]n. 安乐死(eu+than+asia) ,eu 谐音“已有”,than 比,asia 亚洲,“安乐死在亚洲之外的地方已有了”incurably [in5kjuErEbli ]ad. 不能矫正地,不可治地(in 不+curably )即in+cur+ably ,in cur 词根“治疗”ably 可,, 地;形容词形式为incurable ←in+cur+able objection [Eb5dVekFEn]n. 反对, 异议, 缺陷, 妨碍, 拒绝之理由。

同根词:reject →re (=back )+ject →扔回去→拒绝;inject →in+ject →向里扔→注入parliamentary [7pB:lE5mentEri ]a. 议会的,国会的(parliament+ary)suspicion [sEs5piFEn ]n. 怀疑,猜疑;一点儿,少量(sus+spic+ion →在下面看→怀疑)terrify [5terifai ]v. 使害怕, 使惊恐(terr+ify 动词后缀)territory [5teritEri ]n. 领土; 版图; 领域, 范围(terr+itory 表示场所范围→地的范围→领土)难句剖析难句1After six months of arguing and final 16 hours of hot parliamentary debates,Australia ’s Northern Territory became the first legal authority in the world to allow doctors to take the lives of incurably ill patients who wish to die.[分析]句子主干是“...Australia ’s Northern Territory became the first legal authority... ”,其中,句首是表示时间的介词词组作状语:after six months of arguing andfinal 16 hours of hot parliamentary debates ,后面的动词不定式to allow doctors to take the lives of incurably ill patients who wish to die 相当于定语从句which allows doctors to... ,修饰legal authority ,who 引导定语从句who wish to die 修饰前面的patients 。

考研英语作文写作技巧和方法

考研英语作文写作技巧和方法

考研英语作文写作技巧和方法考研英语作文写作技巧和方法一、背诵高分模板,并灵活套用一般在备考考研英语写作之时,大家都会记忆一些作文模板,但是很多模板都是千篇一律的句式和内容,这就导致大家写出来的*也是千篇一律的模式。

所以,选好背诵的素材非常重要。

建议还是买一本最新的作文书,模板和范文都背一些,我觉得30篇是最起码。

背的多了,写作文的时候都感觉“下笔如有神”,所以想要快速提高作文水平,好好背模板范文是性价比最高的。

二、把低阶词汇替换掉我们在写作的时候,要学会用适当的表达方式去进行同义替换。

不要看到“我认为”,满脑子都是“i think”,这样的*,阅卷老师可能只想给你及格分。

我们可以多积累一些同义词,既可以替换掉脑子中的低阶词汇,又能保持句子的多样性,这样更容易拿高分!比如,我们在表达“许多”的时候,除了常见的many, several, a lot of等,我们还可以用: a body of ,a host of。

学会同一表达的多样性表述可以增强我们*的语言的丰富性。

这样才能获得阅卷老师的青睐,才可以在众多枯燥的*中脱颖而出。

三、丰富句型丰富句型可以使你的*更有“逼格”,一方面避免千篇一律,另一方面避免给阅卷老师留下写作水平不高的印象。

丰富句型主要有以下几种方式:1. 主动句变被动句“英文多被动,汉语多主动”,还需要警惕名词与动词之间暗含的“主被动”关系。

2. 简单句变从句名词性从句,含主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句四种;定语从句;状语从句A. 主语从句B.宾语从句C. 表语从句D. 同位语从句E. 含同位语句式F. 定语从句3. it 句式A. 形式主语 it is +被动/形容词/名词+that从句/to do …B. 形式宾语4. 强调句A. 强调谓语B. 强调句式:It is/was +被强调成分+that/who+句子其他成分。

强调句式特征】去掉it is/was…that/who结构,整个句子无冗余或成分残缺5. 倒装A. 表否定的副词、短语或状语位于主语之前或句首,主句半倒装(一般疑问句语序);如never, seldom, hardly, scarcely, little, on no account, by mo means, in no caseB. Only +状语位于句首,主句半倒装C.As/though倒装形式6.双重否定7. Ving/ved 状语A. 两个动作同时发生且主语一致,将次要动作写成v-ing或v-ed形式做状语,即动作与逻辑主语之间为主动关系时写成v-ing形式、为被动关系是写成V-ed形式。

【考研专业课笔记】戴炜栋《新编简明英语语言学教程》(第2版)复习攻略(第7章)

【考研专业课笔记】戴炜栋《新编简明英语语言学教程》(第2版)复习攻略(第7章)

每本教材每个章节都包含:学霸笔记,强化练习,过关检测,思维导图,复习要点,学习目标,时间安排,重难点分析,易错点分析,考点分析,音频笔记等......如果参考教材有多个版本,那么每个版本都有全套资料;如果目标院校没有指定参考书,那么所有推荐的参考书都有全套的资料可供学习。

戴炜栋《新编简明英语语言学教程》(第2版)这本书的第7章语言变化的复习攻略。

一、复习要点1.语言变化的定义:语言系统任意时刻内的某些方面或整体性质随时间而发生的改变。

2.语言变化的分类:语音、词汇、语法三个方面。

涉及语音的变化包括元音依赖婚姻、辅音弱化等;涉及词汇的变化包括借词、派生、缩略、反义词等;涉及语法的变化包括句法、话语行为等。

3.语言变化的原因:语言变化可能是因为社会文化变迁、外来语影响、语言接触等原因所引起的现象。

4.语言变化的结果:语言变化会导致语言差异产生。

同时,也会引起新单词、新短语、新语法等的出现和传播。

二、学习目标1.了解语言变化的概念和分类。

2.掌握语音、词汇、语法三个方面的变化形式和例子。

3.熟悉语言变化的原因和结果。

4.能够辨析不同地区、不同年代的语言差异并理解其产生原因。

三、时间安排1.第一步(1小时):复习第7章内容,对语言变化的定义、分类、原因和结果进行梳理和重点记忆。

2.第二步(1小时):仔细阅读第7章注释中涉及到的语音、词汇、语法三个方面的变化形式和例子,并进行分类和总结。

3.第三步(1小时):查阅相关资料,了解不同地区、不同年代的语言差异并理解其产生原因。

可参考以下相关资料:-《英语语言变迁史》-《英语历史与语言学》-《英语漫谈》4.第四步(1小时):以幕布思维导图的形式整理复习内容,包括语言变化的定义、分类、原因和结果、语音、词汇、语法三个方面的变化形式和例子、不同地区、不同年代的语言差异及其产生原因等。

5.第五步(1小时):通过讨论、自测等方式巩固所学知识。

四、总结本次复习攻略包括语言变化的定义、分类、原因和结果,以及语音、词汇、语法三个方面的变化形式和例子,不同地区、不同年代的语言差异及其产生原因等。

考研英语唐迟阅读笔记电子版

考研英语唐迟阅读笔记电子版

考研英语唐迟阅读笔记电子版英语一主要行文思路:驳论或者问题——分析——评价(80%是坏的)英语二主要行文思路:提出问题——分析问题——解决问题1、概况先题目后文章,题目只看题干(若四个选项都含有的信息就是正确信息,通常判定为文章主旨),阅读本质是逻辑关系,区分例子与观点2、大方向技巧与思想串联题干信息,把握文章主题。

明确注意句子与句子(好与坏),段落之间的联系。

少数派——写作目的(众人皆醉我独醒)。

写过去与现在,一好一坏。

细节服从主旨。

反复强调的是重点,重点往往是考点3、例证题a标志:example,case,illustrate,demonstrate,toshow,to(为了)b例子本身不重要,重要的是例子所支持的观点;观点一般在例子前,有时也在例子后,也可以在不同的段落c干扰选项:就事论事,谈论例子本身d假设定位点在第二段第二行,答案往往在定位点之前找e应试技巧:先审题再定位互为相反的选项往往有一个正确答案f文章中若出现神态动词:must,can,could,may,might,should,would,oughtto表达作者观点或者立场g例子可不懂,有大概出现本体喻体,理解两者关系。

例子是为了证明观点。

4、中心思想题(文章标题)a标记:mainlyabout,discuss,thebesttitle,appropritetitleb客观事实,拒绝推理,文章中能够找出来c办法:①串线(广泛适用):将各段首末句串联成一个整体,留意转折处;将各段中央整合相加,各段重复讨论的内容即为中央②中央句(看形式):文章开头的提问(有问号),对它的回覆,是文章中央的独句段长难句;勤加联系,找熟感③中心词(直观):文章中反复出现的高频词(直观,原词在文章中;同义表达)d排除方法:干扰选项范围太小——片面范围太大——重写文章5、作者态度题a普通放在最后一题:普通问作者对于某件事的立场,则这件工作是紧张的,信息是否详细b标志:attitude,deem,consider,XXX,Ic方法:选项词归纳①正面态度:positive,optimistic,approval,supportive②负面态度:negative(消极的),pessimistic(悲观的),disapproval,critical(重要的,批评的),doubtful(怀疑的),us,skeptical,nable③中立态度:neural,objective,impartial,disinterested(中立的.不同于uninteresting)d小墓碑选项(看到直接排除):uninterested,indifferent,unconcerned漠然置之的contemptuous,prejudice,XXX偏见的subjective,puzzled,confused困惑的XXX作者的立场没有明白提出时:①文章的框架②形容词(表示评价),副词③转折处④情态动词后6、词汇猜测题a标志:“”b逻辑关系:句子逻辑相同近义词:但是转折关系找反义词;感情色彩代表作者态度大方向c简单句子,查考熟词僻义,排除表面含义,不断提炼内涵d反复强调的是重点e标点标记:分号(;)表示前后两句话表达意思相同f干扰选项:字面理解7、推理判断题a标志:infer,learnfrom,imply,suggest,concludeb方法:①不要主观推测原文可以找到的内容即是正确答案②同义改写——细节、主旨、逻辑逻辑取反——多在转折处逻辑取反——多在转折处。

考研英语历年阅读理解真题精析--1997年part4

考研英语历年阅读理解真题精析--1997年part4

Part FourNo company likes to be told it is contributing to the moral decline of a nation. “Is this what you intended to accomplish with your careers?” Senator Robert Dole asked Time Warner executives last week. “You have sold your souls, but must you corrupt our nation and threaten our children as well?” At Time Warner, however, such questions are simply the latest manifestation of the soul searching that has involved the company ever since the company was born in 1990. It's a self examination that has, at various times, involved issues of responsibility, creative freedom and the corporate bottom line.At the core of this debate is chairman Gerald Levin, 56, who took over for the late Steve Ross in 1992. On the financial front, Levin is under pressure to raise the stock price and reduce the company's mountainous debt, which will increase to 17.3 billion after two new cable deals close. He has promised to sell off some of the property and restructure the company, but investors are waiting impatiently.The flap over rap is not making life any easier for him. Levin has consistently defended the company's rap music on the grounds of expression. In 1992, when Time Warner was under fire for releasing Ice T's violent rap song Cop Killer, Levin described rap as a lawful expression of street culture, which deserves an outlet. “The test of any democratic society,” he wrote in a Wall Streel Journal column, “lies not in how well it can control expression but in whether it gives freedom of thought and expression the widest possible latitude, however disputable or irritating the results may sometimes be. We won't retreat in the face of any threats.”Levin would not comment on the debate last week, but there were signs that the chairman was backing off his hard line stand, at least to some extent. During the discussion of rock singing verses at last month's stockholders' meeting, Levin asserted that “music is not the cause of society's ills” and even cited his son, a teacher in the Bronx, New York, who uses rap to communicate with students. But he talked as well about the “balanced struggle” between creative freedom and social responsibility, and he announced that the company would launch a drive to develop standards for distribution and labeling of potentially objectionable music.The 15 member Time Warner board is generally supportive of Levin and his corporate strategy. But insiders say several of them have shown their concerns in this matter. “Some of us have known for many, many years that the freedoms under the First Amendment are not totally unlimited,” says Luce. “I think it is perhaps the case that some people associated with the company have only recently come to realize this.”13. Senator Robert Dole criticized Time Warner for _____.A) its raising of the corporate stock price B) its self examination of soulC) its neglect of social responsibility D) its emphasis on creative freedom14. According to the passage, which of the following is TRUE?A) Luce is a spokesman of Time Warner.B) Gerald Levin is liable to compromise.C) Time Warner is united as one in the face of the debate.D) Steve Ross is no longer alive15. In face of the recent attacks on the company, the chairman _____.A) stuck to a strong stand to defend freedom of expressionB) softened his tone and adopted some new policyC) changed his attitude and yielded to objectionD) received more support from the 15 member board16 . The best title for this passage could be _____.A) A Company under Fire B) A Debate on Moral DeclineC) A Lawful Outlet of Street Culture D) A Form of Creative FreedUnit 4 (1997)Part 4重点词汇:1.corrupt (腐败的v.贿赂)即cor+rupt,cor-⼀起,rupt词根“打破”,“全部被糖⾐炮弹打破了”。

2022年美术考研复试专业英语口语高分秘籍上岸学姐的总结笔记

2022年美术考研复试专业英语口语高分秘籍上岸学姐的总结笔记

Approaches to Chinese PaintingPART I Yang XinChinese painting can,be traced back to decorations on pottery and on the floors of thatched huts in the Neolithic period.早在原始社会的新石器时代,中国绘画就出现在陶器和房屋的地面上。

In the Eastern Zhou dynasty, 2500 years ago, the use of brush and ink had already developed to such a point that the basic brush-made shapes have changed little since then. 2500年前的东周时期,工具主要用毛笔和墨,以线描方式造型。

Chinese artists, philosophers, and critics have constantly discussed the role and qualities of painting throughout its long and complex history.中国艺术家们、哲学家们和评论家们在整个漫长而复杂的历史背景下不断地探索绘画所扮演的角色和所能表现的气质。

To this day, the work of most Chinese art historians reflects the distinctive interaction between the painting tradition, on the one hand, and philosophy, poetry, calligraphy, and other cultural forms, on the other. 直到今天,大多数中国艺术历史研究家才发现传统绘画之间有种独特性,它们互相影响着对方,这种影响一方面体现在哲学、诗歌、书法上,还体现在其它的一些文化领域中。

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97高分英语笔记2011强档巨献——一.考研阅读的基本解题思路:(四步走)第一,扫描提干,划关键项。

第二,通读全文,抓住中心。

1. 通读全文,抓两个重点:①首段(中心句、核心概念常在第一段,常在首段出题);②其他各段的段首和段尾句。

(其他部分略读,有重点的读)2. 抓住中心,用一分半时间思考3个问题:①文章叙述的主要内容是什么?②文章中有无提到核心概念?③作者的大致态度是什么?第三,仔细审题,返回原文。

(仔细看题干,把每道题和原文的某处建立联系,挂起钩)定位原则:①通常是由题干出发,使用寻找关键词定位原则。

(关键词:大写字母、地名、时间、数字等)②自然段定位原则。

出题的顺序与行文的顺序是基本一致的,一般每段对应一题。

★要树立定位意识,每一题、每一选项都要回到原文中某一处定位。

第四,重叠选项,得出答案。

(重叠原文=对照原文)1. 通过题干返回原文:判断四个选项,抓住选项中的关键词,把选项定位到原文的某处比较,重叠选项,选出答案。

2.作题练习要求:要有选一个答案的理由和其余三个不选的理由二.阅读理解的解题技巧1. 例证题:①例证题的标记。

当题干中出现example, case, illustrate, illustration, exemplify 时。

②返回原文,找出该例证所在的位置,既给该例子定位。

③搜索该例证周围的区域,90%向上,10%向下,找出该例证支持的观点。

例子周围具有概括抽象性的表达通常就是它的论点。

注意:举例的目的是为了支持论点或是为了说明主题句。

举例后马上问这个例子说明了什么问题?不能用例子中的话来回答这个问题。

④找出该论点,并与四个选项比较,得出选项中与该论点最一致的答案。

⑤例证题错误答案设计的干扰特征经常是:就事论事。

? 即用例子中的某一内容拉出来让你去选。

(╳)要求:在阅读中,遇到长的例子,立即给这个例子定位,即找出起始点,从哪开始到哪结束。

2. 指代题:①返回原文,找出出题的指代词。

②向上搜索,找最近的名词、名词性短语或句子(先从最近点开始找,找不到再找次近的,一般答案不会离得太远)。

③将找到的词、词组或句子的意思代入替换该指代词,看其意思是否通顺。

④将找到的词、词组或句子与四个选项进行比较,找出最佳答案。

3. 词汇题:“搜索代入”法①返回原文,找出该词汇出现的地方。

②确定该词汇的词性③从上下文(词汇的前后几句)中找到与所给词汇具有相同词性的词(如一下子找不到就再往上往下找),代入所给词汇在文章中的位置(将之替换)看语义是否合适④找出选项中与代替词意思相同或相近的选相,即答案注意:a.如果该词汇是简单词汇,则其字面意思必然不是正确答案。

b.考研阅读不是考察字认识不认识,而是考察是否能根据上下文作出正确的判断。

c.词汇题的正确答案经常蕴藏在原文该词汇出现的附近。

注意不能靠单词词义直接往下推。

d.寻找时要注意同位语、特殊标点(比如分号,分号前后两句话的逻辑关系不是形式上的并列就是语义上的并列,也就是两句话的意思相同,所以可用其中一句话的意思来推测另一句话的意思从而推出所给词汇含义)、定语从句、前后缀,特别要注意寻找时的同性原则。

比如:让猜一个名词词组(动词词组)的意思,我们就向上向下搜索名词词组(动词词组)。

▲隐蔽型词汇题:题干与原文的某句完全重合,只有一两个词被替换掉。

隐蔽型词汇题的做法跟词汇题的做法几乎一样,往上往下找。

4. 句子理解题:①返回原文找到原句。

②对原句进行语法和词义的精确分析(找主干),应该重点抓原句的字面含义。

若该句的字面含义不能确定,则依据上下文进行判断。

注意:局部含义是由整体决定的。

③一般来说,选项中的正确答案与原句意思完全相同,只不过用其他英语词汇换种表达而已。

④句子理解题的错误选项干扰项特征:推得过远。

做题时应把握住推的度。

思路:对句子微观分析? 不行就依据上下文? 选择时不要推得过远。

5. 推理题:“最近原则”①标志:learn, infer, imply, inform②看是否可以通过题干返回原文或依据选项返回原文。

一般要围绕文中的一两个重点进行推理。

推理题无论通过题干能不能定位,我们都要把它固化到文章的一两点上。

③依据原文的意思进行三错一对的判断。

先不要进行推理,若有一个选项跟原文的意思一模一样,则该选项必然是正确答案。

推理题不是考察我们的想象力,它实际是考察我们原文中的某几个点如一个、两个点所涉及的问题我们读透了没有。

因此,不推的比推的好;推的近的比推的远的要好。

④推理题的最近答案原则:不推的要比推的好,推的近的要比推的远的好,直接推出的要比间接推的好。

(原文的某句话变个说法)注意:做题时不能想得太多,推得过远。

是否把原文读懂才是关键。

6. 主旨题:“串线摘帽”即在自然段少的时候串串线,串线法解不出来时,大帽子、小帽子摘一下。

①主旨题的标志:mainly about, mainly discuss, the best title②串线法:抓首段和其余各段的第一句话,把其意思连接成一个整体。

要注意总结性的提示词和转折词,特别要注意中心句。

(主要针对自然段少的文章;针对自然段多的文章,主旨题最好联系中心句。

找一个和中心句最贴近的)③小心首段陷阱。

④主旨题错误选项的干扰特征经常是:⑴局部信息,即选项的内容小于文章的内容;⑵范围过宽,即选项的内容大于文章的内容。

⑤逆向思维法、快速作文法:在两个选项看上去都十分正确无法选择时,试着从选项出发,想象一下如果自己以此选项来写文章会有那些内容,然后把它与文章的内容比较,接近的即为正确选项。

7. 作者态度题:①标志:attitude②应精确理解四个选项的含义。

③不要掺杂自己的观点。

④可以寻找文中一些具有感情色彩的词。

如:fortunately, excessively, too many.⑤举例的方式。

⑥抓论述的主线。

把第一段读透,把其他各段的段首段尾句拉出来,看整个文章的谋篇结构。

⑦做作者态度题时特别注意:首先看清楚是谁对谁的态度。

8. 判断题:①看可否通过四个选项具体化到文中一点或者根据自然段原则定位。

②每个选项都应返回原文,不能凭主观印象进行判断。

③要重点抓是“三错一对”还是“三对一错”的关系(做题是要看清题目)。

9. 细节题:看完题目回到原文,重叠原文,得出答案10.重点题型中的几个问题:①词汇题:字面意思不是答案,要根据上下文推测其深刻含义②句子理解题:一般不要求推理,只看句子本身。

③推理题:答案很大程度上是原文的重现,不一定非要经过逻辑推理从原文中得出。

11. 正确答案的特征:①正确答案经常与中心思想有关。

②正确答案的位置,最常见的三个位置是:段首段尾处、转折处、因果处。

③正确答案经常运用的原则是:同义替换、正话反说、反话正说。

④从语气角度来看,正确答案中经常含有不肯定的语气词和委婉表达的用词。

如:can, may, might, possible, not necessarily, some.⑤正确答案经常具有概括性、深刻性,不能只见树木不见森林。

12. 错误答案的特征:第一大层次:①无中生有(未提及的概念);②正反混淆(选项的意思跟原文的意思正好相反);③所答非所问(虽然选项的说法没有问题,符合原文,但和题干搭不上边)第二大层次:①过分绝对;②扩大范围(注意隐蔽型的扩大范围mostly);③因果倒置;④常识判断;⑤推得过远;⑥偏离中心;⑦变换词性。

常识判断:如果一个选项仅仅符合常识,不一定是正确答案,还要看文章中类似的意思有没有出现;如果一个选项不符合常识,一定不是正答案。

能够不由自主地按照正确的思路解题了,才表明我们正确掌握了这些技巧。

三.阅读的技巧1. 标点符号在阅读中的作用:①句号。

用来分割句子,以句号为单位,把段分隔成块,逐个击破。

团?条②逗号。

在两个逗号中间是一个补充说明成分时,在阅读过程中可以献跳过去不读。

③冒号。

冒号的后面进一步补充说明前面的内容,冒号的前后有一个从抽象到具体的过程。

④分号。

分号是用来分隔句子的,并列结构:语意上的并列、结构上的并列。

⑤破折号。

两个破折号之间是补充说明成分,在阅读中可以先不读。

如果不能读懂破折号之前的句子的意思可借助破折号间的内容加以理解。

⑥引号。

引用和讽刺两种作用:⑴引用某人的观点(是支持还是反对);⑵用来反讽,讽刺。

引用的目的:不论是正面还是反面引述都是为了说明核心概念、中心思想,否则就没有意义。

⑦括号。

两种作用:补充说明、解释生词。

2. 微观阅读的技巧:①抓主干。

②看标点符号。

③被动变主动。

④消减否定法。

⑤重新断句。

⑥对照法。

抓一些重点词:⑴解释词:namely(即,也就是);likewise(同样的);in other word(换句话说);that is to say(那就是说)……⑵转折词??目的:体会一种逻辑关系,也是经常出题的地方。

but, yet, although, however, in contrast(与之形成对照的是)⑶表示结果的词:thus, as a result, consequence⑷表示递进的词:further more, in addition to⑸表示重要的词:prime(首要的);above all(最重要的);first of all3. 宏观阅读的方法:怎样对待一篇文章:①一般来说,任何一篇文章都讲一个主题。

②注意抓两类文体:一个是议论文,抓作者中心观点和作者态度;二是说明文,抓说明对象和作者态度。

③注意看清楚文章是由几个自然段构成,同时要注意看清楚文章的段落与段落之间是顺承结构还是转折结构。

④注意文章的一些固有模式:第一类型:启承传合型,要特别注意启和合的前后呼应。

第二类型:花开两朵型,要注意两个核心概念的区别和联系。

第三类型:问题答案型,一般来说问题就是文章的中心,阅读的目的就是为了寻找问题的答案。

第四类型:平铺直叙型,注意抓首段和中心。

第五类型:开门见山型。

4. 总结段落的固有模式:①中心句(段首句)??具体论述②中心句(段首句)??具体论述??中心句(段尾句)如果段首句和段尾句是呼应的话,那么其之间的话必然是支持句,也可能反着说一下,但最终还是支持段首或段首主题句的。

③过渡句(段首句)??具体论述④中心句(段首句)??具体论述??转折??具体论述⑤具体论述??中心句(段尾句)⑥句句展开式(无明显主题句)指比较短的段落。

如只有三、四行的段落。

这样就没有必要在段首给出一个中心,后面再展开。

而是直接把事情给描述一下就可以了。

5. 读文章时需特别留意的细节:①举例、打比喻处②人物论段③转折处后④复杂句⑤因果句⑥特殊标点⑦段首段尾句最常出题的地方是:中心思想或核心概念。

中心思想+ 细节= 文章6.独句段在文章中的作用:①文尾的独句段所起的作用是??总结全文;②文章中间的独句段的作用是??承上启下。

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