主题班会-复旦国际贸易英文7课件

• A vast array of products, including simple toys like Barbie Doll and complex items like airplane and cell phone, consist of materials, parts, components, and services that are produced in numerous countries.
Is Trade Today Different From the Past?
Figure 7.1 (b)
The share of capital plus consumer goods together has increased from 15% of exports in 1925 to more than 50% in 2005. Along with automobiles, capital and consumer goods are most likely to have a portion of their production process sent overseas through outsourcing.
A Model of Outsourcing
• To develop the model of outsourcing, we need to distinguish all the activities used to produce and market a good or service.
• Figure 7.2 (a) describes the activities in the order in which they are performed.
• Trade in intermediate inputs, which can cross borders several times before being incorporated into a final good.
• It is a relatively new phenomenon which arose with the decline in the costs of transportation and communication
§ Each activity adds more value to the combined product.
w Some of the activities can be transferred to other countries when it is more economical.
w By looking at activities in terms of their relative amount of skilled labor, we can predict which ones are likely to be transferred abroad.
Introduction
• Is really outsourcing different from the type of trade we studied in the Ricardian and Heckscher-Ohlin models?
• Offshoring allows a company to purchase inexpensive goods or services abroad, just as consumers can purchase lower-priced goods from abroad in those models.
• offshoring results in lower prices, but changes the mix of jobs in the U.S.
• In some ways offshoring is similar to immigration as U.S. companies can employ foreign labor although those workers still live in their own countries.
w We start with the less skilled activities and move to more complex components and then onto the more skilled labor activities.
A Model of Outsourcing
• These goods are much more likely to have the production sent overseas through offshoring.
• Given the changes in the share of trade in these products, we can see that the type of trade has changed greatly from the past.
A Model of Outsourcing
• Value Chain of Activities
w The whole set of activities we just described is sometimes called the value chain for the products.
• However, for outsourcing, it is more useful to look at the activities according to the ratio of skilled to unskilled labor they use which is shown in figure 7.2 (b).
A Model of Outsourcing
• This prediction depends on several assumptions: 1. Relative Wage of Skilled Workers
• The key distinction between two terms is whether or not own the firms abroad.
• We will not worry about the distinction between these two terms in this chapter since they are the same theoretically.
FOREIGN OUTSOURCING OF GOODS AND SERVICES
1 A Model of Outsourcing
2 The Gains from
Outsourcing 3
Outsourcing in Services 4
Conclusions
Introduction
• Apple is a U.S. company that produces its iPhone in facilities found in China, Taiwan, Thailand, Malaysia, Singapore, South Korea, the Czech Republic, Philippines, and the United States.
Is Trade Today Different From the Past?
• We discussed in previous chapters how trade has evolved over time, so is the type of trade done today different from that done in the past?
• Figure 7.1 shows that U.S. trade has shifted away from agriculture and raw materials, toward manufactured goods.
• The share of capital, consumer, and e goods has increased from 10% of imports and 20% of exports in 1925 to 65% in 2005.
Figure 7.2
Panel (a) lists some of manufacture activities for a given product in the order in which they occur. The value chain in (b) lists these same activities in order of the amount of skilled/unskilled labor used in each. In panel (b), the assembly activity, on the left, uses the most unskilled labor, and R&D, on the right, uses the most skilled labor.
Is Trade Today Different From the Past?
Figure 7.1 (a)
The share of capital plus consumer goods together has increased from 10% of imports in 1925 to more than 50% in 2005. Along with automobiles, capital and consumer goods are most likely to have a portion of their production process sent overseas through outsourcing.