电动汽车补贴政策的解读英文
对政府发展新能源汽车的建议英语作文
对政府发展新能源汽车的建议英语作文全文共10篇示例，供读者参考篇1Dear government,I have some ideas for you to develop new energy vehicles. I think it's super important to use cleaner energy for cars because it can help protect our Earth and make the air cleaner. Here are some suggestions for you to consider:First, I think you should make more charging stations for electric cars. It's really hard to find a place to charge the car right now, so if there were more charging stations, more people might be willing to drive electric cars. And maybe you could make the charging stations look really cool, like they're from the future or something.Second, I think you should give people more incentives to buy electric cars. Like, maybe you could give them a discount on their taxes if they drive an electric car. Or maybe you could give them free parking in some places. I think if people see that there are benefits to driving electric cars, they might be more likely to buy one.Third, I think you should work with car companies to make more affordable electric cars. Right now, electric cars are really expensive, so a lot of people can't afford them. If you could help make electric cars more affordable, more people might be able to buy them.Overall, I think developing new energy vehicles is a great idea. I hope you can use my suggestions to help make it happen. Thank you for listening!Sincerely,[Your name]篇2Dear government,I have a suggestion for you about developing new energy vehicles. I think it's really important to focus on these cars because they can help our environment and save energy.First of all, I think you should encourage people to buy new energy vehicles by giving them more incentives. For example, you could offer tax breaks or discounts on the price of the car. This would make it easier for people to afford these vehicles and would encourage more people to buy them.Secondly, I think you should invest more in building charging stations for new energy vehicles. It can be really hard for people to find a place to charge their cars, especially if they live in a place without a lot of charging stations. By building more stations, you can make it easier for people to use these cars and encourage more people to buy them.Lastly, I think you should work with car manufacturers to make new energy vehicles more affordable. Right now, these cars can be really expensive to buy, which makes it hard for many people to afford them. By working with manufacturers to lower the cost of these cars, you can make it easier for more people to buy them and help the environment.I hope you will consider my suggestions and work to develop new energy vehicles. Thank you for listening.Sincerely,(Your name)篇3Hey guys, do you know that our government is working on developing new energy vehicles? It's super cool because these cars are better for the environment and can help reducepollution. But I think there are some things the government can do to make them even better!First, I think the government should invest more money in research and development of new energy vehicles. This way, we can make sure that these cars are as efficient and affordable as possible. It would also be great if the government could provide more incentives for people to buy new energy vehicles, like tax breaks or subsidies.Second, I think the government should work on building more charging stations for new energy vehicles. This way, people can easily charge their cars wherever they go, just like filling up gas in a regular car. It would also be awesome if the government could promote the use of renewable energy sources to power these charging stations, like solar or wind power.Lastly, I think the government should work with car manufacturers to make new energy vehicles more stylish and fun to drive. If these cars look cool and are enjoyable to drive, more people will want to buy them. Plus, it would be awesome if the government could organize events or campaigns to raise awareness about the benefits of new energy vehicles.In conclusion, I think our government is doing a great job in developing new energy vehicles, but there are always ways toimprove. By investing more in research and development, building more charging stations, and making new energy vehicles more attractive, we can help protect our environment and create a cleaner future for all of us. Let's all work together to support the development of new energy vehicles!篇4Hey guys, do you know that the government is trying to develop new energy vehicles to protect our environment? It's super cool, right? But I think we can give them some suggestions to make it even better!First of all, I think the government should invest more money in researching and developing new energy vehicles. This way, they can come up with more advanced and efficient cars that will help reduce pollution and save our planet. They can also provide subsidies to encourage people to buy these cars, so more and more people will start using them.Secondly, I think the government should build more charging stations for new energy vehicles. This way, people won't have to worry about running out of battery while driving. They can also make the charging process faster and moreconvenient, so people can easily charge their cars while shopping or working.Lastly, I think the government should promote new energy vehicles more actively. They can organize events and campaigns to raise awareness about the benefits of using these cars. They can also collaborate with car manufacturers to make the prices more affordable for everyone.In conclusion, I believe that developing new energy vehicles is a great idea, and with our suggestions, the government can make it even better. Let's all work together to protect our environment and build a better future for our planet!篇5Title: My Suggestions for the Government to Develop New Energy VehiclesHi everyone! Today I want to talk about new energy vehicles, which are super cool and important for our environment. I have some suggestions for the government on how they can promote the development of new energy vehicles even more.First of all, I think the government should provide more subsidies for people who want to buy new energy vehicles. Thiswill make it more affordable for everyone and encourage more people to choose clean energy cars. The government can also give tax breaks to companies that produce new energy vehicles, so they can make more of them and sell them at a lower cost.Secondly, the government should build more charging stations for new energy vehicles. Sometimes people worry about running out of power when they drive their electric cars, so having more charging stations will make it easier for them to find a place to charge up. The government can also make sure that these charging stations are powered by renewable energy sources, like solar or wind power.Another suggestion I have is for the government to work with schools to teach kids about new energy vehicles and why they are important. If we learn about them when we are young, we will grow up knowing how to take care of our planet and make smart choices about the cars we drive.Lastly, the government should set stricter regulations on traditional cars that pollute the air. By making it more expensive to drive a car that runs on fossil fuels, more people will choose new energy vehicles instead. This will help reduce air pollution and make our planet healthier for everyone.In conclusion, new energy vehicles are awesome and the government should do more to promote their development. By providing subsidies, building charging stations, educating kids, and setting stricter regulations, we can all work together to protect our environment and make the world a better place. Let’s all drive towards a greener future! Thank you for listening to my suggestions.篇6Yo government, listen up! I've got some awesome ideas for you about developing new energy cars. First off, let's talk about electric cars. They are super cool and eco-friendly because they don't use gas and they don't make pollution. So, how about giving some incentives for people to buy electric cars? Like, maybe you could give them a tax break or something. That way, more people will want to buy electric cars and help save the planet.Next, how about investing more money in research and development for new energy cars? Like, maybe you could give grants to scientists and engineers who are working on making better batteries for electric cars. That way, we could have cars that can go farther without needing to be charged all the time.And maybe we could even have cars that run on solar power or hydrogen fuel cells. That would be so cool!Also, how about building more charging stations for electric cars? Like, maybe you could put them in shopping malls or schools or parks. That way, people can charge their cars while they're doing other stuff and they won't have to worry about running out of power. And maybe you could even make the charging stations free to use. That would be so convenient!So, yeah, government, those are my ideas for developing new energy cars. I hope you like them and I hope you'll put them into action. Let's make the world a better place with awesome new energy cars!篇7Hey guys,I have some really cool ideas on how the government can develop new energy vehicles. New energy vehicles are super important because they help protect our environment and make the air cleaner for us to breathe. So let's get started with my suggestions!First of all, the government should give more money to companies that are making new energy vehicles. This will help them to develop new technology and make the cars more affordable for everyone. It's like giving them a little push to go faster!Secondly, the government should build more charging stations for electric cars. This way, people will feel more confident about driving their electric cars because they know they can charge them up easily. It's like having a gas station, but for electric cars!Next, the government should make some rules to encourage people to buy new energy vehicles. For example, they could give tax breaks to people who buy electric cars, or make it cheaper to register them. This will make more people want to buy new energy vehicles and help the environment.Lastly, the government should work with schools to teach kids about the importance of new energy vehicles. They could have special classes or workshops where we can learn about how these cars work and why they are good for the planet. This way, we can grow up knowing how to take care of the environment.So, that's it for my ideas on how the government can develop new energy vehicles. I really hope they listen to mebecause I think these ideas are super awesome! Let's all work together to protect our planet and make it a better place for everyone.Bye for now!- Your friend, [Your Name]篇8Hey guys, do you know that the government is working on developing new energy vehicles? Cool, right? But do you know what new energy vehicles are? They are cars that run on electricity or other clean energy sources, instead of gasoline. This is really important because it can help reduce air pollution and slow down climate change.I think the government should do more to promote new energy vehicles. For example, they could provide more subsidies for people who buy electric cars. This would make them more affordable for everyone. They could also build more charging stations around the country, so it's easier for people to charge their electric cars when they are out and about.Another thing the government could do is to encourage car companies to make more new energy vehicles. They could givetax incentives to companies that produce electric cars, or even require car companies to make a certain percentage of their cars electric. This would help speed up the transition to new energy vehicles.I also think the government should invest more in research and development of new energy technologies. This could help make new energy vehicles even better and more efficient. Maybe one day we will have cars that can run on solar power or hydrogen fuel cells!Overall, I think the government should really focus on developing new energy vehicles. It's better for the environment, and it's better for our future. Let's all work together to make the world a cleaner, greener place! Thank you for listening.篇9Dear government,I have some cool ideas to make our world better, especially when it comes to developing new energy cars. I think new energy cars, like electric cars, are important because they can help to save the environment and make the air cleaner.First of all, I think the government should give more money to companies that make new energy cars. This way, they can make more cars and cheaper, so more people can buy them. I also think the government should build more charging stations so people can charge their cars easily when they are out and about.Secondly, I think the government should make rules to encourage people to buy new energy cars. For example, they could give tax breaks to people who buy these cars or charge less money for parking. This way, more people will want to buy new energy cars and help the environment.Lastly, I think the government should teach us more about new energy cars in school. They can tell us how they work and why they are better for the environment. This way, we can all learn how important it is to use new energy cars and tell our families about them too.I hope the government will listen to my ideas and do things to make new energy cars more popular. Let's save our planet together!From a little student who loves new energy cars.篇10Hey guys, do you know that the government is trying to develop new energy vehicles like electric cars? It's super cool because it can help save the environment and make our air cleaner! But I think there are some things the government can do to make it even better.First, I think the government should give more incentives to people who buy electric cars. Maybe they can give discounts or tax breaks to encourage more people to switch to electric cars. This way, more people will be willing to give it a try and help reduce pollution.Second, the government should also set up more charging stations for electric cars. It can be a hassle for people to find a place to charge their cars, so having more charging stations will make it more convenient for everyone. Maybe the government can even set up some in public places like schools or parks.Lastly, I think the government should work with car companies to make electric cars more affordable. Right now, electric cars can be pretty expensive, but if they can find a way to make them more affordable, more people will be able to buy them and help protect our environment.Overall, I think the government is doing a great job in developing new energy vehicles, but there's always room forimprovement. If they can listen to our suggestions and make some changes, I believe we can all work together to create a greener and cleaner world for the future. Let's go, electric cars!。
鼓励使用电动汽车英语作文
The adoption of electric vehicles EVs is a pivotal step towards a more sustainable future.As the world grapples with the effects of climate change and the depletion of fossil fuels,the shift to cleaner,more efficient modes of transportation is becoming increasingly urgent.Here are several reasons why we should encourage the use of electric vehicles and the benefits they bring to society,the economy,and the environment.1.Reduction of Emissions:Electric vehicles produce zero tailpipe emissions,which means they do not emit harmful pollutants such as carbon dioxide,nitrogen oxides,or particulate matter.This is a significant advantage over internal combustion engine vehicles,which are major contributors to air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions.2.Energy Efficiency:EVs are more energyefficient than conventional cars.They convert a higher percentage of the electrical energy from the grid to power at the wheels,which means less energy is wasted in the process.This efficiency can lead to significant reductions in energy consumption and associated costs.3.Renewable Energy Integration:As the grid becomes increasingly powered by renewable energy sources like solar and wind,electric vehicles can be charged using clean energy.This integration supports the transition to a lowcarbon economy and reduces our reliance on fossil fuels.4.Noise Pollution Reduction:EVs are much quieter than their gasoline counterparts,which can lead to a reduction in noise pollution in urban areas.This can improve the quality of life for residents, particularly in densely populated cities.5.Economic Benefits:The electric vehicle industry has the potential to create new jobs in manufacturing, maintenance,and charging infrastructure.Additionally,the lower operating costs of EVs can benefit consumers by reducing the amount spent on fuel and vehicle maintenance. 6.Technological Advancements:The push for electric vehicles has spurred innovation in battery technology,charging infrastructure,and vehicle design.These advancements can lead to improvements in other sectors as well,such as energy storage and renewable energy integration.7.Health Benefits:Reduced emissions from EVs can lead to better air quality,which in turn can have apositive impact on public health.Lower levels of air pollution are associated with reduced rates of respiratory illnesses,cardiovascular diseases,and other health issues.8.Consumer Choice:As the market for electric vehicles grows,consumers will have more options to choose from,including different vehicle types,price points,and features.This variety can cater to a wider range of consumer preferences and needs.9.Longterm Sustainability:Investing in electric vehicles is a longterm solution to the challenges posed by climate change and resource depletion.By transitioning to EVs,we can ensure a more sustainable future for transportation.10.Policy Support:Governments around the world are recognizing the importance of electric vehicles and are implementing policies to support their adoption.This includes subsidies,tax incentives,and the development of charging infrastructure,which can make EVs more accessible to the public.In conclusion,encouraging the use of electric vehicles is a multifaceted approach that addresses environmental concerns,economic opportunities,and societal benefits.As technology continues to advance and the infrastructure for EVs improves,it is likely that we will see a significant increase in their adoption,leading to a cleaner,more sustainable future for all.。
补贴不止中国有——盘点世界各国新能源汽车补贴政策
补贴不止中国有——盘点世界各国新能源汽车补贴政策为了鼓励新能源汽车的发展，我国从2009年开始实行新能源汽车补贴政策。
财政部的数据显示，在2009年至2015年，中央财政累计安排补助资金334.35亿元，如果再算上同期的地方财政补贴，合计总额可能会超过650亿元。
如果再算上2016年的500亿元、2017年的470亿元，中央财政和地方财政再9年间一共补贴了大约1600亿元。
在中国大力鼓励发展新能源汽车时，世界其他国家也纷纷出台了各种补贴政策鼓励新能源汽车的发展。
本文将盘点世界各国出台的新能源汽车补贴政策。
德国2016年5月，德国联邦内阁日前正式通过决议，推出电动汽车补贴、减免税款等一系列优惠政策，以刺激电动汽车在德发展。
按照规定，自2016年5月18日起，在德购买纯电动汽车的消费者将获得4000欧元补贴，购买油电混合动力汽车可获3000欧元补贴。
补贴总金额共计12亿欧元，由政府和汽车制造商平摊，采取“先到先得”原则，补贴发完为止。
补贴措施最晚持续到2019年6月30日。
购买电动汽车的消费者，还将享受免缴10年汽车税的优惠政策，免税政策可追溯至2016年1月1日起的电动汽车购买者。
法国2008年，法国政府补贴政策开始执行；补贴金额在2014年，2016年两次上调，消费者的购买成本逐级下降。
法国2015年加大了对于公共充电设施的建设，全年一共建成了8165个公共充电桩，大大提高了消费者使用新能源汽车对的便利性。
法国制定了不同的补贴标准，即电动车及排量少于20g/km 的油电混动车可获得 6300 欧元的优惠；购买排量在 21g/km 至 60g/km 的油电混动车可享优惠 1000 欧元；购买排量在 61g/km 至 110g/km 的油电混动车可享最多750 欧元优惠；废弃车龄10 年以上的柴油车，转而购买纯电动车可再享受6300 欧元的补贴，购买插电混动车可享受 2500 欧元的补贴。
美国美国于奥巴马政府时期曾在2011年提出2015年实现累计销售100万辆新能源汽车的目标，受制于油价处于低位，多数消费者不愿意购买新能源汽车。
电动汽车的开发受到政府重视英语大学作文
The Development of Electric Vehicles is HighlyValued by the GovernmentAs environmental issues become increasingly severe, electric vehicles, being green and eco-friendly means of transportation, have garnered significant attention from governments worldwide. Particularly in China, the government has adopted a series of policy measures to vigorously promote the research and widespread use of electric vehicles.Firstly, the Chinese government has provided substantial support for the electric vehicle industry at the policy level. The recent State Council executive meeting once again focused on the development of the new energy vehicle industry and approved the "New Energy Vehicle Industry Development Plan." This plan clearly states that by 2025, the sales of new energy vehicles should account for about 25% of new car sales in China, and intelligent connected vehicles should account for 30%, with highly automated intelligent connected vehicles achieving commercial application in specific areas and scenarios. These targets provide clear direction for companies and inject strong momentuminto the development of the electric vehicle industry.Secondly, the government offers significant support for technological innovation. Core technologies for electric vehicles, such as power batteries and vehicle operating systems, require high-level research and development. To this end, the government has increased efforts in key technology breakthroughs, encouraging companies to innovate in these areas. Through policy guidance, the government promotes the deep integration of electric vehicles with energy, transportation, and information communication industries, facilitating the coordinated development of electrification, networking, and intelligent technologies. These measures not only enhance the technological level of electric vehicles but also drive the joint progress of related industries.In addition, strengthening infrastructure construction is another crucial aspect of the government’s push for the development of electric vehicles. Charging difficulties and short ranges are currently major issues faced by electric vehicle users. Therefore, the government has intensified the construction of chargingand battery swapping facilities, accelerating the formation of a fast-charging highway network and urban-rural public charging networks, and providing financial support for the construction of public charging piles. These measures significantly alleviate the charging difficulties faced by electric vehicle users and improve their overall experience.Furthermore, the government has implemented various incentive measures to promote the market for electric vehicles. To encourage more people to purchase electric vehicles, the government has introduced various subsidy policies and promoted the rural electrification of vehicles, expanding the coverage of electric vehicles in rural areas. Additionally, the government encourages the use of electric vehicles in public service sectors. Starting from 2021, in national ecological civilization pilot zones and key regions for air pollution prevention, the proportion of new or updated public vehicles such as buses, taxis, and logistics vehicles that are new energy vehicles should not be less than 80%.In conclusion, the development and promotion of electric vehicles have become a key strategy for theChinese government. This is not only because electric vehicles help mitigate environmental pressures and promote green development but also because they can drive the development of related industries and stimulate economic growth. Through the implementation of a series of policy measures, the pace of development in China's electric vehicle industry is accelerating, and the future looks promising. The widespread adoption of electric vehicles will not only improve our living environment but also lead the transformation of the global automotive industry.译文：电动汽车的开发受到政府重视随着环境问题的日益严峻，电动汽车作为一种绿色、环保的交通工具，越来越受到各国政府的重视。
电动汽车收到政府重视的原因的英语作文
电动汽车收到政府重视的原因的英语作文The growing emphasis on electric vehicles (EVs) by governments worldwide can be attributed to several compelling reasons. The transition to electric mobility is not merely a shift in technology but a transformative step towards a sustainable and eco-friendly future.Firstly, electric vehicles play a crucial role in reducing carbon emissions. Unlike conventional vehicles that run on fossil fuels, EVs produce zero tailpipe emissions. This is of paramount importance in the fight against climate change, as transportation is one of the largest contributors to greenhouse gases. By promoting EVs, governments are taking a significant step towards meeting their climate goals under international agreements such as the Paris Accord.Secondly, the advancement of electric vehicle technology fosters energy security. Countries that rely heavily on imported oil can reduce their dependence by shifting to electricity as a source of power for transportation. This transition can lead to a more diversified energy mix and reduce thegeopolitical risks associated with oil prices and supply.Thirdly, electric vehicles present economic opportunities. The EV market is poised for growth, creating jobs in manufacturing, battery technology, and charging infrastructure. Governments are keen on capturing these economic benefits, which include fostering new industries and enhancing their competitive edge in the global market.Moreover, electric vehicles offer health benefits. By reducing air pollution, particularly in urban areas, EVs can improve public health outcomes. Lower emissions translate to fewer respiratory and cardiovascular diseases, leading to a better quality of life and reduced healthcare costs.Lastly, governments are supporting electric vehicles to encourage technological innovation. The push for EVs has led to significant breakthroughs in battery technology, energy storage, and powertrain systems. These advancements have the potential to spill over into other sectors, driving a broader wave of innovation.In conclusion, the focus on electric vehicles by governments is a multifaceted strategy that encompasses environmental, economic, and social benefits. As the world moves towards a more sustainable future, the importance of electric vehicles as a solution is only set to increase.中文翻译：全球各国政府对电动汽车（EV）的日益重视可以归因于几个令人信服的原因。
电动汽车的开发受到政府重视英语大学作文
电动汽车的开发受到政府重视英语大学作文全文共3篇示例，供读者参考篇1The Development of Electric Vehicles Receives Government's AttentionWith the increasing concerns over environmental pollution and energy conservation, the development of electric vehicles (EVs) has received great attention from governments around the world. In recent years, many countries have been actively promoting the adoption of EVs as a more sustainable and environmentally-friendly mode of transportation. In this essay, we will explore how governments play a crucial role in driving the development of EVs through various policies and initiatives.First and foremost, one of the key ways in which governments support the development of EVs is by providing financial incentives to both consumers and manufacturers. These incentives can come in the form of tax credits, rebates, subsidies, or grants, which help to reduce the upfront costs of purchasing an EV and make it more financially attractive for consumers. In addition, governments may also offer incentives to EVmanufacturers to encourage them to invest in research and development, as well as production of EVs. These incentives play a vital role in stimulating demand for EVs and accelerating the growth of the EV market.Furthermore, governments also play a crucial role in building the necessary infrastructure to support the widespread adoption of EVs. This includes establishing a network of EV charging stations, providing funding for research and development of new charging technologies, and implementing regulations to ensure that EV charging infrastructure is readily available to consumers. By investing in EV infrastructure, governments can help to alleviate concerns about range anxiety and make it more convenient for consumers to own and operate EVs.In addition to financial incentives and infrastructure development, governments also implement various regulatory measures to promote the development of EVs. For example, some governments have set targets for the adoption of EVs, implemented emission standards for vehicles, or introduced policies to restrict the sales of traditional internal combustion engine vehicles. These regulatory measures create a favorable environment for EV manufacturers and help to drive thetransition towards cleaner and more sustainable transportation solutions.Moreover, governments also collaborate with industry stakeholders, academia, and research institutions to support innovation and technology development in the EV sector. By fostering partnerships and sharing knowledge and resources, governments can help to accelerate the commercialization of new technologies, improve the efficiency and performance of EVs, and reduce the overall costs of EV manufacturing. This collaborative approach is essential for driving the continuous advancement of EV technology and ensuring that EVs remain competitive in the automotive market.Overall, the development of electric vehicles has become a strategic priority for governments around the world as they seek to address the challenges of climate change, air pollution, and energy security. By providing financial incentives, building infrastructure, implementing regulations, and supporting innovation, governments can play a pivotal role in driving the growth of the EV market and accelerating the transition towards a more sustainable transportation system. With government support, the future of electric vehicles looks promising, and it isonly a matter of time before EVs become the mainstream choice for consumers worldwide.篇2The Development of Electric Vehicles Receives Government AttentionIn recent years, the development of electric vehicles (EVs) has gained significant attention from governments around the world. With the increasing awareness of climate change and the need to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, many countries have set ambitious goals to transition to cleaner and more sustainable modes of transportation. As a result, the development of EVs has become a priority for many governments, who are providing support and incentives to encourage their adoption.One of the main reasons why governments are focusing on the development of EVs is their potential to reduce air pollution and improve public health. Traditional internal combustion engine vehicles emit a variety of pollutants that can have harmful effects on human health, such as particulate matter, nitrogen oxides, and volatile organic compounds. By switching to electric vehicles, which produce zero tailpipe emissions, governmentscan significantly reduce air pollution and improve air quality in urban areas.In addition to the environmental benefits, the development of EVs also presents economic opportunities for countries that are looking to transition to a low-carbon economy. The shift from fossil fuel-powered vehicles to EVs has the potential to create new industries and jobs in sectors such as manufacturing, infrastructure development, and renewable energy. By investing in the development of EVs, governments can stimulate economic growth and position themselves as leaders in the global clean energy transition.To support the growth of the EV market, many governments have implemented policies and programs aimed at incentivizing consumers to purchase electric vehicles. These incentives can take the form of financial incentives, such as tax credits or rebates, as well as non-financial incentives, such as access to carpool lanes or free parking. By making EVs more affordable and convenient for consumers, governments can help accelerate the transition to a cleaner transportation system.Furthermore, governments are also investing in infrastructure to support the widespread adoption of EVs. This includes the installation of public charging stations,improvement of electric grid capacity, and promotion of smart charging solutions. By building a robust EV charging infrastructure, governments can address one of the main barriers to EV adoption and help alleviate range anxiety among consumers.Despite the progress that has been made in the development of EVs, there are still challenges that need to be overcome. One of the main challenges is the high cost of EVs compared to traditional gasoline-powered vehicles. While the cost of EVs has been decreasing in recent years, they are still more expensive than their gas-powered counterparts, which can deter some consumers from making the switch. Governments can help address this challenge by providing financial incentives and subsidies to reduce the upfront cost of EVs and make them more accessible to a wider range of consumers.In conclusion, the development of electric vehicles has become a key priority for governments around the world, as they seek to reduce air pollution, create economic opportunities, and accelerate the transition to a low-carbon economy. By providing support and incentives for the growth of the EV market, governments can help drive innovation, create jobs, and improve public health. With continued investment and commitment,electric vehicles have the potential to play a significant role in shaping the future of transportation and reducing the impact of climate change.篇3Development of electric vehicles has been given high importance by governments around the world. With the increasing concerns about climate change and air pollution, many countries are now focusing on promoting the use of electric vehicles as a more environmentally friendly alternative to traditional gasoline-powered cars. In this essay, we will discuss why the development of electric vehicles is being given so much attention by governments.One of the main reasons why governments are emphasizing the development of electric vehicles is to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and combat climate change. Transportation is one of the largest sources of greenhouse gas emissions globally, with the majority coming from vehicles running on fossil fuels. By promoting the use of electric vehicles, governments aim to decrease the carbon footprint of the transportation sector and contribute to the global efforts to lower emissions and limit global warming.Another important reason for the increased focus on electric vehicles is to improve air quality in urban areas. The combustion of gasoline and diesel in traditional vehicles releases harmful pollutants into the atmosphere, such as nitrogen oxides and particulate matter, which can have adverse effects on human health. By encouraging the adoption of electric vehicles, governments hope to reduce air pollution levels and create healthier and more livable cities for their citizens.Furthermore, governments also see the development of electric vehicles as a way to reduce dependence on imported oil and enhance energy security. As the supply of oil is finite and subject to geopolitical uncertainties, shifting towards electric vehicles powered by renewable energy sources can help countries reduce their reliance on imported oil and ensure a more stable and sustainable energy future.In addition to the environmental and energy security benefits, the development of electric vehicles also presents economic opportunities for countries. The electric vehicle industry is rapidly growing and has the potential to create new jobs and stimulate economic growth. By investing in research and development, manufacturing, and infrastructure for electric vehicles, governments can support the growth of a new cleantechnology sector and position their countries as leaders in the global market for electric vehicles.Governments are also using a variety of incentives and regulations to promote the adoption of electric vehicles. These may include tax incentives for purchasing electric vehicles, subsidies for charging infrastructure, exemptions from road tolls and parking fees, and stricter emissions standards for traditional vehicles. By creating a favorable policy environment for electric vehicles, governments can accelerate their adoption and help overcome barriers such as high initial costs and limited charging infrastructure.In conclusion, the development of electric vehicles is receiving significant attention from governments due to its potential to address climate change, improve air quality, enhance energy security, create economic opportunities, and drive technological innovation. By supporting the transition to electric vehicles through policy measures and investments, governments can contribute to a more sustainable and prosperous future for their countries and the world. It is clear that electric vehicles have a crucial role to play in the transition to a cleaner and more sustainable transportation system, and governments are right to prioritize their development.。
电动汽车的优势和劣势英语作文
电动汽车的优势和劣势英语作文Advantages and Disadvantages of Electric VehiclesThe world is facing an environmental crisis as the effects of climate change become more and more apparent. Greenhouse gas emissions from the transportation sector are a significant contributor to this problem, and as a result, there has been a growing push towards more sustainable modes of transportation. One of the most promising solutions to this issue is the electric vehicle (EV).Electric vehicles offer a number of advantages over traditional internal combustion engine vehicles. Perhaps the most significant advantage is their environmental impact. EVs produce zero direct emissions, meaning they do not contribute to air pollution or greenhouse gas emissions. This makes them a much more sustainable option than traditional gasoline or diesel-powered vehicles. Additionally, the electricity used to power EVs can be generated from renewable sources such as solar or wind power, further reducing their environmental impact.Another key advantage of EVs is their energy efficiency. Electric motors are significantly more efficient than internal combustionengines, converting a larger percentage of the energy stored in the battery into forward motion. This translates to better fuel economy and lower fuel costs for EV owners. In fact, the average cost of fueling an EV is significantly lower than the cost of fueling a traditional gas-powered vehicle.EVs also offer a more enjoyable driving experience for many users. They are known for their instant torque and smooth acceleration, providing a more responsive and engaging driving experience. Additionally, EVs are much quieter than traditional vehicles, which can be a significant advantage for those who value a peaceful and relaxing driving experience.However, EVs are not without their disadvantages. One of the primary drawbacks is the limited range of most EVs compared to traditional vehicles. While the range of EVs has been steadily improving, many models still have a range of only around 200-300 miles on a single charge. This can be a significant limitation for those who need to travel long distances or who do not have access to reliable charging infrastructure.Another disadvantage of EVs is the cost. While the upfront cost of an EV is often higher than a comparable traditional vehicle, the long-term operating costs can be lower due to the lower fuel and maintenance costs. However, the high upfront cost can be asignificant barrier for many consumers, especially those on a tight budget.Furthermore, the charging infrastructure for EVs is still relatively limited in many areas, which can be a significant inconvenience for EV owners. While the number of charging stations is growing, there are still many areas where it can be difficult to find a reliable and accessible charging location.Finally, the environmental impact of EVs is not entirely free of concerns. While they do not produce direct emissions, the production of the batteries and other components required for EVs can have a significant environmental impact. Additionally, the electricity used to power EVs may still be generated from non-renewable sources in some regions, which can offset some of the environmental benefits of using an EV.Overall, electric vehicles offer a promising solution to the issue of transportation-related emissions, but they are not without their drawbacks. As the technology continues to improve and the supporting infrastructure expands, it is likely that EVs will become an increasingly attractive option for more and more consumers. However, it is important to carefully consider the advantages and disadvantages of EVs before making a purchase decision.。
电动汽车优缺点英语作文
电动汽车优缺点英语作文Electric cars, also known as electric vehicles (EVs), have gained increasing popularity in recent years. As an environmentally friendly alternative to traditionalgasoline-powered cars, they offer several advantages. However, they also have some drawbacks. In this essay, Iwill discuss the pros and cons of electric cars.英文回答：First and foremost, one of the major advantages of electric cars is their positive impact on the environment. Unlike conventional cars that run on gasoline, electriccars are powered by electricity, which produces zerotailpipe emissions. This means that they do not release harmful pollutants such as carbon dioxide, nitrogen oxide, and particulate matter into the air. As a result, electric cars help to reduce air pollution and combat climate change.Another benefit of electric cars is their cost-effectiveness in the long run. Although the initial purchase price of an electric car may be higher compared to a traditional car, the operating costs are significantly lower. Electricity is generally cheaper than gasoline, and electric cars require less maintenance since they have fewer moving parts and do not need oil changes. Moreover, many countries provide incentives and subsidies forelectric car owners, such as tax credits and reduced registration fees, further reducing the overall cost of owning and operating an electric car.Furthermore, electric cars offer a smooth and quiet driving experience. Electric motors provide instant torque, allowing for quick acceleration and a responsive driving performance. Additionally, the absence of an internal combustion engine eliminates the noise and vibrations associated with traditional cars. This makes electric cars more enjoyable to drive and creates a peaceful environment for both the driver and passengers.However, electric cars also have some disadvantages. One of the main challenges is the limited driving range andthe need for frequent recharging. While the range of electric cars has improved over the years, it is still not comparable to the range of conventional cars fueled by gasoline. This can be a concern for those who frequently travel long distances or live in areas with limited charging infrastructure. Although the charging network is expanding, it is not as widespread as gas stations, making it less convenient for long trips.Another drawback of electric cars is the time it takes to recharge the battery. While it only takes a few minutes to refuel a conventional car, charging an electric car can take several hours, depending on the charging station and the car's battery capacity. This can be inconvenient for people who are always on the go or need to travel long distances without much time for charging breaks.中文回答：首先，电动汽车对环境有着显著的积极影响，这是它们的主要优点之一。
你对电动汽车的看法英语作文
你对电动汽车的看法英语作文英文回答：Electric vehicles (EVs) have emerged as a promising solution to address environmental concerns and reduce dependence on fossil fuels. They offer several advantages over conventional vehicles, including reduced emissions, lower operating costs, and improved driving experience.One of the primary benefits of EVs is their environmental friendliness. They produce zero tailpipe emissions, significantly reducing air pollution and contributing to cleaner air quality. By relying on electricity, EVs help mitigate climate change by reducing greenhouse gas emissions. As the electricity grid transitions to renewable energy sources such as solar and wind power, the environmental impact of EVs will further diminish.From an economic perspective, EVs offer substantialsavings on fuel costs. Electricity is generally cheaperthan gasoline or diesel, and EVs have lower maintenance expenses due to fewer moving parts. Moreover, many governments offer incentives and tax breaks to encourage EV adoption, further reducing their cost of ownership.EVs provide an enhanced driving experience compared to conventional vehicles. They offer instant torque, resulting in smoother acceleration and a more responsive driving feel. Additionally, EVs are often quieter than combustion-engine vehicles, creating a more comfortable cabin environment.However, certain challenges associated with EVs need to be addressed for widespread adoption. Battery technology remains a limiting factor, as current batteries havelimited range and require extended charging times. Infrastructure development is also crucial, as the availability of public charging stations is essential for long-distance travel.Despite these challenges, the future of EVs appears bright. Advancements in battery technology and theexpansion of charging infrastructure will address range and convenience concerns. Governments and industry leaders are investing heavily in EV development and supporting policies to accelerate their adoption. As EVs become more affordable, accessible, and efficient, they are poised to play a significant role in shaping a sustainable future.中文回答：电动汽车（EV）已成为解决环境问题和减少对化石燃料依赖的有前景的解决方案。
电动汽车收到政府重视的原因的英语作文
电动汽车收到政府重视的原因的英语作文Why Electric Cars Are Getting Government AttentionHave you ever wondered why more and more people are talking about electric cars these days? Well, it's because our governments around the world are paying close attention to these special vehicles. They understand that electric cars can help solve some big problems we're facing, and that's why they're encouraging people to drive them.But first, let's understand what an electric car is. Unlike regular cars that run on gasoline or diesel, electric cars are powered by batteries. These batteries store electricity, which is used to power the motor that makes the car move. Pretty cool, right? And the best part is that electric cars don't produce any harmful emissions like regular cars do, which means they're much better for the environment.So, why are governments so interested in electric cars? There are a few key reasons:Reducing Air PollutionOne of the biggest reasons governments are promoting electric cars is to reduce air pollution. You see, when regular cars burn gasoline or diesel, they release harmful gases like carbonmonoxide, nitrogen oxides, and particulate matter into the air. These pollutants can cause many health problems, such as asthma, lung diseases, and even cancer.But electric cars don't have any tailpipe emissions, which means they don't contribute to air pollution. This is especially important in big cities where there are a lot of cars on the road and air quality can be really poor. By encouraging more people to switch to electric cars, governments can help make the air we breathe cleaner and healthier.Fighting Climate ChangeAnother major reason governments are supporting electric cars is to fight climate change. You've probably heard about climate change before – it's the gradual warming of the Earth's temperature due to human activities like burning fossil fuels (like gasoline and coal).Regular cars that run on gasoline or diesel contribute to climate change because they release greenhouse gases, like carbon dioxide, into the atmosphere. These gases trap heat from the sun, causing the Earth's temperature to rise. This can lead to all sorts of problems, like melting glaciers, rising sea levels, more extreme weather events, and disruptions to ecosystems and wildlife habitats.Electric cars, on the other hand, don't directly produce any greenhouse gas emissions when driving. Of course, the electricity used to charge the batteries might come from power plants that burn fossil fuels, but overall, electric cars have a much smaller carbon footprint than regular gas-powered cars.By promoting electric cars, governments are trying to reduce our reliance on fossil fuels and lower greenhouse gas emissions, which can help slow down the pace of climate change.Reducing Dependence on Foreign OilMany countries don't have enough oil reserves of their own and have to import oil from other countries. This can be a problem because it makes them dependent on other nations for their energy needs, and the prices of oil can be unstable.Electric cars don't need any oil or gasoline to run, which means that countries that switch to electric vehicles can become less dependent on foreign oil imports. This can improve their energy security and make their economies less vulnerable to fluctuations in oil prices.Encouraging Technological InnovationGovernments are also supporting electric cars because they want to encourage technological innovation in their countries.The development of electric vehicles requires advances in battery technology, charging infrastructure, and other related fields.By investing in electric car research and development, governments can help create new industries, jobs, and economic opportunities. Companies that are leaders in electric vehicle technology can also become major exporters and generate revenue for their countries.Setting an ExampleFinally, governments are promoting electric cars to set an example for their citizens and the rest of the world. By showing their commitment to sustainability and environmental protection, they can encourage individuals and businesses to make more eco-friendly choices as well.When governments lead by example and create policies that support electric vehicles, it sends a powerful message about the importance of addressing issues like air pollution, climate change, and energy independence.So, as you can see, there are many good reasons why governments around the world are paying close attention to electric cars and trying to encourage their adoption. While thereare still challenges to overcome, like improving battery technology and building more charging stations, electric vehicles represent an exciting and promising solution to some of the biggest environmental and energy challenges we face today.Who knows, maybe one day you'll be driving an electric car yourself and contributing to a cleaner, greener future for our planet!。
电动汽车好处英语作文
电动汽车好处英语作文英文回答：Electric vehicles (EVs) are gaining popularity due to their numerous advantages over traditional gasoline-powered vehicles. Here are some of the key benefits of owning an EV:Environmental friendliness: EVs produce zero tailpipe emissions, which means they do not contribute to air pollution. This is a major advantage, especially in urban areas where air quality can be poor.Lower operating costs: Electricity is generallycheaper than gasoline, so EV owners can save money on fuel costs. Additionally, EVs require less maintenance than gasoline-powered vehicles, as they have fewer moving parts.Quiet operation: EVs are much quieter than gasoline-powered vehicles, which can be a major advantage in residential areas or during long road trips.Government incentives: Many governments offer tax breaks and other incentives to encourage the purchase of EVs. This can further reduce the cost of owning an EV.Technological advancements: EV technology is constantly improving, with new models offering longer ranges, faster charging times, and more features. This makes EVs more convenient and practical for everyday use.Reduced dependence on foreign oil: EVs can help reduce our dependence on foreign oil, as they do not require gasoline. This can improve our national security and reduce our environmental impact.Sustainability: EVs are more sustainable thangasoline-powered vehicles, as they do not produce greenhouse gases or other pollutants. This makes them a more environmentally friendly option for transportation.中文回答：电动汽车的好处：电动汽车（简称电动汽车）因其相对于传统燃油汽车的诸多优势而越来越受欢迎。
英语作文电动车和油车
英语作文电动车和油车英文回答：Electric vehicles (EVs) and gasoline-powered vehicles (ICEVs) each have their own advantages and drawbacks. Whenit comes to deciding which type of vehicle is right for you, it is important to consider your specific needs and preferences.Advantages of EVs:Lower operating costs: EVs are much cheaper to operate than ICEVs, as electricity is typically cheaper than gasoline.Zero emissions: EVs do not produce any tailpipe emissions, which makes them better for the environment.Quieter: EVs are much quieter than ICEVs, which can make for a more pleasant driving experience.Government incentives: Many governments offer incentives for the purchase of EVs, which can make them even more affordable.Disadvantages of EVs:Limited driving range: EVs have a limited driving range on a single charge, which can make them impractical for long trips.Long charging times: It can take several hours to charge an EV, which can be inconvenient.Fewer charging stations: There are not as many charging stations available as there are gasoline stations, which can make it difficult to find a place to charge your EV when you need to.Advantages of ICEVs:Longer driving range: ICEVs have a much longer drivingrange than EVs, which makes them more practical for long trips.Fast refueling: It takes only a few minutes to refuel an ICEV, which is much faster than charging an EV.Widely available: There are many gasoline stations available, which makes it easy to find a place to refuel your ICEV.More affordable: ICEVs are typically more affordable than EVs, especially when you consider the cost of charging an EV.Disadvantages of ICEVs:Higher operating costs: ICEVs are more expensive to operate than EVs, as gasoline is more expensive than electricity.Emissions: ICEVs produce tailpipe emissions, which can contribute to air pollution and climate change.Noisier: ICEVs are much noisier than EVs, which can make for a less pleasant driving experience.Ultimately, the best type of vehicle for you depends on your specific needs and preferences. If you are looking for a vehicle that is affordable to operate, environmentally friendly, and quiet, then an EV may be a good option for you. However, if you need a vehicle with a long driving range, fast refueling times, and wide availability, then an ICEV may be a better choice.中文回答：电动汽车 (EV) 和汽油动力汽车 (ICEV) 的比较。
电车,对比传统油车 英语作文
电车,对比传统油车英语作文英文回答：Electric vehicles (EVs) have emerged as a promising alternative to traditional gasoline-powered vehicles due to their numerous advantages. In comparison to conventional cars, EVs offer several key benefits that have made them increasingly popular in recent years.Environmental Sustainability: One of the primary advantages of EVs is their environmental friendliness. Unlike internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicles that emit harmful pollutants from their exhaust pipes, EVs produce zero tailpipe emissions while driving. This makes them a cleaner and more sustainable transportation option, contributing significantly to reducing air pollution and protecting the environment.Lower Operating Costs: EVs have significantly lower operating costs compared to traditional gasoline-poweredvehicles. The cost of electricity for charging an EV is typically much lower than the cost of gasoline. Moreover, EVs require less maintenance and servicing than ICE vehicles because they have fewer moving parts. This can result in considerable long-term savings for EV owners.Enhanced Driving Experience: EVs often provide a more enjoyable and refined driving experience. They offerinstant torque and smooth acceleration, making them responsive and agile to handle. Additionally, EVs tend to be quieter than gasoline-powered vehicles, providing a more relaxing and peaceful driving environment.Technological Advancements: EVs are constantly evolving and advancing in terms of technology. Battery capacities are increasing, allowing for longer driving ranges, and charging infrastructure is expanding, making it more convenient for EV owners. Advancements in battery technology also enhance performance and reduce charging times, making EVs more practical for everyday use.Government Incentives: Many governments worldwideprovide incentives to encourage the adoption of EVs. These incentives can include tax breaks, rebates, and subsidies, which make the switch to an EV more financially feasiblefor consumers.Challenges and Considerations:While EVs offer numerous advantages, they also have some challenges to overcome.Limited Driving Range: The driving range of EVs can be a concern for some consumers, especially those who frequently travel long distances. However, advancements in battery technology are continuously improving driving ranges, and charging infrastructure is expanding to address this issue.Charging Time: Charging an EV takes longer than refueling a gasoline-powered vehicle. However, home charging can be convenient and can be done overnight when electricity rates are often lower. Additionally, rapid charging stations are becoming more prevalent, enablingfaster charging times on the go.Battery Longevity: EV batteries have a limited lifespan and eventually need to be replaced. The cost of battery replacement can be significant, but advancements in battery technology and decreasing production costs are reducing replacement costs over time.Infrastructure Development: The availability ofcharging infrastructure is crucial for the widespread adoption of EVs. While charging infrastructure is expanding, it still needs to be further developed to ensure convenient and accessible charging options for EV owners.中文回答：电动汽车与传统燃油汽车的对比。
2024年四级英语作文预测 新能源汽车
New Energy Vehicles: The Future ofSustainable TransportationIn the rapidly advancing technological landscape, the automotive industry is undergoing a revolution. At the forefront of this revolution are new energy vehicles (NEVs), which are poised to transform the transportation sector, reduce environmental pollution, and promote sustainable development.The rise of NEVs is primarily driven by their environmental benefits. Unlike traditional fossil fuel-powered vehicles, NEVs rely on renewable energy sourcessuch as electricity, solar power, and hydrogen fuel cells. This shift towards clean energy significantly reduces greenhouse gas emissions, air pollution, and noise pollution, making them a more environmentally friendly option.Another significant advantage of NEVs is their cost-effectivenesss. With the decreasing cost of batteries and other key components, NEVs are becoming increasingly affordable. In addition, the long-term savings from reducedfuel costs and maintenance expenses make them a financially viable choice for consumers.The technology behind NEVs is also constantly evolving. Innovations in battery technology, charging infrastructure, and autonomous driving are making NEVs safer, more convenient, and more efficient. For instance, advancements in battery technology are enabling NEVs to have longer driving ranges and shorter charging times.Moreover, governments and private sector organizations are providing incentives to encourage the adoption of NEVs. These incentives range from tax credits, subsidies, and grants to the development of charging infrastructure and green energy projects.However, the transition to NEVs is not without challenges. One of the main obstacles is the limited availability of charging infrastructure. To address this issue, governments and private sector organizations need to invest in the development of a comprehensive charging network. Additionally, educating the public about the benefits of NEVs and providing training for mechanics and dealers on NEV technology is crucial.In conclusion, new energy vehicles are poised to revolutionize the transportation sector. Their environmental benefits, cost-effectivenesss, technological advancements, and government incentives make them a viable and attractive option for consumers. While challenges such as limited charging infrastructure remain, these can be addressed through collaborative efforts by governments, private sector organizations, and the public. As we move towards a more sustainable future, NEVs will play a crucial role in reducing environmental pollution and promoting sustainable development.**新能源汽车：可持续交通的未来**在科技飞速发展的今天，汽车行业正经历着一场革命。
鼓励开新能源汽车英语作文结尾
Driving into the Future: The Encouragementof Electric VehiclesAs the world continues to grapple with the challenges of climate change and environmental degradation, it's become increasingly apparent that sustainabletransportation solutions are crucial to our collective future. Electric vehicles (EVs) have emerged as a promising alternative to traditional fossil fuel-powered cars, offering a cleaner, quieter, and more cost-effective mode of transportation. Encouraging the adoption of EVs is not only essential for mitigating the effects of climate change but also for fostering innovation and economic growth.The environmental benefits of EVs are well-documented. By replacing internal combustion engines with electric motors, EVs eliminate tailpipe emissions, significantly reducing air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions. This reduction in emissions has the potential to improve air quality in cities and contribute to global efforts to combat climate change. Furthermore, the increased use of renewable energy sources to power EVs can further reducetheir environmental impact, making them a truly sustainable transportation option.Beyond their environmental benefits, EVs also offer economic advantages. As battery technology improves and production costs decline, EVs are becoming more affordable for consumers. Additionally, the lower maintenance costs and fuel efficiency of EVs can save owners money in the long run. Governments and private sector entities are also investing in infrastructure to support the growth of the EV industry, creating jobs and stimulating economic activity. To encourage the widespread adoption of EVs, it's crucial to address the range anxiety and charging infrastructure challenges that consumers often face. Public and private sector investments in charging stations, as well as the development of faster charging technologies, are key to addressing these concerns. Government policies that provide incentives for the purchase of EVs, such as tax credits or reduced registration fees, can also help to make EVs more accessible to a wider range of consumers.Moreover, education and awareness-raising campaigns are essential for informing the public about the benefits ofEVs and dispelling myths about their range, charging infrastructure, and cost. Collaborations between governments, the private sector, and non-profit organizations can help to raise awareness and build public support for EVs.In conclusion, the encouragement of electric vehicles is not only a crucial step towards achieving sustainable transportation but also an opportunity for innovation and economic growth. By addressing the challenges of range anxiety and charging infrastructure, providing incentives for consumer adoption, and raising public awareness, we can drive into a cleaner, quieter, and more prosperous future. **驶向未来：鼓励使用新能源汽车**随着世界继续应对气候变化和环境恶化的挑战，越来越明显的是，可持续的交通解决方案对我们共同的未来至关重要。
11. 高考英语应用文写作模板讲义-主题：新能源汽车
高考英语备考指南真题风向标精选模拟优题：新能源汽车写邮件，向他介绍新能源汽车的使用情况以及政府相关的鼓励政策。
内容包括：1.介绍新能源汽车的使用情况；2.介绍政府对新能源汽车用户的鼓励政策；3.表达希望他下次来中国时能够体验新能源汽车的意愿。
_____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ ____________________________高级词组搭配：1. Renewable energy vehicles (新能源汽车)2. Green transportation alternatives (绿色交通选择)3. Sustainable mobility solutions (可持续的移动解决方案)4. Prominent adoption rates (突出的采用率)5. Government incentives and subsidies (政府激励和补贴)6. Environmental conservation initiatives (环境保护倡议)7. Advanced battery technologies (先进的电池技术)8. Emission reduction strategies (减排策略)9. Integrated charging infrastructure (一体化充电基础设施)10. Carbon footprint mitigation measures (碳足迹减缓措施)11. Regulatory frameworks supporting electric vehicles (支持电动汽车的法规框架)12. Zero-emission vehicle mandates (零排放车辆法规)13. Energy-efficient transportation policies (能源高效交通政策)14. Incentivizing clean energy adoption (鼓励清洁能源采用)15. Technological innovation in automotive sector (汽车行业的技术创新)16. Public awareness campaigns on sustainable transportation (可持续交通的公众意识宣传活动)17. Investment in alternative fuel infrastructure (替代燃料基础设施投资)18. Transition to electric mobility (电动出行转型)19. Carbon-neutral transport initiatives (碳中和运输倡议)20. Sustainable urban mobility planning (可持续城市移动规划)模板套句开头：1. In light of recent developments in sustainable transportation, I am writing to shed light on the burgeoning adoption of new energy vehicles in our city. (鉴于可持续交通的最新发展，我写信来介绍我们城市日益增长的新能源汽车采用情况。
电动汽车补贴政策的解读英文
A New Subsidy Electric Car PolicyChina Central GovernmentOn 13th September 2013, China Central Government issued a new subsidy policy [1] urging people to drive clean energy vehicles. It will be expected that the policy will have a significant impact on the automobile industry.1.Motivation and New Policy OutlineAs China has become the largest oil importer [2] and the biggest car market, national energy security concern and reducing the air pollution are the main drivers of the policy. Depending upon the capability of travel distance on single charge China Central Government will support $10,000 for an electric car on top and around $6,000 for a plug-in hybrid car in general. Bus and coach sector will get a strong stimulus of $90,000 on top.The policy doesn’t say only Chinese carmakers will be entitled for the finance support, joint ventures, such as Toyota and GM in China will benefit as well. In addition, Shenzhen will have an addition of $10,000 subsidy for an electric car. In other words, a buyer in Shenzhen can have $20,000 discount.2.Current Electric Car SituationThere was a similar but less insensitive package two years ago as China has been pushing for expanded use of electric vehicles, but like in the U.S., sales of electric vehicles in China have been disappointing so far [3] [4]. There are a number of reasons:●Premature market:the travel distance of an electric vehicle is short compared to agasoline vehicle; recharging the battery can only be done at owner’s home becausemost of gas stations refused to install additional charge station for the electric vehiclesas it will require a longer recharging time.●Safety reason: during the car crash the battery of an electric car could have more riskyof causing fire than the one of a gasoline car because of short circuit. I n May 2012 aBYD e6 electric taxi caught fire after an accident in Shenzhen that killed threepassengers and raised alarm over the safety of electric vehicles containing large lithiumion battery packs. Although the investigation did not spot the flaw design of thebatteries, it was a warning message to the public [5]. More recently, Tesla’s electriccars have brought into the spotlight as a battery fire in a Tesla Model S on 7th Oct 2013[6].●Other factors: longer time and inconvenience of battery recharging process are also thereason. As most of families don’t have the garages in China, setup chargingequipments in street parking slot will annoy the people.3.Does the new policy work this time?A positive result by using the electric cars was reported from Chengpeng Taxis in Shenzhen City.The company has purchased 800 BYDe6 by the end of 2012. The local government provided both finance support for both electric cars and also heavily invested in charging stations around the city. It has been reported that Chengpeng Taxi has net profit 5m Yuan in the first quarter of 2013. Encouraged by this news Shenzhen government will deploy further 2000 electric cars in 2015 and replace the existing 15,000 taxis within 3 years [7].Plus quiet trip by taking an electric taxi, a customer will also have 3 yuan cheaper per trip than by taking a gasoline taxi. The side effect is that the taxi drivers complain recharging the batter at least 3 times per day and a longer recharging time, even the loss can be balanced by operational cost saving [8].From a high level industry strategy point of view, the newcomer-an electric car targets the niche market and challenges the incumbent-gasoline car. It is very likely that this niche market will dynamically change to the mainstream market in future if the newcomer has comparable advantages, such as competitive price, energy efficiency, longer travelling distance etc. Based on simple strategy analysis, a comparison of some key factors was given in the table below:With the strong government insensitive, such as $20,000, it gives an electric car a significant advantage over the gasoline car. As a newcomer, the technology has been growing rapidly, it has been seen that the new model of BYD can travel up 400km on single charge [9]. In addition, it is the first time that China Central Government has ordered its organizations and public sectors in major cities to have at least 30% electric or hybrid cars within two years period, a strong push to the consumers, related service network and industry. As a well organized society in China, this will be the most important factor in market prediction.In conclusion, this new policy will have a significant impact on the market within two years time, the reasons are strong financial subsidies, new technology improvement and central government order.Reference[1] C. C. Government, “/zwgk/2013-09/17/content_2490108.htm,” [Online].[2] J. Blas, “/cms/s/0/d33b5104-84a1-11e2-aaf1-00144feabdc0.html#axzz2i8neMgrl,”[Online].[3] W. Institute, “/2013/06/125492/,” [Online].[4] A. Young,“/electric-car-charging-station-made-chinese-electric-carmaker-byd-partially-melts -freaking-out,” [Online].[5] AutoWeb, “China Autoweb (2012-05-28). "Initial details on fiery crash involving BYD e6 that killed 3". GreenCar Congress. Retrieved 2012-08-13,” [Online].[6] REUTERS, “/article/2013/10/04/us-autos-tesla-fire-idUSBRE9920SX20131004,”[Online].[7] F. News, “/news/1355,20130910321880875.html,”[8] S. News, “/html/2013-10/16/content_2651049.htm,” [Online].[9] M. Kane, “/meet-t5-the-byd-electric-truck-with-400-km-of-range/,” [Online].[10] Y. E. Paper, “/a/20130109/000113.htm,”AppendicesKey Points of English Translation of China New Subsidy Policy: Family Car:Unit in 10,000yuan。
2016经济学人-电动车减税
电动车减税Tax incentives税收鼓励Sparks fly火花飞舞Georgia's breaks for electric vehicles may be too good to last乔治亚州对电动车减税的做法，犹如昙花一现，怕长久不了OLIVIA PEDERSEN thought the Nissan Leaf parked outside her favourite lunch spot near Emory University, must be hers. But she could not open the door. Nor could she open the door of the identical Leaf behind it. Cautiously, she tried the third Leaf in line and happily drove away. More than 14,000 electric vehicles are now registered in Georgia; California is the only state with more. But the juicy state incentives for buying them are coming under attack.埃默里大学附近停着一辆日产聆风，巧的是正好停在奥利薇亚·裴德森(OLIVIA PEDERSEN)最爱的午餐厅门口，她觉得这辆车属于自己。
然而，她既开不了车门，也无法打开后面一辆聆风同款车的车门。
接着，她小心翼翼地试了第三辆聆风，然后满心欢喜地开走了。
如今，在乔治亚州，超过14000辆电动车已注册登记;加州成为全美注册电动车数量最多的州。
但是，对电动车购买的福利政策即将遇冷。
Residents can claim an income-tax credit for 20% of the cost of leasing or purchasing an electric vehicle, up to $5,000. Combined with a possible federal tax incentive worth $7,500,savvy Georgians are driving all the way to the bank in nearly-free electric cars. Nissan sells more of its Leaf models in Atlanta than in any other city, according to Don Francis from Clean Cities-Georgia, which promotes the use of cars like these.民众表示收入税中有20%用于租赁或购买电动车，高达5000美元。
外文文献及翻译--奥地利电动车市场政策分析
原文Johannes Schmidt,Analysis of Alternative Policy Instruments to Promote Electric Vehicles in Austria［J］, Renewable Energy January 2013.Seediscussions,stats,andauthorprofilesforthispublicationat:https:///publication/250000251 AnalysisofAlternativePolicyInstrumentstoPromoteElectricVehiclesinAustriaArticle in RenewableEnergy·January2013DOI:10.1016/j.renene.2012.08.012CITATIONS READS24 553authors,including:JohannesSchmidtUniversityofNaturalResourcesandLife Sci…39PUBLICATIONS325CITATIONSSEEPROFILEAllin-textreferences underlinedinblue arelinkedtopublicationsonResearchGate, lettingyouaccessandreadthemimmediately. Availablefrom:JohannesSchmidt Retrievedon:10September2016Analysis ofalternativepolicyinstrumentstopromote electricvehiclesinAustria1 ,* 1 1ViktoriaGass, Johannes Schmidt, Erwin Schmid1 Department ofEconomicsandSocialSciences,University ofNatural Resourcesand LifeSciences,Feistmantelstrasse 4,A-1180Vienna, Austria* Correspondingauthor,Tel:+43 147654 3594, Fax:+431476543692,E-mail:v.gass@students.boku.ac.atAbstract:ThelargeamountofCOemissionsand of fossilfuelconsumption bythetransportation sectormakes2 thesectorcentralforattainingtheEUenergyandclimatepolicytargets.Consequently,newpropulsionsystems aredevelopedintheautomotiveindustry,whichcurrentlyhavecostdisadvantagescomparedtoconventional internal combustionengines(ICE).The articleprovidesareviewonsupportmeasuresforelectricvehicleswhich havebeencurrentlyimplementedwithintheEuropeanUnion.InacasestudyanalysisforAustria,weanalyzedifferentpolicyinstrumentsincludingaCOtaxaimingtosupporttheintroductionofelectricvehiclesin2Austria.Wehavecalculatedandcomparedtotalcostsofownership(TCO),whichincludesallcostsassociated withtheownershipof anautomobileincluding costsof purchasing,operatingandmaintaining,chargesandtaxes aswellascostsofrecyclinganddisposal.Asurveyonmainspecificationsofelectricvehicleshasbeen conductedamongthemainautomobilemanufacturersandimportersinAustria.Basedonthissurvey,TCOhave beencalculateddynamicallyfrom2011to2020forabusinessasusual(BAU)scenarioconsideringcurrently implementedtaxes andsubsidiesforICEandelectricvehiclesystems.Threealternativepolicysupportmeasures havebeenassessedtopromoteEVtoICEuntil2015.Weconcludethatanup-frontpricesupportseemstobe favorableover taxationsystems. Thepaper focuses onlyoftheeffectivenessofthethreepolicysupportmeasures but doesnot analyzetheirefficiency.Keywords:Electric vehicles, Totalcost ofownership(TCO),Fiscal policy instruments, Break-even1 .IntroductionCurrently,98%ofthetransportationsectorintheEUdependsonfossilfuels.Thesectoris responsibleforapprox.21%ofthegreenhousegas(GHG)emissions,withmorethanhalfof theemissionsproducedbypassengercars[1].TheEUDirective(2009/33/EC)onthe promotionofcleanandenergyefficientroadtransportvehicleshasbeenreleasedtofostera broadmarketpenetrationofenvironmentally-friendlyvehiclesinordertodecarbonizethe transportation sectorandto reduce oil dependency.Severalnewpropulsionsystemsasplug-inhybrids,rangeextendersaswellaselectric vehicleshaveemergedandenteredthemarketorarereadytoenterthemarketinthenearfuture[2].However,inordertoachieveashiftinthetransportationsectorthecost disadvantagesofthenewlyemergedpropulsionsystemshavetobeovercome.Economic viabilityandasuccessfulintroductionofalternativepropulsionsystemswillmainlydepend oneconomicaspectssuchasrelativecosts.Thegapbetweenthetotalcostofownership(TCO)ofalternativetransportationsystemsandICEshouldbetemporarilyclosedby appropriatepolicyinterventions topromoteenvironmentally-friendlyvehicles.Currentresearchregardingtheeconomicviabilityofelectricvehicles(EV)focusedmainlyon lifecyclecostanalysis[3,4,5].Thieletal.[3]comparedthewell-to-wheelCOemissions, 2costsandCOabatementcostsofpassengerlightdutyvehiclesincludinggasolinevehicles, 2dieselvehicles, diesel hybrid vehicles, plug-in hybrid and batteryelectricvehicles [3]. Astatic comparisonhasbeenconductedfortheyears2010,2020and2030underanewenergy policy scenarioforEurope.Theyconcludethatelectricvehiclescanclearlycontributetoa decarbonizationofthe transportationsystemif renewableelectricityisused. Accordingto[3],currentcostdisadvantagesofelectricvehiclescanbeovercomebyadequatepolicysupportinstruments toattain payback periods ofless thanfiveyears.Ogdenetal.[4]conductedananalysisofthesocietallifecyclecostoftransportationincludingthepurchaseprice,fuelcosts,externalitycostsofsecuringoilsupplyanddamagecostsforemissions ofairpollutants and greenhousegaseswhich arecalculated overthefullfuelcycle.Thomas[5]developedadynamiccomputersimulationmodelthatcomparesthesocietalbenefitsofreplacingconventionalgasolinecarswithvehiclesthatarepartiallyelectrified,includinghybridelectricvehicles.Heconcludesthatelectricvehiclesincombinationwithhybrids,plug-inhybridsandbiofuelswillbenecessarytoachievean80%reductioningreenhousegasemissionsbelow1990levelsbysimultaneouslycuttingdependenceonimportedoilandeliminatingnearlyallcontrollableurbanairpollutionfromthelightdutyvehiclefleet.However,toincreasemarketshares,marketbarriershavetobeovercome.Therefore,theconsumerperspectiveandthuseffectiveandefficientpolicyinstrumentsshouldbethefocusoffurtherresearch.Taxationsystemsregardingvehiclesvarystronglybetweencountries.Theaimofthearticleistoanalyzedifferentpolicyinstrumentsbycomparingtotalcostofownership(TCO)ofEVandICEinAustria.TCOarecalculateddynamicallyfrom2011to2 020forabusinessasusual(BAU)scenarioconsideringcurrentlyimplementedtaxesandsubsidiesforICEandEVinAustria.Incontrasttolifecyclecostanalysisofalternativepropulsionsystems,ouranalysisfocusesmainlyonthetotalcostofownershipandplacestheconsumerperspectiveinthecenteroftheanalysis.TheconsumerperspectiveisplacedinthecenterofouranalysisasonlyearlyadoptersarewillingtoacceptthecurrentcostdifferentialbetweenICEandEV.Assuchinstrumentsnecessarytoclosethegapareconsideredtobenecessaryinordertoachieveamass market introduction.Thearticleisstructuredasfollows.Section2providesanoverviewofthesupportschemescurrentlylaunchedintheEU-15.Section3presentsthemethodologyanddata.AnanalysisondifferentpolicysupportinstrumentstoequalizetheTCOofEVandICEinAustriaisshowninSection 4 and section 5 presents majorconclusions fromouranalysis.2 .Implementedsupportschemes forEVin theEU-15ManyEUmemberstateshaveintroducednationaltargetsfortheEVdrivingstock,theexpansionofcharginginfrastructure,orproductiontargetsofelectricvehicles[6].MostEUmemberstatesovercomethecostdisadvantageofalternativevehiclesbyintroducingpolicyinstrumentssuchasanup-frontpricesupportinordertoincreasetheaffordabilityofelectricvehiclesbyreducingthemarginalcapitalcost,whichisconsideredasoneofthekeybarriersforconsumers[7].WithintheEU-15,passengercarshavemainlybeenthetargetofataxreformthattakesintoaccounttheCOemissionsofvehicles.Policyinstrumentsthatare 2currentlyimplementedinordertostimulatetheup-takeofalternativepropulsionsystemsconsistof[7]:- Registration or purchasetaxesRegistrationorpurchasetaxesareanup-frontcostandcanhaveastrongimpactonCOemissionsandthemarket,ifcostsaredifferentiatedwithregardtothespecific 2COemissionsofthevehicles.InFrance,abonus/malussystemhasbeenintroduced 2wherebyvehiclesabovecertainCOemissionthresholdshavetopayamalusand 2vehiclesunderthethresholdreceiveabonus.Suchasystemmay increasethepoliticalacceptabilityaswellasofconsumers,becauseitcanbedesignedinarevenueneutralmanner [7].--Circulation or motor taxesCirculationormotortaxeshaveaccordingto[7]alimitedeffectonthepurchasedecisionastheyareannualormonthlycharges.Althoughtheyareconsideredtobepoliticallyacceptable,theirimpacttopromoteEVisratherlowasthecostrangeofsuch measures is limited.FueltaxesFuelchargeshavelimitedshort-termeffects,becausetheydonotchangethepurchasingdecisionofconsumersinthelongerterm[8].Furthermore,theyareconsidered tobepoliticallyprohibitive. Policyinstrumentstostimulatetheup-takeofalternativepropulsionsystemsaresubsidies, taxationofbenefitsinkindandtreatmentofdepreciation(relevantforcompanycars)andin useandparkingcharges[8].Table1providesanoverviewofthecurrentlyimplemented supportmeasures[7-10].Table1:PolicyinstrumentstosupportingEV intheEU-15Country Economicinstrumentsforthe supportofEVAustria Exemption fromfuelconsumption taxExemption frommonthlyvehicletaxBelgium Purchasersofelectriccarsreceiveapersonalincometaxreduction of30%ofthepurchaseprice (with amaximumofEUR 9,000)FinlandItalyExemption offueltaxAtaxincentiveofEUR800and atwo yearexemptionfromannualcirculation taxisgrantedforthepurchaseofanewpassenger.DenmarkGermanySpainExemption fromregistration taxand annualcirculationtax. FurtherEVqualifyforfreeparkingEVexemptfromtheannual roadtaxforaperiodof fiveyearsfromthe dateofthefirstregistrationVariousregionalgovernmentsgranttax incentivesforthe purchaseofalternativefuelvehiclesincludingEV– approx. EUR 6,000France Bonus-MalusSystem;NewCars withCO2emissionsbelow 125g/kmreceivea premium.EVreceivecurrentlyEUR 5,000Greece EVexemptfromregistration tax.Ifenginecapacitybelow1929 cc,exemptionfromroadtax. FurtherEVareeven allowed todrive inAthenswhenpartsofthecityarerestricted toICEtoreducetrafficcongestion.EVexemptfromregistration tax–approx. EUR 2,500.approx. EUR 6,400reductionfromthe registration taxExemption fromregistration taxIrelandTheNetherlandsPortugalSweden Exemption fromannualroad taxforaperiodof5 yearsupon firstregistration UnitedKingdomExemption fromannualroad taxIreland Exemption fromregistration taxLuxemburg Annualcirculationtaxesbased on COemissions23 .Data and MethodologyTotalcostofownership(TCO)includesallcostsarisingwiththeownershipofanautomobile includingcosts ofpurchasing, operatingand maintaining,charges and taxes aswellascosts of recyclinganddisposaloveraspecifiedtimeframeunderconsiderationofopportunitycosts. TCOis defined asfollowing:= −+∑(1+)−+(1+)−, (1)where I representsthepurchaseprice,c maintenanceandoperating costs,r thediscountfactorand R theresaleprice.Maintenanceandoperatingcostsincludeinfrastructurecharges, insurance,fuelconsumptiontax(NoVA)andthemonthlyenginerelatedvehicletax (motorbezogeneVersicherungssteuer). TCOhavebeencalculatedforlimitedvehicleoptionsbasedonasurveyconductedwiththe mainautomobilemanufacturersandimportersinAustria.Thesurveyincludesdataon technicalspecificationsandcosts.TheEVsincludedintheanalysisareeitheralready availableforsaleorwillbeinthenearfuture.Thesurveyhasbeenconductedwiththe automotiveofficesofNissan,Peugot,Renault,MitsubishiandThinkCityinAustria.TheICE havebeenchosenofsimilarsizeandtechnicalspecifications,whicharethemostoftensold carsinthevehicleclass[11].TechnologyandperformanceassumptionsforICEhavebeen derivedfromtherespectiveautomobilemanufacturers[12,13].Table2providesanoverview ofthemainspecificationsaswellasthemainresultingperformanceandcostfiguresofEV andICEforwhichtheTCOhavebeencalculateddynamicallyovertheperiod2011until2 020.Table2:Technical,performanceandcostassumptionsofanalyzedvehiclesVWGolfVWGolfNissan LeafPeugeotMitsubishiRabbitRabbitiOni-MievTechnologyICEenginedisplacement(l)Turbocharger(yes/no)PTpower (kW)1.6 1.2 ------yes yes77 77 - - - Electricmotorpower (kW)Batterycapacity(kWh)Energysource----802447164916Diesel Gasoline ElectricityElectricity Electricity PerformanceWeight (kg) 1,31411.31904.11,31410.61905.21,545 1,120 1080- Acceleration 0-100km/h(in s)Topspeed (km/h)-140--130-130- Fuelconsumption(l/100km)Electricityconsumption - 0 15 15 15 ( k Wh/100km)TailpipeCOemissions(g/km)2107 121 - - - CostsVehicleincl.VAT and NoVA 20,3504%22,1204%39,6000%36,0000%35,9000% ( E UR)NoVA (fuelconsumptiontaxinofpurchaseprice)%Batterycost(EUR/kWh) ----60014,40032%6009,60032%2.56009,60032%2.5 Batterycost(EUR)Lossinvaluep.a. 17%4.616%4.1Maintenancecost (EUR/100km) 2.5TheTCOhavebeencalculatedoveraperiodoffiveyearsassumingthat15,000kmare traveledannually.Accordingtothesurvey,automobilemanufacturersexpectthatthebattery ofEVneedstobereplacedafterapprox.75,000km.Weassumethatvehiclesaresoldafterfiveyears,becausenoestimatesonbatteryreplacementcostsarecurrentlyavailable.Both assumptionsrefertoresultsof[13]andhavebeenconfirmedbythesurvey.Thepercentage lossinvaluep.a.aswellasmaintenancecostsareguesstimatesofmanufacturersreceivedin thesurvey.AveragefiguresareappliedtoallEV,becausetheguesstimatesfromthe respectivemanufacturersdifferslightlyandempiricalvaluesarenotavailableyet.Wealso assumethatthepurchasepriceofICEwillnotchangeovertime,becausefurtherefficiency gainsinICEarecostly[2].Furthermore,learningeffectsfromincreasedproductionvolumes decreasethepurchaseprice.Thelearningeffectshavebeendepictedfromananalysis conductedby[15]andareconsistentwith[3,14,16].Currently,batterycostsamountto approx.600EUR/kWhandshalldecreasetoapprox.300EUR/kWhby 2015iftheprojected productionvolumesarereached.Projectedproductionsvolumesarereflectedintheassumed learningrateandhavenotbeenseparatelybeencalculated.Assuchpricereductionsresulting fromanincreaseinproduction volume are alreadyreflected inthecalculation oftheTCO. ThecurrentgasolinepriceinAustriaamountsto1.3EUR/landfordieselto1.1EUR/l includingtaxesandcharges.Thegasolineanddieselpricesareassumedtobeconsistentwith theprojectedoilpricesintheAnnualEnergyOutlook.TheelectricitypriceforAustrian householdsamountscurrentlyto0.15EUR/kWhincludingtaxesandcharges.Theaverage increaseintheelectricityprice(EEXPhelixbaseload)from2000untilnowhasbeenapprox.2 .8%p.a. Similarpricedevelopments areassumedto2020.4 .ResultsThethreepolicyscenariosconsistofanup-frontpricesupport,aCO-taxaswellasafuel2 consumptiontaxforICE,respectively.ThelevelofincentivetomakeEVcompetitivefrom2 011 onwards is shown foreach policyinstrument.InaBAU-scenario,theEVbecomescost-competitivewithICEintheyear2015.TCOofICE areincreasing over timemainlyduetorisingfuelcosts.Thedecrease inTCO ofEVismainly attributedtotheprojecteddecreasesinbatterycosts.TheTCOtimelineforEVandICEisshown in Fig.1.4433225'0000'0005'0000'0005'0000'000GolfRabbitGasolineGolfRabbitDieselNissan LeafPeugeotiOni-MievFig. 1: TCO– BAU-scenario TheBAUscenarioimpliesthatTCOofICEandEVwillconvergein2015.However,itonly mayconvergenceiftheprojectedvolumesareproducedtorealizethenecessaryeconomiesof scales. Consequently, subsidies maybenecessarytorealizetheprojected production volumes. AsshowninSection2,manycountrieshavecurrentlyimplementedorareconsideringto implementanup-frontpricesupport(uallyintheformofanexemptionofthe registrationtax)foralternativepropulsionsystems.Anup-frontpricesupportisconsideredas aneffectivepolicyinstrument,becauseconsumersputmuchlargeremphasisonthepurchasepriceofavehiclethanontheresultingmaintenanceandoperatingcosts[8].However,byintroducing anup-frontpricesupportforEV,thequestionarisesofhowmuchpricesupportis necessarytoincentivizesufficientuptakeofEV.Inouranalysis,wehavecalculatedalternativelevelsofupfrontpricesupporttooffsetthegap betweenICEandEVTCO(table3).Itisassumedthatcoveringtheentirepricedifferential wouldrequirelargeamountsofsubsidiesdespiteremainingtechnicallimitationssuchas limitedrangethatmayleadtohighercosts[8].However,aregressivepricesupportsystem wouldminimizewindfallprofits.Nevertheless,theinterviewedrepresentativesofautomotive manufacturersclearlystatedthatfinalpurchasepricesaresetunderconsiderationof governmentalsupportandthatEVwillbeavailableforsaleonlyincountrieswith governmentalsupportmeasuresatalevelthatisconsideredsufficientfromtheperspectiveof carmanufacturers.Thelevelofpricesupportshouldbeadjustedannuallytoaccountfor learningeffects.Highpoliticalandpublicacceptabilityisattributedtoanup-frontprice, however somemoral hazard problemwill remain[7].Table3:Levelsofup-frontpricesupportuntil2015inEuro2 011 2012 2013 20143'0002015up-frontpricesupport10'000 8'000 5'500Inasecondscenario,wehaveanalyzedthelevelofaCOtaxforthetransportationsectorin2ordertopromoteEV.ACO-taxisgenerallyconsideredtobeaneffectivepolicyinstrument2fromanenvironmentalpointofview,becauseitcontributestoloweringCOemissions. 2 Furthermore,itisacost-effectivepolicyinstrumentasitgeneratesrevenuesforthe governmentthatcanbeusedtosubsidizecleanertechnologies[18].Besidesreducinggreenhousegasemissions,aCO-taxhasthecapacitytoreduceotherexternalcostsofICE2suchaschangingdrivinghabits,reducingtrafficcongestionsandotheremissionse.g.fine dust [18].ACOtaxcanbeleviedbydirectlytaxinggasolineanddieselcorrespondingtothecarbon 2contentoftherespectivefuel.ThisimpliesthataCOtaxwouldresultinanincreaseinthe2respectivefuelprice.ThelevelofCOpricenecessarytosufficientlypromoteEVisshownin2Table4 and Table5 shows theresulting gasolineand dieselprices.Inouranalysis,theimplementationofaCOtaxbecomeseffective,iftheCOpriceis2 2 approx.2’000EUR/t.Currently,theCOpriceontheEUEmissionAllowancesspotmarket2tradesat15EUR/t.IncreasingtheCOtaxtoupto2’000EUR/tisseenaspolitically2infeasible.Therefore,theintroductionofaCOtaxassolepolicyinstrumenttoreducethe2pricedifferentialand toachieveacertain marketpenetration ofEV is notconsidered viable.Table4:Requiredlevelsof COtaxuntil2015in EUR/t22 0112012201320142015COtax22'5002'3002'2501'000 0Table5:Resultinggasolineand dieselprices until20152 0112012201320142015GolfRabbit GasolineCOemission g/km2121121*********Fuelconsumption l/ km0.0520.0520.0520.0520.052COemission g/l 2'3272'3272'3272'3272'3270.2500.2300.2250.1000.050581.7535.2523.6232.7116.32COtaxct/g2ct/lGolfRabbit DieselCOemission g/km2107 107 107 107 107Fuelconsumption l/ km0.0410.0410.0410.0410.041COemissiong/l 2'6102'6102'6102'6102'6100.2500.2300.2250.1000.050652.4600.2587.2261.0130.52COtaxct/g2ct/lThenecessarylevelsofthefuelconsumptiontax(NoVA)havebeenanalyzedasthirdpolicy option.CurrentlytheNoVAamountsto4%ofthepurchasepriceforthecasesunder consideration.AsshowninTable6,theNoVAwouldneedtobeincreasedbyupto45%inordertosufficiently supportEVsfrom2011onwards.Similarlytothe CO-tax,anincreasein2 theNoVAassolepolicy instrumentisconsideredtobepolitically infeasibleanditmay cause adverseeffects on thetotal automotivemarket.Table6:RequiredlevelofNoVA in %2 0112012201320142015454035300NoVA5 .Concluding RemarksSeveralTCOhavebeencalculatedforEVandICE.TheBAU-scenarioshowsthatEVshall becompetitivewithICEintheyear2015ifnoadditionalpolicyactionsaretaken.However, significantlearningeffectsareassumedtodecreasecostsofelectriccars.Suchlearning effectscanbemainlytriggeredifpolicymakerssufficientlysupportresearchand developmentofnewenvironmentallyfriendlyvehicletechnologies.Theanalysisshowsthat bothCO2andNoVAtaxes,whichincreasethecostsofICE,havetobeprohibitivetomake electriccarscompetitive.Introducingsuchlevelsoftaxesseemsnotpoliticallyfeasible besidesotheradverseeffectsonthevehiclemarket.Therefore,up-frontpricesupportsystems (e.g.directfinancialsupport,exemptionfromregistrationtax,bonus/malussystem,etc.)seem tobefavorableoverthetaxationsystems.Theseresultsareconfirmedbyliterature.Even thoughcostdisadvantagescanbeovercomebypolicysupportinstruments,technical limitationsofEVsuchaslimitedrangeandrelatively longchargingtimesremain.Inaddition toclosingtheTCOgapbetweenEVandICEandtoovercomingtechnicallimitations,policy makersshallfocuson providinginfrastructures foralarge-scaletake-up ofEV. References[ 1]EUInsight,Drivingtowardamoresustainablefuture,Issue No. 29, 2009.[[[[[2]S.Schmid,P.Mock,H.Friedrich,WelcheAntriebstechnologienprägendieMobilitätin5 Jahren, ZeitschriftfürEnergieMarkt Wettbewerb, 4, 2010, pp.6-11.23]C.Thiel,A.Perujo,A.Mercier,CostandCOaspectsoffuturevehicleoptionsinEurope2under newenergypolicyscenarios, EnergyPolicy,2010, pp. 7142-7151.4]J.Ogden,R.Williams,rson,Societallifecyclecostsofcarswithalternative fuels/engines, EnergyPolicy, 2004, pp. 7-27.5]C.E.Thomas,Fuelcellandbatteryelectricvehiclescompared,InternationalJournalof Hydrogen Energy, 2009,pp. 6005-6020.6]F.Kley,M.Wietschel,D.Dallinger,EvaluationofEuropeanelectricvehiclesupport schemes,WorkingPaperSustainabilityandInnovationNo.S7/2010,FrauenhoferISI,2 010.[[[[7]AEAEnergy &Environment,HybridElectricandBatteryElectricVehicles:Measuresto StimulateUptake, Version 2, 2008.8]AEA,MarketOutlookto2022forBatteryElectricandPlug-inHybridElectricCars, Issue1, 2009.9]EuropeanAutomobile Manufacturers’Association(ACEA),OverviewofTaxIncentives for ElectricVehicles intheEU, 2010.10]JointResearchCenter,Well-To-Wheelsanalysisoffutureautomotivefuelsand powertrains intheEuropean context, Version 3, 2008.[[[11]OEAMTC,ZukünftigeElektrofahrzeuge, 2010.12]VW,Der Golf– Preise,Austattungen, TechnischeDaten, November2010.13]K.Handa,H.Yoshida,DevelopmentofNextGenerationVehicle…i-MiEV―,Mitsubishi Motors TechnicalReview, No.19, 2007.[ 14]TheBoston ConsultingGroup, TheComebackoftheElectricCar?How Real, HowSoon, and What Must HappenNext, 2009.[[15]PricewaterhouseCoopers,ElektromobilitätinÖsterreich, internal paper, 2010.16]McKinsey,Roadstowardlow-carbonenergyfuture:ReducingCO2emissionsfrom passanger vehicles intheglobalroad transportation system, 2009.[[17]ElementEnergy,Strategiesfortheuptakeofelectricvehiclesandassociated infrastructure implications,2009.18]H.Hammer,S.Jagers,WhatisafairCOtaxincrease?Onfairemission2reductions inthe transportsector, EcologicalEconomics,2007, pp.377-387.奥地利促进本国电动交通工具发展的不同政策工具分析研究摘要：二氧化碳的大量排放和交通行业的化石燃料的消耗使部门中心获得欧盟能源和气候政策目标。
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A New Subsidy Electric Car PolicyChina Central GovernmentOn 13th September 2013, China Central Government issued a new subsidy policy [1] urging people to drive clean energy vehicles. It will be expected that the policy will have a significant impact on the automobile industry.1.Motivation and New Policy OutlineAs China has become the largest oil importer [2] and the biggest car market, national energy security concern and reducing the air pollution are the main drivers of the policy. Depending upon the capability of travel distance on single charge China Central Government will support $10,000 for an electric car on top and around $6,000 for a plug-in hybrid car in general. Bus and coach sector will get a strong stimulus of $90,000 on top.The policy doesn’t say only Chinese carmakers will be entitled for the finance support, joint ventures, such as Toyota and GM in China will benefit as well. In addition, Shenzhen will have an addition of $10,000 subsidy for an electric car. In other words, a buyer in Shenzhen can have $20,000 discount.2.Current Electric Car SituationThere was a similar but less insensitive package two years ago as China has been pushing for expanded use of electric vehicles, but like in the U.S., sales of electric vehicles in China have been disappointing so far [3] [4]. There are a number of reasons:●Premature market:the travel distance of an electric vehicle is short compared to agasoline vehicle; recharging the battery can only be done at owner’s home becausemost of gas stations refused to install additional charge station for the electric vehiclesas it will require a longer recharging time.●Safety reason: during the car crash the battery of an electric car could have more riskyof causing fire than the one of a gasoline car because of short circuit. I n May 2012 aBYD e6 electric taxi caught fire after an accident in Shenzhen that killed threepassengers and raised alarm over the safety of electric vehicles containing large lithiumion battery packs. Although the investigation did not spot the flaw design of thebatteries, it was a warning message to the public [5]. More recently, Tesla’s electriccars have brought into the spotlight as a battery fire in a Tesla Model S on 7th Oct 2013[6].●Other factors: longer time and inconvenience of battery recharging process are also thereason. As most of families don’t have the garages in China, setup chargingequipments in street parking slot will annoy the people.3.Does the new policy work this time?A positive result by using the electric cars was reported from Chengpeng Taxis in Shenzhen City.The company has purchased 800 BYDe6 by the end of 2012. The local government provided both finance support for both electric cars and also heavily invested in charging stations around the city. It has been reported that Chengpeng Taxi has net profit 5m Yuan in the first quarter of 2013. Encouraged by this news Shenzhen government will deploy further 2000 electric cars in 2015 and replace the existing 15,000 taxis within 3 years [7].Plus quiet trip by taking an electric taxi, a customer will also have 3 yuan cheaper per trip than by taking a gasoline taxi. The side effect is that the taxi drivers complain recharging the batter at least 3 times per day and a longer recharging time, even the loss can be balanced by operational cost saving [8].From a high level industry strategy point of view, the newcomer-an electric car targets the niche market and challenges the incumbent-gasoline car. It is very likely that this niche market will dynamically change to the mainstream market in future if the newcomer has comparable advantages, such as competitive price, energy efficiency, longer travelling distance etc. Based on simple strategy analysis, a comparison of some key factors was given in the table below:With the strong government insensitive, such as $20,000, it gives an electric car a significant advantage over the gasoline car. As a newcomer, the technology has been growing rapidly, it has been seen that the new model of BYD can travel up 400km on single charge [9]. In addition, it is the first time that China Central Government has ordered its organizations and public sectors in major cities to have at least 30% electric or hybrid cars within two years period, a strong push to the consumers, related service network and industry. As a well organized society in China, this will be the most important factor in market prediction.In conclusion, this new policy will have a significant impact on the market within two years time, the reasons are strong financial subsidies, new technology improvement and central government order.Reference[1] C. C. Government, “/zwgk/2013-09/17/content_2490108.htm,” [Online].[2] J. Blas, “/cms/s/0/d33b5104-84a1-11e2-aaf1-00144feabdc0.html#axzz2i8neMgrl,”[Online].[3] W. Institute, “/2013/06/125492/,” [Online].[4] A. Young,“/electric-car-charging-station-made-chinese-electric-carmaker-byd-partially-melts -freaking-out,” [Online].[5] AutoWeb, “China Autoweb (2012-05-28). "Initial details on fiery crash involving BYD e6 that killed 3". GreenCar Congress. Retrieved 2012-08-13,” [Online].[6] REUTERS, “/article/2013/10/04/us-autos-tesla-fire-idUSBRE9920SX20131004,”[Online].[7] F. News, “/news/1355,20130910321880875.html,”[8] S. News, “/html/2013-10/16/content_2651049.htm,” [Online].[9] M. Kane, “/meet-t5-the-byd-electric-truck-with-400-km-of-range/,” [Online].[10] Y. E. Paper, “/a/20130109/000113.htm,”AppendicesKey Points of English Translation of China New Subsidy Policy: Family Car:Unit in 10,000yuan。