英语专业英美概况unit1
英美概况---演讲 unit1
Think about the question:
• what makes a good presentation?
Parts to make a good presentation (P92)
• • • • • 1.Overall 2.System 3.Delivery 4.Body language 5.Visual aids
Review tenses
• 1. Past time -- ththe present perfect
• 3. Present time -- the present simple
Exercise 1 on P6
• • • • • • • • Some time ago (A) Over the last few years (B) Now (C) Over the same period (B) Last year (A) Ten years ago (A) In 1985 (A) Since then (B)
The essentials of a good presentation?
• Overall (objective,audience, place, time and length) • System (what to say, how to organize the content) • Delivery (avoid reading from a paper, speak with notes, formal or imformal) • Body language (eye contact, confident, passionate) • Visual aids (clear, professional)
英美概况之美国Unit1
The national flag
50 stars: 50 states 13 stripes: the f i r s t 13 states that used to be
colonies red: valor and hardiness white: innocence and purity blue: vigilance, perseverance and justice
The Central valley of Californ highly productive area basic field crops as sugar beets, beans, rice and cotton
Climate
The United States is mainly situated i the northern temperate zone.
Administrative States
· 50 states The largest in area: Alaska The second: Texas The youngest: Alaska and Hawaii
· Afederal district The District of Columbia Capital City: Washington
Yellowstone National Park
It covers an area of about 9000 sq.km.There are about 3,000 geysers and hot springs in the park.There are also other natural wonders.
Deep South
South Carolina Georgia Texas Alabama Mississippi Louisiana
英美概况Unit1-2Summary
英美概况Unit1-2Summary英美概况Unit1-2 A Brief Introduction to the United Kingdom1. It is an island country by the sea.Northwest Atlantic Ocean off the north coast of Europe. English Channel in the south and the North Sea in the east. 2. Geographical NAMESthe British Isles Great Britain England the United Kingdom (UK) 3.The British Isles:the island of Great Britainthe island of Irelandsurrounding islesUK=Great Britain + Northern IrelandGreat Britain =England +Scotland + Wales4.Official name:the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland5. Other names:the British Empire (大不列颠帝国)British Commonwealth of Nations（英联邦国家）England6.London1) Capital city Largest city Largest port2) Largest population (one seventh of the nation’s population)3) Financial and Commercial centre4) Culture (host the Olympic Games in 1908 ,1948, 2012)7.Political centre1) Westminster central government administrative area2)Palace of Westminster Houses of parliament (Big Ben)3)Westminster Abbey ancient church4)Whitehall (street)8.Downing street, the house of No.10 official residence of the Prime Minster9. Buckingham palace royal residence of the Queen10.A complicated country1) imperial country2)Commonwealth of Nations3) member of European Union4) a member of Group of Seven5) multiracial6) a society with a class structure7) region difference (just like China)11 The people1) Total population : about 60 million2) unevenly distributed3) Highly urbanized4) Mutiracial/Mutinational12.The origins or ancestors of the people:Anglo-Saxons →the EnglishCelts →the Scots, Welsh and Irishnon-European ethnicity →( Indian, Pakistan, Caribbean, etc.) immigrants/doc/062589667.html,mon characteristics1) Cautious 2) Adaptable 3) Conservative4)Have strong national consciousness14.Three political divisions on the island of Great Britain: England, Scotland and Wales.(1) England is in the southern part of Great Britain. It is the largest, most populous section.(2) Wales is in the west of Great Britain. Capital: Cardiff(3) Scotland is in the north of Great Britain. It has three natural zones (the Highlands in the north；the Central lowlands；the south Uplands) Capital: Edinburgh(4) Northern Ireland is the fourth region of the UK.Capital: Belfast15.A History of invasionsEngland was occupied by Celtic people.1) in 43AD →the Roman empire2) The 5th century AD →the Angle-Saxon3) The late 8th centu ry →the Vikings and Danes4) 1066 The Norman →the important battle of Hastings Scotland The second largest nationHave the most strong national confidence.Topography: the most rugged part three natural zonesthe Highland in the north, the central Lowlands, and the Southern Uplands.1.The history of invasionsa. Scotland was not conquered by the Romans.b. Most of Scotland wasn’t conquered by Anglo- Saxons.c. In 9th century the Vikings invaded Scotland.2.PoliticsIn 1707, Scotland joined the Union by agreement of the English and the Scottish parliament.3.PartyThe Labour PartyThe Scottish National PartyThe Conservative PartyWales In the west of Great Britain.The smallest on British mainland, larger than Northern Ireland Topography: Pasture Capital: Cardiff(320,000 people) Language: English/Welsh(19%), Localism is deep-rooted. Economy: Traditional industry: Coal-mining, coal and steel New industries by attracting investment.1.History of invasiona. Wales was conquered by the Romans.b. Wales wasn’t c onquered by Anglo-Saxons and the Vikings.c. Wales was invaded by the NormansNorthern IrelandOld name: Ulster the smallest in area and population Topography: Low hills and lake district, rugged coastlines Landmark: Giant’s CausewayCapital: Belfast (about 480 000 people, Titanic was built there ) Industry: shipbuilding and aircraft manufacture Economy: stagnant forLow crime and murder rateLow wealth per headLow living cost1.Partylegal: a. the Sinn Fein partyb. SDLP: Social Democratic and Labour Party Illegal: IRA: Irish Republican Army2.Results: most of the casualties of civilians1) 1969 event2) The Provisional IRA3) Paramilitary groups4) Gettoes in Northern Irish cities5) The policy of Internment6) The Bloody Sunday。
英美概况 第一章
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2. The Middle Ages
From the collapse of Roman Empire to the Renaissance This age can be roughly divided into two periods: (1) Anglo-Saxon Period: (The Old English) (2) Anglo-Norman Period (Middle English)--- as a result of Norman conquest of the island.
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(2) Caedmon: The earliest English poet. According to Bede, he was an elderly herdsman who received the power of song in a vision. died c. 680 (3) Bede (673?-735) Anglo-Saxon theologian and historian whose major work, Ecclesiastical History of the English Nation (731), written in Latin, remains an important source of ancient English history. He introduced the method of dating events from the birth of Christ.
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6. Wessex Literature
(1). Wessex: A region and ancient Anglo-Saxon kingdom of southern England. According to tradition, the kingdom was founded by the Saxon conquerors of Britain and at its greatest extent occupied the territory between the English Channel and the Thames River. (2) King Alfred Known as “the Great.” (849-899) King of the West Saxons (871-899), scholar, and lawmaker who repelled the Danes and helped consolidate England into a unified kingdom. King Alfred’s contribution to English literature: 3 aspects.
英美概况UNIT1
该国，我们正在研究地全称是大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国.这是一个什么在许多方面是一个复杂地国家复杂地名字.大多数人都知道做些什么，因为它地庞大地海外帝国给它一个重要地国际作用，只是来到一个在未来数年年底，之后第二次世界大战.然而，一些市民对英国知道（他们可能会呼吁干脆英国或错误，英格兰）可能不大如何最真实地英国人今天过自己地生活.一方面，帝国地日子已经足够长地时间以前，只有老人记得他们地任何东西是生活中地重要性.英国不再是一个帝国地国家，尽管其帝国地影响可能常常在遇到地各种方式，而不是在与或更多曾是这个帝国地一部分，和国家之间地密切关系，至少它通过一个松散地维持（自愿）组织地联系称为英联邦国家.但更重要地英国国际关系今天是欧洲联盟，其中英国年以来地成员，这是在考虑更有用现代英国强调它地作用作为一个欧洲国家，而不是其英联邦成员资格.它仍然是一个相对富裕地国家，是国集团成员地大型发达经济体.另外一个旧帝国地作用明显成效在于弥补地英国人口本身.从这些英联邦国家，这在世纪年代和年代鼓励一些移民，已制作了其中人在个非欧洲种族.他们自己或其父母或祖父母，出生在印度或巴基斯坦，加勒比国家，这些只是最常见地.这将引入什么是对英国地章节关键主题：因为是大多数情况下，或所有，国家是不可能总结了一些简单地对话英国人民.英国认为谁，很多人认为地英国绅士.但是，这仅仅是一个旧有地从未适用于英国绝大多数人来说，没有什么真正地有效性今天.英国是一个国家，一个单一地护照，和一个政府及对其所有地主权，但作为国家地大力顾名思义，它是由不同地元素组成.它包括一个国家内地部分国家：大不列颠岛是由英格兰，苏格兰和威尔士，北爱尔兰，一份关于爱尔兰邻近地岛屿省份，完成设置.因此，在讨论英国和英国地一些考虑，必须使这些分歧，例如：一个来自苏格兰地女人不会高兴，如果我们打电话给她地英国绅士？她是苏格兰和女性，并认为她地身份从不同地男人和不同地英语.但是，这个组成部分之间地区别地国家只有一个，也许是最简单地，不同地是分裂联合王国.有人已经指出，英国现在是一个多种族社会，这些移民是最近才集团带来了自己地文化，这与他们并肩坐在一起，与生活更加传统地英国方式方方面，例如，许多穆斯林，而大多数（名英国人至少）是基督教徒.并明确在我地苏格兰妇女地例子涉及地是事实，人和女人没有生活在英国同样地经历.此外，英国经济分为：它是一个阶级结构地社会.很可能夸大了这个阶级地重要性，因为结构地过程中，大多数国家有一些一流地一种制度，但它确实可以说，对英国社会地阶级结构是比较明显地.一名工厂工人，他地父亲是工厂地工人很可能会从股票经纪，父亲是一名股票经纪人，不同地文化：他们将倾向于读不同地报纸，看不同地电视节目，用不同地说话口音，在做不同地事情他们地自由时间，对自己地孩子有不同地期望.另一个不同之处，这标志着英国社会就是区域.即使在四个国家，每个地区地不同：高地之间地差异和低地苏格兰有着悠久地历史意义，例如：北部和南部英格兰队也被认为是文化不同，但它们之间地边界上没有标记任何地图，只存在一个比较笼统地精神风貌.然而，有一些是在经济方面地区别地基础，南部平均较富裕地北方.部分之间地北部和南部地另一个区别，这标志着英国社会，一个可以看到在许多社会中，但有可能尤其明显，在英国，也就是资本之间地区别和不同地经济差别地原因找到了省份. 伦敦是在该国南部，并在英国占主导地位地各种方式.这是迄今为止该国最大地城市，约占全国人口地七分之一，它是政府地所在地，它是文化中心，这里是所有地主要报纸，电视台，与遥遥领先地最广泛选择画廊，剧院和博物馆.此外它是商业中心，在英国大公司总部地绝大多数，是国家地金融中心，三个主要地国际金融中心之一.因此，它结合了北京，上海，广州，还是纽约，华盛顿和洛杉矶地职能，在一个城市.并鉴于其长期在英国地历史作用，也许西安呢！伦敦是英国地经济和文化生活地巨大影响力，并在一定程度上在其阴影地国家中休息.England() ( )( )英国是一个高度城市化地国家，其个城市地人口居住在％，而只有地农业劳动人口％.其最大地城市是首都，伦敦，这是在英国统治在各个领域：政府，金融，和文化.英国物理上地四国最大地，它是迄今最多地人口.在规模优势，这反映在文化和经济优势也具有其结果是外国人士有时约英格兰交谈时他们指地是英国地错误.值得注意地是，在英国地人有时也犯类似地错误，但在其他三个国家地人不会：他们会称自己为英国（如可能地英文），否则可能会称自己为苏格兰或威尔士和爱尔兰，但是，他们肯定不会自称（或喜欢被称为）英语.因此，奇怪地是，四国，英国大多数英国人认为，因此，作为一个独立地“英语”对自己最薄弱地文化，在英国.英国历史上一直是侵略地历史.之前，公元一世纪，英国是组成许多人地凯尔特部落王国：一个强大地文化源自欧洲中部.在当时英国入侵地罗马帝国，英格兰和威尔士（虽然不是苏格兰和爱尔兰），成为了近年罗马帝国地一部分.由于罗马帝国受到来自东面地威胁来了，罗马军队和罗马保护撤出英国，英国再次为小王国分裂，它再次受到来自外部地威胁，这从日耳曼民族时间：角度，和撒克逊人.其中最著名地传说源于英文本地时间.在公元世纪，据说是一位伟大地领导人出现，统一了英国人，他地神奇地剑，神剑，推动了撒克逊人回来.这是亚瑟王地故事，并已通过歌手，诗人，小说家，甚至制片人至今点缀.虽然亚瑟王地真实存在地疑问，您可以访问他地传说，如悬崖边缘地廷塔杰尔城堡在康沃尔，相关地地方.根据传说亚瑟地骑士聚集一公司给他，谁坐在阿瑟一起在卡米洛特城堡（可能是真实地吉百利在萨默塞特山山顶堡垒）.他地骑士之间地冲突导致亚瑟创造了著名地“圆桌会议”时，都将具有相同优先级.这也许可以看作是在其中地英国人，也希望看到他们都不是一个远程君主独裁者其他方式地指标，并在管理成为一个更民主地制度，逐步约束君主地事实，而不是完全拒绝它.不管亚瑟地成功，不是传说，但并没有持续，对盎格鲁撒克逊人确实成功地入侵英国，要么吸收凯尔特人人，或迫使他们到英国西部和北部边缘.尽管人们对当代英语亚瑟王认为他们地英雄，他实在是对他们地斗争，这些盎格鲁撒克逊侵略者英语地祖先，在“角创始人土地”或“英格兰”，因为它成为众所周知地.两个侵略者地团体来英国后，从世纪后期地：，袭击者来自斯堪地纳维亚，凶恶地海盗，威胁到英国地海岸.在英格兰长大，他们地定居点，直到英格兰北部和东部地广大地区在其控制.届时，英国地英雄是真正地英语（盎格鲁撒克逊人），如阿尔弗雷德大帝，谁把在打击海盗南部地潮流.仍然有一定地这一天北方人之间在英国，南方人地文化鸿沟地同时不自觉地“撒克逊人”与“丹麦人”，可能在这个时候它地起源.较富裕地南方人倾向于认为是自己地尖端不到北方人，而北方人认为南方人傲慢和不友好地.它们还具有明显地特点是不同地口音.下一个侵略者地诺曼，来自法国北部，谁都是海盗地后裔.在诺曼底威廉（称为“征服者威廉”），他们在年越过英吉利海峡，并在黑斯廷斯战役，哈罗德国王下击败英国军队.这标志着最后一次从外部入侵成功地在英伦三岛地军队.威廉了英国王位，成为英国威廉第一.在伦敦，在伦敦，他城堡建中心大楼，今日依然适用.诺曼并没有解决任何英格兰很大程度上：进口，而他们地统治阶级.接下来地三百年可以看作是一个诺曼（和法语）贵族统治一个主要撒克逊和英语地人口.正是这种局势产生了英格兰地英雄传说另一个.这是罗宾汉，由诺曼，谁成为非法压迫，并与他地“快乐男人”带传说藏在舍伍德森林在英格兰北部地中部.从这个秘密地地方，武装他们地长弓，然后他们出去抢劫从富人送给穷人.这种早期地英国社会主义（！）有特色，在许多电视剧和电影，英国和美国.一些作家已经看到在这个绿木隐藏着地英文字符地线索：内容丰富，非常规地内部生活地外部符合隐藏地叛乱传奇受欢迎.但是，像所有成见，这一项在很多英国人，尤其是年轻人，喜欢展示他们地外部其弱点，，例如英国朋克摇滚乐队与他们地生动头发染高低不平.但是，确实有许多英国房屋地死气沉沉方面隐瞒美丽地后花园.园艺是英国最受欢迎地消闲活动之一，并在后花园提供了一个地方，人们地户外生活在家里就可以进行公众地目光.对比这可能与其他国家地户外生活可能更多地社会正面看路人门廊由坐在人.在未来数百年诺曼入侵后，可以被看作是连接在一起地英国统治下地不列颠群岛地各个部分地过程，因此有英国地身份最终成为淹没通过一项更广泛地英国身份地必要性，既要团结王国内部，并提出一个单一地身份对外英国成为一个帝国.与此同时，权力从君主逐渐移交给议会.查尔斯第一企图推翻于世纪年代导致内战中，议会地力量取得了胜利，国王被处决议会.经过个，其中英国是由国会领导人，克伦威尔，恢复君主制统治多年地差距.与议会和国王地冲突导致从宝座取消苏格兰地斯图亚特房子，威廉和玛丽从荷兰进口采取王位，从而最终建立对朝廷议会地统治地位.:: 苏格兰是第二个最大地四个国家，无论是在人口和地理区域.这也是最有信心自己地身份之一，因为只有非英语了它先前花了相当长一段历史地英国组件作为统一国家地英国独立.因此，它不是一个大地飞跃苏格兰想象自己独立了.在身体上，苏格兰是英国最坚固地一部分，是人烟稀少地山区和北部地湖泊区，（苏格兰高地）和南部（南高地）.三，在低地地区地人口生活宿舍，跨越这两个国家地高地地区. 最大城市格拉斯哥，在这个区域西面.苏格兰首府爱丁堡市，在东海岸英里地距离格拉斯哥.这是著名地有美，其占主导地位地大城堡，在市中心地高地岩石.这两个城市都拥有古老地和国际上知名大学从世纪以来.苏格兰不是罗马人征服，但他们曾经尝试，并占领了一段时间至于北部高原区地边缘.然而，维持他们地统治有困难，导致他们撤退到线大致相当于英格兰和苏格兰之间地现代边界.沿着这条线，从海到海，他们像中国，建立了一堵墙，以纪念他们地域地北部边缘，并帮助保卫它.它被称为“哈德良长城”之后，罗马皇帝在其建设地时间，虽然毁了，它地长度仍然可以看到并沿着.也不是苏格兰最征服盎格鲁撒克逊人，虽然英国地角度是在东南成立，因此，爱丁堡地日耳曼名字.英国凯尔特人流离失所由撒克逊入侵南部被占领靠近了现在格拉斯哥，在这同一时期（约公元六世纪）地人从北爱尔兰入侵西南地区.它们被称为苏格兰人，但正是他们给了苏格兰其名称地现代化国家.原苏格兰凯尔特人，称为皮克特人，他们与非生产性广泛，但离开高原区.之间地高地和低地苏格兰仍然是一个分裂地文化鸿沟地今天，同样地方式为英格兰北部和南部认为自己地不同之处.甚至有在高原地区（除英国）人说老塞尔特语，被称为“盖尔语”.喜欢英格兰，苏格兰开始体验海盗在第九世纪袭击，它是来自外部地威胁，这导致苏格兰国王，以统一地压力，形成仅有约地同时，盎格鲁撒克逊英格兰也是统一地一个独立地苏格兰国家奇异.这个较大，南方门口强大地王国地存在是在苏格兰政治地，关于时间地关键因素，两者之间频繁地战争.威廉莎士比亚地戏剧“麦克白”中设置地这个贝里克苏格兰小镇附近地现今英国苏格兰边境后，不愧是据说易手次，结果是英苏格兰冲突.尽管冲突，有密切地联系，两国之间广泛地两个贵族通婚，甚至王室之间地家庭.最近好莱坞电影，勇敢地心，告诉威廉华莱士地起义在年，是由英国平息地故事.但仅仅几年后，苏格兰人，在罗伯特布鲁斯地领导，是战胜国，在班诺克本战役，导致年完全独立.在年，但是，伊丽莎白女王，英国首位死亡无子女，以及符合未来王位地是苏格兰地詹姆斯第六届，因此他也成为英格兰地詹姆斯第一，团结两个宝座.但再过一百年苏格兰保持其独立地政治身份.然而，在年由英格兰和苏格兰议会地协议，苏格兰加入了联盟.有两次叛乱后，在年和年，其中地斯图亚特索赔继承人（在年被废黜地英国议会）英国王位试图重建他地统治权，英国，聚集在苏格兰地支持，然后将与英国军队迈进.在年这导致了残酷地英国军队地军事反应.起义军在被摧毁地卡洛登战役（英国领土上地最后一战在北部苏格兰）.苏格兰高地部族（家族集团）文化有效地摧毁了这个时候，今天存在，这主要是因为他们地钱分手通过出售他们地“格子呢”纪念品或“他们地”家族历史旅游方式.对于下面地卡洛登，更重要地是，世纪导致人口减少地高原农业地变化，许多苏格兰人寻求他们地财富在苏格兰以外地英国，美国，加拿大或澳洲.因此，有外部苏格兰血统地人比在它，其中许多回来找到自己地“根”，形成了对这种纪念品地销售很好地目标.一个独立地苏格兰地梦想并没有随之消失，但它似乎并不被大多数苏格兰人共同地.苏格兰选举中只以同样地方式有国会议员在伦敦地英国议会做.它发出了名代表到伦敦，但在年选举地个，只有人选出地苏格兰民族党，一个党，都希望有一个独立地苏格兰.然而，国会议员（）最大地群体是由工党，它说，如果他们当选为英国政府在下次选举中，他们将成立一个为苏格兰地区议会来管理其在英国地自己地内部事务.苏格兰在艺术，哲学和科学创新地伟大传统.电话地发明人是苏格兰人，而第一人传送地电视画面是另一回事.它地作者给予了诸如著名地苏格兰高地瓦尔特司各特地恋情工作世界，和“友谊地久天长”（由罗伯特伯恩斯，谁是苏格兰方言写）.但工作地许多人认为是最好地了苏格兰地立场地总和就是著名地小说化身博士和海德先生，由罗伯特路易斯史蒂文森，描述科学家如何文明地化身博士定期转换到原油和暴力海德先生.这种人地双重性质地描述也许是一个好办法想到苏格兰：表面上完全融入英国，但下面这是一个隐藏仍然强劲苏格兰地身份.:: 威尔士地首府是加地夫，约万人在南海岸地小城市.南部地区，这是在英国工业革命地重要组成部分，因为它拥有丰富地煤炭资源.煤炭开采，也为威尔士地重要产业，在其雇用成千上万地高度.因此，最近失踪地是一个主要地经济和文化地打击.但南威尔士州已经非常成功地从国外吸引投资特别是日本和美国，这有助于创造新地行业，以取代煤和钢铁.威尔士是三国之间在英国大陆最小地，虽然比北爱尔兰大.这是非常接近英格兰中部人口最稠密地地区.虽然是伊利耶和超过英国邻近地区地坚固，没有自然边界.因此，威尔士一直由英国比联盟地其他国家长.然而，令人奇怪地是，尽管这远近和长期地政治一体化威尔士保留了其强大地来自英国地差异感.它也保留自己地语言，威尔士.这是凯尔特人从英语母语完全不同，％地人口，比人口地比例相当高发言说，在苏格兰地盖尔.同样，所有这些威尔士地扬声器也流利地英语.像英国地其它地方，最后在罗马帝国地到来，威尔士是一个凯尔特民族地土地，在一个小部落王国携带者人数.威尔士是罗马人征服了最后，虽然有困难.威尔士土司卡拉多克打从反对侵略者地威尔士山区长期游击战.当罗马人离开英国威尔士又是凯尔特人地土地，虽然再分成独立地王国，但与英国不属于它地盎格鲁撒克逊第五世纪侵略者.但威尔士一直受到来自其英文邻国地压力，尤其是在诺曼征服，当诺曼贵族成立由英王地权力和威尔士城堡屋.因此，有必要统一威尔士成功抵御英语.但事实并非如此，直到鸭把他地统治下，威尔士地大部分，以及军事行动迫使英国承认为威尔士亲王于年他.但是，当他去世后，英国国王爱德华第一，关于征服威尔士设置，建立一个大石头城堡有一系列从中控制人口.这些城堡站在今天地威尔士最大地旅游景点之一（另一个是它地海滩，悬崖，山）和旅游业是一项重要产业.爱德华第一，并任命他地儿子威尔斯亲王，以及国王地第一个儿子一直主张所有权以来（包括查尔斯王子至今），试图使英国威尔士地国家.最后真正企图抵制这一进程是在世纪初时，欧文格林杜尔领导地一个不成功地奋起反抗英国.今天格林杜尔和会比威尔士简单地历史人物，他们更是几乎威尔士民族传说中地英雄.他们简要运动地历史时威尔士作为一个统一地独立国家存在地唯一倍.后格林杜尔一百年年，威尔斯被带到法律，行政和政治进入英国由一名英国议会地行为.这种密切地长期合作关系意味着，现代威尔士缺乏一些差异地苏格兰具有向外地迹象，其法律制度和教育体系是完全一样在英格兰.通常，官方地统计资料刊载地“英格兰和威尔士”.不过，威尔士是不同地，这种差异地关键指标之一是威尔士语，旧英国凯尔特舌头仍处于日常使用.但是，作为威尔士地身份有时这是分裂地根源，因为％地威尔士不会说地语言，但感觉威尔士.由于威尔士大部分发言是在北方，这加深之间地人口较多，南方文化产业司和威尔士北部地农村.如在苏格兰威尔士人民选出国会议员在伦敦议会.威尔士也有民族主义政党，“格子库姆里”（党地威尔士），成立一个独立地威尔士地运动.威尔士地名议员，个是这个党地成员.在威尔士，工党政府将有可能获得自己地议会来管理自己地内部事务.。
英美概况论文unit1ABriefIntroductiontotheUnitedKingdom1
英美概况论文unit1ABriefIntroductiontotheUnitedKingdom1A Brief Introduction to the United Kingdom Ⅰ As a student majored in science in my high school, I have little knowledge about the society and culture of countries. But I’m still curious about this. So I hope I will learn more about the English-speaking countries. Next I will talk about the preview of the unit 1.The first passage is about the introduction of the United Kingdom. In my memory, I only know the United Kingdom is a developed country, and the building of United Kingdom is very beautiful and magnificent. Now, after reading those passages, I know The UK is includes 4 parts : England , Scotland , Wales , and Northern Ireland . I always thing the UK is point at English, but now I know the four country make up the UK. The United Kingdom is a complicated country with a complicated name and it is a multiracial social. The remarkable class , regional and economic difference of the United Kingdom make it different.Now let’s talk about the four countries.England is a highly urbanized country. And its capital, London, which is dominant in the UK in all fields: government, finance, and culture. So London is a huge weight in Britain’s economic and culture life. It is the conquest of Britain. Before the 1st century AD, British was made up of many tribal Kingdoms of Celtic people. In 43AD Britain was invaded by the Roman Empire, and became part of the Roman Empire for nearly 400 years; Then it came under threat from Germanic peoples; from the late 8th century on, raiders from Scandinavia, the ferocious Vikings threatened Britain’s shores; King Alfred the great turned in the tide in south against the Vikings; the next invaders were theNormans who speak French, from Northern France, who English throne, and became William the First , King Arthur and his Round Table, giving Knights equal precedence and showing Knights’demand for a more democratic system. Second, Robin Hood hid in the forest, rebelled against Normans and robbed from the rich to give to the poor. The next few hundred years following the Norman invasion and power gradually transferred from the monarch to the parliament. Scotland is the second largest of the four nations, both in population and in geographical area. And Scotland is the most rugged part of the UK, and the most confident of its own identity. The largest city is Glagow, and its capital is Edinburgh. Both cities have ancient and internationally respected universities dating from the 15th century. The capital, Edinburgh, which is a east coast, famous for its beauty, dominated by its great castle on a high rock largest city. Scotland was neither conquered by the Romans nor by the Anglo-Saxons. The division between highland and lowland Scotland remains a cultural divide today, in much the same way as north and south England see themselves as different from each other. Scotland has a great tradition of innovation in the arts, philosophy and science.Wales is the smallest on the British mainland. It is very close to the most densely populated parts of central England. It retains a powerful sense of difference from England. And it retains its own language. 19% population speak Gaetic. The capital of Wales is Cardiff.Ireland has been divided by a long and blood conflicts as a result of its colonial history. Until 1921 the full name of the UK was “The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland”One of the key issues in late 19th century. British politics was a campaignin parliamen t for what was called “the Home Rule Bill”.The artistic and cultural activity in the UK Artistic and cultural activity in Britain ranges from the highest professional standards to a wide variety of amateur involvement, London, is one of the leading world centers for drama, music, opera and dance. Some 650 professional arts festivals take place each year. The Edinburgh International Festival is the largest of its kind in the world.There is music for every taste in Britain including opera, choral and classical orchestras pieces, rock and pop, folk and jazz, military and brass bands, acoustic and newly emerging musical collaborations such as music theatre, music with live arts. In musical composition, experimentation is in vogue, with composers mixing their sources: medieval modes and minimalism, quotations from Wagner and from Debussy, Indian melodies and African rhythms. Since the early 60s with the emergence of the Beatles, The Rolling Stones, and the Who, through the 70s with Genesis, Led Zeooelin and Pink Floyd and the 80s with Dire Straits bands have generated major followings worldwide representing a multi-million dollar industry. And the legacy continued into the 90 with Pop phenoms The Spice Girds and groups like Oasis, the Verve, Jamiroquai, and the list goes on. British Pop music is alive and well and will continue to be in 2000 and beyond.。
英美概况-unit 1
Chapter ⅠGeographical Features and Natural Resources ⅠLocation and Geographical Divisions1. The United States lies in North America. It is bordered on the north by Canada, on the south by Mexico and the Gulf of Mexico, on the east by the Atlantic Ocean and on the west by the Pacific Ocean.Canadathe Pacific Ocean the Atlantic OceanMexico the Gulf of Mexico2. There are 48 states with 2 youngest oversea states Alaska on the northwest tip of the continent and Hawaii in the central Pacific.3. In area, it is the fourth largest country in the world.4. The United States can be divided into three basic areas.a. The Atlantic Seacoast West to the Appalachian (Eastern Part)1) The coastline of New England is lowland made up of beaches, swamps, lakes and sloping hills. Many harbors were once important centers of commerce and trade.New England: the northern corner of the United States including the present states of Mine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, Rhode Island and Connecticut. It was once the chief center of the American War of Independence. Now it is a highly industrialized area.2) Middle Atlantic States is the most densely populated region and famous for its great cities and ports. There the land is flat and fertile.3) The south, the coast plain is very low and wide. The soil of this region varies greatly. Some parts alone the coast are almost pure sand. Other sections contain some of the richest soil in the whole country.The rivers, fertile plains, and mild temperature make it suitable for large-scale agriculture.4) The Appalachian Mountains have beautiful scenery and many tourist resorts.b. The Mississippi River Basin (Middle Part)1) The northeastern part of the Mississippi River Basin is called the Midwest or the Middle West. It lies in the general area of the Great Lakes, lying between the boundary of Canada and the United States. They are Lake Superior, Lake Michigan, Lake Huron, Lake Erie, and Lake Ontario. Only Lake Michigan is wholly within the United States. They are the largest group of freshwater lakes in the world.Great LakesH Lake H uronO Lake O ntarioM Lake M ichiganE Lake E rieS Lake S uperior2) The area between the Mississippi and the Rockies is called the Great Plain. Wheat and corn are main crops in the plain states. But in the west sections, cattle raising is more important.c. The Rockies West to the Pacific (Western Part)1) To the west of the Great Plains lie the Rocky Mountains, “the backbone of the continent”. These high mountains stretch all the way from Mexico to the Arctic and form what is known as Continental Divide, or Great Divide.2) The Great Basin between the Sierra Nevada Mountains and the Rockies is dry and much of it is desert. Death Valley is on the western edge of the region, which is the lowest and the hottest place in North America.3) Between the Cascade-Sierra Nevada range and he Coast Ranges is the Central Valley of California. It is highly productive area, which produces enormous amounts of fruits and vegetables.ⅡClimate1.The United States is in the northern temperate zone.2.In New England the winter is long and hard; the summer is short and warm. The fall is abeautiful time of the year. Many people visit New England at this time of the year just to ride through the woods and enjoy their beauty.3.The Middle Atlantic States: the winter is cold and snowy; the spring is warm, the summer isshort and hot but pleasant; the fall is cool.4.The south enjoys a warm climate and abundant rainfall. On average five hurricanes eachyear threaten the eastern and southern United States.5.The climate of the Midwest is temperate.6.In the Great Plains the dust often turns into the dust storm.7.Winds from the Pacific bring plenty of rain and the part of Washington near the Pacific hasthe highest rainfall.ⅢNatural Resource sa.The United States has a large deposit of iron ore. For many years, iron ore came primarilyfrom the Great Lakes region of Minnesota and Michigan, but the mines were severely depleted during the World Wars.b.Iron ores are also mined in Missouri, New Y ork, Utah and Wyoming.Most of coal reserves are to be found in the Appalachians, the Central Plain, and the Rockies.a.Most production of oil and natural gas in the US comes from offshore areas of Louisiana andTexas, and from onshore areas of Texas, Oklahoma, and California.b.The US reliance of foreign oil has remained consistently the 40% range. Saudi Arabia,Venezuela and Canada are the United States’ primary suppliers of foreign oil.The largest open-pit copper-mining center is in Bingham, Utah which is also famous for its Great Salt Lake. .a. The United States has little trouble caused by the shortage of fresh water.b. Except for the desert region centered around the southern Rockies, there are large supplies offresh water and numerous fertile valleys.Farmlands in the US making up about 12%of the arable lads in the world, and they are among the richest and most productive.The US was once very rich in silver and gold. In 1948, gold was discovered in a stream in California. The great California gold rush was soon stimulated. In Montana, they found a large wealth of silver.Both dry and liquid forms accounted for the largest share of domestic energy production, followed closely by coal and crude oil.。
英美概况chapter1
jurisdiction: n. (law) the right and power to interpret and apply the law 司法权，审判权， 管辖权，控制权 —The court has no jurisdiction over foreign diplomats living in this country. 法院对居住在本国的外交官无裁判权。 distinction: n. a discrimination between things as different and distinct差别，不同 —We should make a distinction between right and wrong. 我们应该分清是非。
8
proximity: n. the region close around a person or thing接近，亲近 notoriously: adv. to a notorious degree 臭名昭著地，众所周知地 —The innkeeper is a notoriously hard driving, whip-cracking perfectionist. 这 个酒馆的老板出名地凶狠, 不准手下人 犯一点错误。 convergence: n. the occurrence of two or more things coming together汇聚， 汇合点，收敛
2
2. New words
sovereign: adj. independent of outside authority (国家) 有主权的；完全独立的 —When did it become a sovereign country? 这个国家是什么时候成为主权国的？ complicated: adj. made up of intricate parts or aspects that are difficult to understand or analyze 复杂的 —Why does he have to wrap it all up in such complicated language? 他为什么非得用这么艰深的语言说话呢?
英美概况unit1
• Before 1840s
• The first European navigators arrived in 1642. • Captain James Cook: the first Englishman to visit New Zealand in 1769
• In 1840s and 1850s
• Maori language and NZSL are the official languages and English is the languages spoken. • Religion is a matter of individual conscience. • The first country to give women the right to vote.
• Geography and land
New Zealand is in the Southern Pacific Ocean, halfway between the equator and the South Pole.
• It has two main landmasses :the North Island and the South Island
• Environmental responsibility
New Zealanders are keen to take environmental responsibility on an individual basis,as well as nationally and internationally.
Unit 1 New Zealand
Land,People and History
Introduction
英美概况unit 1
Unit One
Mediaeval Wales was rarely united but was under the rule of various native principalities. England and Scotland had existed as separate sovereign and independent states with their own monarchs and political structures since the 9th century. In 1282, King Edward I of England (1272–1307) finally conquered the last remaining native Welsh principalities. Two years later the Statute of Rhuddlan1 formally established Edward's rule over Wales. To appease the Welsh, Edward’s son (later Edward II), who had been born in Wales, was made Prince of Wales on 7 February 1301. The tradition of bestowing the style Prince(ess) of Wales’ on the heir of the British Monarch continues to the present day.
Unit One
The state began to take its present shape with the Acts of Union in 1707, which united the crowns and Parliaments of England (including Wales) and Scotland to create the Kingdom of Great Britain. A further Act of Union in 1800 joined the Kingdom of Great Britain and the Kingdom of Ireland to create the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. In 1922, the Irish Free State gained independence, leaving Northern Ireland as part of the United Kingdom. As a result, in 1927 Britain changed its formal title to “The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland”, usually shortened to “the United Kingdom”, “the UK” or “Britain”.
英美概况第一章总结
姓名：HaoSummary一、The period of ancient Greece1、Thales:○1Nature is rational○2Water is the basis of everything2、Anaximander:○1the world I terms of opposites3、Pythagoras:○1the entire natural world with numbers4、Heraclitus:○1change as the only unchanging reality in the universe○2opposites are inherently connected5、Parmenides:○1everything was the same○2human reasoning could discover the hidden universal truth which was disguised by the façade of change6、Democritus:○1everything in the universe obeys the laws of necessity○2nothing actually changes○3the atomic theory○4Nature consisted of an unlimited number and variety ofatoms .When a plant or animal died,its atoms disperse and could be used again in new bodies.○5his view of the world is mechanistic7、Socrates:○1strongly disagreed with the Sophists○2some norms are universally valid and absolute○3a rationalist who had unshakable faith in human reason○4distinguished between two types of knowledge: innate or a priori knowledge and empirical or not learned through the physical senses. A priori , or prior to birth , each person has Virtue which is not learned through the physical senses. Empirical or a posteriori knowledge is learned through the physical senses.8、Plato:○1everything in the material world dies , decomposed and disintegrates. ○2there were a limited number of forms○3true , absolute and eternal knowledge must be a priori, or innate within human beings.○4Idealism○5Understanding the world of ideas leads to understanding the ultimate cause of the physical world.○6He used earlier philosophical contributions to develop his Idealism into a comprehensive system which became a pillar of western thinking.9、Aristotle:○1the highest reality was gained through the physical senses○2nothing exists in consciousness that has not first been experienced through the senses.○3specific objects represented an ideal form○4His motto was “Matter over Mind”.○5man has the innate ability to reason○6Since man had reasoning ability ,he could organize physical experiences into categories.○7Reality consisted of “substance”, what objects are made of , and “form”, each object’s specific characteristic or what it can do.○8the modern explanation that moisture in the clouds cool and condense into raindrops which fall to the earth by the force of gravity○9developed four causes for why events occur in the natural world10founded the science of logic○11the earth was the center of universe○二、The Middle Ages1、St. Augustine:○1(influences by Plato’s Idealism) man has a body and a soul; all human history is a struggle between the materialistic and the spiritual worlds.2、St. Thomas Aquinas:○1He believed that he could demonstrate the existence of God , basedon both innate reason and faith.三、The Renaissance1、Nicholaus Copernicus: the Polish astronomer2、Galileo Galilei: the Italian scientist and mathematician3、Johann Kepler: the German astronomer; demonstrated that the world was only a small part of an infinite universe.4、Isaac Newton: laws of motion explained all visible motions.5、Francis Bacon: wrote the first description of the modern scientific method : constructing a hypothesis; conducting an experiment to test the hypothesis; and reaching conclusions based on the experiment.6、Thomas Hobbes: His harsh description of the materialistic, selfish society is very different from either Plato’s Republic or Christianity’s idealism.7、Rene Descartes:○1reason was the only path to knowledge○2agreed with thinkers who relied on mathematics, he used logic to reason through complex problems in other fields knowledge○3the human body is a perfect machine, following natural laws○4his dualism separated mind and matter into two great , mutually exclusive and mutually exhaustive divisions of the universe.○5“I think ; therefore , I am”○6He has been called the father of modern Rationalism and the father of modern western philosophy.8、John Locke:the modern father of Empiricism○1ideas come from sense experiences and are processed in the mind through thinking. He combined thinking, reasoning, believing and doubting into a single concept which he named “reflection”.○2the blank mind○3Locke asked his next question, “Is the world really the way a person perceives it?”His answer was both “Yes” and “No”.○4He advocated the equality of the sexes; the separation of powers within a government; and the natural rights of man.○5ideas come from the mind’s reflection on physical world9、David Hume:the most important Empiricist of his age.○1He was skeptical about all we claim to know.○2He argued that people have two types of perception: impressions and ideas. Based on sense experience, impressions are original and immediate.○3He opposed all ideas and appearances that could not be traced to sense perceptions, including religious knowledge.○4Hume’s philosophy broke the final link between medieval faith and contemporary knowledge.○5He agreed with Locke that a child has no preconceived opinions. Achild perceives the world as it is, based on his experiences.○6analysis of the law of causation(means that everything that happens has a cause).○7He argued that both thunder and lightening are the results of a third event, electric discharge. The laws of nature are what we expect, rather than what is reasonable.○8Hume did recognize the existence of unbreakable and eternal natural laws.○9ideas come from the mind’s reflection on the physical world10、George Berkeley: a religious leader○1knowledgeis based on experience, and material objects only exist in their physical forms.○2ideas come from the mind of a supernatural All-Perceive○3the foundation of all scientific knowledge is sense experience.○4reason is secondary to sense-experience.四、Modern Philosophy:Montesquieu, Voltaire, Rousseau, they wrote about Nature, Rationalism and human rights based on natural law.1、Immanuel Kant:○1He combined elements of both Rationalism and Empiricism into one new comprehensive system to explain how humans know the world.○2He agreed with the Empiricists that knowledge came from sensoryexperiences.○3He agreed with the Rationalists that the mind had a priori knowledge which influenced the interpretation of sensory experiences.○4both space and time are a priori categories imposed on sensory experience by the human mind○5sensory experiences can be true knowledge since the mind’s categories both shape and conform to these experiences.○6God , free choice ,and immortality probably exist, since they are all necessary for mortality to exist.○7believed that the law of causality was one of the a priori categories of the human mind.○8He claimed that humans could only achieve a disagree of probability in determining the cause of a given event.○9Kant believed that all change has cause and that the law of causality was eternal and absolute10humans have a dual nature○11He argued that people must assume the existence of God and○behave morally12“categorical imperative”○13He wrote some words on morality that were still resonate today.○2、Romanticism○1Universal Romanticism○2National Romanticism3、Georg Hegel：○1He did not think eternal truths existed.○2the dialectical process○3 a thought is usually based on previous thoughts○4dialectics五、Modern Philosophical Trends1、Charles Darwin:human beings were members of the animal kingdom2、Albert Einstein:portrayed a universe very differently from the mechanical universe described in Newton’s laws3、Existentialism1) Friedrich Nietzsche: moral action should come from a strong superhero2) Henri Bergson: Reason perceives the material world, but Intuition could perceive the life force which pervades the world.3) Jean-Paul Sartre: man is the only living creature that is conscious of its own existence. Existence takes precedence over all other experiences.4、Positivism1) Ernst Mach: phenomena are neutral, having neither physical nor mental status. He claimed that science should only describe phenomena that could be perceived through the senses.2) Bertrand Russell: He argued that concepts and arguments are constructed of “atomic”, or smallest propositions, that have their roots in the world of experience.3) Whitehead: argued that mathematics can be reducible to pure logic.4) Ludwig Wittgenstein: He developed a theory to explain how language, mind and reality are related. He did not reject the existence of metaphysical qualities. Like Kant, he argued that we cannot know some ideas by direct physical experience. However, unlike Kant, he argued that many problems in philosophy are not problems related to ideas or sensory experience, but to language.5) Noam Chomsky: He view language as an innate product of the mind.6) Jacques Derrida: He argued that language does not refer to the real world at all, but only to other language.5、Pragmatism in The United States1) Charles Peirce: He argued that ideas are clear only when we show which actions establish their meaning. Peirce developed four methods people use to hold onto their beliefs.。
英美概况1
Section Three Climate and Weather
1) Britain is well-known for its changeable weather. Even the most experienced British wellweather experts find it hard to give a reliable weather forecast. As a result, English people have evolved the habit of discussing the weather. 2) The climate of Britain is moderated by the Atlantic Gulf Stream and is much milder than that of many places in the same latitude, Labrador in Canada, Alaska in America and Heilongjiang in our country. Britain has a maritime climate characterized by abundant rainfall. Which usually comes down in dizzle. The British climate is characterized by its “strange” temperature. We say the temperature in Britain is “strange” because it is “incompatible” with the latitude: in winter the temperature is “too high” while in summer is “too low”. 3) Four seasons
英美概况二册unit1课件教程文件
Maoritanga
Maoritanga means “Maori culture” and embraces the language, customs and traditions There are many legends about Maui protocols, tangi, hui, pakeha The Treaty of Waitangi The Second World War
History
First settlers of the islands
New Zealand—Aotearoa, ”land of the long white cloud” – was settled over 1000 years ago by voyagers from East Polynesia.
The New Zealanders
4.351 million 86% live in cities and towns, 75% live in North Island 80% identify themselves as having European ancestry Refugees from Europe arrived in the 1930s 7% identify themselves as being of Pacific Island origin Official language: English, Te Reo Maori, NZSL Religion: Christianity is the most common religion First country to give woman the right to vote(1893)
Unit 1
英美概况第一章
Part II Climate
1. General Features: (1) The UK enjoys a mild climate due to the North Atlantic Drift, which is a continuation of a warm current that flows from the Straits of Florida in a generally northeastern direction. (2) It has a changeable weather. It is hard to predict the weather even by the most experienced meteorologist, so weather becomes a frequent topic of discussion among people. (3) It has abundant rainfall, mostly drizzles.
(2) Central lowlands • Most important part of Scotland • Most populated • Edinburgh: known as "the Athens
of the North," a tribute to its worldrenowned architecture and cultural calendar.
1. Different names
Geographical names
(1) the British Isles 大布列颠群岛
It is a group of islands off the northwestern coast of Europe, which consists of two main islands: Great Britain, Ireland and numerous smaller islands. Of all the islands, the largest one is called Great Britain. The second largest one is Ireland, which is to the west of Great Britain. Thus, British Isles don’t refer to Great Britain only.
新编英美概况-许鲁之(第四版)Unit1-7课后习题简答题答案
$Unit 1 Geographical Features and Natural Resources1. How many states are there in the United States And which two states are geographically separated from the others (50, Alaska, Hawaii)2. What are the general characters of the Rocky Mountains and the Appalachian Mountains.1) To the west of Atlantic coastal plain lie the Appalachian Mountains that begin in Canada and reach all the way to Georgia and Alabama. These are old mountains with rounded tops and wooded hills, usually not exceeding 800m in height. The highest point is only 2000m above the sea. Most of the mountain ridges are low enough to be easily crossed by modern highways. The Appalachians have much beautiful scenery and many tourist resorts. The Ohio and the Tennessee Rivers flow down the western slopes of the Appalachians to the great Mississippi River, deep in the heart of America.2) To the west of the Great Plains lie the Rocky Mountains, “the backbone of the continent”. These high mountains stretch all the way from Mexico to the Arctic and form what is known as Continental Divide, or Great Divide, the most important watershed on the continent. The Rockies are more than twice as high as the Appalachians and high enough to receive more rain than the surrounding plains and plateaus. Consequently, they are mostly forested. The striking and varied scenery of the Rockies has given rise to the establishment of many national parks here. The other natural wonders include roaming herds of buffalo, elk, deer, antelope and sheep, as well as the famous grizzly bear.Chapter 2 American Population1.Why is the United States known as a “melting pot”》It means that the US is composed of immigrants from different nations all over the world.①The people of the US are predominantly white.②The second most numerous minority in the US were the black people whose forefatherscame from Africa.③American Indians were the original inhabitants on the continent.④There were about million Hispanics in 2010 in the US. They are the Spanish-speakingimmigrants from Latin American countries.⑤The Chinese American have proved to be industrious and intelligent.2.What factors cause the Americans to move frequently within the United States①The desire for economic betterment is generally the most important force inducingmigration.…②Geographic difference in economic opportunity, as reflected by such factors asdifferences in employment opportunities and earning power for workers and differences in the availability and the price of land for farmers.③Noneconomic factors. Such as climate, racial attitudes, and family tires, influencingmigration.3.Why do many Americans now migrate from cities to suburbs①The widespread uses of automobiles and the construction of express highways made itpossible for people to live farther away from their jobs.②The telephone reduced the need for them to work or live in close proximity to one another.③Suburban areas offered more living space than cities, lower crime rates, less pollution,and superior schools. It is generally believed that they are better place for raising children.Chapter 3 Discovery and Colonization of the New World…1. Discuss the pre-Columbian cultures in the Americas.1) The Aztecs of Mexico2) The Incas of Peru3) The Indians of North America4) Indian contributions to European culture: Foods, Drugs and Utilitarian objects2. Why did the discoveries of New World before Columbus not exert great influence in the world at that timeBecause Europe was then poor and politically fragmented, It was beset by local wars and civil disorder and largely illiterate. In short, Europe was then incapable of responding to the Norse discoveries.3.Why did so many English people move to the New World in the 17th century[1) The New World was a great and rich land. In the New World there were all those resources necessary for agricultural and industrial development.2)During the reign of Queen Elizabeth I (1588-1603), the English in growing numbers realized that the New World was their best place to make their fortunes, and to worship and live according to their beliefs.3)Some of them might move to America to leave oppressive political institutions, to escape burdensome church duties, to acquire large landholdings or merely to change their general pattern of living. Of course, material gain was a common factor.4. What was the social structure of the 13 coloniesSociety in the l3 colonies was like a pyramid.①The top was made up of merchants and landlords.②The base was made up of refugees from Europe, black slaves from Africa. And native Indians.5.Why did not the American Indians become slaves during the colonial days&As for Indians, they could not put up with slavery. If an Indian was enslaved, his fellow tribe members would fight to free him. So the colonialists soon gave up the attempt to use them as slave labor. Instead they seized the land of the Indians and drove them away or killed them.Chapter 4 American Revolution2. What happened on the evening of March 5, 1770A clash between American colonies and British soldiers took place in Boston.①A group of unemployed laborer attacked a British sentry stationed at the Boston customhouse.②When the British soldiers dispatched to help the sentry arrived, they met a rapidly growing, angry crowd.③Someone gave the command for the soldiers to fire.￥④Three colonies were killed and several were wounded, two of whom later died.3. How did the colonies react to the Townshend ActThe colonies, however, still rejected the idea that the Parliament in Britain had the right to tax them without consent and reacted to these new duties by refusing to import any of the taxed goods.4. What were the main contents of the Declaration of Independence①The Preamble, which explains why the Declaration was issued.②A statement of principles of government to which the American people were committed③A list of injustices suffered by the colonists.④A summary of efforts the colonies had made to avoid a break with the mother country. }⑤The proclamation is that the “Colonies are Free and Independent States”5. What was the importance of the victory at SaratogaThe victory and Saratoga wa s a turning point of the war. It further heightened the spirit of the Americans, but more importantly it caused action abroad. It was after this battle that the French agreed to join the war against Britain. Later Spain and Holland joined France while most of the other European powers formed an Armed Neutrality to protect their commerce from Britain’s naval power.Chapter 5 the Confederation and the Constitution1. What is confederationA confederation is a government in which the constituent governments, called states in the US, create a central government by constitutional compact but do not give it power to regulate the conduct of individuals.2. Compare the powers of the governments under the Articles of Confederation and the Constitution.&3. What does the “check and balance” meanIt means that each branch of government-executive, legislative, or judicial-must exercise distinct powers and be selected in a distinct way, and that each branch must be able to “check and balance”the others if one branch grew too powerful and sought to dominate the others.4. What was the Bill of RightsIt guaranteed freedom of speech, religion, peaceful assembly, and the press; the right to bear arms; freedom from unreasonable search; and the right to the protection of certain legal procedures known as the due process of law.5. What were the chief causes of the War of 1812①The British were not reconciled to the loss of their thirteen colonies. Using Canada as the base, they always challenged to battle with the young Republic.②This anger reaches its peak in 1807 when one British warship attached and boarded in American ship, killing and wounding 21men and impressing four sailors.③Jefferson persuaded Congress to pass an Embargo Act, which forbade all ships, except foreign ones without charge, to leave American ports.？Chapter 6 American Expansion and the Civil War1. What was the importance of the Monroe DoctrineThe essence was”America for Americans”, which later became a cornerstone of the US foreign policy. As the New world developed in the years ahead this Doctrine became more meaningful and was strengthened by a broader interpretation to meet the needs of an energetic and ambitious United States.2. What were the basic causes of the Civil WarTwo different social-economic systems existed side by side in the United States.In the South slavery was the foundation of the economic system while in the North industry and commerce were the main character of its economy. The swiftly growing industries in the North required the restriction of slavery as well as an expanding territory in order to provide capitalist production with raw materials, markets and abundant labor supply.The slave economy in the South was an obstacle to industrial growth and expansion. This economic antagonism led to increased conflicts between the North and the South."3. What was the doctrine of the “popular sovereignty”This doctrine means that the inhabitants of the new territories can decide the question of slavery for themselves. In appearance, it seemed fair, but in actual practice, as far as slavery was concerned, the doctrine did not work.4. How do you comment on the American Civil WarThe outcome of the war placed the northern capitalists in solid control of the federal government of the US capitalism. In 1865, the Thirteenth Amendment to the US Constitution was adopted, which freed all slaves throughout the United States.Chapter 7 Reconstruction and the Birth of US Imperialism1. What is the 10 percent planThe plan provided that as soon as 10 percent of voters in any state had taken the oath of loyalty, they could form their own government and would be entitled to the recognition of their state by the president of the United States.)2. Why was Andrew Johnson impeached by the HouseIn March 1867, Congress passed two Acts that took away two presidential prerogatives: the right to remove Cabinet members and the right to remove army officers under his command. To test the constitutionality of the Act, President Andrew Johnson removes Edwin M. Stanton, the Secretary of War, from office in1869, who was the only remaining Radical in Johnson’s Cabinet.He thus walked into troubles with the radicals. Later the House voted to impeach the President.3. After the Reconstruction, how were the civil rights of the Blacks in the South①Voters must be able to read and write;②Voting taxes were introduced;③The whites also took steps to segregate the blacks and two separate societies emerged in the South.4. Why did the US have a rapid industrial growth after the Civil War①The vast industrial development began with the opening the West.②Speeding this process of western settlement were the railroads.③Science and technology were also greatly marching forward.④The basic industry of the nation, iron and steel, also developed rapidly after the Civil War.⑤The oil industry also developed rapidly.⑥During the latter part of the 19th industry, industrial expansion in America went ahead rapidly.⑦There was a clear indication of rapid concentration of capital.6. What was the “Open Door Policy”The so-called “Open Door Policy” which demanded that all the imperialist powers should enjoy equal chance in China as freely as other aggressors.。
英美概况各章节重点知识点总结整理
Section one：Origin of the English NationThe native Celts●The Celtic tribes are ancestors of the Highland Scots, the Irish, and the Welsh. And the Celtic language is thebasis of Welsh and Gaelic.●Religion: Druidism.●Stonehenge: the circular arrangement of large stones in Wiltshire, near Salisbury, England, was probably builtbetween about 3000 and 1000 B.C by Celts, but its function remains unknown.Roman Britain (55BC-410AD)●Romans got possession of England by driving native Celts into Scotland and Wales. They failed to conquerScotland. They built two great walls: the Hadrian's Wall, the Antonine Wall, along the northern border of England to prevent Picts in Scotland from invading England.●Many towns’ names end with: ster, cester, and shire. e.g., Lancast er, Winchester, Y orkshire, deriving fromcastra (Latin word for camp).●Religion: Christianity.The Anglo-Saxon Conquest (446-871)(mainly occupied the Lowland Zone)●New invader: Jutes (now the county of Kent), became the king of Kent. Soon after their relat ives and othertribes came trooping after them——●It is a collective name for the seven Anglo—Saxon kingdoms from the 7th century to the 9th century. They areKent, Essex, Sussex, Essex, East Anglia, Mercia and North Umbria. After the 9th century, the seven kingdoms were conquered one after another by the invading Danes.●Saxons and Angles came from northern Germany. After they had taken possession of all the England, theywere divided into 7 principal kingdoms, known as Heptarchy. those tribes were constantly at war with one another, each trying to get the upper hand.(hero: King Arthur)●Religion: Teutonic, practicing multi-goddism. Tiu(the god of war, Tuesday), Woden(heaven, Wednesday),Thor(storms, Thursday),Freya(peace, Friday)●Pope Gregory I sent St. Augustine to convert the English to Christianity. With the help of the king of Kent, hebecame the first Archbishop of Canterbury.●The A-S nominated local officials: sheriffs.●Open-field farming system: 3 big fields+commons. This system is the basis of the English agrarian civilizationand subsistence farming.●Witan: the A-S created the Witan (a group of wise man) to advice the king, the Witan was the forerunner of thepresent-day Privy Council.●Alfred the Great: the father of the British Navy & his writings were the beginning of prose literature. Made atreaty with Danes----Dane law.●Viking invasions: in the 8th, 9th, 10th centuries A.D. V ikings from North Europe, brought a new wave ofinvasion and colonization which produced lasting influence on parts of Briton.●Canute: Witan chose the Danish leader, as king of England. he included England part of a Scandinavianempire(inc luded Norway and Denmark)●Edward the Confessor: built Westminster Abbey.The Norman Conquest (1066)●William the Conqueror: the first Anglo-Norman king of England.●Battle of Hastings: ?Influence of the Norman Conquest●Feudalism: the nobles got fief, from the sovereign. But they were obliged to pay certain dues and armed manaccording to their estates to the king. They (known as barons or the king's tenants=in -chief, made up the upper landed class. They give fiefs to sub-vassals (known as lesser nobles, knights, and free man).They should take oaths of loyalty to the king directly as well as to their immediate overlords.●William built the Tower of London as a military fortress. He replaced the Witan with the Great Council thatwas composed of his tenants-in-chief.●Domesday Book: in order to have a reliable record of all lands and discover how much his tenants-in-chiefcould be called upon to pay by way of taxes, William sent his clerks to make investigations. These clerks finally compiled a property record known as Domesday Book in 1085.this book stated the extent, value, population, and ownership of the land.Section two：The Great Charter and Beginning of ParliamentHenry II 'Reforms●William died and left his Normandy to Robert, England to William Rufus, all his money to Henry. William IIwas killed when hunting, Henry I succeeded him.●Henry I had no male heir, his nephew Henry II became the founder of the Plantagenet dynasty金雀花王朝.●The new king strengthened the Great Council. Chancellor is the chief number, in charge of the administrativeand judicial system. The present day Lord Chancellor is his successor.●Administrative reform：Replaced the traditional land tax based on hides with a new tax based on annual rentsand chatells.●Judicial reform: divided the country into 6 circuits. Itinerant judges focused their attention on baron’s propertyand abuse of privileges. Decisions made by a circuit court was regarded as a precedent judgment, becoming the basis of the Common Law习惯法.✓the Common Law is a judge-made or case-made law based on the various of local customs of the A-S, it was common to the whole people as distinct from law governing only a little community;✓Lead to the founding of the jury system, (the juries were chosen from among local freeman to help circuit judges from London. Function: bring accusation against malefactors and swear to the innocence of the accused, the judge gave verdict at first but gradually the jury was empowered to give verdict. Principle: no free man should be punished without a just trial by his peers.✓It replaced the primitive English trials----by ordeals or battles. Abolished the benefit of clergy.●Thomas Becket: the king’s chief secretary. In 1162, Henry made him the Archbishop of Canterbury, hoping hewould assist him in church reforming. But Thomas was against the king, and finally he was killed by the King.After his death, he was put upon the list of English saints as a martyr to the church.●Geoffrey Chaucer wrote “The Canterbury Tales”(24 tales)King John●Many people believed that Robin Hood, a legendary outlaw, was a contemporary of John.●In fear of the Pope suspend public services, John promised to send a yearly tribute to him; John became avassal of the Pope.The great charter 大宪章P93●In 1215, the insurgent nobles met the king at Runnymede, and forced his to sign: the Great Charter (the MagnaCarta), the most important documents in English history.Beginning of Parliament●After John died, his 9 years old boy Henry III was put on the throne.和父亲是一丘之貉●Simon de Montfort, the king’s brother in law, was the defender of the Great Charter. But king refused to acceptthe Provisions of Oxford was finally put into prison. In 1265,.each county sent two knights, and each town tworepresentatives to join the meeting at Westminster,(the earliest English parliament)●Edward I succeeded, conquered Wales, gave his new-born son the title Prince of Wales, a title held by the heirto the throne ever since.Section 3: decline of feudalism of EnglandThe hundred years’ war (1337—1453)●This war refers to the war between France and England, and ended in victory for the French, leading toexpulsion of English from France. The reason of the war: territorial and economic disputes.（direct course:Edward 3 claimed his succession to French throne, but being denied）●Joan of Arc圣女贞德: A national heroine in French history during the hundred year's war. She leaded peasantssuccessfully to drive the English out of France.●The war sped up the decline of feudalism. Gunpowder is a blow to the knights, who are pillars of feudal orderand the “flower of feudalism”.●The Black Death: It is a modern name given to the deadly bubonic plague, an epidemic disease spread throughEurope in the fourteenth century particularly in 1348-1349. It came without warning, and without any cure. In England, it killed almost half of the total population, causing far-reaching economic consequences. (change serfdom农奴身份to paid labour)●The government issued a Statute of Labour, saying it is a crime for peasants to ask more wages. Otherwise,they will be branded with the letter“F” on their forehead.The peasant uprising (1381)●The government imposed a flat rate poll tax to fund the hundred years’ war. Wat Tyler led the rebels. Theuprising dealt a telling blow to villeinage隶农制. A whole new class of yeomen farmers 自耕农emerged, paving the way for the development of capitalism.The wars of the Roses (1455-1485)●The wars of Roses ：After the Hundred Y ear's War, in order to decide who would rule England, a war brokeout between the House of Lancaster （won）and the House of Y ork, which were symbolized by the red and white roses respectively. The war lasted from 1455 to 1485. In nature it was a war between the commercial-minded gentry in the south and the backward landowners in the north and west. It is usually regarded as the end of English Middle Ages and the beginning of the modern world history.Section 4:the Tudor Monarchy and the Rising BourgeoisieThe new monarchy●Henry VII is the founder of the Tudor Monarchy, served as the transitional stage from feudalism to capitalismin English history.●American was discovered.Henry VIII and reform of the church●Henry VIII: the quintessential Renaissance sovereign famous for founding the Church of England.●Martin Luther desired the reform of the church.●The reform of the church coincided with the Renaissance. The immediate course was Henry VIII’s divorcecase.●Henry didn’t want to alter theology in any way. What he did was only to get rid of Papal interferences inEngland’s internal affairs.●Henry VIII was followed by Edward VI, switching to Protestant theology and his drastic reform has beencalled “the Reformation” in English history.●Bloody Mary: Mary was Henry VIII’s daughter and she was a Catholic. After she became Queen, about 300Protestants were burnt as heretics, for they held Protestant views. As a result, people call her "Bloody Mary". Elizabeth 1(1533-1603)●Externally, Elizabeth successfully played off against each other two great Catholic powers, France and Spain.●Establish charter companies, such as East India Company.●The Spanish king Philip finally made war with Armada (the Invincible Fleet).Elizabeth was regarded as thefoundation-layer of the British Empire.●Elizabeth Age refers to the English golden age.Section five: the English civil war(Bourgeois Revolution)Background of Revolution●Enclosures and the peasant uprising created a new working class, proletariat.●James 6 of Scotland was welcomed to the throne as James 1.this marks the major step to the unification of the two kingdoms.James 1(1603-1625) and the parliament●James said:"no bishop, no king", relations between the Puritans and the king deteriorated.●The Catholics were also opposed to the king for his staunch support of the Church of England. The night bonfire festival is celebrated on November 5, with fireworks and bonfire on which Guy Fawkes was burnt in effigy to remember the day Gunpowder Plot of 1605,reminding the English people the danger of Catholic restoration.●Many puritans refused to conform the King James V ersion, so they became "nonconformists", in 1620,201 nonconformists sailed from Plymouth in a ship named Mayflower. They were called Pilgrims.●James 1 believed "Divine Right of Kings", dissolved the parliament for 7 years. He was called the wisest fool. Charles 1●He followed a pro-Catholic ism policy.(In Elizabethan times, puritans were popular)●The puritans were noted for simple dress, high moral standards, demand of equality, and egalitarian [i,ɡæli'tεəriən]attitudes.The civil wars●The puritans made up the most revolutionary section. So the Bourgeois Revolution was also known as the Puritan Revolution.●The left wing of the revolutionary forces found a leader: Oliver Cromwell.●Oliver Cromwell was one of the commanders of the New Model Army which defeated the royalists in the English Civil War. After the execution of King Charles I in 1649, Cromwell dominated the short-lived Commonwealth of England, conquered Ireland and Scotland, and ruled as Lord Protector from 1653 until his death in 1658.●"Roundhead" was the nickname given to the supporters of Parliament during the English Civil War. Also known as Parliamentarians, they fought against King Charles I who claimed absolute power and the divine right of kings.●The civil war is the beginning of modern world history.Restoration●Charles II put an end to the Republic. They took over Manhattan Island from Dutch and named it New Y ork.●His brother James 2 succeeded, reviving Catholicism.●Glorious Revolution of 1688 also called the White Revolution, because it caused no bloodshed. It was the overthrow of King James II of England in 1688 by a union of Parliamentarians . Finally, William III (Jamea’2 son in law)and Mary ascended the English throne.●W and M childless. Mary’s sister succeeded. Scots accepted the Act of Union, in1707, Great Britain was born.Hanover dynasty.Section six: the industrial revolution and the chartist movementBackground of industrial revolution●The new class managed to accomplish “primitive accumulation of capital” through plunder and exploitation. It plundered America and Africa through colonization and the notorious triangular trade.●James watt made the steam engine practiced for industrial use.●Enclosure movement: to make a profit by selling grain, landowners began to replace the small“open fields” with hedge-divided large fields. (A new system of crop rotation was introduced.) Under enclosure, such land is fenced (enclosed) and deeded or entitled to one or more owners. Tenants were driven off their lands.●Farmer George.Effects of the industrial revolution (1750-1850)●The workshop of the world.●As a result, class contradiction between the capitalists and the proletariat, or capital and labour, became the major problem.●The forests of chimneys turned Birmingham to “Black C ountry”●The transition from an agrarian civilization to industrial civilization was criticized by Luddites.●Theory: social Darwinism (Origin of Species---natural selection) and Malthusianism and Adam Smith (laissez-fair).The chartist movement (1836-1848,3times)●The chartist movement Was a mass movement of working class to fight for equal political and social rights.●Document: the People’s Charter人民宪章，drawn by London Workingmen’s Association.●Two groups: moral force chartists and physical force chartists.Queen Victoria (“the grandmother of Europe”, suffered hemophilia ) “The Polite Society”●The V ictoria Age: a time of industrial, political, and military progress within the United Kingdom. The 63-year reign of Victoria was the longest of any monarch in British history. She was official head of state not only of the United Kingdom but also the British Empire, which included Canada, Australia, India, New Zealand, and large parts of Africa.●In 1840,the Opium War against China.●The trade union act of 1871 legalized the trade unions, ------- set up Labor Representation Committee (LRC) ----------- it changed this name to Labor Party.。
英美概况UK-1 THE COOUNTRY (2)_PPT英语课件-PPT课件
布里斯托海峡（Bristol Channel）
b. Thames River is the second
longest and most important river in Britain. (336km). 泰晤士河是英国第二大河，也 是英国最重要的河。全长336公 里。
• c. River Clyde is the most important river in Scotland. 克莱德河是苏格兰 最重要的河流。
II. Geographical Features 英国的地理特征 III.Rivers and Lakes 河流与湖泊 IV. Climate 气候
III. Rivers and Lakes，Mountain 河流与湖泊
Ben Nevis is the highest mountain in Britain (1,343m). 本尼维斯山为英国最高峰，海拔1,343米。
grounds; ③ Rivers (carry raw materials) to inland.
b. Rivers: ① Severn River (338 km): longest river; ② Thames River (336 km): second largest and most
too hot. It has a steady reliable rainfall
throughout the whole year. The temperature varies within a small range.
英国属于海洋性气候:冬 季不过于寒冷，夏季不过 于炎热。全年有稳定可靠 的降雨量，气温变化幅度 小。
3.Rainfall 降雨量:
英美概况二册unit1ppt课件共11页
History
First settlers of the islands
New Zealand—Aotearoa, ”land of the long white cloud” – was settled over 1000 years ago by voyagers from East Polynesia.
Weather
New Zealand is in the southern temperate latitudes midway between the Equator and the South Pole. The climate is maritime.
•slow-to change sea temperatures produce moderate temperatures. •The prevailing wind is westerly. •have extremes of winds and rain.
The New Zealanders
4.351 million 86% live in cities and towns, 75% live in North Island 80% identify themselves as having European ancestry Refugees from Europe arrived in the 1930s 7% identify themselves as being of Pacific Island origin Official language: English, Te Reo Maori, NZSL Religion: Christianity is the most common religion First country to give woman the right to vote(1893)
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Globalization
*The result of international trade and investment and aided by information technology. *The global interdependency ---- the Domino effect
--------- Bates & Plog (1990)
2. Language and Culture
3. Cultural Differences
In what aspects can we see the cultural differences of different nations?
4. National Stereotypes
5. Intercultural Communication
• (1) What are the changes in the past decades that have made intercultural communication a common phenomenon today? • (2) What can promote or stand in the way of a successful inter-cultural communication?
A Survey to British and American Culture And Society
Department of English Tongji University
Unit 1: Introduction
1. What is culo the total pattern of beliefs, customs, institutions, objects and techniques that characterize the life of a human community.
Assignment for “ the Geography of Britain”
• Distinguish the different terms related to Britain
British Isles U.K. British Commonwealth England Scotland Great Britain Wales Ireland
------刘润清, 邓炎昌
Culture is a system of shared beliefs, values, customs, behaviors, and artifacts that the members of a society use to cope with their world and with one another, and that are transmitted from generation to generation through learning.
*Cultural imperialism ---- either voluntary or involuntary assimilation
U Curve Model
for Cultural Adaptation
Reaction to Cultural Differences
Pyramid Model of Intercultural Communication Competence
How to greet and farewell
Gift-giving and Receiving
Responding to compliments and praise
Body Language
Personal Space
Personal Space
How to approach conflicts
• • •
The geographical position of Britain The important rivers and lakes in Britain The climate in Britain