Proceedings of the Twelfth Florida Artificial Intelligence Symposium (FLAIRS ’99), Orlando

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12级要求背诵的翻译

酒是中国人生活中的重要饮料之一。

中国制酒源远流长，享誉中外。

在中国最具有代表性的酒莫过于白酒了，从某种角度上来说，中国的酒文化就是白酒文化。

酒在中国人眼里更多的是一种交际的工具。

酒渗透于整个中华五千年的文明史中，从文学创作、文化娱乐到饮食烹饪、养生保健等各方面在中国人生活中都占有重要的位置。

Alcohol is one of the important drinks in Chinese people’s life. Chinese alcohol-making has a long history and has been renowned at home and abroad. In China, no alcohol is more representative than Chinese liquor and at some point, Chinese alcohol culture is Chinese liquor culture. Alcohol is more of a communication tool in Chinese people’s eyes. Alcohol has permeated 5000 years’ civilization of the whole Chinese history, which plays an important role in every aspect of Chinese people’s life, from literary and artistic creation and entertainment to food and cooking and health preservation.瓷器是中国最为重要的手工艺之一。

中国瓷器有3500多年的历史，明清时期尤其繁荣。

瓷器不仅可以用作日常餐具（dinnerware)、花瓶等，精美的瓷器更是常常被人们用来装饰家居。

2023_2024学年福建省厦门市高一上册期中英语模拟测试卷(附答案)

2023_2024学年福建省厦门市高一上册期中英语模拟测试卷注意事项：1. 答卷前，考生务必将自己的姓名、准考证号填写在答题卡上。

2. 请认真阅读答题卡上的注意事项，在答题卡上与题号相对应的答题区域内答题，写在试卷、草稿纸上或答题卡非题号对应答题区域的答案一律无效。

不得用规定以外的笔和纸答题，不得在答题卡上做任何标记。

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如需改动，用橡皮擦干净后，再选涂其他答案标号。

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第一部分听力（共两节，满分20分）做题时，先将答案标在试卷上。

录音内容结束后，你将有两分钟的时间将试卷上的答案转涂到答题卡上。

第一节（共5小题；每小题1分，满分5分）听下面5段对话。

每段对话后有一个小题，从题中所给的A、B、C三个选项中选出最佳选项。

听完每段对话后，你都有10秒钟的时间来回答有关小题和阅读下一小题。

每段对话仅读一遍。

1. Why does the woman come so early?A. To practice her story.B. To prepare for the exam.C. To tell the man about her story.2. What's the probable relationship between the speakers?A. Nurse and patient.B. ColleaguesC. Friends.3. What will the woman do?A. Teach the kids to play soccer.B. Do Sally a favor.C. Pick up the man's medicine.4. What happened to the woman yesterday?A. She gave her friend a lift.B. She caught a train home.C. Her car broke down.5. Where does the conversation probably take place?A. At a bus stopB. At an airport.C. At a restaurant.第二节（共15小题；每小题1分，满分15分）听下面5段对话或独白。

英语演讲稿-The Evil Empire by 罗纳德·里根

英语演讲稿The Evil Empire by 罗纳德·里根Moderator: Ladies and Gentlemen: The President of the United States, Ronald Reagan.President Reagan: Thank you. Thank you very much. Thank you very much. Thank you very much. Thank you very much.And, Reverend Clergy all, Senator Hawkins, distinguished members of the Florida congressional delegation, and all of you: I can’t tell you how you have warmed my heart with your welcome. I’m delighted to be here today.Those of you in the National Association of Evangelicals are known for your spiritual and humanitarian work. And I would be especially remiss if I didn’t discharge right now one personal debt of gratitude. Thank you for your prayers. Nancy and I have felt their presence many times in many ways. And believe me, for us they’ve made all the difference.The other day in the East Room of the White House at a meeting there, someone asked me whether I was aware of all the people out there who were praying for the President. And I hadto say, “Yes, I am. I’ve felt it. I believe in intercessionary prayer.”But I couldn’t help but say to that questioner after he’d asked the question that -- or at least say to them that if sometimes when he was praying he got a busy signal, it was just me in there ahead of him. I think I understand how Abraham Lincoln felt when he said, “I have been driven many times to my knees by the overwhelming conviction that I had nowhere else to go.”From the joy and the good feeling of this conference, I go to a political reception. Now, I don’t know why, but that bit of scheduling reminds me of a story which I’ll share with you.An evangelical minister and a politician arrived at Heaven’s gate one day together. And St. Peter, after doing all the necessary formalities, took them in hand to show them where their quarters would be. And he took them to a small, single room with a bed, a chair, and a table and said this was for the clergyman. And the politician was a little worried about what might be in store for him. And he couldn’t believe it then when St. Peter stopped in front of a beautiful mansion with lovely grounds, many servants, and told him that these would be his quarters.And he couldn’t help but ask, he said, “But wait, how-- there’s something wrong -- how do I get this mansion while that good and holy man only gets a single room?”And St. Peter said, “You have to understand how things are up here. We’ve got thousands and thousands of clergy. You’re the first politician who ever made it.”But I don’t want to contribute to a stereotype. So I tell you there are a great many God-fearing, dedicated, noble men and women in public life, present company included. And yes, we need your help to keep us ever-mindful of the ideas and the principles that brought us into the public arena in the first place. The basis of those ideals and principles is a commitment to freedom and personal liberty that, itself is grounded in the much deeper realization that freedom prospers only where the blessings of God are avidly sought and humbly accepted.The American experiment in democracy rests on this insight. Its discovery was the great triumph of our Founding Fathers, voiced by William Penn when he said: “If we will not be governed by God, we must be governed by tyrants.”Explaining the inalienable rights of men, Jefferson said, “The God who gave us life, gave us liberty at the same time.”And it was George Washington who said that “of all thedispositions and habits which lead to political prosperity, religion and morality are indispensable supports.”And finally, that shrewdest of all observers of American democracy, Alexis de Tocqueville, put it eloquently after he had gone on a search for the secret of America’s greatness and genius -- and he said: “Not until I went into the churches of America and heard her pulpits aflame with righteousness did I understand the greatness and the genius of America. America is good. And if America ever ceases to be good, America will cease to be great.”Well, I’m pleased to be here today with you who are keeping America great by keeping her good. Only through your work and prayers and those of millions of others can we hope to survive this perilous century and keep alive this experiment in liberty, this last, best hope of man.I want you to know that this administration is motivated by a political philosophy that sees the greatness of America in you, her people, and in your families, churches, neighborhoods, communities: the institutions that foster and nourish values like concern for others and respect for the rule of law under God.Now, I don’t have to tell you that this puts us inopposition to, or at least out of step with, a -- a prevailing attitude of many who have turned to a modern-day secularism, discarding the tried and time-tested values upon which our very civilization is based. No matter how well intentioned, their value system is radically different from that of most Americans. And while they proclaim that they’re freeing us from superstitions of the past, they’ve taken upon themselves the job of superintending us by government rule and regulation. Sometimes their voices are louder than ours, but they are not yet a majority.An example of that vocal superiority is evident in a controversy now going on in Washington. And since I’m involved I’ve been waiting to hear from the parents of young America. How far are they willing to go in giving to government their prerogatives as parents?Let me state the case as briefly and simply as I can. An organization of citizens, sincerely motivated, deeply concerned about the increase in illegitimate births and abortions involving girls well below the age of consent, some time ago established a nationwide network of clinics to offer help to these girls and, hopefully, alleviate this situation. Now, again, let me say, I do not fault their intent. However,in their well-intentioned effort, these clinics decided to provide advice and birth control drugs and devices to underage girls without the knowledge of their parents.For some years now, the federal government has helped with funds to subsidize these clinics. In providing for this, the Congress decreed that every effort would be made to maximize parental participation. Nevertheless, the drugs and devices are prescribed without getting parental consent or giving notification after they’ve done so. Girls termed “sexually active”-- and that has replaced the word “promiscuous” -- are given this help in order to prevent illegitimate birth or abortion.Well, we have ordered clinics receiving federal funds to notify the parents such help has been given. One of the nation’s leading newspapers has created the term “squeal rule”in editorializing against us for doing this, and we’re being criticized for violating the privacy of young people.A judge has recently granted an injunction against an enforcement of our rule. I’ve watched TV panel shows discuss this issue, seen columnists pontificating on our error, but no one seems to mention morality as playing a part in the subject of sex.Is all of Judeo-Christian tradition wrong? Are we to believe that something so sacred can be looked upon as a purely physical thing with no potential for emotional and psychological harm? And isn’t it the parents’ right to give counsel and advice to keep their children from making mistakes that may affect their entire lives?Many of us in government would like to know what parents think about this intrusion in their family by government. We’re going to fight in the courts. The right of parents and the rights of family take precedence over those of Washington-based bureaucrats and social engineers.But the fight against parental notification is really only one example of many attempts to water down traditional values and even abrogate the original terms of American democracy. Freedom prospers when religion is vibrant and the rule of law under God is acknowledged. When our Founding Fathers passed the First Amendment, they sought to protect churches from government interference. They never intended to construct a wall of hostility between government and the concept of religious belief itself.The evidence of this permeates our history and our government. The Declaration of Independence mentions theSupreme Being no less than four times. “In God We Trust” is engraved on our coinage. The Supreme Court opens its proceedings with a religious invocation. And the members of Congress open their sessions with a prayer. I just happen to believe the schoolchildren of the United States are entitled to the same privileges as Supreme Court justices and congressmen.Last year, I sent the Congress a constitutional amendment to restore prayer to public schools. Already this session, there’s growing bipartisan support for the amendment, and I am calling on the Congress to act speedily to pass it and to let our children pray.Perhaps some of you read recently about the Lubbock school case, where a judge actually ruled that it was unconstitutional for a school district to give equal treatment to religious and nonreligious student groups, even when the group meetings were being held during the students’own time. The First Amendment never intended to require government to discriminate against religious speech.Senators Denton and Hatfield have proposed legislation in the Congress on the whole question of prohibiting discrimination against religious forms of student speech. Suchlegislation could go far to restore freedom of religious speech for public school students. And I hope the Congress considers these bills quickly. And with your help, I think it’s possible we could also get the constitutional amendment through the Congress this year.More than a decade ago, a Supreme Court decision literally wiped off the books of fifty states statutes protecting the rights of unborn children. Abortion on demand now takes the lives of up to one and a half million unborn children a year. Human life legislation ending this tragedy will someday pass the Congress, and you and I must never rest until it does. Unless and until it can be proven that the unborn child is not a living entity, then its right to life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness must be protected.You may remember that when abortion on demand began, many, and indeed, I’m sure many of you, warned that the practice would lead to a decline in respect for human life, that the philosophical premises used to justify abortion on demand would ultimately be used to justify other attacks on the sacredness of human life -- infanticide or mercy killing. Tragically enough, those warnings proved all too true. Only last year a court permitted the death by starvation of ahandicapped infant.I have directed the Health and Human Services Department to make clear to every health care facility in the United States that the Rehabilitation Act of 1973 protects all handicapped persons against discrimination based on handicaps, including infants. And we have taken the further step of requiring that each and every recipient of federal funds who provides health care services to infants must post and keep posted in a conspicuous place a notice stating that “discriminatory failure to feed and care for handicapped infants in this facility is prohibited by federal law.”It also lists a twenty-four-hour; toll-free number so that nurses and others may report violations in time to save the infant’s life.In addition, recent legislation introduced by -- in the Congress by Representative Henry Hyde of Illinois not only increases restrictions on publicly financed abortions, it also addresses this whole problem of infanticide. I urge the Congress to begin hearings and to adopt legislation that will protect the right of life to all children, including the disabled or handicapped.Now, I’m sure that you must get discouraged at times, but there you’ve done better than you know, perhaps. There’sa great spiritual awakening in America, a renewal of the traditional values that have been the bedrock of America’s goodness and greatness.One recent survey by a Washington-based research council concluded that Americans were far more religious than the people of other nations; 95 percent of those surveyed expressed a belief in God and a huge majority believed the Ten Commandments had real meaning in their lives. And another study has found that an overwhelming majority of Americans disapprove of adultery, teenage sex, pornography, abortion, and hard drugs. And this same study showed a deep reverence for the importance of family ties and religious belief.I think the items that we’ve discussed here today must be a key part of the nation’s political agenda. For the first time the Congress is openly and seriously debating and dealing with the prayer and abortion issues and that’s enormous progress right there. I repeat: America is in the midst of a spiritual awakening and a moral renewal. And with your biblical keynote, I say today, “Yes, let justice roll on like a river, righteousness like a never-failing stream.”Now, obviously, much of this new political and social consensus I’ve talked about is based on a positive view ofAmerican history, one that takes pride in our country’s accomplishments and record. But we must never forget that no government schemes are going to perfect man. We know that living in this world means dealing with what philosophers would call the phenomenology of evil or, as theologians would put it, the doctrine of sin.There is sin and evil in the world, and we’re enjoined by Scripture and the Lord Jesus to oppose it with all our might. Our nation, too, has a legacy of evil with which it must deal. The glory of this land has been its capacity for transcending the moral evils of our past. For example, the long struggle of minority citizens for equal rights, once a source of disunity and civil war is now a point of pride for all Americans. We must never go back. There is no room for racism, anti-Semitism, or other forms of ethnic and racial hatred in this country.I know that you’ve been horrified, as have I, by the resurgence of some hate groups preaching bigotry and prejudice. Use the mighty voice of your pulpits and the powerful standing of your churches to denounce and isolate these hate groups in our midst. The commandment given us is clear and simple: “Thou shalt love thy neighbor as thyself.”But whatever sad episodes exist in our past, any objective observer must hold a positive view of American history, a history that has been the story of hopes fulfilled and dreams made into reality. Especially in this century, America has kept alight the torch of freedom, but not just for ourselves but for millions of others around the world.And this brings me to my final point today. During my first press conference as president, in answer to a direct question, I pointed out that, as good Marxist-Leninists, the Soviet leaders have openly and publicly declared that the only morality they recognize is that which will further their cause, which is world revolution. I think I should point out I was only quoting Lenin, their guiding spirit, who said in 1920 that they repudiate all morality that proceeds from supernatural ideas -- that’s their name for religion -- or ideas that are outside class conceptions. Morality is entirely subordinate to the interests of class war. And everything is moral that is necessary for the annihilation of the old, exploiting social order and for uniting the proletariat.Well, I think the refusal of many influential people to accept this elementary fact of Soviet doctrine illustrates a historical reluctance to see totalitarian powers for what theyare. We saw this phenomenon in the 1930s. We see it too often today.This doesn’t mean we should isolate ourselves and refuse to seek an understanding with them. I intend to do everything I can to persuade them of our peaceful intent, to remind them that it was the West that refused to use its nuclear monopoly in the forties and fifties for territorial gain and which now proposes 50 percent cut in strategic ballistic missiles and the elimination of an entire class of land-based, intermediate-range nuclear missiles.At the same time, however, they must be made to understand we will never compromise our principles and standards. We will never give away our freedom. We will never abandon our belief in God. And we will never stop searching for a genuine peace. But we can assure none of these things America stands for through the so-called nuclear freeze solutions proposed by some.The truth is that a freeze now would be a very dangerous fraud, for that is merely the illusion of peace. The reality is that we must find peace through strength.I would agree to a freeze if only we could freeze the Soviets’global desires. A freeze at current levels of weaponswould remove any incentive for the Soviets to negotiate seriously in Geneva and virtually end our chances to achieve the major arms reductions which we have proposed. Instead, they would achieve their objectives through the freeze.A freeze would reward the Soviet Union for its enormous and unparalleled military buildup. It would prevent the essential and long overdue modernization of United States and allied defenses and would leave our aging forces increasingly vulnerable. And an honest freeze would require extensive prior negotiations on the systems and numbers to be limited and on the measures to ensure effective verification and compliance. And the kind of a freeze that has been suggested would be virtually impossible to verify. Such a major effort would divert us completely from our current negotiations on achieving substantial reductions.A number of years ago, I heard a young father, a very prominent young man in the entertainment world, addressing a tremendous gathering in California. It was during the time of the cold war, and communism and our own way of life were very much on people’s minds. And he was speaking to that subject. And suddenly, though, I heard him saying, “I love my little girls more than anything.” And I said to myself, “Oh, no,don’t. You can’t -- don’t say that.”But I had underestimated him. He went on: “I would rather see my little girls die now; still believing in God, than have them grow up under communism and one day die no longer believing in God.”There were thousands of young people in that audience. They came to their feet with shouts of joy. They had instantly recognized the profound truth in what he had said, with regard to the physical and the soul and what was truly important.Yes, let us pray for the salvation of all of those who live in that totalitarian darkness. Pray they will discover the joy of knowing God. But until they do, let us be aware that while they preach the supremacy of the State, declare its omnipotence over individual man, and predict its eventual domination of all peoples on the earth, they are the focus of evil in the modern world.It was C.S. Lewis who, in his unforgettable Screw Tape Letters, wrote: “The greatest evil is not done now in those sordid ‘dens of crime’ that Dickens loved to paint. It is not even done in concentration camps and labor camps. In those we see its final result. But it is conceived and ordered; moved, seconded, carried and minuted in clear, carpeted, warmed, and well-lighted offices, by quiet men with white collars and cutfingernails and smooth-shaven cheeks who do not need to raise their voice.”Well, because these quiet men do not raise their voices, because they sometimes speak in soothing tones of brotherhood and peace, because, like other dictators before them, they’re always making “their final territorial demand,” some would have us accept them at their word and accommodate ourselves to their aggressive impulses. But if history teaches anything, it teaches that simpleminded appeasement or wishful thinking about our adversaries is folly. It means the betrayal of our past, the squandering of our freedom.So, I urge you to speak out against those who would place the United States in a position of military and moral inferiority. You know, I’ve always believed that old Screw Tape reserved his best efforts for those of you in the Church. So, in your discussions of the nuclear freeze proposals, I urge you to beware the temptation of pride --the temptation of blithely declaring yourselves above it all and label both sides equally at fault, to ignore the facts of history and the aggressive impulses of an evil empire, to simply call the arms race a giant misunderstanding and thereby remove yourself from the struggle between right and wrong and good and evil.I ask you to resist the attempts of those who would have you withhold your support for our efforts, this administration’s efforts, to keep America strong and free, while we negotiate real and verifiable reductions in the world’s nuclear arsenals and one day, with God’s help, their total elimination.While America’s military strength is important, let me add here that I’ve always maintained that the struggle now going on for the world will never be decided by bombs or rockets, by armies or military might. The real crisis we face today is a spiritual one; at root, it is a test of moral will and faith.Whittaker Chambers, the man whose own religious conversion made him a witness to one of the terrible traumas of our time, the Hiss-Chambers case, wrote that the crisis of the Western world exists to the degree in which the West is indifferent to God, the degree to which it collaborates in communism’s attempt to make man stand alone without God. And then he said, for Marxism-Leninism is actually the second-oldest faith, first proclaimed in the Garden of Eden with the words of temptation, “Ye shall be as gods.”The Western world can answer this challenge, he wrote, “but only provided that its faith in God and the freedom Heenjoins is as great as communism’s faith in Man.”I believe we shall rise to the challenge. I believe that communism is another sad, bizarre chapter in human history whose last -- last pages even now are being written. I believe this because the source of our strength in the quest for human freedom is not material, but spiritual. And because it knows no limitation, it must terrify and ultimately triumph over those who would enslave their fellow man. For in the words of Isaiah: “He giveth power to the faint; and to them that have no might He increased strength. But they that wait upon the Lord shall renew their strength; they shall mount up with wings as eagles; they shall run, and not be weary. “Yes, change your world. One of our Founding Fathers, Thomas Paine, said, “We have it within our power to begin the world over again.” We can do it, doing together what no one church could do by itself.God bless you and thank you very much.delivered 8 March1983, Orlando FL。

港航专业英语

23Scott L.DouglassRobert A.NathanJeffrey D.MalyszekProfessorDepartment of Civil Engineering University of South AlabamaMobile,AlabamaMoffat &Nichol EngineersTampa,FloridaMoffat &Nichol EngineersTampa,FloridaC OASTAL AND P ORTE NGINEERINGCoastal and port engineering encom-passes planning,design,and construc-tion of projects to satisfy society’s needs and concerns in the coastal environ-ment,such as harbor and marina development,shore protection,beach nourishment,and other constructed systems in the coastal wave and tide environment.Over time,the scope of this ﬁeld of engineering has broadened from only navigation improvement and property protection to include recreational beaches and environmental considerations.It takes into account the environmental conditions unique to the coastal area,including wind,waves,tides,and sand movement.Thus,coastal engineering makes extensive use of the sciences of oceanogra-phy and coastal geomorphology as well as of geo-technical,environmental,structural,and hydraulic engineering principles.23.1Risk Level in Coastal ProjectsBecause of the nature of littoral drift,or longshore sand transport along the coasts,erosion caused by coastal engineering projects along adjacent shore-lines,sometimes several miles away,has been a recurring problem.Tools for prediction and evaluation of such shoreline dynamics are con-tinually improving but are still limited,in partbecause of nature’s unpredictability.Hence,post-construction monitoring of the response of nearby beaches is often a required component of coastal engineering projects.The design level of risk in many coastal engi-neering projects may be higher than in other civil engineering disciplines because the price of more effective design is often not warranted.The design environment is very challenging.It varies with time,since design conditions are often affected by storms that contain much more energy and induce very different loadings from those normally experienced.Also,because the physical processes are so complex,often too complex for theoretical description,the practice of coastal engineering is still much of an art.Con-sequently,practitioners should have a broad base of practical experience and should exercise sound judgment.The practice of coastal engineering has changed rapidly in the last several decades owing to in-creases in natural pressures,such as that created by sea-level rise,and societal pressures,such as those from growing populations along the coast with greater environmental awareness.The changes are recorded in the proceedings of specialty confer-ences,such as those of the American Society of Civil Engineering (ASCE),including Coastal Engineering Practice;Dredging,Ports,Coastal Sedi-ments,Coastal Zone,International Coastal Engin-eering Conference,and the Florida Shore andSource: Standard Handbook for Civil EngineersBeach Preservation Association’s Beach preser-vation Technology Conference series.Coastal Hydraulics and SedimentsWaves often apply the primary hydraulic forces of interest in coastal engineering.Tides and other water-level ﬂuctuations control the location of wave attack on the shoreline.Waves and tides generate currents in the coastal zone.Breaking waves provide the forces that drive sand transport along the coast and can cause beach changes,including erosion due to coastal engineering projects.23.2Characteristics of WavesWater waves are caused by a disturbance of the water surface.The original disturbance may be caused by wind,boats or ships,earthquakes,or the gravitational attraction of the moon and sun.Most of the waves are initially formed by wind.Waves formed by moving ships or boats are wakes .Waves formed by earthquake disturbances are tsunamis .Waves formed by the gravitational attraction of the moon and sun are tides .After waves are formed,they can propagate across the surface of the sea for thousands of miles.The properties of propagating waves have been the subject of various wave theories for over a century.The most useful wave theory for engineers is the linear,or small-amplitude,theory.23.2.1Linear Wave TheoryEssentially,linear wave theory treats only a train of waves of the same length and period in a constant depth of water.As in optics,this is called a monochromatic wave train.Linear wave theory relates the length,period,and depth of waves as indicated by Eq.(23.1).L ¼gT 22p tan h 2p dL(23:1)where L ¼wavelength,ft,the horizontal distancebetween crestsd ¼vertical distance,ft,between mean orstill water level and the bottom g ¼acceleration due to gravity,32.2ft /s T ¼wave periods,the time required forpropagation of a wave crest over the wavelength (Fig.23.1)Wave height H ,the fourth value needed to com-pletely deﬁne a monochromatic wave train,is an independent value in linear wave theory,but not for higher-order wave theories (Art.23.2.2).Fig.23.1Wave in shallow water.Water particles follow an elliptical path.L indicates length of wave,crest to crest;H wave height,d depth from still-water level to the bottom.The wave period T is the time for a wave to move the distance L .23.2n Section Twenty-ThreeEquation (23.1),implicit in terms of L ,requires an iterative solution except for deep or shallow water.When the relative depth d /L is greater than 1⁄2,the wave is in deep water and Eq.(23.1)becomesL ¼gT 22(23:2)For shallow water,d =L ,1⁄25,eq.(23.1)reduces toL ¼T ﬃﬃﬃﬃﬃgd p (23:3)Individual water particles follow a closed orbit.They return to the same location with each passing wave.The orbits are circular in deep water and elliptical in shallow water.Linear wave theory equations for the water-particle trajectories,the ﬂuctuating water-particle velocities and accelera-tions,and pressures under wave trains are given in R.G.Dean and R.A.Dalrymple,“Water Wave Mechanics for Scientists and Engineers,”Prentice-Hall,Englewood Cliffs,N.J.();R.M.Sorenson,“Basic Wave Mechanics:For Coastal and Ocean Engineers,”John Wiley &Sons,Inc.,New York ().)23.2.2Higher-Order Wave TheoriesThe linear wave theory provides adequate approxi-mations of the kinematics and dynamics of wave motion for many engineering applications.Some areas of concern to civil engineers where the linear theory is not adequate,however,are very large waves and shallow water.Higher-order wavetheories,such as Stokes’second order and cnoidal wave theories,address these important situations.Numerical wave theories,however,have the broadest range of eful tables from stream-function wave theory,a higher-order,num-erical theory,are given in R.G.Dean,“Evaluation and Development of Water Wave Theories For Engineering Applications,”Special Report No.1,U.S.Army Coastal Engineering Research Center,Ft.Belvoir,Va.Determination of the water surface elevations for large waves or waves in shallow water requires use of a higher-order wave theory.A typical waveform is shown in Fig.23.2.The crest of the wave is more peaked and the trough of the wave is ﬂatter than for the sinusoidal water surface proﬁle in linear wave theory.For a horizontal bottom,the height of the wave crest above the still-water level is a maximum of about 0.8d .(“Shore Protection Manual,”4th ed.,U.S.Army Coastal Engineering Research Center,Government Printing Ofﬁce,Washington,D.C.();“Coastal Engineering Manual,”( /inet /usace-docs /eng-manuals /em-htm).)23.2.3Wave TransformationsAs waves move toward the coast into varying water depths,the wave period remains constant (until breaking).The wavelength and height,how-ever,change because of shoaling,refraction,diffraction,reﬂection,and wavebreaking.Fig.23.2Water surface for a large wave in shallow water.Coastal and Port Engineering n 23.3Shoaling n As a wave moves into shallower water the wavelength decreases,as indicated by Eq.(23.1),and the wave height increases.The increase in wave height is given by the shoaling coefﬁcient K s.K s¼HH0o(23:4)where H¼wave height in a speciﬁc depth of water H0o¼deep-water unrefracted wave height K s varies as a function of relative depth d/L as shown in Table23.1.For an incident wave train of period T,Table23.1can be used to estimate the wave height and wavelength in any depth with Eq.(23.2)for L o.Refraction n This is a term,borrowed from optics,for the bending of waves as they slow down. As waves approach a beach at an angle,a portion of the wave is in shallower water and moving more slowly than the rest.Viewed from above,the wave crest appears to bend.Refraction changes the height of waves as well as the direction of propagation.Refraction can cause wave energy to be focused on headlands and defocused from embayments.There are two general types of refraction models.Wave-ray models trace the path of wave rays,lines perpendicular to the wave crests.The other type of computer refraction model computes solutions to differential equations for the wave-heightﬁeld.The physics simulated varies slightly from model to model.Diffraction n Another term borrowed from optics,this is the spread of energy along a wave crest.An engineering example of wave diffraction is the spreading of energy around the tip of a breakwater into the lee of the breakwater.The wave crest wraps around the tip of a breakwater and appears to be propagating away from that point.Diffraction also occurs in open water where refraction occurs.It can reduce the focusing and bending due to refraction.Reﬂection n Waves are reﬂected from obstruc-tions in their path.Reﬂection of wave energy is greatest at vertical walls,90%to100%,and least for beaches and rubble structures.Undesirable wave-energy conditions in vertical-walled marinas can often be reduced by placing rubble at the water line.Breaking n This happens constantly along a beach,but the mechanics are not well modeled by theory.Thus,much of our knowledge of breaking is empirical.In shallow water,waves break when they reach a limiting depth for the individual wave. This depth-limited breaking is very useful in coastal structure design and surf-zone dynamics models.For an individual wave,the limiting depth is about equal to the water depth and lies in the range given by Eq.(23.5.).0:8,Hdmax,1:2(23:5)where(H/d)max¼maximum ratio of wave height to depth below mean water level for a breaking wave.The variation in(H/d)b(the subscript b means breaking)is due to beach slope and wave steepness H/L.Equation(23.5)is often useful in selecting the design wave height for coastal structures in shal-low water.Given an estimate of the design water depth at the structure location,the maximum wave height H max that can exist in that depth of water is about equal to the depth.Any larger waves would have already broken farther offshore and been reduced to H max.23.2.4Irregular WavesThe smooth water surfaces of monochromatic wave theories are not realistic representations ofTable23.1Shoaling Coefﬁcient and Wavelength Changes as Waves Move into Shallower Waterd/L o d/L K s0.0050.028 1.700.0100.040 1.430.0200.058 1.230.0300.071 1.130.0400.083 1.060.0500.094 1.020.100.140.200.220.300.310.500.50 1.023.4n Section Twenty-Threethe real surf zone.Particularly under an active wind,the water surface will be much more irregular.Two different sets of tools have been developed by oceanographers to describe realistic sea surfaces.One is a statistical representation and one is a spectral representation.Statistics of Wave Height n The individual waves in a typical sea differ in height.The heights follow a theoretical Rayleigh distribution in deep water.In shallow water,the larger individual waves break sooner,and thus the upper tail of the distribution is lost.A commonly used,single wave-height para-meter is the signiﬁcant wave height H1/3.This is the average of the highest one-third of the waves. Other wave heights used in design can be related to H1/3via the Rayleigh distribution as indicated in Table23.2.23.2.5Wave SpectraSpectral techniques are available that describe the amount of energy at the different frequencies or wave periods in an irregular sea.They provide more information about the irregular wave train and are used in some of the more advanced coastal-structure design methods.A wave-height parameter that is related to the total energy in asea is H mo .(H mois often called signiﬁcant waveheight also.)Signiﬁcant wave height H s is a term that has a long history of use in coastal engineering and oceanography.As indicated above and in Art.23.2.4,two fundamentally different deﬁnitions for signiﬁcant wave height are used in coastal engineering.One is statistically based and the other is energy-or spectral-based.Since they are different,the notations,H1/3and H moare recom-mended to avoid confusion in use of H s:H1=3¼statistical significant wave heightH mo¼spectral significant wave heightIn deep water,H mois approximately equal to H1/3. In shallow water,and in particular in the surf zone, the two parameters diverge.(There is little that is truly signiﬁcant about either parameter.Few of the waves in an actual wave train will have the signiﬁcant height.It is basically a statistical artifact.)Transformations of actual wave seas such as shoaling,refraction,diffraction,and breaking are not completely understood and not well modeled. Although the monochromatic wave transforma-tions are well modeled,as described in the preceding,in actuality the individual waves and wave trains interact with each other and change the waveﬁeld.(These wave-wave interactions are the subject of signiﬁcant research efforts.)Thus, the more realistic conditions,that is,irregular seas, are the least understood.However,models that account for the transformation of wave spectra across arbitrary bottom contours are available.23.2.6Wave Generation by Wind Waves under the inﬂuence of the winds that generated them are called sea.Waves that have propagated beyond the initial winds that generated them are called swell.Fetch is the distance that a wind blows across the water.For enclosed bays,this is the distance across the water body in the direction of the wind. Duration is the time that a wind at a speciﬁc speed blows across the water.The waves at any spot may be fetch-limited or duration-limited.When a windTable23.2Wave Heights Used in DesignSymbol Description Multiple of H1/3 H1/3Average height of highest one-third of waves 1.0H av Average wave height0.6H10Average height of highest10%of waves 1.3H1%Wave height exceeded1%of the time 1.6H sin Height of simple sine waves with same energyas the actual irregular height wave train 0.8Coastal and Port Engineering n23.5starts to blow,wave heights are limited by the short time that the wind has blown;in other words,they are duration-limited.Seas not duration-limited are fully arisen .If the waves are limited by the fetch,they are fetch-limited.For enclosed bay and lake locations,simple parametric models can provide useful wave information.Table 23.3gives wave height and wave period estimates for deep water for different fetch distances and different wind speeds.The values are based on the assumption that the wind blows for a sufﬁcient time to generate fully arisen conditions.In shallow water,the wave heights will be less.On the open ocean,waves are almost never fetch-limited.They are free to continue to move after the wind ceases or changes.Swell wave energy can propagate across entire oceans.The waves striking the beach at any moment in time may include swell from several different locations plus a local wind sea.Thus,for an open-ocean situation,numerical models that grid the entire ocean are required to keep track of wave-energy propagation and local generation.Wave-generation models can forecast waves for marine construction operations.They can also hindcast,that is,estimate waves based on measured or estimated winds at times in the past,for wave climatology studies,probabilistic design,or historic performance analysis.The U.S.Army Corps of Engineers “Wave Information Study(WIS)”has hindcast 40years of data,1956–1995,to generate probabilistic wave statistics for hun-dreds of locations along the coasts of the United States.The wave statistics are available in tabular form,and the actual time sequence of wave conditions is available in digital form.(J.B.Herbich,“Handbook of Coastal and Ocean Engineering,”Gulf Publishing Company,Houston,Tex ().)23.2.7Ship and Boat WakesShip wakes are sometimes the largest waves that occur at a location and thus become the design wave.Vessel wakes from large ships can be up to 6ft high and have wave periods less than 3s.Ship wakes can be estimated with methods presented in J.R.Weggel and R.M.Sorensen,“Ship Wave Prediction for Port and Channel Design,”Proceed-ings,Port Conference,1986,ASCE.Approaches for estimating the wakes due to recreational boats are presented in ASCE Manual 50,“Planning and Design Guidelines for Small-Craft Harbors,”and R.R.Bottin et al.,“Maryland Guide Book for Marina Owners and Operators on Alternatives Available for the Protection of Small Craft against Vessel Generated Waves,”U.S.Army Corps of Engineers Coastal Engineering Research Center,Washington,D.C.Table 23.3Spectral Signiﬁcant Heights and Periods for Wind-Generated Deep-Water Waves*Wind speed,knotsFetch length,statute miles0.512105020H m o ,ft 0.60.8 1.1 2.2 4.1T p ,s 1.3 1.6 2.0 3.2 4.740H m o ,ft 1.3 1.8 2.5 5.411T p ,s 1.7 2.2 2.7 4.5760H m o ,ft 2.2 3.1 4.29.118T p ,s2.12.63.25.48*Based on method presented in S.L.Douglass et al.,“Wave Forecasting for Construction in Mobile Bay,”Proceedings,Coastal Engineering Practice,1992,pp.713–727,American Society of Civil Engineers.H m o ¼spectral signiﬁcant wave height and T p ¼wave period.23.6n Section Twenty-Three23.3Design Coastal WaterLevelsThe design water level depends on the type of project.For design of some protective coastal structures,for example,a water level based on a recurrence interval such as a10-year or100-year return period often is selected.The Federal Emergency Management Agency(FEMA)“Flood Insurance Rate Maps(FIRM)”are based on such a concept.They provide aﬁrst estimate of high-water levels along the U.S.coastlines.Since the design of some coastal structures can be extremely sensitive to the design water level,more in-depth analysis may be justiﬁed.For engineering projects con-cerned with normal water levels,for example, where dock elevations and beachﬁll elevations are determined by the water level,an estimate of the normal water level and the normal range around that mean is needed.All coastal engineer-ing projects should be designed to take into account the full range of potential water levels.The water level at any time in a speciﬁc location is inﬂuenced by the tides,mean sea-level elevation, storm surge,including wind inﬂuence,and other local inﬂuences,such as fresh-water inﬂow in estuaries.Tides n The tide is the periodic rise and fall of ocean waters produced by the attraction of the moon and sun.Generally,the average interval between successive high tides is12h25min,half the time between successive passages of the moon across a given meridian.The moon exerts a greater inﬂuence on the tides than the sun.Tides,however, are often affected by meteorological conditions, including propagation of storm tides from the sea into coastal waters.The highest tides,which occur at intervals of half a lunar month,are called spring tides.They occur at or near the time when the moon is new or full,i.e.,when the sun,moon,and earth fall in line, and the tide-generating forces of the moon and sun are additive.When the lines connecting the earth with the sun and the moon form a right angle,i.e., when the moon is in its quarters,then the actions of the moon and sun are subtractive,and the lowest tides of the month,the neap tides,occur.Tidal waves are retarded by frictional forces as the earth revolves daily around its axis,and the tide tends to follow the direction of the moon.Thus,the highest tide for each location is not coincident with conjunction and opposition but occurs at some constant time after new and full moon.This interval,known as the age of the tide,may amount to as much as21⁄2days.Large differences in tidal range occur at different locations along the ocean coast.They arise because of secondary tidal waves set up by the primary tidal wave or mass of water moving around the earth.These movements are also in-ﬂuenced by the depth of shoaling water and con-ﬁguration of the coast.The highest tides in the world occur in the Bay of Fundy,where a rise of 100ft has been recorded.Inland and landlocked seas,such as the Mediterranean and the Baltic, have less than1ft of tide,and the Great Lakes are not noticeably inﬂuenced.Tides that occur twice each lunar day are called semidiurnal tides.Since the lunar day,or time it takes the moon to make a complete revolution around the earth,is about50min longer than the solar day,the corresponding high tide on succes-sive days is about50min later.In some places,such as Pensacola,Florida,only one high tide a day occurs.These tides are called diurnal tides.If one of the two daily high tides is incomplete,i.e.,if it does not reach the height of the previous tide,as at San Francisco,then the tides are referred to as mixed diurnal tides.Table23.4gives the spring and mean tidal ranges for some major ports.There are other exceptional tidal phenomena. For instance,at Southampton,England,there are four daily high waters,occurring in pairs,separa-ted by a short interval.At Portsmouth,there are two sets of three tidal peaks per day.Tidal bores,a regular occurrence at certain locations are high-crested waves caused by the rush ofﬂood tide up a river,as in the Amazon,or by the meeting of tides, as in the Bay of Fundy.The rise of the tide is referred to some estab-lished datum of the charts,which varies in different parts of the world.In the United States,it is mean lower low water(MLLW).Mean high water is the average of the high water over a19-year period,and mean low water is the average of the low water over a19-year period. Higher high water is the higher of the two high waters of any diurnal tidal day,and lower low water is the lower of the two low waters of any diurnal tidal day.Mean higher high water is the average height of the higher high water over a19-year period,and mean lower low water is the Coastal and Port Engineering n23.7average height of the lower low waters over a 19-year period (tidal epoch).Highest high water and lowest low water are the highest and lowest,respectively,of the spring tides of record.Mean range is the height of mean high water above mean low water.The mean of this height is generally referred to as mean sea level (MSL).Diurnal range is the difference in height between the mean higher high water and the mean lower low water.The National Ocean Service annually publishes tide tables that give the time and elevation of the high and low tides at thousands of locations around the world and that can be used to forecast water levels at all times.The tide tables forecast the repeating,astronomical portions of the tide for speciﬁc locations but do not directly account for the day-to-day effects of changes in local winds,pressures,and other factors.Along most coasts,the tide table forecasts are within 1ft of the actual water level 90%of the time.Relative sea-level rise is gradually changing all of the epoch-based datum at any coastal site.Although,the datum that is used for design and construction throughout an upland area is not particularly important,the relation between con-struction and actual water levels in the coastal zone can be extremely important.The level of the oceans of the world has been gradually increasing for thousands of years.The important change is the relative sea-level change,the combined effect of water level and land-mass elevation changes due to subsidence (typical of the U.S.Atlantic and Gulf coasts)or rebound or emergence (Paciﬁc coast of the U.S.).Measured,long-term tide data for major U.S.ports show that the relative sea-level rise differs from location to location.For example,Table 23.4Mean and Spring Tidal Ranges for Some of the World’s Major Ports*Mean range,ftSpring range,ft Anchorage,Alaska 26.729.6†Antwerp,Belgium15.717.8Auckland,New Zealand 8.09.2Baltimore,Md 1.1 1.3Bilboa,Spain 9.011.8Bombay,India 8.711.8Boston,Mass.9.511.0Buenos Aires,Argentina2.2 2.4Burntcoat Head,Nova Scotia (Bay of Fundy)41.647.5Canal Zone,Atlantic side 0.7 1.1†Canal Zone,Paciﬁc side 12.616.4Capetown,Union of South Africa 3.8 5.2Cherbourg,France 13.018.0Dakar,Africa 3.3 4.4Dover,England 14.518.6Galveston,Tex 1.0 1.4†Genoa,Italy 0.60.8Gibraltar,Spain2.33.1Hamburg,Germany 7.68.1Havana,Cuba1.0 1.2Hong Kong,China 3.1 5.3†Honolulu,Hawaii 1.2 1.9†Juneau,Alaska14.016.6†La Guaira,Venezuela 1.0†Lisbon,Portugal 8.410.8Liverpool,England 21.227.1Manila,Philippines 3.3†Marseilles,France 0.40.6Melbourne,Australia 1.7 1.9Murmansk,U.S.S.R.7.99.9New York,N.Y. 4.4 5.3Osaka,Japan 2.5 3.3Oslo,Norway 1.0 1.1Quebec,Canada 13.715.5Rangoon,Burma 13.417.0Reikjavik,Iceland 9.212.5Rio de Janeiro,Brazil 2.5 3.5Rotterdam,Netherlands 5.0 5.4San Diego,Calif. 4.2 5.8†San Francisco,Calif. 4.0 5.7†San Juan,Puerto Rico 1.1 1.3Seattle,Wash.7.611.3†Shanghai,China 6.78.9Singapore,Malaya5.67.4Table 23.4(Continued )Mean range,ftSpring range,ft Southampton,England 10.013.6Sydney,Australia 3.6 4.5Valparaiso,Chile 3.0 3.9Vladivostok,U.S.S.R.0.60.7Yokohama,Japan 3.5 4.7Zanzibar,Africa8.812.4*“Tide Tables,”National Ocean Service.†Diurnal range.23.8n Section Twenty-Threeat Galveston,Tex.,there has been about1ft of relative sea-level rise during the last50years.At Anchorage,Alaska,there has been about2ft of relative sea-level fall during the last50years.The impact of long-term sea-level rise has rarely been taken into account in design,except when it has already impacted the epoch-based tidal datum, such as MLLW.The National Geodetic Vertical Datum(NGVD)was established at the mean sea level(MSL)of1929.Since sea-level rise has con-tinued since then,the NGVD is now below the current day MSL along much of the U.S.Atlantic and Gulf coasts.At many locations,it is between the MSL and the MLLW.For accurate location of the NGVD relative to the MSL or MLLW,analysis with data from a local tide gage is required.For some harbor and coastal design,a staff gage is installed for recording water levels for a sustained period of time to conﬁrm the relation between the local surveyor’s elevation datum,the assumed tidal datum,and the actual water surface elevation.Storm Surge n This can be deﬁned broadly to include all the effects involved in a storm,inclu-ding wind stress across the continental shelf and within an estuary or body of water,barometric pressure,and wave-induced setup.The combined inﬂuence of these effects can change the water level by5to20ft depending on the intensity of the storm and coastal location.Engineers can use return-period analysis curves to estimate the likelihood of any particular elevation.The Federal Emergency Management Agency and the various Corps of Engineer Districts have developed such curves based on historic high-water-mark elevations and numerical models of the hydrodynamics of the continental shelf.23.4Coastal SedimentCharacteristicsMost beach sediments are sand.The day-to-day dynamics of the surf zone usually ensure that most ﬁnes,silts,and clays will be washed away to more quiescent locations offshore.Some beaches have layers of cobbles,rounded gravel,or shingles,ﬂattened gravel.The size and composition of beach sands varies around the world and even along adjacent shore-lines.Essentially,the beach at any particular site consists of whatever loose material is available.Quartz is the most common mineral in beach sands. Other constituents in sands include feldspars and heavy minerals.Some beaches have signiﬁcant por-tions of seashell fragments and some beaches are dominated by coral carbonate material.Beach sands are usually described in terms of grain-size distribution.The median diameter d50is a common measure of the central size of the distribution.The range of the distribution of sand sizes around this median is usually discussed in terms of sorting.The color of the sand depends primarily on the composition of the grains.The black sand beaches of Hawaii are derived from volcanic lava.The white sands of the panhandle of Florida are quartz that has developed a white color owing to mini-ature surface abrasions and bleaching.23.5Nearshore Currents andSand TransportAs wave energy enters the surf zone,some of the energy is transformed to nearshore currents and expended in sand movement.The nearshore cur-rentﬁeld is dominated by the incident wave energy and the local windﬁeld.The largest currents are the oscillatory currents associated with the waves. However,several forms of mean currents(long-shore currents,rip currents associated with nearshore circulation cells,and downwelling or upwelling associated with winds)can be important to sand transport.Longshore current is the mean current along the shore between the breaker line and the beach that is driven by an oblique angle of wave approach. The waves provide the power for the mean long-shore current and also provide the wave-by-wave agitation to suspend sand in the current.The resulting movement of sand is littoral drift or longshore sand transport.This process is referred to as a river of sand moving along the coast. Although the river-of-sand concept is an effective, simple explanation of much of the inﬂuence of engineering on adjacent beaches,the actual sand transport paths are more complex.This is par-ticularly so near inlets with large ebb-tidal shoals that inﬂuence the incident wave climate.Even on an open coast with straight and parallel offshore bottom contours,the longshore-sand-transport direction changes constantly in response to changes in the incident wave height,period,and Coastal and Port Engineering n23.9。

精品解析：2024届重庆市巴蜀中学校高三下学期5月模拟预测英语试题(解析版)

英语试卷第二部分阅读（共两节，满分50分）第一节（共15小题；每小题2. 5分，满分37. 5分）阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C和D四个选项中，选出最佳答案。

AYou are in: North Yorkshire > Places > Great Yorkshire Show > Wall to wallWall to WallA dry stone wall is a remarkable achievement of engineering! The Yorkshire Dry Stone Walling Guild will be demonstrating the craft at this year's Great Yorkshire Show. Find out about the eye-catching structures.Winding their way across some of Britain's most beautiful landscapes. for many hundreds of years, dry stone walls remain a typical and much-loved feature of the Yorkshire countryside. The Yorkshire Dales and North York Moors are no exception.Dry stone walling is an old craft which marks the boundaries between fields and parcels of land. The walls are built without using any cement (水泥) jointing and the walls fit in with the surroundings, providing shelter and habitat for a wide range of animals and insects. They can last for more than a lifetime and need repairing and preserving. However, far from dying out, the craft is alive and kicking all over the county.The Yorkshire Dry Stone Walling Guild (YDSWG) was founded 20 years or so ago and is dedicated to the craft. It is a voluntary, non-profit-making organisation with around 130 members. Its aim is to preserve the walls and the skills involved in building and maintaining them. It also encourages an interest in the history of dry stone walls.Brian Wood, secretary of the YDSWG, told us about their involvement with the Great Yorkshire Show. “Last year we finished a wall we were building around the pond near the showground's Brown Gate. The Guild hopes to build more walls and we look forward to meeting all our enthusiasts again. Hope you will lay a stone or two as you have done in the past.”21. What do we know about dry stone walls?A. They are newly discovered.B. They hold no more appeal to the public.C. They now face extinction.D. They are harmonious with the environment.22. What is the Yorkshire Dry Stone Walling Guild aimed at?A. Training craftsmen.B. Preserving the tradition.C. Promoting tourism.D. Enrolling volunteers23. In which section of a website is this text most likely to appear?A. Local.B. Fashion.C. Opinion.D. People.【答案】21. D 22. B 23. A【解析】【导语】这是一篇说明文。

大学英语英语四级练习卷(及答案) (4)

大学英语四级试练习卷一、阅读理解阅读理解（一）Why the inductive and mathematical sciences, after their first rapid development at the culmination of Greek civilization, advanced so slowly for two thousand years—and why in the following two hundred years a knowledge of natural and mathematical science has accumulated, which so vastly exceeds all that was previously known that these sciences may be justly regarded as the products of our own times—are questions which have interested the modern philosopher not less than the objects with which these sciences are more immediately conversant. Was it the employment of a new method of research, or in the exercise of greater virtue in the use of the old methods, that this singular modern phenomenon had its origin? Was the long period one of arrested development, and is the modern era one of normal growth? Or should we ascribe the characteristics of both periods to so-called historical accidents—to the influence of conjunctions in circumstances of which no explanation is possible, save in the omnipotence and wisdom of a guiding Providence?The explanation which has become commonplace, that the ancients employed deduction chiefly in their scientific inquiries, while the moderns employ induction, proves to be too narrow, and fails upon close examination to point with sufficient distinctness the contrast that is evident between ancient and modern scientific doctrines and inquiries. For all knowledge is founded on observation, and proceeds from this by analysis, by synthesis and analysis,by induction and deduction, and if possible by verification, or by new appeals to observation under the guidance of deduction—by steps which are indeed correlative parts of one method; and the ancient sciences afford examples of every one of these methods, or parts of one method, which have been generalized from the examples of science.A failure to employ or to employ adequately any one of these partial methods, an imperfection in the arts and resources of observation and experiment, carelessness in observation, neglect of relevant facts, by appeal to experiment and observation—these are the faults which cause all failures to ascertain truth, whether among the ancients or the moderns; but this statement does not explain why the modern is possessed of a greater virtue, and by what means he attained his superiority. Much less does it explain the sudden growth of science in recent times.The attempt to discover the explanation of this phenomenon in the antithesis of “facts” and “theories” or “facts” and “ideas”—in the neglect among the ancients of the former, and their too exclusive attention to the latter —proves also to be too narrow, as well as open to the charge of vagueness. For in the first place, the antithesis is not complete. Facts and theories are not coordinate species. Theories, if true, are facts—a particular class of facts indeed, generally complex, and if a logical connection subsists between their constituents, have all the positive attributes of theories. Nevertheless, this distinction, however inadequate it may be to explain the source of true method in science, is well founded, and connotes an important character in true method. A fact is a proposition of simple. A theory, on theother hand, if true has all the characteristics of a fact, except that its verification is possible only by indirect, remote, and difficult means. To convert theories into facts is to add simple verification, and the theory thus acquires the full characteristics of a fact."1. The title that best expresses the ideas of this passage is"[A]. Philosophy of mathematics. [B]. The Recent Growth in Science.[C]. The Verification of Facts. [C]. Methods of Scientific Inquiry."2. According to the author, one possible reason for the growth of science during the days of the ancient Greeks and in modern times is"[A]. the similarity between the two periods.[B]. that it was an act of God.[C]. that both tried to develop the inductive method.[D]. due to the decline of the deductive method."3. The difference between “fact” and “theory”"[A]. is that the latter needs confirmation.[B]. rests on the simplicity of the former.[C]. is the difference between the modern scientists and the ancient Greeks.[D]. helps us to understand the deductive method."4. According to the author, mathematics is"[A]. an inductive science. [B]. in need of simple verification.[C]. a deductive science. [D]. based on fact and theory."5. The statement “Theories are facts” may be called."[A]. a metaphor. [B]. a paradox.[C]. an appraisal of the inductive and deductive methods.[D]. a pun.阅读理解（二）On the 36th day after they had voted, Americans finally learned Wednesday who would be their next president: Governor George W. Bush of Texas.Vice President Al Gore, his last realistic avenue for legal challenge closed by a U. S. Supreme Court decision late Tuesday, planned to end the contest formally in a televised evening speech of perhaps 10 minutes, advisers said. They said that Senator Joseph Lieberman, his vice presidential running mate, would first make brief comments. The men would speak from a ceremonial chamber of the Old Executive office Building, to the west of the White House.The dozens of political workers and lawyers who had helped lead Mr. Gore’s unprecedented fight to claw a come-from-behind electoral victory in the pivotal state of Florida were thanked Wednesday and asked to stand down. “The vice president has directed the recount committee to suspend activities,”William Daley, the Gore campaign chairman, said in a written statement. Mr. Gore authorized that statement after meeting with his wife, Tipper, and with top advisers including Mr. Daley.He was expected to telephone Mr. Bush during the day. The Bush campaign kept a low profile and moved gingerly, as if to leave space for Mr. Gore to contemplate his next steps.Yet, at the end of a trying and tumultuous process that had focused world attention on sleepless vote counters across Florida, and on courtrooms formMiami to Tallahassee to Atlanta to Washington the Texas governor was set to become the 43d U. S. president.The news of Mr. Gore’s plans followed the longest and most rancorous dispute over a U. S. presidential election in more than a century, one certain to leave scars in a badly divided country.It was a bitter ending for Mr. Gore, who had outpolled Mr. Bush nationwide by some 300000 votes, but, without Florida, fell short in the Electoral College by 271votes to 267—the narrowest Electoral College victory since the turbulent election of 1876.Mr. Gore was said to be distressed by what he and many Democratic activists felt was a partisan decision from the nation’s highest court.The 5-to –4 decision of the Supreme Court held, in essence, that while a vote recount in Florida could be conducted in legal and constitutional fashion, as Mr. Gore had sought, this could not be done by the Dec. 12 deadline for states to select their presidential electors.James Baker 3rd, the former secretary of state who represented Mr. Bush in the Florida dispute, issued a short statement after the U. S. high court ruling, saying that the governor was “very pleased and gratified.”Mr. Bush was planning a nationwide speech aimed at trying to begin to heal the country’s deep, aching and varied divisions. He then was expected to meet with congressional leaders, including Democrats. Dick Cheney, Mr. Bush’s ruing mate, was meeting with congressmen Wednesday in Washington.When Mr. Bush, who is 54, is sworn into office on Jan.20, he will be only the second son of a president to follow his father to the White House, after JohnAdams and John Quincy Adams in the early 19th century.Mr. Gore, in his speech, was expected to thank his supporters, defend his hive-week battle as an effort to ensure, as a matter of principle, that every vote be counted, and call for the nation to join behind the new president. He was described by an aide as “resolved and resigned.”While some constitutional experts had said they believed states could present electors as late as Dec. 18, the U. S. high court made clear that it saw no such leeway.The U.S. high court sent back “for revision” to the Florida court its order allowing recounts but made clear that for all practical purposes the election was over.In its unsigned main opinion, the court declared, “The recount process, in its features here described, is inconsistent with the minimum procedures necessary to protect the fundamental right of each voter.”That decision, by a court fractured along philosophical lines, left one liberal justice charging that the high court’s proceedings bore a political taint.Justice John Paul Stevens wrote in an angry dissent:” Although we may never know with complete certainty the identity of the winner of this year’s presidential election, the identity of the loser is perfectly clear. It is the nation’s confidence in the judge as an impartial guardian of the law.”But at the end of five seemingly endless weeks, during which the physical, legal and constitutional machines of the U. S. election were pressed and sorely tested in ways unseen in more than a century, the system finally produced aresult, and one most Americans appeared to be willing at lease provisionally to support.The Bush team welcomed the news with an outward show of restraint and aplomb. The governor’s hopes had risen and fallen so many times since Election night, and the legal warriors of each side suffered through so many dramatic reversals, that there was little energy left for celebration."1. The main idea of this passage is"[A]. Bush’s victory in presidential election bore a political taint.[B]. The process of the American presidential election.[C]. The Supreme Court plays a very important part in the presidential election.[D]. Gore is distressed."2. What does the sentence “as if to leave space for Mr. Gore to contemplate his next step” mean"[A]. Bush hopes Gore to join his administration.[B]. Bush hopes Gore to concede defeat and to support him.[C]. Bush hopes Gore to congraduate him.[D]. Bush hopes Gore go on fighting with him."3. Why couldn’t Mr. Gore win the presidential election after he outpolled Mr. Bush in the popular vote? Because"[A]. the American president is decided by the supreme court’s decision.[B]. people can’t directly elect their president.[C]. the American president is elected by a slate of presidential electors.[D]. the people of each state support Mr. Bush."4. What was the result of the 5—4 decision of the supreme court?"[A]. It was in fact for the vote recount.[B]. It had nothing to do with the presidential election.[C]. It decided the fate of the winner.[D]. It was in essence against the vote recount."5. What did the “turbulent election of 1876” imply?"[A]. The process of presidential election of 2000 was the same as that.[B]. There were great similarities between the two presidential elections (2000 and 1876).[C]. It was compared to presidential election of 2000.[D]. It was given an example.阅读理解（三）Asked to name their favorite city, many Amerians would select San Francisco began as a small Spanish outpost located on a magnificent bay.The town was little more than a village serving ranchers when the United States took possession of it in 1846 during the war with Mexico. San Francisco sprang into a city overnight because of the nearby discovery of gold in 1848.A great rush to California took place.Wagon trains plodded their dangerous way across 2000 miles of prairie and mountains,while hundreds of sailing vessels made the equally hazardous trip around the Horn.The vessels disgorged thousands of passengers -- then the crews deserted teir ship and hundreds of vessels were left to rot in thebay.Within two years,California had enough population to become a state and San Francisco was for many years the hub of that newly-arrived population.The city’s present popularity is due to an excellent climate, an easy style of living ,good food,and numerous tourist attractions. The city is famous for its cable cars which "clang and bang" up the steep hills,and for its excellent seafood stals along the wharf. Most visitors arriving from nations in the Pacific Basin spend several days getting to know the town.1.According to this article, who were the first Californians?A.deserters from sailing shipsB.spanish ranchersC.gold minersD.tourists2.san francisco’s appeal includes all of the following factors____.A.attractive lifestyle,good seafood,desirable weatherB.tourist attactions,extreme seasons,cable carsC.wagon trains,gold mining,good climateD.cable cars,pleasent climate,flat terrain3.san francisco today is a thriving city because of ____.A.heavy industryernmental headquartersC.goldminingD.trade and tourism4.In waht year did California become an American state?A.1850B.1852C.1846D.1848二、完型填空完型填空（一）If you were to begin a new job tomorrow, you would bring with you some basic strengths andweaknesses. Success or (1) in your work would depend, to (2) great extent, (3) your ability to use yourstrengths and weaknesses to the best advantage. (4) the utmost importance is your attitude. A person (5)begins a job convinced that he isn't going to like it or is (6) that he is going to ail is exhibiting aweakness which can only hinder his success. On the otherhand, a person who is secure (7) his belief thathe is probably as capable (8) doing the work as anyone else and who is willing to make a cheerfulattempt (9) it possesses a certain strength of purpose. The chances are that he will do well.(10) the prerequisite skills for a particular job is strength. Lacking those skills is obviously aweakness. A book-keeper who can't add or a carpenter who can't cut a straight line with a saw (11)hopeless cases.This book has been designed to help you capitalize (12) the strength and overcome the (13) that youbring to the job of learning. But insgroupsto measure your development, you must first (14) -- stock ofswheres you stand now. (15) -- we get further along in the book, we’ll be (16) -- in some detail withspecific processes for developing and strengthening (17) -- skills. However, (18) -- begin with, youshould pause (19) -- examine your present strengths and weaknesses in three areas that are critical toyour success or failure in school: your (20) --, your reading and communication skills, and your studyhabits.1.A.improvement B.victory C. failure D. achievement2.A.a B.the C. some D. certain3.A.in B.on C. of D. to4.A.Out of B.Of C. To D. Into5.A.who B.what C. that D. which6.A.ensure B.certain C. sure D. surely7.A.onto B.on C. off D. in8.A.to B.at C. of D. for9.A.near B.on C. by D. at10.A.Have B.Had C. Having D. Had been11.A.being B.been C. are D. is12.A.except B.but C. for D. on13.A.idea B.weakness C. strength D. advantage14.A.make B.take C. do D. give15.A.as B.till C. over D. out16.A.deal B.dealt C. be dealt D. dealing17.A.learnt B.learned C. learning D. learn18.A.around B.to C. from D. beside19.A.to B.onto C. into D. with20.A.intelligence B.work C. attitude D. weakness完型填空（二）The rocket engine, with its steady roar like that of a waterfall or a thunderstorm, is an impressive symbol of the new space age.Rocket engines have 1 powerful enough to shoot astronauts 2 the earth's gravitational pull and 3 them on the moon.We have now become 4 space.Impressive and complex 5 it may appear, the rocket, which was 6 in China over 800 years 7 , is a relatively simple device.Fuel that is 8 in the rocket engine changes 9 gas.The hot and rapidly 10 gas must escape, but it can do so only 11 an opening that 12 backwar D.As the gas is 13 with great force, it 14 the rocket in the 15 direction.Like the kick of a gun 16 it is fired, it 17 the laws of nature 18 by Sir Isaac Newton when he discovered that“ 19 every action, there is 20 equal and opposite reaction.”1.A.shown B.been C.appeared D.proved2.A.against B.despite C.beyond D.from3.A.send nd C.take D.carry4.A.travelers B.astronauts C.researchers D.explorers5.A.that B.so C.as D.sometimes6.A.made B.discovered C.developed D.invented7.A.in advance B.before C.earlier D.ago8.A.round B.contained C.stored D.burned9.A.as B.into C.for D.the10.A.heating B.escaping C.expanding D.conducting11.A.in B.at C.by D.through12.A.turns B.goes C.faces D.directs13.A.transmitted B.dispersed C.erected D.radiated14.A.attracts B.leads C.pulls D.pushes15.A.same B.other C.opposite D.wrong16.A.that B.when C.if D.although17.A.states B.proves C.follows D.breaks18.A.described B.discussed C.considered D.made19.A.like B.as C.with D.for20.A.no B.an C.another D.theCloze三、翻译1. 电影开演半小时了。

第12只枯叶蝶梗概作文400字

第12只枯叶蝶梗概作文400字英文回答：The Twelfth Dryad Butterfly is a thought-provoking and captivating novel that delves into the complexities of human nature, the fragility of life, and the search for meaning amidst adversity. Through the eyes of its protagonist, Elspeth, the novel explores themes of loss, love, resilience, and the transformative power of creativity.As Elspeth grapples with the devastating loss of her beloved sister, she finds solace in her passion for art. Through her brushstrokes, she captures the essence of the twelve dryad butterflies, each representing a different aspect of her emotional journey. The intricate patterns and ethereal colors symbolize her struggle to make sense of her grief, while also celebrating the beauty and fragility of life.The novel's exploration of art as a means of healingand expression is particularly poignant. Elspeth's artistic journey becomes a metaphor for her own inner transformation, as she learns to confront her pain, embrace her vulnerability, and ultimately find hope amidst despair.The Twelfth Dryad Butterfly is a beautifully writtenand emotionally resonant novel that lingers in the mindlong after the final page is turned. Its lyrical prose and rich symbolism invite readers to reflect on the resilienceof the human spirit and the enduring power of art inshaping our lives.中文回答：《第十二只枯叶蝶》是一部发人深省、扣人心弦的小说，它深入探讨了人性的复杂性、生命的脆弱性以及在逆境中寻找意义。

榆林的非物质文化遗产英语作文

榆林的非物质文化遗产英语作文Intangible Cultural Heritage of YulinYulin, a city located in the northwest of Shaanxi Province, China, is not only famous for its naturallandscapes but also for its rich intangible cultural heritage. As a city with a long history and diverse cultural traditions, Yulin has been recognized by UNESCO for its intangiblecultural heritage. In this essay, I will explore some of the most representative intangible cultural heritage of Yulin, including folk music, traditional crafts, and local festivals.First and foremost, Yulin is well-known for its uniquefolk music, especially the Yulin Yuyue. Yuyue is atraditional music style that originated in Yulin during the Ming Dynasty. It is characterized by its gentle melodies, elegant rhythms, and rich instrumental accompaniment. Yuyue music usually consists of a variety of traditional Chinesemusical instruments, such as the pipa, erhu, and dizi, which together create a harmonious and soothing atmosphere. Yuyue music not only reflects the local cultural characteristics of Yulin but also embodies the spirit of the local people.In addition to folk music, Yulin is also famous for its traditional crafts. One of the most prominent crafts is Yulin paper cutting. Yulin paper cutting is an ancient art formthat has been passed down through generations. It involves intricate cutting and shaping of paper to create various patterns and designs, such as animals, flowers, and landscapes. The delicate and vivid paper cuttings showcase the superb skills and creativity of the local craftsmen. Yulin paper cutting is not only appreciated as a form of art but also used for decorative purposes during festivals and other celebrations.Furthermore, Yulin is home to a number of unique local festivals, which are an integral part of the intangiblecultural heritage of the city. One of the most well-known festivals is the Yulin LaBa Festival. It is celebrated on the eighth day of the twelfth lunar month and marks the beginning of the Chinese New Year. During the festival, locals gatherto worship and pray for good luck and prosperity in thecoming year. They also prepare and consume Laba congee, a special dish made from rice, beans, and various types of meat and vegetables. The festival is accompanied by colorful parades, traditional performances, and other festive activities, creating a joyful and lively atmosphere.Apart from the Yulin LaBa Festival, Yulin is also knownfor its Lantern Festival and Water-Splashing Festival. The Lantern Festival is held on the fifteenth day of the first lunar month and marks the end of the Chinese New Year celebrations. It is celebrated with colorful lantern displays, lion and dragon dances, and various traditional performances. The Water-Splashing Festival, on the other hand, is held onthe sixth day of the sixth lunar month and involves thesplashing of water on each other as a symbol of good wishes and blessings.In conclusion, Yulin boasts a rich intangible cultural heritage, including folk music, traditional crafts, and local festivals. These cultural traditions reflect the unique characteristics and history of the city. Through the preservation and promotion of these intangible cultural heritage, Yulin not only enriches its cultural identity but also contributes to the diversity and vitality of the world's cultural heritage.。

我们的节日英语

我们的节日英语June 1 children's Day is our holiday. Our school held a celebration of 61 Art Festival. The students performed many programs, and the content of the program was very rich. The parents choir sang us two songs.我们班排练的舞蹈叫《弟子规》，我们表演的时候，我们班的一位同学一不当心出错了，我们很担忧会影响我们整体的效果，但是演完之后大家都鼓起掌来了。

The dance rehearsed in our class is called "Di Zi Gui". When we performed, one of our classmates accidentally made a mistake. We were worried that it would affect our overall effect, but after the performance, everyone clapped.我最喜爱的节目就是《拔苗助长》，这个节目我特殊喜爱，拔苗助长告知我们做事不要心急，急于求成，反而坏事。

My favorite program is "pulling seedlings and encouraging growth". I like this program very much. Pulling seedlings and encouraging growth tells us not to be impatient and eager for success, but to be bad.我特殊喜爱我们的六一儿童节，我祝同学们六一节欢乐！I love our children's day very much. I wish my classmates61 happy days.我们的`节日英语作文2Spring Festival is the traditional festival of the Chinese nation. I like the Spring Festival the most.Early in the thirty years, people will "The Eight Immortals Crossing the Sea Gexianshentong busy opened, everywhere in the house was busy. In the living room, mother and aunt in Zecai, dad in the pool, kill the fish, one not careful, the father in the hands of the fish slid to the ground, the carp was still alive and kicking on the floor, fish splashed him. The uncle is killing the cock, which is prepared for the roast chicken in the evening. Oven, Grandpa spicy soup bubbling and steaming, fragrance has been filled with the whole kitchen. My cousin and I were not idle, and I made a pancake with my grandmother. Each pancake is only as large as the palm, crisp and fragrant.In the evening, my father gave my brother and I a red bag. There were 3000, Grandpa, grandmother and aunt in the Spring Festival. There was laughter in the Spring Festival. There is hope in this Spring Festival, and there is hope in this Spring Festival, which is a symbol of Spring Festival.I think we have a family of three money way is a must - sea, land and air forces in joint operations. My father is tall and is responsible for the "natural air force, air combat, grabthe flying money; I will play a short distance, near ground advantage, responsible for the" marine ", designed to pick up falling to the money on the floor; mom also has specialty, her eyes were out of practice (she is a student of middle school teachers also, attention from all sides), spotted a is a. Because of our family's rational distribution, joint operations, the number of year - old money is the most.I love our festival, the Spring Festival!我们的节日英语作文3Spring Festival is an important old traditional festival of Chinese people, and it is also a unique festival in China. Every year the twelfth lunar month to second years of the first month, the world Chinese have held a variety of rich and colorful activities to celebrate this festival.There are a lot of the Spring Festival, the people from all over the twelfth lunar month, to return home and family reunion. The twelfth lunar month twenty-three people, twenty-four cleaning, twenty-five bath twenty-nine, the Jade Emperor, twenty-eight, thirty (EVE) posted goalkeeper, spring festival couplet, paste Fu characters, window stickers, is the beginning of the five month powu.On the eve of new year's Eve, I got up in a hurry, andcame to my grandmother's home with my father and mother. I put a firecracker on it first, then hung up the lantern with my mom and Dad, and posted the couplets. The couplet written is: safe and good BBK, people and home are good in the years. Cross connection is: everything is as good as it is.In the evening, all the families were bustling and brightly lit. While we ate the dinner on New Year's Eve, said the blessing, singing beautiful songs, while staying-up late on new year's eve. The staying-up late on new year's Eve is the eve of customs, habits, not only to quickly in the past years with nostalgia and farewell the coming New Year hope. The family was happy and watched the Spring Festival Gala.At ten o'clock in the evening, we began to make dumplings. Zero, families began to set off firecrackers, firecrackers in the construction of the compound into a ring, very lively. At this time, grandma brought up the steaming dumplings, and the whole family sat around to eat dumplings. Eating dumplings expressed the zero in the morning. "Jiaozi" that year and last year exchange time. Dumplings mean to eat dumplings jiaozi, the Spring Festival is the most favorable auspices. At the time of the new year, every household has set off fireworks and firecrackers to create a lively atmosphere of celebration.Early in the morning, I got up early, and sent a greeting to my grandparents. My grandparents gave me the 200 yuan yuan gift, and I was very happy to get lucky money. Outside the firecrackers, firecrackers called "open the door". The sound of firecrackers, people are up early, put on the most beautiful clothes, dress neatly, go out to visit friends and relatives, each year to pay New Year's call, the most favorable auspices.I had a happy and peaceful Spring Festival.我们的节日英语作文4我们的英语老师我们有几个英文老师，由于我们开头讨论中同学。

泰国介绍有关风俗的英语作文

泰国介绍有关风俗的英语作文Exploring Thai Cultural Customs: A Journey into TraditionStepping into the realm of Thai culture is akin to embarking on a vibrant voyage of discovery, where every custom, tradition, and ritual reveals a tapestry woven with history, spirituality, and community bonds. From the bustling streets of Bangkok to the serene countryside villages, Thailand’s rich tapestry of customs offers a profound insight into the soul of the nation.Let us first delve into the heart of Thai hospitality, a cornerstone of their cultural identity. Known as "Mee Kwam Suk," meaning "to make guests feel comfortable and at home," hospitality is not just a courtesy but a way of life deeply ingrained in Thai society. Whether you find yourself in a humble village home or a luxurious hotel, you will be greeted with the warmest of smiles and the most gracious of gestures. The offering of food is central to this hospitality, with hosts ensuring guests are well-fed and content, embodying the famous Thai saying, "Gin Khao LaewRue Yang?" which translates to "Have you eaten yet?"As we journey further into the realm of Thai customs, we encounter the intricate art of the wai. More than just a simple gesture, the wai is a reflection of respect, gratitude, and humility. It involves placing the palms together in a prayer-like fashion and bowing slightly, with the height of the hands and the depth of the bow varying depending on the social status and age of the individuals involved. The wai serves as a silent language, speaking volumes about the relationship between individuals and the hierarchical structure of Thai society.No exploration of Thai culture would be complete without a discussion of the kingdom’s spiritual practices, deeply intertwined with Buddhist beliefs. Thailand is home to a plethora of temples, each a sanctuary of peace and tranquility amidst the chaos of everyday life. From the majestic Wat Phra Kaew in Bangkok to the serene Wat Phra That Doi Suthep in Chiang Mai, these temples are not just architectural marvels but also spiritual havens where devotees pay homage to the Buddha and seek blessings forprosperity and happiness.But perhaps one of the most visually stunning customs in Thai culture is the Loy Krathong festival, celebrated annually on the full moon of the twelfth lunar month.During this magical festival, Thais gather around rivers, lakes, and canals to float intricately decorated krathongs, or lotus-shaped baskets, onto the water. Each krathong carries with it a wish or a prayer, symbolizing the release of negativity and the ushering in of new beginnings. The sight of thousands of flickering candles adrift on the water’s surface is nothing short of mesmerizing, a testament to the enduring spirit of hope and renewal.In conclusion, Thailand’s cultural customs offer a captivating glimpse into the soul of the nation, revealinga deep reverence for tradition, community, and spirituality. From the warm embrace of Thai hospitality to the solemnityof the wai, from the serenity of Buddhist temples to the enchantment of the Loy Krathong festival, each customserves as a thread in the intricate tapestry of Thai culture, weaving together the past, present, and future ina timeless dance of beauty and grace. As we bid farewell to this journey of discovery, may we carry with us the wisdom and wonder of Thailand’s cultural heritage, forever enriched by the treasures we have unearthed along the way.。

南宋袁州杨家铭葵形铜镜300字介绍

英文回复：The sunglasses of the Yang family in Yuenzhou in the period of Southern Song are our precious relics， approximately 20 centimetres in diameter and are preserved in good condition。

Its surface is carved with fine tattoos and inscriptions and is one of the most important objects of the Southern Bronze Art。

The picture of the three birds on the back of the mirror shows the art style and taste of beauty。

The mirror also has a fine tiara on it， and the central one is tomorrow， and the whole is very fine。

This relic is of great historical value for the study of the casting process of ancient copper， aesthetic concepts and social style。

南宋时期袁州杨家铭葵形铜镜为我国珍贵的文物，直径约20厘米，保存完好。

其表面雕刻有精致的纹饰和铭文，是南宋青铜器艺术的重要实物之一。

镜背上的三只鸟的图案，展现了当时的艺术风格和审美趣味。

镜面上还有精美的花纹装饰，中央饰有一轮明月，整体造型极为精致。

这一文物对于研究古代青铜器的铸造工艺、审美观念和社会风貌具有重要历史价值。

The Yangs of Yuen County in the period of Southern Song are said to have forged a collection of sunflower copper mirrors，about the end of the twelfth century to the beginning of the thirteenth century。

七年级英语月份记忆练习题30题

七年级英语月份记忆练习题30题1.Which is the abbreviation for September?A.Sept.B.Sep.C.Septem.D.September.答案：B。

A 选项中缩写形式应为首字母加大写字母加点的形式，即Sept.，A 选项少了大写字母。

C 选项不是正确的缩写形式。

D 选项是完整形式不是缩写。

2.Which month comes after July?A.JuneB.AugustC.SeptemberD.October答案：B。

July 七月，八月August 在七月之后。

A 选项June 六月在七月之前。

C 选项September 九月在八月之后。

D 选项October 十月在九月之后。

3.What is the full name of Mar.?A.MarchB.MayC.MartialD.Marcher答案：A。

Mar.是March 的缩写，全名为March。

B 选项May 缩写为May。

C 和D 选项不是月份的名称。

4.Which is the correct spelling of the twelfth month?A.DecemberB.DeceberC.DeceimberD.Decemeber答案：A。

正确拼写为December。

B 选项少了一个m。

C 选项字母顺序错误。

D 选项少了一个m。

5.Which month has 31 days and is the first month of the year?A.JanuaryB.FebruaryC.MarchD.April答案：A。

January 一月有31 天且是一年的第一个月。

B 选项February 二月天数不固定且不是第一个月。

C 选项March 三月不是第一个月。

D 选项April 四月不是第一个月。

6.What is the abbreviation for October?A.Oct.B.Octob.C.October.D.Octber.答案：A。

托福TPO5口语与写作题目

TPO 5 speaking and writing 题目SPEAKING1.Talk about a place you enjoyed going to or visiting when you were a child. Describe the place. Explain why you enjoyed it.2.Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Why or why not? Use details and examples to explain your answer. It is more important to study math or science than it is to study art or literature.3.Campus Dining Club AnnouncedStarting this year, the university dining hall will be transformed into the Campus Dining Club for one week at the end of each semester. During the last week of each semester, the dining hall will feature special meals prepared by the university’s culinary arts students. The school feels that this will give students who are studying cooking and food preparation valuable experience that will help them later, when they pursue careers. The university has announced that it will charge a small additional fee for these dinners in order to pay for the special gourmet food ingredients that will be required.The ma n expresses his opinion about the university’s plan. State his opinion and explain the reason he gives for holding that opinion.4.Target MarketingAdvertisers in the past have used radio and television in an attempt to provide information about their products to large, general audiences; it was once thought that the best way to sell a product was to advertise it to as many people as possible. However, more recent trends in advertising have turned toward target marketing. Target marketing is the strategy of advertising to smaller, very specific audiences---audiences that have been determined to have the greatest need or desire for the product being marketed. Target marketing has proved to be very effective in reaching potential customers.Using the profes sor’s examples, explain the advertising technique of target marketing.5.Briefly summarize the woman’s problem. Then state which solution you would recommend. Explain the reasons for your recommendation.6. Using points and examples from the talk, explain the two types of motivation.WRITINGTASK 1As early as the twelfth century A.D., the settlements of Chaco Canyon in New Mexico in the American Southwest were notable for their "great houses," massive stone buildings that contain hundreds of rooms and often stand three or four stories high. Archaeologists have been trying to determine how the buildings were used. While there is still no universally agreed upon explanation, there are three competing theories.One theory holds that the Chaco structures were purely residential, with each housing hundreds of people. Supporters of this theory have interpreted Chaco great houses as earlier versions of the architecture seen in more recent Southwest societies. In particular, the Chaco houses appear strikingly similar to the large, well-known "apartment buildings" at Taos, New Mexico, in which many people have been living for centuries.A second theory contends that the Chaco structures were used to store food supplies. One of the main crops of the Chaco people was grain maize, which could be stored for long periods of time without spoiling and could serve as a long-lasting supply of food. The supplies of maize had to be stored somewhere, and the size of the great houses would make them very suitable for the purpose.A third theory proposes that houses were used as ceremonial centers. Close to one house, called Pueblo Alto, archaeologists identified an enormous mound formed by a pile of old material. Excavations of the mound revealed deposits containing a surprisingly large number of broken pots. This finding has been interpreted as evidence that people gathered at Pueblo Alto for special ceremonies. At the ceremonies, they ate festive meals and then discarded the pots in which the meals had been prepared or served. Such ceremonies have been documented for other Native American cultures.Summarize the points made in the lecture, being sure to explain how they support/contradict specific points made in the reading passage.TASK 2People today spend too much time on personal enjoyment-doing things they like to do-rather than doing things they should do.。

法律文书翻译]instrument,of,transfer

篇一：法律文书翻译
法律文书翻译
一、定义(definitionoflegalinstrument)
Legalinstrumentisalegaltermofartthatisusedforanyformallyexecutedwrittendocument.
二、分类(categories)courtwritorprocess,oranylawpassedbyacompetentlegislativebodyinmunicipal(domestic)orinternationallaw.
whereby=bywhat;bywhich;由是；凭那个
wherein=inwhat;inwhich;在哪里；在哪点上
3.词语多并列（parallelwords）
为表意准确，行文中大量使用词语并列结构，用“and”或“or”把两个或多个短语并列起来。这种并列结构有更强的包容性，同时也更加具有弹性。
2.准确性(veracity)：要求语言使用者对法律概念及所涉及的行为进行严格表达。
3.合适性(appropriateness)：合适性反映翻译的度，主要是对文本原意传达的充分程度。
4.简洁，精练(conciseness)：Thesimplest,mostconciseEnglishisthebestforlegislation:
〈一〉随地吐痰、吐口香糖、便溺,乱倒粪便;
〈二〉乱扔烟蒂、纸屑、瓜果皮核以及各类包装废弃物等;
“开场白”、“规定与罚则”以及“结束语”是每一部法律法规必不可少的内容，掌握了这三个部分的翻译，法律法规的翻译会变的简单、容易的多。
一、先来看“开场白”。
1.开场白一般有四个关键词。即“为了”、“根据”、“结合”、“制定”。

《闲暇颂》中英文对照In-Praise-of-Idleness

In Praise of Idleness By Bertrand Russell《闲暇颂》中英文对照正如和我同时代的大多数人一样，我是在这样的谚语中长大的：“游手好闲,魔鬼也嫌." Like most of my generation， I was brought up on the saying： 'Satan finds some mischief for idle hands to do。

’我是个乖孩子,人们说什么，我就信什么.这种道德信条，让我勤奋工作至今.Being a highly virtuous child， I believed all that I was told， and acquired a conscience which has kept me working hard down to the present moment。

但是，尽管我的道德信条仍控制着我的行动,我的看法却已经历了一场革命。

But although my conscience has controlled my actions， my opinions have undergone a revolution。

我认为在这个世界上，人们做的工作实在是过多了.工作即美德的观念，对人们造成了极大的损害.现代工业国家需要宣扬一些与过去全然不同的信念.I think that there is far too much work done in the world， that immense harm is caused by the belief that work is virtuous， and that what needs to be preached in modern industrial countries is quite different from what always has been preached.大家都知道这个故事：到那不勒斯的游人看到十二个叫花子躺着晒太阳（事情发生在墨索里尼时代之前），要给其中最懒的一个一里拉,有十一个跳起来说自己最懒,该给自己,他却把钱给了第十二个。

佛罗伦萨乌菲兹美术馆馆藏介绍

uffizi Room 2 del duecento e di giottoIt was created in the late nineteenth century Medici using the space of the theater, and collects important examples of T uscanpainting from the twelfth to the fourteenth century. There are works of great masters of Tuscan fourteenth century: Cimabue, Giotto and Duccio. Of each of these authors has shown a Majesty and the works, deliberately close to each other, lend themselves to stylistic comparisons, from research to overcome the Byzantine hieratic Forms of Cimabue, the attention to contemporary French Gothic by Duccio , the search for modernity in the volumes of Giotto.uffizi Room 3 del trecento seneseIn the works of this hall is continuing mediation betweenFlorentine and new traditions, influenced by the elegance of the International Gothic.Example of this is the Annunciation by SimOne Martini and Lippo Memmi, pervaded by the new style of courtly full of elegance and sophistication, set in a fairy tale atmosphere.Here there are also the works of the brothers Ambrogio and Pietro Lorenzetti, Giotto's share of innovations, but with a greater emphasis on poetic valuesuffizi Room 4 del trecento fiorentinoEnvironment characterized by the presence of paintingsstylistically derived from the stylistic elements of Giotto and hisworkshop, here are works by masters such as Master of St Cecilia, Bernardo Daddi, T addeo Gaddi, Andrea Orcagna, Nardo di Cione.uffizi Room 5 6 del gotico internazionaleIn this room stands the famous Adoration of the Magi by Gentile da Fabriano, built in the twenties of the fifteenth century by the merchant Palla Strozzi, the masterpiece of style courteous in Italy with the description of every detail of which is accompanied by the precious materials used. Next are the Adoration of the M agi and the Coronation of the Virgin by Lorenzo Monaco, in which the synthesis emerges between the sense of the volume of Giotto and Simone Martini's softer line, creating a rather abstract style, where nature is excluded and which is very strong mysticism. of Fra Angelico is exposed to the Thebaid, on the table by the small size of a holy hermit's life.addition there are the testimonies of the early Florentine Renaissance Anne Metterza Masaccio and Masolino, and Masaccio Madonna and Child with the same..The Adoration of the Magi is a painting by the Italian artist Gentile da Fabriano. The work, housedin the Uffizi Gallery in Florence, Italy, is considered his finest work, and has been described as "the culminating work of International Gothic painting".[1]The works shows both the international and Sienese schools' influences on Gentile's art, combined with the Renaissance novelties he knew in Florence. The panel portrays the path of the three Magi, inseveral scenes which start from the upper left corner (the voyage andthe entrance into Bethlehem) and continue clockwise, to the larger meeting with the Virgin Mary and the newborn Jesus which occupies the lowest part of the picture. All the figures wear splendid Renaissance costumes, brocades richly decorated with real gold and precious stOnes inserted in the panel. Gentile's typical attention For detail is also evident in the exotic animals, such as a leopard, a dromedary, some apes and a lion, as well as the magnificent horses and a hound.The frame is also a work of art, characterized by three cusps with tondoes portraying Christ Blessing (centre) and the Annunciation (with the Archangel Gabriel on the left and the Madonna on the right). The predella has three rectangular paintings with scenes of Jesus' childhood: theNativity, the Flight into Egypt and the Presentation at the Temple (the latter a copy, the original being in the Louvre in Paris).uffizi Room 7 del primo rinascimentoRoom filled with masterpieces of Florentine masters, contains oneof the most famous example of the Renaissance and the study on the perspective that began to affect the painters from the fifteenth century: The Battle of San Romano by Paolo Uccello, part of a triptych, now divided between the Uffizi Museum, National Gallery of the Louvre and built for Cosimo I.not less famous here are also exposed to the Dukes of Urbino by Piero della Francesca, an artist who suffered a lot of prospective studies of the timeuffizi Room 8 dei lippiFilippo Lippi and his son Filippino stand out in this room, thefirst as one of the leaders of the Florentine Renaissance with works infused with great sweetness in the figures, the latter also known to be a pupil of Sandro Botticelli and for bringing to fruition his father's style and the teacher.美丽的名作圣母圣子和众天使 1460年现藏佛罗伦萨乌菲奇美术馆圣母戴冠 1441-1444年现藏佛罗伦萨乌菲奇美术馆uffizi Room 9 dei pollaioloAntonio del Pollaiuolo, represented here by his most famous Hercules and Antaeus and Hercules and the Hydra, he focused on the movement of the figures and the constant vibration of the expressions, however, represented with a solid boundary line. Adjacent to this is also the early work by Botticelli, including Allegory of Fortitude,first reported work of the artist and dated 1470.uffizi Room 10 14 del botticelliOne of the most crowded halls of the museum because it exposes the great paintings of Botticelli's Birth of Venus and Primavera, works created in the climate of Florentine Platonism of the second half of the fifteenth century. Besides these, there are many other works by the same author as The Return of Judith from the camp of the enemy, the Minerva and the Centaur and the Adoration of the Magi.Best known is the Portrait of Man with medal Cosimo the Elder of Filippo Lippi, subject receiving increased attention For realism, probably due to the influence of Flemish art, here evidenced by the P ortinari T riptych by Hugo van der Goes.uffizi Room 15 di leonardoIn this environment you can see some of the early works of Leonardo including The Baptism of Christ, created by his teacher Verrocchio and of which he painted the angel on the left, and the Annunciation, characterized by Leonardo's sfumato.curious is the Adoration of the Magi, but the preparatory work of the state remained extremely interesting for the original composition.also in this room there are also mature works of a religioussubject of Pietro Perugino and Luca Signorelli.uffizi Room 16 delle carte geograficheHall built by Ferdinand I to house the collection of scientific instruments, is painted with maps showing the Dominion of Florence, Siena and the State of the Island of Elba. There currently are on display including some of the important paintings in the tomb Deposition by Rogier van der Weyden.uffizi Room 17 dell’ermafrod itoAlso made on the initiative of Ferdinand I, called the "Stanzino of mathematics" as used for the display of scientific instruments, iscurrently home to modern bronze sculptures and some of thearchaeological collection.uffizi tribunaEnvironment octagonal oldest part of the gallery, the T ribune has undergone many changes, but today we tried to restore its original image. Structure, decorative objects, and alluded to the four elements of the universe: air, water, earth, fire. At the center is the famous octagonal table made from semi-precious stones grand ducal workshops on a designby Jacopo Ligozzi, the side walls of some ancient statues and works of some ancient sixteenth-century Mannerist documented in this room.uffizi Room 19 del perugino e signorelliThe room has several portraits of Perugino, some works by Luca Signorelli, careful use of color to bring out tension and movement ofthe figures (For this was a model of Michelangelo), and the fanciful Piero di Cosimo, author of the Perseus freeing Andomreda emerges inwhich a debtor's atmospheric style of Filippino Lippi and Leonardo but treated with great personality.uffizi Room 20 di dürerThis room is not very large houses works by German artists who were influenced by Italian culture and mailto Florentine of the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries. Among these was the main Albrect Dürer, whosuffered particularly Italian about the prospect of innovation and the use of color realism tied to its strong Nordic-style.uffizi Room 21 del bellini e di giorgiOneOn the ceiling there is still the original decoration by Ludovico Buti depicting grotesque animals, and Indians of the New World, to witness the interests of Ferdinand I. There are preserved in particular works of the Venetian school of the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, among which the Sacred Allegory by Giovanni Bellini.uffizi Room 22 dei fiamminghi e tedeschi del rinascimentoThe room presents an exhibition of small paintings by Germanartists such as Hans Holbein the Y ounger, Hans Memling, A ltdorfer and the Flemish.uffizi Room 23 di mantenga e correggioIn this environment, there are works by artists of the sixteenth century in northern Italy, including emerging Mantengna, considered the founder of Renaissance Lombard, and Correggio, seen by many as a forerunner of Baroque painting.uffizi Room 24 gabinetto delle miniatureOval Office, presents an extraordinary collection of miniatures from various periods and schools, representing mainly portraits and figures collected by the Medici family.uffizi Room 25 di michelangelo e dei fiorentiniHere stands the famous Michelangelo's Doni T ondo, depicting the Holy Family with St. John influenced by the work of the artist insculptural representation of volumes. Work of extraordinary importance as inspired much of Mannerist painting.uffizi Room 26 di raffaello e andrea del sartoThis room contains many works by Raphael, which testify to his artistic career from the early years of the portraits, portraits of the Dukes of Urbino, or of Francesco Maria della Rovere, who suffer from the work of the first stay in Florence in 1506, of which the Madonna of Goldfinch is best, right up to the mature works such as Portrait of Pope Leo X with his grandchildren.Space is also given to works by Andrea del Sarto, an artist influenced by the great masters of the sixteenth such as Leonardo, Michelangelo and Raphael, and attentive to the teachings of Fra Bartolomeo.uffizi Room 27 di pontormo e rosso fiorentinoThe works of these two artists testify to the evolution of painting in Florence in the sixteenth century fully directed towards a new language called Mannerism. Then there are also works by Bronzino, apupil of Pontormo, and up portrait of the Florentine court.uffizi Room 28 di tiziano e sebastiano dal piomboRoom dedicated to the Venetian painting of the sixteenth century is the greatest perFormer in Titian, which you can admire many masterpieces such as the Venus of Urbino and Flora. Also at the Venetian school canbe explained by Sebastiano del Piombo activity, very much influenced by Michelangelo and here expressed by the Death of Adonis.uffizi Room 29 del dosso e del parmigianinoParmigianino is the main artist in this room; expOnent of Emilian painting of the sixteenth century, his most famous work is the Madonna of the Long Neck, pervaded by a very elegant style and a rather complex symbology.The Madonna of the Long Neck (Italian: Madonna dal collo lungo), also known as Madonna and Child with Angels and St. Jerome, is an Italian Mannerist oil painting by the painter Parmigianino, dating from c. 1535-1540 and depicting Madonna and Child with angels. The painting was begun in 1534 for the church of the Servites in Parma,。

高考阅读理解It Is Bush

It Is BushOn the 36th day after they had voted, Americans finally learned Wednesday who would be their next president: Governor George W. Bush of Texas.Vice President Al Gore, his last realistic avenue for legal challenge closed by a U. S. Supreme Court decision late Tuesday, planned to end the contest formally in a televised evening speech of perhaps 10 minutes, advisers said.They said that Senator Joseph Lieberman, his vice presidential running mate, would first make brief comments. The men would speak from a ceremonial chamber of the Old Executive office Building, to the west of the White House.The dozens of political workers and lawyers who had helped lead Mr. Gore’s unprecedented fight to claw a come-from-behind electoral victory in the pivotal state of Florida were thanked Wednesday and asked to stand down.“The vice president has directed the recount committee to suspend activities,” William Daley, the Gore campaign chairman, said in a written statement.Mr. Gore authorized that statement after meeting with his wife, Tipper, and with top advisers including Mr. Daley.He was expected to telephone Mr. Bush during the day. The Bush campaign kept a low profile and moved gingerly, as if to leave space for Mr. Gore to contemplate his next steps.Yet, at the end of a trying and tumultuous process that had focused world attention on sleepless vote counters across Florida, and on courtrooms form Miami to Tallahassee to Atlanta to Washington the Texas governor was set to become the 43d U. S. president.Th e news of Mr. Gore’s plans followed the longest and most rancorous dispute over a U. S. presidential election in more than a century, one certain to leave scars in a badly divided country.It was a bitter ending for Mr. Gore, who had outpolled Mr. Bush nationwide by some 300000 votes, but, without Florida, fell short in the Electoral College by 271votes to 267—the narrowest Electoral College victory since the turbulent election of 1876.Mr. Gore was said to be distressed by what he and many Democratic activists felt was a partisan decision from the nation’s highest court.The 5-to –4 decision of the Supreme Court held, in essence, that while a vote recount in Florida could be conducted in legal and constitutional fashion, as Mr. Gore had sought, this could not be done by the Dec. 12 deadline for states to select their presidential electors.James Baker 3rd, the former secretary of state who represented Mr. Bush in the Florida dispute, issued a short statement after the U. S. high court ruling, saying that th e governor was “very pleased and gratified.”Mr. Bush was planning a nationwide speech aimed at trying to begin to heal the country’s deep, aching and varied divisions. He then was expected to meet with congressional leaders, including Democrats. Dick Chen ey, Mr. Bush’s ruing mate, was meeting with congressmen Wednesday in Washington.When Mr. Bush, who is 54, is sworn into office on Jan.20, he will be only the second son of a president to follow his father to the White House, after John Adams and John Quincy Adams in the early 19th century.Mr. Gore, in his speech, was expected to thank his supporters, defend his hive-week battle as an effort to ensure, as a matter of principle, that every vote be counted, and call for the nation to join behind the new pres ident. He was described by an aide as “resolved and resigned.”While some constitutional experts had said they believed states could present electors as late as Dec. 18, the U. S. high court made clear that it saw no such leeway.The U.S. high court sent b ack “for revision” to the Florida court its order allowing recounts but made clear that for all practical purposes the election was over.In its unsigned main opinion, the court declared, “The recount process, in its features here described, is inconsistent with the minimum procedures necessary to protect the fundamental right of each voter.”That decision, by a court fractured along philosophical lines, left one liberal justice charging that the high court’s proceedings bore a political taint.Justice Joh n Paul Stevens wrote in an angry dissent:” Although we may never know with complete certainty the identity of the winner of this year’s presidential election, the identity of the loser is perfectly clear. It is the nation’s confidence in the judge as an im partial guardian of the law.”But at the end of five seemingly endless weeks, during which the physical, legal and constitutional machines of the U. S. election were pressed and sorely tested in ways unseen in more than a century, the system finally produced a result, and one most Americans appeared to be willing at lease provisionally to support.The Bush team welcomed the news with an outward show of restraint and aplomb. The governor’s hopes had risen and fallen so many times since Election night, and the legal warriors of each side suffered through so many dramatic reversals, that there was little energy left for celebration.1.The main idea of this passage is[A]. Bush’s victory in presidential election bore a political taint.[B]. The process of the American presidential election.[C]. The Supreme Court plays a very important part in the presidential election.[D]. Gore is distressed.2.What does the sentence “as if to leave space for Mr. Gore to contemplate his nextstep” mean[A]. Bush hopes Gore to join his administration.[B]. Bush hopes Gore to concede defeat and to support him.[C]. Bush hopes Gore to congraduate him.[D]. Bush hopes Gore go on fighting with him.3.Why couldn’t Mr. Gore win the presidential election aft er he outpolled Mr. Bush in the popular vote? Because[A]. the American president is decided by the supreme court’s decision.[B]. people can’t directly elect their president.[C]. the American president is elected by a slate of presidential electors.[D]. the people of each state support Mr. Bush.4.What was the result of the 5—4 decision of the supreme court?[A]. It was in fact for the vote recount.[B]. It had nothing to do with the presidential election.[C]. It decided the fate of the winner.[D]. It was in essence against the vote recount.5.What did the “turbulent election of 1876” imply?[A]. The process of presidential election of 2000 was the same as that.[B]. There were great similarities between the two presidential elections (2000 and 1876).[C]. It was compared to presidential election of 2000.[D]. It was given an example.Vocabulary1.avenue 通向成功/获取成功的途径/手段2.running mate 竞选伙伴，如作为总统的竞选伙伴，获胜后为副总统3.pivotal 重要的，枢纽的4.gingerly=carefully 小心翼翼地5.tumultuous 吵闹的，骚动的，激动的6.rancorous 充满仇恨的7.elector 总统选举团成员8.elector college 美国选举总统的选举团9.leeway 风压差，余地10.for all practical purpose 事实上，实际11.fracture 断裂，折断12.taint 污点，败坏，感染13.dissent 不同意，异议14.provisionally 暂时的，临时的15.aplomb 镇静，沉着16.restraint 抑制，克制，谨慎。

gmat语法中地固定搭配

bother to do something He didn't bother to answer the question.bother doing somethingbother about/with He didn't bother with a reply.indicate (to sb.) sth/that…显示，展现ensure + sthensure + that (后面直接跟陈述语气，不跟should be)错误：ensure sb. to do sth.（prep2-227）Appear：系动词 =seem动词 appear to do/ that…（虚拟）enshrine in或be enshrined in (enshrine通常用被动语态) “铭记，珍藏，供奉“inhabit vt居住于.somewhere be inhabited by : The woods are inhabited by many wild animalsallege “断言,宣称”be alleged to do错误 be alleged as doingclaim to doclaim that…advise sb to do sthadvise that…错误搭配sb be adviced by sb to do/that…sb advice sb that..permit sb to do sth错误搭配：permit sb doingpermit that…sb be permitted sthaid sb/sthaid in doing/for sth (vi.)aid in/to doing sth (n.)use to do错误 use doingforce sb to do sth错误 force sb doing sthforce sb that…forbid sthforbid sb to do sthforbid sb doing sth错误 forbid that…persuade sb to do sth错误persuade that….believe that…believe sth to be错误believe sth that… (believe不可加双宾)pronounce “断言，宣布”pronounce sb sthpronounce sth/sb adj: The victim was pronounced dead on arrival.（用法同consider）prevent/prohibit/stop/keep sb from doing sth阻止某人做某事allow that承认allow for考虑到, 允许allow sb. to do sth.允许；allow sth. to be done错误 allow + sb. + 动作性名词allow + 动作性名词**注意allow表示允许时，不可加从句design的固定搭配design sth to do sthbe designed for sb/sthbe designed as sthbe designed with sth错误 design dong sthprohibit固定搭配：（prep221）prohibit sthprohibit from doingprohibit sb from doing错误搭配prohibit that……；prohibit sb from sth； prohibit sth. to be done announce sth to sb或者announce to sb sth (相当于宾语后置) announce a decision/intention/plan (在这个时候如果plan等后面接to do 不会产生to do做状语修饰announce的歧义) *:The government has announced plans to create 10,000 new jobs.announce (that)announce somebody/yourself 通报...的到达;通知...已准备好（注意这个短语有专门意思）错误用法：announce to do/be sth.enable sb. to do sth.错误搭配：enable sth. to be done by sb后面不接被动语态的动词或动词短语：lead; cause; enable; become; receive; visit; Lack; enter; cost; possess; resemble; last; like; enjoy; notice; watch; look at; listen to; payattention to; suit; fit; contain; so as to do; be able to do; be likelyto doconceive的固定搭配“设想，构想”(cannot) conceive of (doing) sthconceive of sth/sb as sth （to be×）conceive that （不用虚拟语气）conceive what/why/how etcconceive sth. (such as idea)conclude的固定搭配：(1) conclude by doing sth./ conclude with sth.：以……结束，借此后面接的是结束的方式、行为 . Each chapter concludes with a short summary.(2) conclude to ：达成……而结束The negotiations do not conclude to the United States government's satisfaction,*:conclude可以做及物动词也可以做不及物动词presume的固定搭配，表示假设：presume thatI presume we'll be there by six o'clock.presume somebody/something to be somebody/something (被动即sth. presumed to be)From the way he talked, I presumed him to be your boss.be presumed to do somethingThe temple is presumed to date from the first century BC.Except的固定搭配：1. except for (except prep.):用于非同类事物，它的宾语与前述对象完全是两回事。

冯骥才简介英文冯骥才简介

冯骥才简介英文冯骥才简介Feng Jicai, male, born in 1942 in Tianjin, native of Ningbo, Zhejiang Cixi County (now Ningbo Jiangbei District Cicheng town), contemporary famous writer, writer, artist, folk art workers, folk artists, painters. Early in Tianjin engaged in painting work, post-full-time literary creation and folk culture research. Which vigorously promoted a lot of folk cultural protection propaganda work. It has created a large number of excellent prose, novels and paintings. There are many articles selected for primary and secondary schools, university textbooks, such as prose "Pearl Bird". He has served as chairman of Tianjin Federation of literary and art circles and member of ChinaInternational Center. He is currently the executive vice president of theChina Federation of Literary and Art Circles, the president of the China Novel Association, the chairman of the China Folk Artists Association, the vice chairman of the International Folk Art Organization (IOV), the vice chairmanof the China Democratic Association, and the Standing Committee of the CPPCC. Chinese Art and Arts Federation of the tenth honorary members. Is the"Cultural Revolution" after the rise of the "scar literature movement" onbehalf of the writer, after 1985 to "cultural reflection novel" has a profound impact on the literary world.Born in Tianjin on February 9, 1942, he loved art, literature, music and various ball games. After graduating from high school in 1960 to the Tianjin painting and calligraphy society engaged in painting work, folk art, local customs have a strong interest. As a result of the rich life experience and personal experience, the eighties of last century as a member of the Chinese Writers Association, engaged in literary creation and other activities, and served as "literary freedom" magazine and "artist" magazine editor. In 1995 personally as the TV drama "prime minister Liu Luo pot" art consultant. In 2000, he was appointed Dean of Feng Jicai Literature and Art Institute of Tianjin University. May 2000 served as president of the Chinese Fiction Society, chairman of the Tianjin Writers Association, Beijing Tang Feng Art Museum honorary adviser. In 2001, Feng Jicai put on the Chinese Folk Artists Association Chairman of the "black hat". Since 2021, Dafeng launched a censusof Chinese folk cultural heritage rescue project, he and his volunteers have been the efforts of a large number of rescue out of the graphic informationhas been published, there are more audio and video information Is also finishing, regardless of the state of the nation, this will be a valuable asset.In 2021, Feng Jicai set up the "Feng Jicai Folk Culture Foundation". "Feng Jicai Folk Culture Foundation" is the "Chinese folk cultural heritage" rescue project advocate and leader Feng Jicai initiated and founded non-public foundations, is also the State Council promulgated the implementation of the new "Foundation Management Regulations" after the establishment of the first Home to contemporary cultural celebrities named public welfare civil society. The aim of the Foundation is to promote public awareness and cultural responsibility through the "private self-help" approach, to bring together people's kinship, to mobilize all kinds of forces in the community, to rescue and protect the precarious folk cultural relics and folklore, culture.2021 Sichuan Academy of Music Mianyang Art Institute honorary president, CCTV "moved to China" elected members.In 2021, he served as Vice Chairman of the International Folk Art Organization (IOV), Chairman of the China Democratic Association,January 16, 2021 by the State Council as a counselor.2021 Feng Jicai established China's first intangible cultural heritage protection data center, recorded in the Chinese folk cultural heritage rescue field field survey received millions of words of text information, hundreds of thousands of pictures, thousands of hours Of the recording data and thousands of hours of image data.Feng Jicai is committed to urban protection and the preservation of folk cultural heritage, from the completion of artists from the "social activists" role conversion.Feng Jicai is responsible for an important job is to rescue the Chinese folk cultural heritage, including the Han nationality, including 56 ethnic groups owned by all the folk culture, large village to the purse, including folk and folk literature, to do a carpet Study, and do it for ten years at once.In 2021, he served as executive vice president of China Federation of Literary and Art Circles and consultant of China Ecological Painting and Calligraphy Institute.In March 2021, he was elected as a member of the Standing Committee of the Twelfth National Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference.July 12, 2021 as the 2021 Spring Festival Evening Art Advisor."Thanks to life" "pick mountain workers" won the French "Youth Reader Award", and won the Swiss "Blue Cobra Award".Novella "ah!" "God whip" were the national excellent short, excellent novella Award."Hawaii Film Festival" and "Spanish Film Festival" award, works translated into English, French, German, Italian, Japanese, Dutch, West and so on more than ten kinds of text, in the Overseas published forty kinds of translations.2021 finalists "free net cup" Chinese Literature and Art Network Award (China Network Representative of the highest honor) best writer candidate.感谢您的阅读，祝您生活愉快。

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Proceedings of the Twelfth Florida Artificial Intelligence Symposium (FLAIRS ’99), Orlando.What Should the Tutor Do When the StudentCannot Answer a Question?Yujian Zhou1, Reva Freedman2*, Michael Glass1,Joel A. Michael3, Allen A. Rovick3, Martha W. Evens1 1Department of CSAM2LRDC #8193Department of PhysiologyIllinois Inst. of Technology University of Pittsburgh Rush Medical College10 W. 31st Street 236–SB3939 O’Hara Street1750 W. Harrison StreetChicago, IL 60616Pittsburgh, PA 15260Chicago, IL 60612zhouyuj@, freedrk+@, glass@,{jmichael, arovick}@, csevens@/~circsimAbstractIn this paper we describe how to simulate the behavior of a human tutor when the student cannot answer a question in a dialogue-based tutoring system. This paper describes an implementation of our analysis of human tutoring behavior using the simple plan-based framework of our tutoring system C IRCSIM-Tutor v. 2. By carefully choosing the retry strategies according to our categorization of the student’s answer, our machine tutor can simulate some sophisticated human tutoring behaviors, such as hinting and “grain of truth” responses.IntroductionWe are building an intelligent tutoring system called C IRCSIM-Tutor (CST) designed to help medical students understand the negative feedback system that controls blood pressure and learn to solve problems in physiology. The system presents the student with a description of a physiological change and asks for predictions about the effect of that change on seven important physiological parameters. Then it conducts a dialogue with the student to correct the errors in the predictions. The interface of the dialogue is free-text input and output.In order to help the student find the desired answer without being told, it is important for an intelligent tutoring system to have sophisticated retry strategies available when the student cannot answer a question. Among these strategies hinting is particularly interesting because it is frequently used by human tutors in one-on-one dialogue. This work was supported by the Cognitive Science Program, Office of Naval Research under Grant No. N00014–94–1–0338, to Illinois Institute of Technology. The content does not reflect the position or policy of the government and no official endorsement should be inferred.*This work was begun while Reva Freedman was at the Illinois Institute of Technology.Copyright © 1999, American Association for Artificial Intelligence (). All rights reserved.It is especially important for C IRCSIM-Tutor to be able to choose appropriate retry strategies, provide meaningful hints, and help students discover the desired answer because it is designed to simulate the behavior of human tutors. In April 1998, 22 first-year medical students from Rush Medical College used our latest upgrade to CST v. 2. We observed that students gave several different types of unexpected answers. Some of these answers showed that they may have some understanding of the concept being taught. As a result it may be inappropriate just to tell them the correct answer. Observation of expert tutors tells us that they usually try to pick up any useful information that shows the student’s understanding of the concept and use this information to help the student find the desired answer. To enrich the retry capability in CST v. 2, we simplified earlier analyses of human tutoring transcripts and implemented them in the current planning framework. This paper shows that by carefully choosing the retry strategy according to our categorization of the student’s answer, the machine tutor can simulate some sophisticated human tutoring behavior.Hints and Other Retry Strategies inMachine and Human TutoringHume et al. (1996) studied the use of hints by experienced tutors in the hope of formulating a strategy for using hints in an ITS. They observed that human tutors frequently use hints as a pedagogical tactic. However, the theory of hints under their framework is too broad and too hard to simulate in CST v. 2 for the following reasons:1.Hinting is a very subtle tactic and we do not yetfully understand how it is done.2.The form of hints is very flexible.3.The content of hints is context sensitive.It has been observed that most hints are used to help students find the desired answer when they fail to answer a question. For this reason we decided to to implement hintsas one of the retry strategies in CST v. 2. In this section we will describe the planner in CST v. 2, then discuss how we can implement hinting as one of the retry strategies under the current planning model. We will also describe the analysis of human tutoring transcripts which we used to identify specific hints and methods of hinting.The original instructional planner in CST v. 2 was developed by Woo (1991). It includes two levels of planners, a lesson planner and a discourse planner. The lesson planner generates lesson goals and decomposes them into discourse tasks. The discourse planner is responsible for controlling interactions between the tutor and the student. Most of the discourse tasks are executed as questions. When the student cannot answer one of these questions, the tutor needs to find a way to complete the task and carry out the next step. One way to complete a task is simply to give the correct answer. Another way, the alternative our human tutors usually take, is to give the student another chance to find the desired answer.The ability to retry a task in CST v. 2 is strictly limited. It can construct and ask a question rather than giving the correct answer, and it can optionally produce some declarative material before the question. The original release did not use these capabilities to the fullest; it only generated one type of hint and a few types of questions. Freedman (1996) modeled the behavior of our expert human tutors as a hierarchical structure of tutoring goals represented as schemata. Modeling this structure requires a more sophisticated planner. In addition to the capabilities in CST v. 2, her planner can back up to a higher goal and retry from any level, not just at the goal where the student erred. Furthermore, it can add interactive subplans to an existing plan, not just declarative material.Kim et al. (1998) marked up transcripts of human tutors according to Freedman’s schemata and discovered several interesting new tutorial patterns. Freedman et al. (1998) applied machine learning techniques to the annotated transcripts as a first step toward discovering rules used by human tutors to choose a response in a given situation.C IRCSIM-Tutor v. 3, which is currently under development, is based on Freedman’s planner. Although the v. 3 planner is required to implement all of the patterns described in these papers, many of them can be used to improve CST v. 2. In some cases we have been able to implement a simplified version in the CST v. 2 framework. Below we will discuss in detail how to adapt these theories for CST v. 2 and how to implement them. Then we will show some sample outputs from the improved version. Most of the text that CST v. 2 produces, including all the examples shown below, is taken unchanged or with only slight modification from language used by human tutors.Categorizing Student AnswersHuman tutors often use different response strategies for different categories of student answers. If the student answer is correct, the tutor will give a positive acknowledgment and move to the next task. If the student answer is not correct, then depending on the category to which the answer belongs (and other factors), the tutor may just give the correct answer, or retry the task.The original CST v. 2 differentiated several categories of student answers; Kim and others identified additional categories in transcripts (Kim et al., 1998). But to implement our retry strategies we needed to extend this list. By adding misconceptions, “grain of truth” information, and information for deriving near misses to the knowledge base, we enabled C IRCSIM-Tutor to recognize additional categories of student answers. Below are the categories used by the updated CST v. 2:1.Correct2.Partial answer, i.e., the answer is part of the correctanswer3.Near miss answer, which is pedagogically useful butnot the desired answer (Glass, 1997)4.“I don’t know” answer5.“Grain of truth” answer, where the student gives anincorrect answer, but also indicates a partiallycorrect understanding of the problem (Woolf, 1984)6.Misconception, a common confusion or piece offalse knowledge about the concept being tutored7.Other incorrect answers8.Mixed answers, i.e., a combination of answers fromthe other categoriesResponses after the Student CannotAnswer a QuestionAfter categorizing possible student answers, we devised algorithms for each category to decide what to say and what to do next. There are two decisions the planner needs to make when the student cannot answer a question:1.Decide how to satisfy the goal—whether to give thecorrect answer or retry the task.2.If retry, then decide what kind of retry and whatcontent to choose.To make the first decision there are several types of information we could use: the student’s performance, the category of the student’s answer, the available tutoring options in the knowledge base, and the tutoring history (e.g., which options have already been tried). Currently the most important factor is the category of the student’s answer. We almost always prefer to give the student a second chance if that option is available in the knowledge base.The second decision depends on the category of the student’s answer. Below we will describe the retry algorithms for some categories of student answers. They were developed with the goal of simulating our human tutors’ behavior as closely as possible.Retry after a Partial AnswerSince the student has already found part of the correct answer, it is important that the tutor acknowledge this part first. This acknowledgment is usually short. Then the tutor helps the student focus on the missing part. To do so, the tutor will give a hint about the missing part, then ask the student about it. Our machine tutor simulates this behavior. For example:Tutor>What are the determinants of Stroke Volume?Student>Inotropic State.Tutor>Right, Inotropic State is one determinant of Stroke Volume. The other determinantrepresents preload. What is the otherdeterminant of Stroke Volume?Retry after a Near Miss AnswerAs discussed by Kim et al. (1998), our human tutors’response strategy is to lead the student from a near miss answer, which is a step on the right path, to the desired answer. We adapt this observation to CST v. 2. So our machine tutor will first acknowledge that the near miss answer is correct and then ask a question to lead the student toward the desired answer from the near miss answer. For example:Tutor>What are the determinants of Stroke Volume?Student>preload (This is true, but preload is not one of the variables on the student’s worksheet.) Tutor>Right, preload determines Stroke Volume.What parameter in the prediction tablerepresents preload?Retry after a “Grain of Truth” AnswerWoolf (1984) discussed how to pick up and reinforce “grains of truth” in her MENO-Tutor. Her tutor’s response was to pick out the “grain of truth” in the student’s answer, acknowledge it, then ask a question relating the “grain of truth” to the correct answer. Similar behaviors appear in our tutoring transcripts. We isolated several “grain of truth” answers from human tutoring transcripts and the corresponding response patterns.Our current implementation recognizes a fixed set of “grain of truth” answers. We use a simpler version of Woolf’s schema, limiting the follow-up question to retrying the original question in different words. So, after a “grain of truth” answer, we pick up the grain of truth, acknowledge it briefly, then rephrase the earlier question. For example:Tutor>What are the determinants of Stroke Volume?Student>Heart Rate and Cardiac Output. (i.e., SV =HR * CO.)Tutor>Well, it is true that CO = SV * HR. But whatI was asking is what determines how muchblood is ejected from the heart each time itbeats (the SV)?Retry after an “I Don’t Know” AnswerKim et al. (1998) model our human tutors’ response after “I don’t know” as a nested schema incorporating a directed line of reasoning, while Hume marked the same text as hints (Hume et al., 1996). To simulate this tutoring behavior in CST v. 2 without the use of nested plans, which our current planner does not support, we try to give hints that offer information relating the variable in question to the desired answer. So the machine tutor’s response will be a hint and a follow-up question to retry the task. For example:Tutor>What determines Central Venous Pressure?Student>I don’t know.Tutor>Remember, the central venous compartment is very compliant. Again, what determinesCentral Venous Pressure?Retry after Other Incorrect AnswersThe response strategy to other incorrect answers is similar to the strategy after an “I don’t know” answer. But in this case the machine tutor gives a negative acknowledgment first. For example:Tutor>What determines Central Venous Pressure?Student>TPR.Tutor>No. Remember, the central venous compart-ment is very compliant. Again, whatdetermines Central Venous Pressure? Response after a MisconceptionIt is important for C IRCSIM-Tutor to recognize common student misconceptions and provide appropriate remedial responses. We isolated several common student misconceptions from human tutoring transcripts and from interviews with human tutors. For example, the student often confuses the mechanism that controls Inotropic State with the Frank-Starling effect (see the following dialogue example). In our transcripts, the human tutors typically give lengthy explanations about the misconceptions, so the machine tutor will give a similar explanation first and then give the correct answer. For example:Tutor>By what mechanism is Inotropic State controlled?Student>It is filling.Tutor>Well, you are confusing the Frank-Starling effect (increased filling gives greater output)and contractility. Inotropic State (contrac-tility) is the force of contraction at any givenfilling or at any end diastolic volume. Anincrease in sympathetic stimulation of themyocardium increases the Inotropic State ofthe muscle. So, it is neurally controlled. Retry after Mixed AnswersThe student answer can be a combination of different categories, for example, partial answer plus a near miss, or correct answer plus a misconception. To handle these answers, the machine tutor generally acknowledges any correct part, then handles errors and gives correct answers. Unless there is a near miss answer, our system does not usually ask any follow-up questions. Here is a sample output from the machine tutor showing the near miss case: Tutor>What are the determinants of Mean Arterial Pressure?Student>CO and Ra. (one correct, one near miss)Tutor>Right, CO is one determinant of MAP.Think about what parameter in theprediction table relates to ArterialResistance. What is the other determinant ofMean Arterial Pressure?Dynamically Generating Hintsin Different SituationsAfter deciding to give a hint, it is necessary to determine how to make the machine tutor generate hints that are meaningful and sensitive to different situations. To be pedagogically helpful, hints must reveal some information, must not conflict with the correct part of the student’s answer or any domain knowledge, and at the same time, must be sensitive to the information that is included in the student answer. So our hints cannot be entirely preformulated and stored in a hint list. Compared to hints generated in other systems, such as Andes (Gertner et al., 1998) and Sherlock II (Lesgold et al., 1992), the hints in C IRCSIM-Tutor need to be based more on discourse context since our machine tutor is conducting a dialogue. Andes generates individual hints, while Sherlock II generates a paragraph after the conclusion of the tutoring session. After carefully categorizing student answers and the follow-up retry strategies, it is easier to decide what kind of information is needed for the hints. For example, if the answer is a partial answer, hints should focus on the information related to the missing part, whereas if the answer is “I don’t know”, then the machine tutor may just offer a piece of information about the variable in question. It is difficult to find a general form for all hints (although the original CST v. 2 always offers the hint “consider the value of <the desired answer>”). But for each category of retry strategy, it is possible to generate hints from some general templates. So for each category we built a small hint algorithm that is executed when a hint is needed in that case.Here is an example that shows how we generate a hint in the case of a partial answer. First we search the domain knowledge base to find possible information to give in the hint and then we choose an appropriate template according to the information in the hint.Algorithm to search for possible hint information: First find if there is a parameter in the answer that is related to the missing parameter. If so, present thatinformation.Else find if there is a parameter in the answer that has some of the same characteristics as the missingparameter. If so, present the similarity. Forexample: “Like HR, the other determinant isneurally controlled.”Else search the domain knowledge base and find a feature which distinguishes the missing answer, forexample, whether a parameter is controlled by thenervous system, or whether it is used in one of thefundamental equations.We have several hint templates related to different types of information. For example:“Like <the related variable in the student’s answer>, the other determinant is also related to <the anatomy object>.”Here are some hints generated by our machine tutor. In the first two examples, the student gave the answer SV.“The other determinant is affected by SV.” (pointing to the relationship of SV and the desired answer)“Like SV, the other determinant is also related to the heart.” (pointing to the anatomy object related to the desired answer, while also remembering that SV is related to the same anatomical object)“Tell me, MAP = TPR * what?” (pointing to a related equation)Sample OutputsAlthough the scheme described above is a straightforward way to recover from a task failure, it allows us to tailor the system’s response to the student’s needs and generate a variety of complex dialogues containing question-and-answer series. Some of these have been categorized as “long hint strings” by Hume (Hume et al., 1996). Below are some output samples produced by CST v. 2 using this method.Example 1: Tutor responds to near miss and partial answer.Tutor>What are the determinants of Stroke Volume?Student>edv (End diastolic volume, near miss to oneof the two required parts of the answer.) Tutor>And what determines EDV? (Ask question based on the near miss.)Student>rap (Right atrial pressure, correct answer to the immediate question but still not ananswer to the original question.)Tutor>And what determines RAP? (Tutor recognizes RAP as another near miss, soasks a question based on it.)Student>cvp (Correct answer to the immediate question and one of the two answersrequired to the original question.)Tutor>Right, Central Venous Pressure determines EDV, therefore determines Stroke Volume.The other determinant is neurally controlled.What is the other determinant of StrokeVolume? (Acknowledge the partial answerand give a hint for the missing part.) Student>Inotropic State. (Correct answer.)Tutor>Right, Inotropic State is the other determinant. Stroke Volume is determinedby Central Venous Pressure and InotropicState. (Acknowledge the second part of theanswer and restate the whole answer.) Example 2: Tutor responds to incorrect answer.Tutor>If afterload, i.e. MAP, decreased, which is what happened in this case, what should SVbe? What is the correct value of StrokeVolume?Student>It goes down. (Incorrect answer.)Tutor>No, the value of Stroke Volume is not decreased. Remember if afterload decreased,the heart can pump blood out more easily.What is the correct value of Stroke Volume?(Give negative acknowledgment and a hint.) Student>Up.Tutor>Correct, the value of Stroke Volume is increased.Conclusion and Further StudiesThis paper describes how our machine tutor tailors its responses to a student when he or she cannot answer a question. By carefully categorizing student answers and adapting earlier analyses of human tutoring transcripts to the current planning framework, we have implemented a variety of retry strategies in CST v. 2. Using this scheme we have been able to simulate some sophisticated human tutoring behaviors, such as hinting.We are currently developing a new version of C IRCSIM-Tutor, CST v. 3, which will have a more sophisticated tutorial planner than CST v. 2 (Freedman and Evens, 1996). We intend to adapt some of the useful retry strategies to the new version.AcknowledgmentsWe wish to thank Jung Hee Kim, Stefan Brandle, and other members of the C IRCSIM-Tutor project.ReferencesFreedman, R. (1996). Interaction of Discourse Planning, Instructional Planning and Dialogue Management in an Interactive Tutoring System. Ph.D. diss., Dept. of EECS, Northwestern Univ.Freedman, R. and Evens, M. (1996). Generating and Revising Hierarchical Multi-turn Text Plans in an ITS. Intelligent Tutoring Systems: Third International Conference (ITS ’96), Montreal, 1996. (Springer-Verlag Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 1086.) Berlin: Springer-Verlag, pp. 632–640.Freedman, R., Zhou, Y., Kim, J., Glass, M., and Evens, M. (1998). Using Rule Induction to Assist in Rule Construction for a Natural-Language Based Intelligent Tutoring System. Proceedings of the Twentieth Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society, Madison, WI, 1998, pp. 362–367.Gertner, A., Conati, C., and VanLehn, K. (1998). Procedural Help in Andes: Generating Hints using a Bayesian Network Student Model. Proceedings of the 15th National Conference on Artificial Intelligence, Madison, WI, 1998, pp. 106–111.Glass, M. (1997). Some Phenomena Handled by the C IRCSIM-Tutor Version 3 Input Understander. Proceedings of the Tenth Florida Artificial Intelligence Research Symposium, Daytona Beach, FL, 1997, pp. 21–25.Hume, G., Michael, J., Rovick, A., and Evens, M. (1996). Hinting as a Tactic in One-on-One Tutoring. Journal of Learning Sciences 5(1): 32–47.Kim, J., Freedman, R., and Evens, M. (1998). Responding to Unexpected Student Utterances in C IRCSIM-Tutor v. 3: Analysis of Transcripts. Proceedings of the Eleventh Florida Artificial Intelligence Research Symposium, Sanibel Island, FL, 1998, pp. 153–157. Lesgold, A., Katz, S., Greenberg, L., Hughes, E., and Eggan, G. (1992). Extensions of Intelligent Tutoring Paradigms to Support Collaborative Learning. In Dijkstra, S., Krammer, H., and van Merrienboer, J., eds., Instructional Models in Computer-based Learning Environments. (NATO ASI Series, series F: Computer and System Sciences, 104) Berlin: Springer-Verlag, pp. 291–311.Woo, C. (1991). Instructional Planning in an Intelligent Tutoring System: Combining Global Lesson Plans with Local Discourse Control. Ph.D. diss., Dept. of CSAM, Illinois Institute of Technology.Woolf, B. (1984). Context-Dependent Planning in a Machine Tutor. 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