The Summary of Chapter 6
summary of chapter6
Chapter 6: Transforming a Focus Statement into a One Page OutlineThis chapter introduces the one page outline as well as the role it plays in the development of a doable dissertation; how we can use the outline to facilitate the discussions with your adviser, and then examine the various formats of the dissertation. Create outlines that are dynamic that facilitate soliciting useful feedback from your advisor and that serve as the agenda or road map. When we begin to expand our focus statements into one page outlines, our dissertations start to seem real. And then expand the one page outline into a long outline with references.The first section is about the role and elements of one page outline. During the plan stage, we should begin at the beginning and work through to the end; during the revision stage, we can double back and revisit the earlier sections. The one page out- line is a one-page overview of your whole dissertation. It serves as the sturdy skeleton. Along with helping us to organize our dissertation and facilitate discussions with our adviser, the one-page outline can also help you stay engaged during those inevitable times when you can’t work on our dissertation. Minimize the warm-up time needed when you return to work on your dissertation. Additionally, keeping our dissertation outline fresh in our mind facilitates the connections an insight which are the result of sustained contemplation.The outline begins with the working title of your dissertation. The author encourages us to start using a working title as early as possible; it will help us to visualize our completed dissertation. Right under the working title, we type our name and the date. Next type our focus statement. Following the focus statement, list our chapter headings, and under each chapter heading jot down a bulleted list of topics to be discussed in that chapter. Do not worry about the grammar, syntax, or order; we will address the issues later. Send an electronic version of the outline to him a day or two before you meet with your dissertation adviser. To be prepared, bring two copies to the meeting. Be sure to type your name, the project title (for example, one-page outline: Demystifying Dissertation writing), and the date on the outline.Choose an appropriate formulate in your field. Every field has a template, a formula, a method for planning, for reviewing the literature, for citing sources, forpresenting analysis, for writing and revising the dissertation, and for conducting the dissertation defense. Three formats are widely accepted for humanities and social science dissertations: the thematic dissertation, which is most common in the humanities fields; the data analytic dissertation, which is most common in the social sciences; and the journal article dissertation, which is becoming increasing popular in both the social science and humanities fields..Next, we engage ourselves in group exercises that transform focus statements into one page outline. By committing to group exercises, students have to go through a four-step process first: gathering information; bringing order; setting goals; revising and organizing.At last, create a computer-generated table of contents. Then, depend on the formatting requirements for the writing project. To be able to generate a table of contents, we need to style the headings and subheadings in our document.。
总结的英文短语
总结的英文短语导读：我根据大家的需要整理了一份关于《总结的英文短语》的内容，具体内容：总结是社会团体、企业单位和个人在自身的某一时期、某一项目或某些工作告一段落或者全部完成后进行回顾检查、分析评价。
下面就由我为大家带来关于总结的英语短语集锦，希望大家能有所收获。
...总结是社会团体、企业单位和个人在自身的某一时期、某一项目或某些工作告一段落或者全部完成后进行回顾检查、分析评价。
下面就由我为大家带来关于总结的英语短语集锦，希望大家能有所收获。
关于总结的相关短语总结 sum up;总结报告 final report;总结会 summing-up meeting;总结指令 tally order工作总结 Work Summary ;经验总结 summary of experiences ;总结经验 sum up experience ;教训总结 lesson summary总结阶段 Summary stage ;总结如下 Summarized as follows关于总结的相关单词summarizesummary;sum-up;summing-up关于总结的相关短句或解释1.(分析研究经验做出结论) sum up; summarize:sum up the main points of the lesson;总结本课的要点summarize ones work总结工作2.(概括出来的结论) summary; summing up:make a summary作总结关于总结的相关例句1. Obree summed his weekend up in one word: "Disastrous."奥布瑞用一个词总结了他的周末经历："灾难。
"2. He summed up his philosophy, with reference to Calvin.他总结了自己的哲学，还提及了加尔文。
现代大学英语精读6学习指南
现代大学英语精读6学习指南Here is an essay on the topic "A Study Guide for Modern University English Intensive Reading 6" with more than 1000 words, written in English without any additional title or punctuation marks in the body of the text.Modern university English intensive reading courses are designed to enhance students' proficiency in the language by exposing them to a wide range of academic and literary texts. One such course is English Intensive Reading 6 which typically covers a diverse range of topics and genres. As a student enrolled in this course it is important to have a clear understanding of the course objectives and to develop an effective learning strategy to maximize the benefits of the program. In this essay we will explore a study guide for English Intensive Reading 6 to help students navigate the course successfully.The primary goal of English Intensive Reading 6 is to improve students' overall English language competence with a focus on advanced reading comprehension skills. Through the course students will be introduced to complex academic texts covering a variety of subject areas such as literature, history, science, and current affairs. The aim is to equip students with the necessary strategies andtechniques to critically analyze challenging reading materials and extract key information effectively.One of the key aspects of the course is the development of advanced vocabulary skills. Students will be exposed to a wide range of academic and subject-specific terminology which they must be able to comprehend and utilize appropriately in their own writing and discussions. This involves not only memorizing the definitions of new words but also understanding their contextual usage and semantic relationships. Systematic vocabulary building exercises and regular quizzes will be an integral part of the course curriculum.In addition to expanding their lexical knowledge students will also work on enhancing their reading comprehension abilities. This will involve learning and practicing various reading strategies such as skimming, scanning, intensive reading, and critical reading. Students will learn how to identify the main ideas, supporting details, and underlying arguments in complex texts. They will also develop the skills to recognize the author's purpose, tone, and perspective which are crucial for a deeper understanding of the material.Another important component of English Intensive Reading 6 is the development of academic writing skills. Students will be required to produce a variety of written assignments such as summaries, critiques, and research-based essays. These writing tasks aredesigned to not only assess the students' comprehension of the reading materials but also their ability to organize their thoughts coherently, construct logical arguments, and communicate effectively in written English.To succeed in this course students must adopt an active and engaged approach to learning. This means consistently completing all assigned readings, actively participating in class discussions, and diligently working on the writing assignments. It is also important to develop effective time management skills to ensure that all coursework is completed on time.Regular practice is key to improving one's English proficiency. Students should make it a habit to read extensively both inside and outside the classroom setting. This could involve reading academic journals, newspapers, magazines, or even literary works. Additionally students should engage in regular writing practice by keeping a journal, writing summaries of articles, or attempting sample essay questions.Another crucial aspect of succeeding in English Intensive Reading 6 is effective note-taking. Students should develop the habit of taking detailed and organized notes during lectures and class discussions. These notes can serve as valuable study resources when preparing for exams or working on writing assignments. Students should alsolearn how to effectively annotate the texts they read in order to highlight key information, identify important arguments, and record their own insights and reflections.Active engagement with the course material is also critical. Students should not passively read the texts but rather approach them with a critical eye. This involves formulating questions, making connections to prior knowledge, and analyzing the author's perspectives and rhetorical strategies. Engaging in such active reading practices will not only deepen the students' understanding of the material but also prepare them for the rigorous demands of academic discourse.Finally it is important for students to seek out additional support and resources whenever needed. This could involve regularly consulting with the course instructor during office hours, participating in peer study groups, or utilizing the university's writing center or language learning lab. Taking advantage of such resources can go a long way in helping students overcome any challenges they may face and succeed in the course.In conclusion English Intensive Reading 6 is a challenging yet rewarding course that can significantly enhance students' English language proficiency. By adopting an active and engaged approach to learning, developing effective study habits, and seeking out additional support, students can navigate the course successfully andemerge as more confident and competent users of the English language. The skills and strategies acquired in this course will not only benefit students academically but also prepare them for the demands of the professional world.。
现代大学英语精读6文章概述
现代大学英语精读6文章概述如何使我们不为穷人的存在而内疚A brief summary of the essayIn the essay, the author brings up 5 historical solutions in presenting both historical solutions and current designs at first. He then concentrates on 5 current designs for getting the poor off our conscience. In presenting both historical solutions and current designs he expresses his critical attitudes implicitly. At the end of the essay, he warns the policy makers and people who are wealthy that "civil discontent and its consequences do not come from contented people.”and that poverty is the permanent ailment of society.Five solutions:1. The next life theory 2. Utilitarianism 3. Poor people’s fault 4. Survival of the fit test 5. Vague denial Five designs:1. Incompetent government 2. Harmful to the poor 3. Adverse effect on incentive 4. Adverse effect on freedom 5. Simple psychological denialThe main idea of the essay:Based on the analysis of historical solutions and current designs, the author ironically criticizes the attitude of getting the poor off our conscience, on which the scholars and politicians have been elaborating for centuries.1、Why the author chooses such a title as this essay?Look at the following photos. Millions and millions of people are struggling for their survival, thousands and thousands of people die of hunger, cold and illness. While ‘Millennium Development Goals are to meet the needs of the world’s poorest”, do you think the author really tries t o call people to get the poor off their conscience?“Plutarch was led to say”implies that it was the actual existence of the rich and poor or the logic of his analysis that made him come to such a conclusion: …If the Rome republic suffered from the same problems 2,000 years ago, it proves the author’s point that poverty is a perpetual (permanent) problem.2.five historical solutionspara. 3 The first solution (next-life theory)Does the author really think that this is an admirable solution?No, he doesn’t.He is being ironical here. He calls it “an admirable solution”because now the rich “get the poor off their conscience”.Para. 4:The second solution (utilitarianism)utilitarianism is a general philosophical idea like idealism. which means the greatest happiness of the greatest number. Utilitarianism is the moral doctrine that we should always act to produce the greatest possible balance of good over had for everyone affected by our action.Consequently, the greatest happiness of all constitutes the standard that determines whether an action is right or wrong. If they promote the greatest human welfare actions are right, if they do not actions are wrong.Para. 5: the third solution (poor people’s fault)Para. 7: the forth solution (Social Darwinism -- survival of the fittest)…the rich were not responsible for either its creation or its amelioration:The rich were not to blame for the existence of poverty so they should not be asked to undertake the task of solving the problem.Para. 9: the fifth solution (more vague denial of poverty)It declined in popularity, and references to it acquired a condemnatory tone:People began to reject Social Darwinism because it seemed to glorify brutal force and oppose treasured values of sympathy, love and friendship. Therefore, when it was mentioned, it was usually the target of criticism.3.Para. (10-11):a transition（1）Why does the author call it a revolution?Because it broke away from the traditional conception that the federal government was not responsible for social welfare. The Social Security Act of 1935 laid foundation for the current social welfare system of the United States. Readers can easily sense that the author is for the revolution.（2）What did people feel when a number of social welfare measures were put into practice? Were they right in thinking so? (para.10)People felt that the policy of ignoring the poor and refusing assistance had been abandoned. Since the government was making efforts to relieve the misery of the poor, they did not need to pay attention to any more.They were not completely right. The government did take many measures, but the desire to get the poor off our conscience still lingered on, waiting for chances to come back.4.five current designsPara.12: the first designdesign: planWhat is the argument of the first design?The argument is: Most of the assistance to the poor has to be undertaken by the government, but the government is in essence incompetent and ineffective and will make a mess of thejob. Therefore, the government should not be asked to aid the poor.What is the essence of the first design?The essence of the first design is to take away the responsibility to aid the poor from the government and to put an end to the social welfare policies since the New Deal.Para.13: analysis of the first designIn paragraph 12 and 13 , the author, on three occasions, mentions the pentagon or national defense. Why does he make these references?The author wants to point out the ironical fact that those people who attack the government or the bureaucracy will not include the military establishment. They want the government to do less or nothing in social welfare but more on “national defense”. The author is highly critical of such a view. He opposes huge military expenditures.What is the basic view of the author?On the whole, the author is positive about public service and government employees. He thinks that the American government has recruited many talented and dedicated people. His criticism is directed at the military establishment. Para. 14-15: the second designThe second design is: Any form of public help to the poor will hurt the poor themselves. Such help will destroy poor people’s motivation, make them lazy and break up their marriages. This is another typical argument put forward today by the conservatives in the U.S. in the discussion of social welfare reform.Does the author agree to the argument?No, the author thinks the accusations are groundless. Hefurther points out that those who support the design have no way to prove that the damage of the aid to the poor is greater than the damage to them caused by a loss of public assistance.Para.16: the third designThe third design: When you give public assistance to the poor, you take money away (through taxes) from the rich and give it ( in the form of public assistance) to the poor. The result is the rich become less willing to work hard and create wealth and the poor are encouraged to remain idle.The author’s view:The author uses two rhetorical questions to counter the argument. He implies that it is not the case that most poor people would prefer welfare to paying job. As for corporate executives, they are working very hard, showing no sign of lack of incentive. To say they are being lazy because they are not paid enough is an insult to the business executives. (the author is using a clever retort here.)Para.17-18: the forth design:The forth design argues that transferring money from the rich to the poor through the government has bad effect on freedom. By freedom, the designers mean spending as much money as one sees fit and giving the government as little as possible.This is possibly the most transparent of all the designs: No mention is ordinarily made of the relation of income to the freedom of the poor:The author is being ironical when he uses the word “transparent”. He means it is the most obvious that when these people talk about freedom they only have in mind the freedom of the rich.Para. 19: the fifth design: psychological denialThis is a psychic tendency that in various manifestations is common to us all.We all have the tendency to close our eyes to unpleasant things or refuse to think about them. This tendency may take different forms.5.conclusionIn the last part, the author subtly points out that public assistance to the poor is in the interest of conservatives. The ending seems not that dramatic but it is in line with the mild irony of the whole piece.肯尼迪总统就职演说The speech claims that all Americans should take on the responsibility of defending freedom and they should oppose Autocratic, poverty, disease and war that are enemies of mankind and in order to accomplish this task, to ensure common prosperity of human life, we compose of large global alliance.General analysis of a political speech1. He must try every possible means to arouse the feelings of audience. What he says represents the interests of the whole people. successful appeal to the emotion of the audience2. specific policyThe speech must have high-sounding words and empty promises3. The speech must be concise and short4. clever-choice of words to convey different meanings/tones.5. the use of biblical style to make it formal/ rigid.6. the use of a lot of rhetorical devices to make his address as powerful/ impressive as possible.1。
总结的英文短语
总结的英文短语总结是社会团体、企业单位和个人在自身的某一时期、某一项目或某些工作告一段落或者全部完成后进行回顾检查、分析评价。
下面就由店铺为大家带来关于总结的英语短语集锦，希望大家能有所收获。
关于总结的相关短语总结 sum up;总结报告 final report;总结会 summing-up meeting;总结指令 tally order工作总结 Work Summary ;经验总结 summary of experiences ;总结经验 sum up experience ;教训总结 lesson summary总结阶段 Summary stage ;总结如下 Summarized as follows关于总结的相关单词summarizesummary;sum-up;summing-up关于总结的相关短句或解释1.(分析研究经验做出结论) sum up; summarize:sum up the main points of the lesson;总结本课的要点summarize one's work总结工作2.(概括出来的结论) summary; summing up:make a summary作总结关于总结的相关例句1. Obree summed his weekend up in one word: "Disastrous."奥布瑞用一个词总结了他的周末经历：“灾难。
”2. He summed up his philosophy, with reference to Calvin.他总结了自己的哲学，还提及了加尔文。
3. "It's a waste of time," he concluded.“这是浪费时间。
”他总结道。
4. Table 3.1 summarizes the information given above.表格3.1是对以上信息的总结。
Summary of this chapter
Chapter from book Effective software Maintenance and Evolution: Reuse-based Approach, Copyright (C) 2007 Stan Jarzabek Chapter 5 Evolution of versions and configuration managementSummary of this chapter:We move on now from the maintenance of the function of the system’s code (considered in Chapters 2 and 3) and of the functionality of the application (considered in Chapter 4) to the evolution of the system’s code and of a sequence of system releases. Software Configuration Management (SCM) is “the discipline of controlling the evolution of complex software systems” [18]. SCM tools [5] are commonly used in industry to manage software changes, in particular to support evolution. SCMs store the history of component versions and their configurations, created in the response to evolutionary changes. Each system release is a configuration of component versions stored in an SCM repository.Software Configuration Management (SCM) tools [5][18] are commonly used in industry to manage software changes, in particular to support evolution. SCMs store the history of component versions and their configurations, created in the response to evolutionary changes. In this Chapter, we go through an example of software evolution with Concurrent Versions System (CVS) (/cvs/). Concurrent Versions System (CVS) is probably the most widely used SCM tool in industry, especially in the development of open source projects [9]. CVS is based on concepts of a pioneering and highly influential RVC [17].We focus on some typical situations that arise during evolution, and try to address them with CVS. We observe that some of the evolution problems, notably explosion of similar component versions, are difficult to avoid as long as evolution is managed in terms of specific component versions.5.1 A working example: FRS evolutionThe example of the Facility Reservation System (FRS) was introduced in Chapter 1. Its functions and multiple versions are now briefly summarized. Facility Reservation System (FRS) helps users reserve facilities such as meeting rooms. FRS users manage (add, delete and modify) their own reservations or reservations requested by others (middleman). We briefly discussed an FRS evolution example in Chapter 1. For ease of reference, we repeat FRS description here, with some more details.The following FRS features are discussed in the evolution example described in this Chapter: •VIEW-RES: reservation viewing methods:-FAC: view reservations by facility-RES-ID: view reservations by reservation ID-DATE: view reservations by date-USER: view reservations by user-USR-PD: view reservations made for only preferred range of dates•BR: block reservation – making reservations in bulk•PAY: charges for reserving facilities•BRD: discount for block reservationsFigure 1 shows the FRS evolution scenario in our study. Circled numbers attached to FRS releases indicate the order in which the releases were implemented. Solid arrows between releases X and Y indicate that X was chosen as a baseline for Y. Dashed arrows between releases X and Y indicate that some features implemented in X were adapted for Y.Figure 1. Stages in FRS evolutionWe illustrate evolution of FRS according to scenario depicted in Chapter X, supported by the evolution history stored in the CVS repository.Stage 1: Suppose one of our customers requests a new feature, to view reservations by date(DATE, for short). Having implemented the required enhancement, we have two versions of the FRS in use, namely the original FRS and the enhanced system FRS DATE.Stage 2: After some time, yet another customer would like to view reservations by user (USER). Having implemented this new enhancement, we have three versions of the FRS in use: the original FRS, FRS DATE and FRS USER.Stage 3: We also realize that the new features may be generally useful for other customersand yet another version FRS DATE,USER may make perfect sense to some of them.Stage 4: Sometimes later, a new customer wants an FRS that supports the concept of paymentfor reservations (PAY). This includes computing and displaying reservation charges (RC),cancellation charges (CC), bill construction (BC) and Frequent Customer Discount (FCD).Name PAY refers to all such payment features. FRS DATE,USER,PAY results from thatenhancement.Stage 5: Another customer would like to make block reservations (BR), as well as support for payment (FRS DATE,USER, PAY,BR)Stage 6: We include block reservation discount (FRS DATE,USER,PAY,BR,BRD).Stage 7: We need an FRS with existing features USER and BR (FRS USER,BR).Stage 8: A customer asks us to customize the USER feature to view reservations made for only preferred range of dates ((FRS USER-PD,BR).Analysis of FRS requirements and implementation revealed the following dependencies among features:•DATE ~i↔USER (mutually implementation-independent features)•PAY ~f↔BR (mutually functionally-independent features)•PAY i↔ BR•PAY iÆ {DATE, USER}•PAY iÆ FRS (meaning that most of FRS components are implementation-dependent on PAY)•{BR, PAY} fÆ BRDAnalysis of FRS requirements and implementation revealed the following dependencies among features:•DATE ~i↔USER (mutually implementation-independent features)•PAY ~f↔BR (mutually functionally-independent features)•PAY i↔ BR•PAY iÆ {DATE, USER}•PAY iÆ FRS (meaning that most of FRS components are implementation-dependent on PAY)•{BR, PAY} fÆ BRD5.2 FRS component architectureA component architecture, design assumptions, implementation technologies as well as underlying platforms (such as J2EE or .NET) define the context within which software is evolved. A software architecture is described by a set of components that interact one with another through well defined interfaces (connectors) to deliver the required system behavior. In this Chapter, we focus on components only, and will address connectors in Chapter X. FRS components are organized into three tiers, namely the user interface, business logic and database tiers, depicted in Figure 2. In the architecture terminology, a ‘tier’ is just a large granularity component that may contain many smaller components. Each tier provides services to the tier above it and serves requests from the tier below. User interface (UI) components allow FRS administrators and reservation requestors to interact with the system to manage users, facilities and reservations. The UI components handle the initialization, display and event-handling for the various Java panels used in reservation, user and facility management. The server, business logic (BL) tier, defines the functionality of the FRS to accomplish various actions. Server components provide the actual event-handling code for the various user interface widgets (e.g., buttons). There are also components that set up and shut down connections with the DBMS component. The database stores data related to users, facilities and reservations. The database tier is responsible for providing data access and storage services to the business logic tier. the database components include tables or databases to store data related to users, facilities and reservations.FRS is implemented in EJB™ and Java, with MySQL as the database server.Figure 2. Tiers and component groups in FRS architectureFRS is structured as follows: FRS consists of subsystems, modules and components to manage reservations (Reservation), facilities (Facility) and users (User). Each module (e.g., ViewRes to view reservations), is implemented by a user interface component (ViewRes-UI), and business logic component (ViewRes-BL).Shaded boxes in Figure 2 denote component groupings in FRS subsystems as follows: Reservation-UI: all the user interface components for the Reservation subsystemReservation-BL: all the business logic components for the Reservation subsystemFacility-UI: all the user interface components for the Facility subsystemFacility-BL: all the business logic components for the Facility subsystemUser-UI: all the user interface components for the User subsystemUser-BL: all the business logic components for the User subsystemTable 1 shows some of modules and components in user interface and business logic tiers.Table 1. FRS component architecture: user interface and business logic tiers Subsystem Modules User interface components Business logic components Reservation ViewRes ViewRes-UI ViewRes-BLCreateRes CreateRes-UICreateRes-BL DeleteRes DeleteRes-UI DeleteRes-BL UpdateRes UpdateRes-UI UpdateRes-BL Facility ViewFac ViewFac-UI ViewFac-BLCreateFac CreateFac-UI CreateFac-BL DeleteFac DeleteFac-UI DeleteFac-BL UpdateFac UpdateFac-UI UpdateFac-BL User ViewUser ViewUser-UI ViewUser-BLCreateUser CreateUser-UI CreateUser-BL DeleteUser DeleteUser-UI DeleteUser-BL UpdateUser UpdateUser-UI UpdateUser-BL5.3 Evolution of FRS with CVSCVS keeps track of versions of source code files, documents and other software artifacts resulting from changes applied to software during evolution. Versions of software artifacts are stored under unique identifiers. Each version of a software artifact may branch into sub-versions, as shown in Figure 3.Figure 3. Version tree of ViewRes-UI FRS componentEach system release is defined as a configuration of specific versions of system components. Besides usual SCM capabilities such as version control, CVS also performs conflict resolution and provides check in/out facilities to assist parallel development. Here, we concentrate only on version control and management of system releases. We store component versions and their configurations that occurred in released systems in a CVS repository. Each such component (or component configuration) accommodates some combination of variant features. Typically, components are files. The following is a development life-cycle for a new system release, S NEW :1. Analyze requirements for S NEW .2. Understand similarities/differences among S NEW and earlier releases.3. Select from the CVS repository configurations of component versions “best matching” S NEW . We call this S NEW component baseline .4.Customize the selected component baseline to fully meet requirements of the S NEW.5.Test and integrate customized components to obtain S NEW.6.Validate S NEW to see if it meets its requirements.We may need to iterate over the above life-cycle, changing component selection or their customization, even revising some of the requirements, until we obtain an acceptable S NEW.In this study, we focus on issues related to component selection (Step 3) and customization (Step 4). These two activities have much impact on productivity of programmers during evolution: The quality of selection determines the follow up customization effort. In sub-sections below, we analyze typical problems developers must solve during these two steps. Our analysis is based on the evolution scenario depicted in Figure 1.5.4 Reuse of features implemented in past releases when building new system releasesReuse of features already implemented in past releases is the main concern when selecting components. Based on CVS release history, selecting components “best matching” a newly built system release is a problem in itself. We must take into account both functionality as well as the follow up customization and integration effort.We start with FRS DATE,USER. We can build FRS DATE,USER by (1) selecting FRS DATE and then customizing it according to FRS USER, or vice versa, (2) selecting FRS USER and then customizing it according to FRS DATE. If we choose scenario (1), the customization effort is a combined effort of:•finding components affected by feature USER in FRS USER, and extracting relevant code, •analyzing the impact of feature USER on FRS DATE ,•implementing feature USER on FRS DATE.Since feature USER has been implemented in FRS USER, we would like to reuse feature implementation in FRS DATE,USER. For illustration, we show steps involved in scenario (1):1.Select a previous version of FRS as a starting point. Here, we choose FRS DATE .2.Retrieve version FRS USER. We make use of this version to update the FRS DATE, rather thanto re-implement USER feature from scratch.3.Extract business logic action to “view reservation by user” from FRS USER and modifyReservationManager component.4.Extract use interface code to “view reservations by user” and code to call the business logic action to “view reservation by user” from FRS USER and modify reservation user interface, Reservation-UI, accordingly.For implementation-independent features, such as DATE and USER, the above steps are quite simple and are accomplished by branch and merge (‘update’ command) facilities of CVS. As all the implications of scenarios (1) and (2) on evolution are the same, we conclude that it makes no difference if we choose (1) or (2).Should scenarios (1) and (2) require different customizations to accommodate the new feature, the logical choice would be to pick components from FRS release(s) in which adding the new feature requires less customization effort. A number of issues may complicate the follow up customization, and therefore, may have impact on the right selection of components. In particular:A)features DATE and USER might have different impact on FRS components; for example,DATE could affect more components and in more complicated ways than USER; or implementation of feature USER might be well documented, while implementation of DATE might be missing,B)DATE might be implementation-dependent on USER, but USER might also beimplementation-independent of DATE,C)DATE might be implementation-dependent on yet other features that are not relevant toUSER,D)feature DATE might have been modified in FRS DATE in a way that is not required for FRS USER.All of the above considerations could affect the customization effort of (1) vs. (2), and should be taken into the account when selecting the component baseline for FRS DATE,USER .We now illustrate point C) above. Suppose, we have already implemented features f1 and f2 in releases FRS f1 and FRS f1,f2, and would like to have feature f1 and new feature f3 in release FRS f1,f3. Intuitively, we would pick FRS f1 as the closest configuration, since for FRS f1,f2, we would have to remove f2 before adding in f3. This would probably be the right selection if f3 and f2 were not similar to each other. However, if f3 was similar to f2, FRS f1,f2 would be a better choice, as it would be easy to turn f2 into f3. We see an instance of this situation when implementing FRS USER, with the initial FRS and FRS DATE as starting points. Since features DATE and USER are similar, we should pick FRS DATE as an FRS USER baseline.The usual situation is that any new system release, say S NEW, may include many features implemented in variant forms in past releases. Variant forms of the same feature stem from implementation dependencies among features. Existing features may be also implementation-dependent on new features required in S NEW. The following example illustrates reuse of features in view of implementation-dependencies among them. In developing FRS USER,BR, we select FRS USER as our baseline and add BR (block reservation) to it. As BR has been implemented only in FRS DATE,USER,PAY,BR previously, we make use of this implementation. The customization of FRS USER includes:1.Finding components affected by feature BR in FRS DATE,USER,PAY,BR, and extracting relevantcode,2.Analyzing the impact of feature BR on FRS USER ,3.Implementing feature BR on FRS USER.In Step 1, the code extracted for BR is inclusive of code to calculate payment for BR. In Step 2, we realize that the code needed for BR here should be independent of code for PAY (payment). This causes a conflict with code extracted in Step 1, as implementation of BR was according to the implementation dependency PAY i↔ BR (payment and block reservation are mutually implementation-dependent) previously. Thus in Step 3, we are unable to reuse BR directly. The parts where PAY was involved in BR need to be removed. If information on modifications made for PAY in BR is not available, implementation becomes more difficult. Upon implementation, a new variant form of BR is produced.Suppose, we have picked a configuration of component versions that we believe make a good baseline for a new release, and removed unwanted features (if any) from that configuration. To add in new features, we fetch the previous version that contains a given feature, and extract the relevant code from that version. Reuse of features is hindered by the fact that thesame feature may be implemented differently in different system releases. The implementation of a feature may span many system components. The process of (possibly) retrieving many versions of feature implementation and extracting correct portions of feature implementation may be tedious and time consuming. Tools such as ‘diff’ and Bonsai [3] are typically used to aid in feature extraction and reuse. However, ‘diff’ shows all the differences between two files, not modifications relevant to a specific feature. If it is too difficult to reuse a feature from a previous version, a feature must be implemented from scratch, increasing redundancy and complexity.The above discussion shows that, at times, the knowledge of already implemented features and of feature similarities may not be readily available from the CVS repository. We can improve the situation by linking logical groupings of detailed changes done to system components to relevant source of change (e.g., a request for a new feature or for a modification of a certain feature in some system release). The concept of a “change set” has been introduced in SCM research [5][13][14], and is available in some SCMs (e.g., Synergy/CM [16]). In CVS, we can do frequent check-in/check-out to avoid intermixing in any single component version multiple changes done for different purposes. This can help in extracting feature implementation. Enumerating “change sets” corresponding to inter-dependent features, especially in the presence of variant ways in which the same feature can be implemented in different system releases, may produce a complicated web of information that may pose nontrivial problems for effective feature reuse and modification. In Part II, we describe an alternative way of addressing these problems, with mixed-strategy mechanisms capable of representing changes and affected components in a unified, generic form, amenable to automation.We also tried to address the above problems with external documentation. For example, we recorded code lines inserted/deleted/modified with respect to a baseline. Such documentation can help when we deal with simple situations such as reusing implementation of feature DATE to build FRS USER, but in other cases, different information may be required. For example, when modifying FRS DATE to accommodate USER feature and build FRS DATE,USER, we would only need to modify the lines that differ between the two, as both DATE and USER are implemented in a similar way. As there are possibly many other different cases to consider, the external documentation complementing the information we can get from the CVS repository would have to vary to cater for those nuances. In addition, there are well-known problems with keeping documentation up to date with evolving programs. A study of software development in two industries [6] showed that, despite the fact that documentation comprised of thousands of pages, selected components often implemented requirements insufficiently or turned out to be incompatible.The process of selecting components to minimize customization effort may be quite complicated. Much information has to be repeatedly extracted but is not explicitly represented in the evolution history stored in the CVS repository. As it is difficult to see all the implications of component selection, often the choice of components for customization is suboptimal, leading to high cost of evolution.Deelstra et al. [6] mention that, using such an approach, “development effort is spent on implementing functionality that highly resembles the functionality already implemented in reusable assets or in previous projects.” In their case studies, it was observed that product derivation at a company comprised the selecting of several hundreds of components, and thisoccasionally led to a situation where components were not found, though they were present. Many of the functionalities, though already implemented in earlier releases, could not be reused and had to be re-implemented all over again.5.5 Adding new features to a system releaseThe new feature is either a completely different from the existing features or it is similar to an existing feature. A completely different feature must be implemented from scratch, as no previous knowledge of that feature exists. This situation was observed when developing FRS DATE,USER,PAY,BR. We selected FRS DATE,USER,PAY as a component baseline for implementing a new feature BR (block reservation). However, PAY (payment feature) and BR are mutually implementation-dependent: PAY i↔ BR. The customization of FRS DATE,USER,PAY includes:1.Implementing the BR feature while adding code to calculate payment for BR,2.Modifying the PAY feature to accommodate specific needs of block reservation.We end up with 2 variant forms for PAY: PAY implemented without BR in FRS DATE,USER,PAY, and PAY implemented with BR in FRS DATE,USER,PAY,BR.We can save effort (and also enhance the clarity of the design) if we implement similar features in a similar way. FRS DATE illustrates a simple case. DATE (view-by-date) is similar to the FAC (view-reservation-by-facility) method implemented in the initial FRS. The customization effort includes:1.Finding components affected by feature FAC in FRS, and extracting relevant code,2.Customizing copied code to obtain DATE .Recognizing similar features based on the information stored in CVS, especially in relation to feature dependencies, is not easy.5.6 Selective propagation of new features to past releasesTo accommodate a new feature into past releases, we must upgrade each release separately, taking into account unique feature dependencies that may exist in different releases.The propagation process is time-consuming, error-prone and contributes to component version explosion.Consider the case of FRS USER-PD,BR. USER-PD (view-by-user for a preferred date) is a slight modification of the USER (view-by-user) reservation method. The feature USER-PD is implemented by simply customizing code for USER. The same modifications must be manually implemented in every other system release that wishes to include PD feature.5.7 The visibility of changes during evolutionThe visibility of changes is hindered by feature dependencies and the fact that implementation of a feature may span many components. To illustrate how implementation-dependencies affect the visibility of changes, we show steps involved in enhancing FRS DATE,USER,PAY with feature BR (features PAY and BR are mutually implementation-dependent: PAY i↔ BR):1.Add an option for selecting block reservations to the reservation user interface menu inReservation-UI components.2.Add options for selecting different block reservation methods (reserving multiple facilitiesor multiple time slots) to the Reservation-UI. Upon selection an option, the user is asked toprovide input needed for that option.3.Add code to call block reservation methods for each option. Add an option to delete blockreservations in the menu of Reservation-UI, and code for deleting block reservations in arelevant business logic component.4.Calculate the payment for block reservation.5.Modify Payment component to accommodate block reservation as follows: add methods tocalculate the total cost of all the block reservations, store the reservation cost in a vector(rather than a single value as it was the case of a single reservation), and store the totalnumber of block reservations.In Step 4, we modify code for BR to deal with payment. In Step 5, we modify code for PAYto accommodate BR. Changes are embedded into the code and we can’t discriminate amongparts of the code in BR that have been modified to accommodate PAY and vice-versa.In FRS DATE,USER,PAY,BR,BRD, block reservation discount is functionally dependent on both blockreservation and payment: {BR, PAY} fÆ BRD, in addition to the implementation dependency mentioned above. Steps to implement this FRS release are as follows:1.Modify code in PAY (payment). For BR (block reservation), different calculations areneeded due to BRD (block reservation discount).2.Modify code in block reservation methods to inform the user that BRD is included, whencalculating payment.As before, it is not clear which modifications relate to a feature in question (BRD, in thiscase). However, the difficulty is more severe now, due to the complicated dependencies. InStep 2, to modify PAY, we must first find code for BR in PAY, and then embed the code forBRD in the midst of it. Similarly, in Step 2, we embed code for BRD into the code for PAY inBR.5.8 Explosion of variant features and feature dependenciesIn studies described in [6] it was observed that even small changes to interfaces led to newcomponent versions. This was also observed in our case study. For example, we created eight1) versions of component Reservation-UI, as each FRS release ( Figurerequired some modifications of that component. Feature dependencies also caused componentversions to multiply. For example, component Payment had three different versions: PAYimplemented alone, PAY implemented with BR, and PAY with BR and BRD.As more variant features are added, the number of component versions explodes. Just addingsix features (DATE, USER, PAY, BR, BRD, USER-PD) to the FRS, produced 22 newcomponent versions.A technique sometimes used to limit version explosion is to add features in a permanent way,and to control their availability in a specific system installation using runtime parameters. Asthis technique addresses the problem at the program implementation rather than at the designlevel, it leads to complex programs. This approach also results in larger resource footprintwith “dead code” which may be undesirable. An example of a solution trying to address thisproblem is Koala [15].The problem of explosion of similar component versions seems to be inherent in object/component technologies [1][2][10][11][12]. While supporting techniques can be used to extract change information from the component history [5], [8], [9], these techniques deal with symptoms rather than attack the root of the problem.summary5.9 AReuse of existing features and propagation of new features in CVS is based on extraction of relevant code from past releases, using the CVS update operation. When a component is modified, only the differences between the original version and a modified one are stored to minimize storage. However, different versions of the same component are treated as different entities in the sense that a change done in version 1 of a component A will not be reflected in version 2 of component A. Therefore, changes meant for many component versions must be manually propagated to versions in question, taking into account possible subtle variations in change implementation across component versions, not to mention the likelihood of making errors. Reuse of existing and new features is therefore tedious, time consuming, and error prone.Table 2. Summary of evolution stagescommentsStage #modFRS DATE 3 SimpleimplementationimplementationFRS USER 3 SimpleFRS DATE,USER 3 Simple code extraction from theprevious versionFRS DATE,USER,PAY35 Implementation is not difficult thoughit affects many componentsFRS DATE,USER,PAY,BR9 Difficult to see where code was addedfor BR in PAY and vice versa.FRS DATE,USER,PAY,BR,BRD 3 Difficult to see relationship betweenfeatures.FRS USER,BR12 Difficulty in extracting the BR codewithout PAYFRS USER-PD,BR 4 Simple customization of USERmethod.Tools such as ‘diff’ and Bonsai [3] are helpful, but ‘diff’ shows all the differences between two files, not modifications relevant to a specific feature. When feature dependencies are involved, the modifications needed may be different in each release, and usefulness of ‘diff’ becomes even more problematic. Propagation of new features to past releases also poses problems. Table 2 summarizes modifications of FRS components at various evolution stages. Consecutive changes affecting code over time are absorbed into the code, and it becomes difficult to see relationships among features. The concept of “change set” makes a significant step towards addressing these problems.It is quite significant that we could observe some very basic difficulties despite the simplicity of our case study. These difficulties must necessarily magnify when we move into deeper waters of evolution.5.10 Related WorkAdvanced SCM features [5][13][14] and commercial tools such as Synergy/CM [16] improve the visibility of information that matters in evolution. So do techniques for extracting a release history stored in an SCM repository [7][8][9]. One of such advanced SCM concepts is。
Summary 新编教程6 Unit5 Text2
Summary - The Qualities of Good WritingExtravagant and high-sounding sentences will be long-winded while plainer version lacks the qualities that makes a statement moving or memorable. Although the flat or homely prose is grammatical enough, it can not be called a good writing. There are some principles can make a statement vital and pungent.The first quality of good writing is economy. It means that no unnecessary words should be contained in a sentence and no unnecessary sentences should be contained in a paragraph. It is important to be responsible for your readers and make sure that no useless phrases or words clog the free flow of the ideas. In a word, economical writing is efficient and aesthetically satisfying.Then, the simplicity is another basic quality of good writing. The natural and unpretentious style is best. To “be yourself” is one of the suggestions to be simple. There is no need to make the writing grandiloquent.In addition, clarity is also a fundamental element of good writing. Responsible writers recognize that it should not set up an additional roadblock to understanding since the difficulties are unavoidable. Only when the author understand his own idea can he conveys it to others.What’s more, at its best, it may even be poetic. It can help the readers understand the ideas better by forming an image.No matter what type the article belongs to, the author must always be aware of “the reader over his shoulder”. A writing needs to be reader-oriented so it shouldn’t be tedious, confusing or dull to readers. Writings are created to help people understand something rather than add more difficulties to their understandings. Therefore, when writing something, the assumption of the audience is necessary. With such definite readers in mind, the idea can be conveyed better and be written in a suitable tone.To conclude, to create a good writing needs to know who the article is writing for firstly, write in an economical, simple and clear way and polish.。
商业银行管理 ROSE 7e 课后答案chapter_06
CHAPTER 6MEASURING AND EVALUATING THE PERFORMANCE OF BANKS AND THEIRPRINCIPAL COMPETITORSGoal of This Chapter: The purpose of this chapter is to discover what analytical tools can be applied to a bank’s fi nancial statements so that management and the public can identify the most critical problems inside each bank and develop ways to deal with those problemsKey Topics in This ChapterStock Values and Profitability RatiosMeasuring Credit, Liquidity, and Other RisksMeasuring Operating EfficiencyPerformance of Competing Financial FirmsSize and Location EffectsThe UBPR and Comparing PerformanceChapter OutlineI. Introduction:II. Evaluating a Bank's PerformanceA. Determining Long-Range ObjectivesB. Maximizing The Value of the Firm: A Key Objective for Nearly AllFinancial-Service InstitutionsC. Profitability Ratios: A Surrogate for Stock Values1. Key Profitability Ratios2. Interpreting Profitability RatiosD. Useful Profitability Formulas for Banks and Other Financial ServiceCompaniesE. Breaking Down Equity Returns for Closer AnalysisF. Break-Down Analysis of the Return on AssetsG. What a Breakdown of Profitability Measures Can Tell UsH. Measuring Risk in Banking and Financial Services1. Credit Risk2. Liquidity Risk3. Market Risk4. Interest-Rate Risk5. Operational Risk6. Legal and Compliance Risk7. Reputation Risk8. Strategic Risk9. Capital RiskI. Other Goals in Banking and Financial Services ManagementIII. P erformance Indica tors among Banking’s Key CompetitorsIV. The Impact of Size on PerformanceA. Size, Location and Regulatory Bias in Analyzing The Performance ofBanks and Competing Financial InstitutionsB. Using Financial Ratios and Other Analytical Tools to Track BankPerformance--The UBPR.V. Summary of the ChapterAppendix to the Chapter - Improving the Performance of Financial Firms Through Knowledge: Sources of Information on the Financial-Services IndustryConcept Checks6-1. Why should banks and other corporate financial firms be concerned about their level of profitability and exposure to risk?Banks in the U.S. and most other countries are private businesses that must attract capital from the public to fund their operations. If profits are inadequate or if risk is excessive, they will have greater difficulty in obtaining capital and their funding costs will grow, eroding profitability. Bank stockholders, depositors, and bank examiners representing the regulatory community are all interested in the quality of bank performance. The stockholders are primarily concerned with profitability as a key factor in determining their total return from holding bank stock, while depositors (especially large corporate depositors) and examiners typically focus on bank risk exposure.6-2. What individuals or groups are likely to be interested in these dimensions of performance for a bank or other financial institution?The individuals or groups likely to be interested in bank profitability and risk include other banks lending to a particular bank, borrowers, large depositors, holders of long-term debt capital issued by banks, bank stockholders, and the regulatory community.6-3. What factors influence the stock price of a financial-services corporation?A bank's stock price is affected by all those factors affecting its profitability and risk exposure, particularly its rate of return on equity capital and risk to shareholder earnings. A bank can raise its stock price by creating an expectation in the minds of investors of greater earnings in the future, by lowering the bank's perceived risk exposure, or by a combination of increases in expected earnings and reduced risk.6-4. Suppose that a bank is expected to pay an annual dividend of $4 per share on its stock in the current period and dividends are expected to grow 5 percent a year every year, and the minimum required return to equity capital based on the bank's perceived level of risk is 10 percent. Can you estimate the current value of the bank's stock?In this constant dividend growth rate problem the current value of the bank's stock would be:P o = D1 / (k – g) = $4 / (0.10 – 0.05) = $80.6-5. What is return on equity capital and what aspect of performance is it supposed to measure? Can you see how this performance measure might be useful to the managers of financial firms?Return on equity capital is the ratio of Net Income/Total Equity Capital. It represents the rate of return earned on the funds invested in the bank by its stockholders. Financial firms have stockholders, too who are interested in the return on the funds that they invested.6-6 Suppose a bank reports that its net income for the current year is $51 million, its assets totally $1,144 million, and its liabilities amount to $926 million. What is its return on equity capital? Is the ROE you have calculated good or bad? What information do you need to answer this last question?The bank's return on equity capital should be:RO E =Net Income =$51 million= .098 or 9.8percentEquity Capital$1,444 mill.-$926mill.In order to evaluate the performance of the bank, you have to compare the ROE to the ROE of some major competitors or some industry average.6-7 What is the return on assets (ROA), and why is it important? Might the ROA measu re be important to banking’s key competitors?Return on assets is the ratio of Net Income/Total Assets. The rate of return secured on a bank's total assets indicates the efficiency of its management in generating net income from allof the resources (assets) committed to the institution. This would be important to banks and their major competitors.6-8. A bank estimates that its total revenues will amount to $155 million and its total expenses (including taxes) will equal $107 million this year. Its liabilities total $4,960 million while its equity capital amounts to $52 million. What is the bank's return on assets? Is this ROA high or low? How could you find out?The bank's return on assets would be:RO A =Net Income=$155 mill. - $107mill.= 0.0096 or 0.96percentTotal Assets$4,960 mill. + $52mill.The size of this bank's ROA should be compared with the ROA's of other banks similar in size and location to determine if this bank's ROA is high or low relative to the average for comparable banks.6-9. Why do the managers of financial firms often pay close attention today to the net interest margin and noninterest margin? To the earnings spread?The net interest margin (NIM) indicates how successful the bank has been in borrowing funds from the cheapest sources and in maintaining an adequate spread between its returns on loans and security investments and the cost of its borrowed funds. If the NIM rises, loan and security income must be rising or the average cost of funds must be falling or both. A declining NIM is undesirable because the bank's interest spread is being squeezed, usually because of rising interest costs on deposits and other borrowings and because of increased competition today.In contrast, the noninterest margin reflects the banks spread between its noninterest income (such as service fees on deposits) and its noninterest expenses (especially salaries and wages and overhead expenses). For most banks the noninterest margin is negative. Management will usually attempt to expand fee income, while controlling closely the growth of noninterest expenses in order to make a negative noninterest margin less negative.The earnings spread measures the effectiveness of the bank's intermediation function of borrowing and lending money, which, of course, is the bank's primary way of generating earnings. As competition increases, the spread between the average yields on assets and the average cost of liabilities will be squeezed, forcing the bank's management to search for alternative sources of income, such as fees from various services the bank offers.6-10. Suppose a banker tells you that his bank in the year just completed had total interest expenses on all borrowings of $12 million and noninterest expense of $5 million, while interest income from earning assets totaled $16 million and noninterest revenues added to a total of $2 million. Suppose further that assets amounted to $480 million of which earning assets represented 85 percent of total assets, while total interest-bearing liabilities amounted to 75percent of total assets. See if you can determine this bank's net interest and noninterest margins and its earnings base and earnings spread for the most recent year.The bank's net interest and noninterest margins must be:Net Interest =$16 mill. - $12mill.Noninterest=$2 mill. - $5mill.Margin$480 mill.Margin$480 mill.=.00833= -.00625The bank's earnings spread and earnings base are:Earnings=$16 mill.-$12 mill.Spread$480 mill * 0.85$480 mill. * 0.75= .0392=.0333Earnings Base=$480 mill. - $480 mill. * 0.15=0.85 or 85percent$480 mill.6-11. What are the principal components of ROE and what do each of these components measure?The principal components of ROE are:a. The net profit margin or net after-tax income to operating revenues which reflects the effectiveness of a bank's expense control program;b. The degree of asset utilization or ratio of operating revenues to total assets which measures the effectiveness of managing the bank's assets, especially the loan portfolio; and,c. The equity multiplier or ratio of total assets to total equity capital which measures a bank's use of leverage in funding its operations.6-12. Suppose a bank has an ROA of 0.80 percent and an equity multiplier of 12x. What is its ROE? Suppose this bank's ROA falls to 0.60 percent. What size equity multiplier must it have to hold its ROE unchanged?The bank's ROE is:ROE = 0.80 percent *12 = 9.60 percent.If ROA falls to 0.60 percent, the bank's ROE and equity multiplier can be determined from:ROE = 9.60% = 0.60 percent * Equity MultiplierEquity Multiplier = 9.60 percent = 16x.0.60 percent6-13. Suppose a bank reports net income of $12, before-tax net income of $15, operating revenues of $100, assets of $600, and $50 in equity capital. What is the bank's ROE? Tax-management efficiency indicator? Expense control efficiency indicator? Asset management efficiency indicator? Funds management efficiency indicator?The bank's ROE must be:ROE =50$12$ = 0.24 or 24 percentIts tax-management, expense control, asset management, and funds management efficiency indicators are:TaxManagement=$12Expense Control =$15 Efficiency indicator$15Efficiency Indicator$100= .8 or 80 percent=.15 or 15 percentAsset Management=$100 Funds Management=$600Efficiency Indicator$600Efficiency Indicator$50= 0.1666 or 16.67 percent= 12 x6-14. What are the most important components of ROA and what aspects of a financialinstitution’s performance do they reflect?The principal components of ROA are:a. Total Interest Income Less Total Interest Expense divided by Total Assets, measuring a bank's success at intermediating funds between borrowers and lenders;b. Provision for Loan Losses divided by Total Assets which measures management's ability to control loan losses and manage a bank's tax exposure;c. Noninterest Income less Noninterest Expenses divided by Total Assets, which indicates the ability of management to control salaries and wages and other noninterest costs and generate tee income;d. Net Income Before Taxes divided by Total Assets, which measures operating efficiency and expense control; ande. Applicable Taxes divided by Total Assets, which is an index of tax management effectiveness.6-15. If a bank has a net interest margin of 2.50%, a noninterest margin of -1.85%, and a ratio of provision for loan losses, taxes, security gains, and extraordinary items of -0.47%, what is itsROA?The bank's ROA must be:ROA = 2.50 percent - 1.85 percent - 0.47 percent = 0.18 percent6-16. To what different kinds of risk are banks and their financial-service competitors subjected today?a. Credit Risk -- the probability that loans and securities the bank holds will not pay out as promised.b. Liquidity Risk -- the probability the bank will not have sufficient cash on hand in the volume needed precisely when cash demands arise.c. Market Risk -- the probability that the value of assets held by the bank will decline due to falling market prices.d. Interest-Rate Risk - the possibility or probability interest rates will change, subjecting the bank to lower profits or a lower value for the firm’s capital.e. Operational Risk –the uncertainly regarding a financial firm’s earnings due to failures in computer systems, employee misconduct, floods, lightening strikes and other similar events.f. Legal and Compliance Risk –the uncertainty regarding a financial firm’s ear nings due to actions taken by our legal system or due to a violation of rules and regulationsg. Reputation Risk – the uncertainty due to public opinion or the variability in earnings due to positive or negative publicity about the financial firmh. Strategic Risk – the uncertainty in earnings due to adverse business decisions, lack or responsiveness to changes and other poor decisions by managementi. Capital Risk – the risk that the value of the assets will decline below the value of the liabilities. All of the other risks listed above can affect earnings and the value of the assets and liabilities and therefore can have an effect on the capital position of the firm.6-17. What items on a bank's balance sheet and income statement can be used to measure its risk exposure? To what other financial institutions do these risk measures apply?There are several alternative measures of risk in banking and financial service firms. Capital risk is often measured by bank capital ratios, such as the ratio of total capital to total assets or total capital to risk assets. Credit risk can be tracked by such ratios as net loan losses to total loans or relative to total capital. Liquidity risk can be followed by using such ratios as cash assets to total assets or by total loans to total assets. Interest-rate risk may be indicated by such ratios as interest-sensitive liabilities to interest-sensitive assets or the ratio of money-market borrowings to money-market assets.6-18. A bank reports that the total amount of its net loans and leases outstanding is $936 million, its assets total $1,324 million, its equity capital amounts to $110 million, and it holds $1,150 million in deposits, all expressed in book value. The estimated market values of the bank's total assets and equity capital are $1,443 million and $130 million, respectively. The bank's stock is currently valued at $60 per share with annual per-share earnings of $2.50. Uninsured deposits amount to $243 million and money market borrowings total $132 million, while nonperforming loans currently amount to $43 million and the bank just charged off $21 million in loans. Calculate as many of the bank's risk measures as you can from the foregoing data.Net Loans and Leases =$936mill.UninsuredDeposits$243mill.Total Assets$1,324mill.Total Deposits$1,150mill.0.7069 or 70.69 percent0.2113 or 21.13 percentEquity Capital=$130 mill.Stock Price$6Total Assets$1,443 mill.Earnings PerShare$2 .50= 0.0901 or 9.01 percent= 24 XNonperforming Assets =$43 mill.=0.0459 or 4.59percentNet Loans andLeases$936 mill.Charge-offs of loans =$21PurchasedFunds=$243 mill. + $132mill.Total Loans and Leases$936 Total Liabilities$1,324 mill. - $110mill.=.0224 or 2.24 percent.3089 or 30.89 percentBook Value of Assets =$1324 =0.9175 or 91.75 percentMarket Value of Assets$1443Problems6-1.An investor holds the stock of First National Bank of Imoh and expects to receive adividend of $12 per share at the end of the year. Stock analysts have recently predicted that the bank’s dividends will grow at approximately 3 percent a year indefinitely into the future. If this is true, and if the appropriate risk-adjusted cost of capital (discount rate) for the bank is 15 percent, what should be the current stock price per share of Imoh’s stock?10D $12P $100r-g .15.03===-6-2. Suppose that stockbrokers have projected that Poquoson Bank and TrustCompany will pay a dividend of $3 per share on its common stock at the end of the year; a dividend of $4.50 per share is expected for the next year and $6 per share in the following year. The risk-adjusted cost of capital for banks in Poquoson’s risk class is 17 percent. If an investor holding Poqu oson’s stock plans to hold that stock for only three years and hopes to sell it at a price of $55 per share, what should the value of the bank’s stock be in today’s market?0233$3.00$4.50$6.00$55P $43.94(1.17)(1.17)(1.17)(1.17)=+++=++++P 0 = $43.94 per share.6-3Depositors Savings Association has a ratio of equity capital to total assets of 7.5percent. In contrast, Newton Savings reports an equity capital to asset ratio of 6 percent. What is the value of the equity multiplier for each of these institutions? Suppose that both institutions have an ROA of 0.85 percent. What must each institution’s return on equity capital be? What do your calculations tell you about the benefits of having as little equity capital as regulations or the marketplace will allow?Depositors Savings Association has an equity-to-asset ratio of 7.5 percent which means its equity multiplier must be:1/ (Equity Capital / Assets) = AssetsEquityCapital= 1 / 0.075 = 13.33xIn contrast, Newton Savings has an equity multiplier of:1/ (Equity Capital / Assets) = 10.06= 16.67xWith an ROA of 0.85 percent Depositors Savings Association would have an ROE of:ROE = 0.85 x 13.33x = 11.33 percent.With an ROA of .85 percent Newton Savings would have an ROE of:ROE = 0.85 x 16.67x = 14.17 percentIn this case Newton Savings is making greater use of financial leverage and is generating a higher return on equity capital.6-4. The latest report of condition and income and expense statement for Galloping Merchants National Bank are as shown in the following tables:Galloping Merchants National BankInterest Fees on Loans$65Interest Dividends onSecurities12Total Interest Income77Interest Paid on Deposits49Interest on NondepositBorrowings6Total Interest Expense55Net Interest Income22Provision for Loan Losses2Noninterest Income and Fees7Noninterest Expenses:Salaries and Employee Benefits1 2Overhead Expenses5 Other Noninterest Expenses3Total Noninterest Expenses20 Net Noninterest Income-13Pre Tax Operating Income7Securities Gains (or Losses)1 Pre Tax Net Operating Income 8 Taxes1Net Operating Income7Net Extraordinary Income-1 Net Income$6FTE 40Galloping Merchants National BankReport of ConditionCash and Due From Banks$100 Demand Deposits$19Investment Securities$150 Savings Deposts$18Federal Funds Sold$10 Time Deposits$47Net Loans$670 Federal Funds Purch$69(ALL 25) Total Liabilities $90 0(Unearned Income 5)Common Stock$20Plant and Equipment$50 Surplus$25Retained Earnings$35Total Assets$980 Total Ca$80Total Earnings Assets$830Interest BearingDeposits$65Fill in the missing items on the income and expense statement. Using these statements, calculate the following performance measures:Net Income $6ROE =.075 or 7.5%Total Equity Capital $80==Net Income $6ROA = .00612 or .612%Total Assets $980==Net Interest Income $22Net Interest Margin = .0224 or 2.24%Total Assets $980==-$13Net Noninterest Margin = .0133 or -1.33 percent $980=-Total Operating Revenues - Total Operating Expenses $84$77Net Operating Margin = .00714 or .714%Total Assets $980-==Total Interest Income Total Interest Expenses $77$55Earnings Spread = .01531 or 1.53 %Total Earnings Assets Total Interest Bearing Liabilities $830$710-=-=Net Income $6Net Profit Margin = .0714 or 7.14 percent Total Operating Revenues $84==Total Operating Revenues $84Asset Utilization = .0857 or 8.57%Total Assets $980==Total Assets $980Equity Multiplier = 12.25Total Equity Capital $80x ==85.7%or 857.7$6$Incom e Operating Net Tax Pre Incom e Net Efficiency Managem ent Tax ===8.33%or 0833.84$7$Revenue Operating Total Incom e Operating Net Tax Pre Efficiency Control Ex pense ===Total Operating Revenues $84Asset Management Efficiency Ratio = .0857 or 8.57%Total Assets $980==Total Assets $980Funds Management Efficiency Ratio =12.25Total Equity Capital $80x ==91.76%or 9176.gains) securities (including 85$ tax es)(including 78$Revenues Operating Total Ex penses Operating Total Ratio Efficiency Operating ===6-5. The following information is for Shallow National BankInterest Income $2,100 Interest Expense $1,400 Total Assets $30,000Securities Gains (losses)$21 Earning Assets $25,000 Total Liabilities $27,000 Taxes Paid $16 Shares of Common Stock5,000 Noninterest income $700 Noninterest Expense $900 Provision for Loan Losses$100R OE=$405 R OA=$405 $30,000 - $27,000$30,0000.135 or 13.5 percent0.0135 or 1.35percentEarnings=$405= $.081 per sharePerShare5000Net Interest =$2100 -$1400=$70= 0.028 or 2.8percentMargin$25,000$25,000Net Noninterest =$700 -$900=-$200= 0.008or .8 percentMargin$25,000$25,000Net Operating =($2100 + $700) – ($1,400 + $900 +$100)=$40=0.0133 or 1.33percentMargin$30,000$30,000Alternative Scenario 1:Suppose interest income, interest expenses, noninterest income, and noninterest expenses each increase by 5 percent, with all other items remaining unchanged.Interest Income $2, 205Interest Expense $1, 470Total Assets $30 ,000Securities Gains(losses)$21Earning Assets $25 ,000Total Liabilities $27 ,000Taxes Paid$16Shares of Common Stock 5,0 00Noninterest income $73 5Noninterest Expense $94 5Provision for Loan Losses $10 0R OE =$430ROA=$430$30,000 -$27,000$30,000.1433 or 14.33 percent0.0143 or 1.43percent Earnings=$430= $.086 per sharePerShare5000Net Interest =$2205 -$1470=$735= 0.0294 or 2.94percentMargin$25,000$25,000Net Noninterest =$735 -$945=-$210= 0.0084 or .84percentMargin$25,000$25,000Net Operating =($2205 + $735) – ($1,470 + $945 +$100)=$425=0.0142 or 1.42percentMargin$30,000$30,000Alternative Scenario 2:On the other hand, suppose Shallow’s interest income, i nterest expenses, noninterest income, and noninterest expenses decline by 5 percent, again with all other factors held equal. How would the bank’s ROE, ROA and per share earnings change?Interest Income $19 95Interest Expense $1, 330Total Assets $30 ,000Securities Gains(losses)$21Earning Assets $25 ,000Total Liabnilities $27 ,000Taxes Paid$16Shares of Common Stock 5,0 00Noninterest income $66 5Noninterest Expense $85 5Provision for Loan Losses $10 0R OE =$380ROA=$380$30,000 -$27,000$30,000.1267 or 12.67 percent0.0127 or 1.27percentEarnings=$380= $.076 per sharePerShare5000Net Interest =$1995 -$1330=$665= 0.0266 or 2.66percentMargin$25,000$25,000Net Noninterest =$665 -$855=-$190= 0.0076 or .76percentMargin$25,000$25,000Net Operating =($1995 + $665) – ($1,330 + $855 +$100)=$375=0.0125 or 1.25percentMargin$30,000$30,0006-6. Blue and White National Bank holds total assets of $1.69 billion and equity capital of $139 million and has just posted an ROA of 1.1 percent. What is this bank’s ROE?:ROE = ROA * Total AssetsEquity Capital = 0.011 * $1,690$139= 0.1337 or 13.37%Alternative Scenario 1:R0A increases by 50%, with no change in assets or equity capital.Therefore, the new ROA = 0.011 * 1.5 = 0.0165 or 1.65%.New ROE = 1.65% * 12.16 = 20.06%This represents a 50% increase in ROE. With no changes in assets or equity, the investors' funds are more effectively utilized, generating additional income and making the bank more profitable.Alternative Scenario 2:ROA decreases by 50%, with no change in equity or assets.Therefore, the new ROA = 0.011 * 0.5 = 0.0055 or 0.55%.New ROE = 0.55% * 12.16 = 6.69%This represents a 50% decrease in ROE. The bank's management has been less efficient, in this case, in managing their lending and/or investing functions or their operating costs.Alternative Scenario 3:ROA = 0.011 or 1.1% (as in the original problem)Total assets double in size to $3.38 billion and equity capital doubles in size to $278 million.Therefore, the equity multiplier (i.e. total assets/equity capital) remains the same (E.M. = $3,380/$278 = 12.16). As a result, there is no change in ROE from the original situation(i.e.),1.1% * 12.16 = 13.38%).Alternative Scenario 4:This, of course, is just the reverse of scenario 3. Since the changes in both assets and equity capital are the same, the ratio of the two (i.e., the equity multiplier) remains constant. As a result, there is again no change in ROE.E.M. = Total Assets/Equity Capital = $845/$69.5 = 12.16.Therefore, ROE = 1.1% * 12.16 = 13.38%.6-7. Monarch State Bank reports total operating revenues of $135 million, with total operating expenses of $121 million, and owes taxes of $2 million. It has total assets of $1.00 billion and total liabilities of $900 million and has just posed an ROA of 1.1o percent. What is the bank’s ROE?Net Income after Taxes = $135 million -$121 million -$2 million = $12 millionEquity Capital = $1.00 billion - $900 million = $100 millionROE = Net Income after TaxesEquity Capital= $12 million / $100 million = 0.12 or 12%.Alternative Scenario 1: How will the ROE for Monarch State Bank change if total operating expenses, taxes and total operating revenues each grow by 10 percent while assets and liabilities stay fixed.Total revenues = $135 million * 1.10 = $148.5 millionTotal expenses = $121 million * 1.10 = $133.1 millionTax liability = $2 million * 1.10 = $2.2 millionNet Income after Taxes = $148.5 - $133.1 - $2.2 = $13.2 millionROE = $13.2 million/$100 million = 0.132 or 13.2%Change in ROE = (13.2%-12%)/12% = 10%Alternative Scenario 2: Suppose Monarch State’s total assets and total liabilities increase by 10 percent, but its revenues and expenses (including taxes) are unchange d. How will the bank’s ROE change?Total assets increase by 10% (Total assets = $ 1.0 * 1.10 = $1.1 billion)Total liabilities increase by 10% (Total liabilities = $900 million * 1.10 = $990Revenues and expenses (including taxes) remain unchanged.Solution: Equity Capital = $1.1 billion - $990 million = $110 millionROE =$12=.1091$11010.91 percentTherefore change inROE =10.91% - 12%=-1.09%= -.0908%。
大学英语精读第6册课文全文翻译-中英对照
Procedures Section. The second major section of the research report details, with as much data as possible, exactly how the study was carried out. This section includes description of any necessary equipment, how the subjects were selected if subjects were used, what statistical technique was used to evaluate the significance of the findings, how many observations were made and when, etc. An investigation of the relative effectiveness of various swim-strokes would have to detail the number of swimmers tested, the nature of the tests conducted, the experience of the swimmers, the weather conditions at the time of the test, and any other factors that contributed to the overall experiment. The goal of the procedures section is to allow the reader to duplicate the experiment if such were desired to confirm, or refute, your findings.
unit 6 Summary 说明文的概要写作基本步骤与技巧
Key Points：
Part 2
tip: 适当举例不空洞
Flavors such as l_e_m___o_n__a_n__d__g_i_n_g__e_r_ have long been popular in the UK. However, recent years have seen more and more unusual flavors come onto the market. F__r_u_i_t_t_e_a__s now include m___a_n_g__o, strawberry, apple and pear. H__e_r_b__a_l_t_e_a__s include b_l_a_c__k_b_erry leaf and dandelion. Topic Sentence:
04 Steps of Summary Writing
Step 1. Fast reading for the type and topic Step 2. Scanning for the topic sentence Step 3. Skipping for the key words Step 4. Make an outline of the passage Step 5. Transform Step 6. Combine
Sentence 2: Not only can it bring people relaxation but also are beneficial to the immune system as well as digestion.
第六单元作品梗概的作文
第六单元作品梗概的作文英文回答：The sixth unit of the work summary focuses on the theme of "cultural exchange and understanding". Throughout this unit, we have explored various literary works thathighlight the importance of cultural exchange and the impact it has on individuals and societies.One of the works that stood out to me was the short story "The Gift of the Magi" by O. Henry. This story revolves around a young couple, Jim and Della, who are struggling financially but want to buy each other the perfect Christmas gift. The story beautifully illustrates the sacrifices they make for each other, despite their limited resources.Another notable work in this unit is the play "Romeo and Juliet" by William Shakespeare. This tragic love story showcases the consequences of cultural differences and theinability to bridge the gap between two feuding families. The young lovers, Romeo and Juliet, are torn apart by their families' hatred, ultimately leading to their untimely deaths.Furthermore, the poem "I Too" by Langston Hughes also explores the theme of cultural exchange. The poem portrays the struggle of an African American man who is treated as inferior due to his race. However, he remains hopeful and confident that one day, society will recognize and accept the contributions of African Americans.Overall, the works in this unit emphasize the importance of cultural exchange in fostering understanding and breaking down barriers. Through these literary pieces, we are reminded of the power of empathy, compassion, and open-mindedness in promoting harmony and unity among diverse cultures.中文回答：第六单元的作品梗概聚焦于“文化交流与理解”这一主题。
第6单元写梗概作文
第6单元写梗概作文英文回答：Unit 6 Summary Writing.Summary writing is a skill that requires the ability to condense and restate information in a concise and coherent manner. It is an important skill to have as it allows us to effectively communicate the main points of a text or speech. In this unit, I have learned various techniques and strategies to help me write a good summary.One of the key techniques I learned is to identify the main idea and supporting details of a text. This involves carefully reading or listening to the text and picking out the most important information. For example, when summarizing an article about climate change, I would focus on the main idea that global warming is causing significant changes in the Earth's climate, and provide supporting details such as rising temperatures, melting ice caps, andextreme weather events.Another technique that I found useful is to use my own words to restate the information. This not only helps me understand the material better, but also allows me to personalize the summary. For instance, instead of directly quoting a sentence from the text, I would rephrase it in my own words to convey the same meaning. This makes the summary more authentic and shows that I have understood the content.Furthermore, I have also learned the importance of organizing the summary in a logical and coherent manner. This involves structuring the summary in a way that flows smoothly and is easy for the reader to follow. One way to achieve this is by using transitional words and phrases to connect ideas and create a seamless flow. For example, I can use phrases like "in addition," "however," or "on the other hand" to indicate the relationship between different points in the summary.In addition to these techniques, I have also learnedsome useful tips for improving my summary writing skills. One tip is to practice summarizing different types of texts, such as news articles, academic papers, or speeches. This helps me become more familiar with different writing styles and content. Another tip is to read and analyze well-written summaries to understand what makes them effective. By studying the work of skilled summarizers, I can learn from their techniques and apply them to my own writing.Overall, this unit has been very beneficial inimproving my summary writing skills. I now feel more confident in my ability to condense information and communicate the main points effectively. With practice and continued exposure to different types of texts, I believe I will continue to improve and become a proficient summarizer.中文回答：第6单元概要写作。
ThePortraitofaLadyChapter6and7Summary
ThePortraitofaLadyChapter6and7SummaryThe Portrait of a LadyMajor themesJames's first idea for The Portrait of a Lady was simple: a young American woman confronting her destiny, whatever it might be. Only then did he beginto form a plot to bring out the character of his central figure. This was the uncompromising story of the free-spirited Isabel losing her freedom—despite (or because of) suddenly coming into a great deal of money—and getting "ground in the very mill of the conventional".[3] It is a rather existentialist novel, as Isabel is very committed to living with the consequences of her choice with integrity but also a sort of stubbornness.The richness of The Portrait is hardly exhausted by a review of Isabel's character. The novel exhibits a huge panorama of trans-Atlantic life, a far larger canvas than any James had previously painted. This moneyed world appears charming and leisurely but proves to be plagued with treachery, deceit, and suffering.The Portrait of a Lady Chapter 6 SummaryFinally, we get a detailed glimpse of young Miss Archer. Isabel thinks quite highly of herself –actually, everyone thinks quite highly of her. She’s intelligent, creative, and, most certai nly, in the words of Lord Warburton, an interesting woman. Her pride is one of her distinguishing characteristics – though it can come off asarrogance sometimes, she is the first to admit when she’s made a mistake. Hergreatest desire is to perfect herself.Isabel’s best friend is Henrietta Stackpole, another independent, intelligent, and apparently quite interesting young woman. Henrietta is some kind of intrepid girl-reporter, and supports her sister’s young children with her earnings.Isabel, like Henrietta, considers independence very important, and thinks that women should be able to live without men. She vaguely wonders about marriage, but has never been in love.Isabel reminds Mr. Touchett a little of the young Mrs. Touchett.Newly planted in English soil, Isabel is very curious to know about the country and its people. She asks Mr. Tou chett if England really is how it’s depicted inbooks.Mr. Touchett says that anything he’s learned he’s learned by observation and participation, not from second-hand sources. The amiable pair discusses the roleof the American in England, undefined by social class.Mr. Touchett says that English people are very "inconsistent," which pleases Isabel, since she herself is unpredictable, too.The Portrait of a Lady Chapter 7 SummaryAs interested as Isabel is in English society, she has seen very little of it. Mrs.Touchett has few contacts in the neighborhood, and Mr. Touchett and Ralph areaccustomed to keeping to themselves. Lord Warburton is the lone exception.Mrs. Touchett is too funny –she doesn’t visit anyone in the neighborhood herself, but she does love it when people visit herand leave their calling cards.Isabel asks her aunt what her national identity is. She claims that her point of view is distinctly A merican, but Mrs. Touchett’s is neither American nor English.Mrs. Touchett responds that her point of view is personal and not assigned to anation. Isabel sees the sense in this.Isabel aligns herself so much as an American that Ralph jokingly draws a picture of her as Columbia (a symbol of America represented as a beautiful woman – foryou film buffs out there, she’s the logo of Columbia Pictures) wrapped up in theAmerican flag.Isabel doubts that Ralph really cares about anything, since he jokes so much and criticizes most things. Ralph says that he cares about her alone.It turns out that he’s not completely joking about this. Ralph has worried ever since Mr. Touchett’s gout has gotten worse. He cannot bear the thought of livingwithout his father, and has been paranoid ever since. Isabel’s presence, however, is a bright spot in his life.Ralph has decided, however, that he doesn’t have the hots for Isabel. He just thinks she’s fascinating and enjoys spending time with her. He compares herarrival to the surprise delivery of a precious Titian painting in the mail.Ralph is Isabel’s tour guide, e specially since neither of his parents take on the role (Mr. T ouchett can’t, Mrs. Touchett won’t). They go by horse and boat through the local countryside, with Isabel taking the reins, literally and figuratively,on their adventures.One day, upon their return, they find Lord Warburton chatting with Mrs. Touchett in the garden.Isabel had decided, upon first meeting Lord Warburton, that she liked him. Who wouldn’t? He’s a generally great guy, as far as all of us can tell.Lord Warburton stays overnight at Gardencourt for a couple of days, clearly lured in by Isabel’s company.One night, Ralph, Isabel, Lord Warburton and Mrs. Touchett are in the drawing room. Mrs. Touchett gets up to retire for the night and expects Isabel to follow her. ?Isabel says she woul d rather not, since she’s having such fun with the guys. Mrs.Touchett puts on a martyr act and says she’ll stay up too, if she must. Isabel,confused, doesn’t get what her aunt means by all of this. They have a little spat –Mrs. Touchett reminds Isabel t hat she’s not in Albany anymore. Isabel gives in and says she’ll go to bed.Mrs. Touchett explains to Isabel that, in England, proper ladies are not supposed to stay up at night alone with men. This is news to Isabel, and she asks that her aunt always tell her of different social standards she might not know about.Mrs. Touchett asks Isabel if she only wants to know about the rules just so she can rebel against them. Isabel coolly says that she would like to choose whether to obey or not.。
高级英语第五册第六单元SummaryandResponses6
高级英语第五册第六单元SummaryandResponses6Text I Give Me Liberty or Give Me DeathThis is a speech delivered by Patrick Henry in 1775. His aim was to persuade American people to take up weapons to achieve their independence from colonial domination of Britain.First, he told people that they should not indulge in the illusions of hope and should face painful truth. All what British ministry had done turned out that they didn’t want to give Americ an people peace and didn’t want to negotiate with them, especially their fleets and armies which are the tools of war and subjugation had proved that they wanted to made American people be slaves, so there was no hope for peace, and the only way was fighting.Second, he said that American people were not weak, as long as they could make a proper use of what God had given them, and were unite as one to fight for liberty, they were the strongest than any others. Besides, the God of justice would help them. So the war was inevitable.I think this speech is very convincing. He used many rhetorical devices, such as parallelism, repetition and rhetorical question, which made the speech overbearing and momentum, so it could persuade people easily. Besides, the speech is logical. First, he expressed his admiration to other speakers for their patriotic feelings. Then he analyses two reasons that people didn’t want to resort to weapons: one is their illusion of hope, the other is they thought they were weak. So his speech content focused on these two points, and made a detailed elaboration step by step, and gave people some compelling reasons. At last he came to his point: the only way out is to resort to force toachieve independence and liberty. At last, the speech greatly inspired people’s passion of fighting for independence.So I think Henry was good at delivering speech and he was outstanding. I admire his talent very much.In my opinion, I think we should resort to force when a nation’s liberty is threatened, thou gh peace is pursued by everyone. But when we lose our liberty and independence, peace will never exist, and our country will fill up with violence, there is never no civilization for slave, that is to say we will never get true peace. Sometimes, force and weapons are the premise of peace, while surrender can only get a second-long peace, what’s worse, it can lead to a permanent slavery where people will suffer a lot. So in order to get peace and liberty, force is necessary, and everyone should fight for peace and liberty.Text II I Have a DreamThis is a speech delivered by Martin Luther King in 1963. In his speech, he called for the elimination of racial discrimination in the United States and he hoped for the equality between Black men and white men, and he believed that Black men could enjoy the same rights as white men.First, he described the situation of Black men in American Society. Although one hundred years ago, the Emancipation Proclamation was signed, one hundred years later, Black men were not free and they were still discriminated against by white men;their life was still hard; their situation was still shameful; they still lived at bottom of society; they still had no political rights. Then he expressed his determination and will to change the current situation of Black men. At last, he described the prospects after the dream came true：At that time, all individuals couldstart life with an equal chance of success and were free to say and did whatever they wished, all kinds of racial could be equal and had the same rights, which expressed his Attic faith and resolutions to get liberty and equality.King’s speech expressed Black’s wishes, and it revealed the point clearly, it was logical, firm and affective, and people were shocked by his voice of freedom. Besides, in his speech, he used similes, metaphors, and parallelism, which made his speech vivid, powerful and convincing, so it added strength to his logical arguments, which made both Black men and white men be completely convinced.I think King is an outstanding orator, his speech I Have a Dream not only gave people a deep impression, but also played an important role in changing Black men’s status. People were deeply affected by its powerful forces and they stepped on the road of pursuing great dream of freedom, equality and democracy.However, nowadays, there is still some discrimination; so strictly speaking, King’s dream doesn’t come true completely so far. But there is no doubt that he was a great man, and he had made great contribution to t he Blacks’ movement of struggling for their equal rights, liberty, peace and democracy, and he also set a good example for the whole world. He was not only a hero in American history, but also the hero of the world.。
大学英语精读六[上海外语教育出版社]
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Crow〈贬〉黑人aside from除……以外on earth究竟call down招致out of the question不可能fit into适合refer to提到，谈到address oneself to专注于；致力于on errands外出办事slip up疏忽be clear of避开危险的call up打电话给……under one's breath小声地right off立刻，马上be through完事，做完be consumed with被……吞噬；因……而变得憔悴run across偶遇look up(在词典参考书中)查寻surge up汹涌，澎湃hunger for渴望nothing less than不亚于beyond one's reach无法达到地，力所不能及地strategy['str1tid9i]n.战略，策略，计谋paradox['p1r4d3ks]n.似非而是，自相矛盾paradoxical['p1r4'd3ksik4l]a.荒谬的discontented['disk3n'tentid]a.不满意的statistics[st4'tistiks]n.统计(资料)institution['insti'tju:54n]n.风俗，制度，惯例popular['p3pjul4]a.流行的；受欢迎的第9页desirable[di'zai4r4bl]a.值得要的，合意的liability['lai4'biliti]n.责任，义务；不利条件asset['1set]n.资产，宝贵的东西anymore a d.不再，再也不yarn[ja:n]n.绳子electrical[i'lektrik4l]a.电的，有关电的plug[pl8g]n.塞子，插头bond[b3nd]n.联结物；联系functional['f86k54nl]a.功能的affectional[4'fek54n4l]a.情感上的，爱情的affection[4'fek54n]n.慈爱，爱；爱慕desertion[di'z4:54n]n.抛弃，遗弃overcome['4uv4'k8m]v t.战胜，克服，胜过order['3:d4]n.序；整齐intimacy['intim4si]n.亲密；熟悉；秘密dissatisfaction['dis's1tis'f1k54n]n.不满，不平improvement[im'pru:vm4nt]n.改进，改善；改进处way[wei]a d.远远地，大大地familiarity[f4'mili'1riti]n.熟悉，通晓religious[ri'lid94s]a.宗教的；虔诚的plot[pl3t]v t.绘图incidence['insid4ns]n.发生率participative a.参与的layman['leim4n]n.门外汉，外行passive['p1siv]a.被动的，守势的contemporary[k4n'temp4r4ri]a.当代的，同时代的changer n.改变者medium['mi:dj4m]n.媒体activism['1ktivizm]n.行动(第一)主义；激进主义rebellion[ri'belj4n]n.谋反，叛乱engender[in'd9And4]v t.产生；酿成assess[4'ses]v t.估计，估价；评估gradual['gr1dju4l]a.逐渐的，逐步的increment['inkrim4nt]n.增量，递增resist[ri'zist]v t.抵抗，反抗mobilize['m4ubilaiz]v t.动员organizational a.组织的reform[ri'f3:m]n.改革；改良；革除arrangement[4'reind9m4nt]n.排列，安排component[k4m'p4un4nt]n.组成部分；成分；组件第10页romance[r4u'm1ns]n.浪漫文学，浪漫故事esthetic[es'7etik]a.(审)美的victimize['viktimaiz]v t.牺牲environment[in'vai4r4nm4nt]n.环境，外界；围绕fulfill[ful'fil]v t.完成；满足；履行frontier['fr8ntj4]n.尚待开发的领域exploration['ekspl3:'rei54n]n.考察；勘探；探查seemingly a d.表面上地limitless['limitlis]a.无限的，无界限的when it comes to一谈到……；就……而论for that matter讲到那件事，关于那一点the other way round相反in terms of按照；用……的话；在……方面bring about使发生，致使can't help but无可奈何只有……，只能take (great) pains (with/to do)努力做……monster['m3nst4]n.怪物；畸形的动植物undersized a.较一般为小的，不够大的sickly['sikli]a.有病的，苍白agony['1g4ni]n.苦恼，极大痛苦coarse[k3:s]a.粗糙的，粗鄙的delusion[di'lu:94n]n.欺骗；幻觉；迷惑grandeur['gr1nd94]n.庄严，伟大dramatist['dr1m4tist]n剧作家；戏曲家composer[k4m'p4uz4]n.作曲家compose[k4m'p4uz]v t.创作(乐曲)conversationalist[k3nv4'sei54nlist]n.健谈者，善于谈话的人monologue['m3n4l3g]n.独白maddeningly a d.令人发狂地，使人恼火地tiresome['tai4s4m]a.无聊的，烦人的mania['meinj4]n.狂热，癖好hint[hint]n.暗示，迹象trivial['trivi4l]a.琐细的，价值不高的harangue[h4'r16]n.大声疾呼的演说volubility[v3lju'biliti]n.流利；滔滔不绝deafen['defn]v t.使聋；使隔音vegetarianism[ved9i'te4ri4nizm]n.素食主义pamphlet['p1mflit]n.小册子expense[iks'pens]n.费用，代价opera['3p4r4]n.歌剧(院)第11页summon['s8m4n]v t.传唤(被告等)，命令applause[4'pl3:z]n.喝彩；夸奖，称赞needless['ni:dlis]a.不必要的，无用的eminent['emin4nt]a.显赫的，杰出的vocalist['vouk4list]n.声乐家，歌手rave[reiv]v i.胡言乱语；咆哮suicidal[su:4'saidl]a.自杀的，自取灭亡的gloom[glu:m]n.阴暗，阴沉darkly['da:kli]a d.暗黑；暗中Buddhist['budist]a. & n.佛教的；佛教徒monk[m86k]n.和尚，僧侣，修道士grief[gri:f]n.悲痛，忧伤pet[pet]n.爱畜；宠物；受宠爱的人callous['k1l4s]a.无感觉的；无情的emperor['emp4r4]n.皇帝，君主shudder['58d4]v i.战慄；发抖incapable[in'keip4bl]a.无能力的；无资格的grovel['gr3vl]v i.卑躬屈膝，奴颜婢膝loftily['l3ftili]a d.崇高地，傲慢地benefactor['beni'f1kt4]n.施主；捐助人mortally['m3:t4li]a d.致命地offend[4'fend]v t.得罪，使……不愉快recipient[ri'sipi4nt]n.接受者legal['li:gl]a.法律的，法定的rajah['r2:d94]n.(印)王侯，王公prospective[pr4s'pektiv]a.预期的；未来的royalty['r3i4lti]n.版税pressing['presi6]a.紧急的jail[d9eil]n.监狱；监禁unscrupulous[8n'skru:pjul4s]a.肆无忌惮的；不道德的endless['endlis]a.无止境的，无穷的infidelity[infi'deliti]n.不忠admirer[4d'mai4r4]n.赞美者，羡慕者wealthy['wel7i]a.富裕的，富庶的selfish['selfi5]a.自私的，利己的devotion[di'v4u54n]n.献身；忠诚；专心lessen['lesn]v.减少，减轻autobiography[3:t4bai'3gr4fi]n.自传disagreeable['dis4'gri4bl]a.令人不悦的stupendous[stju:'pend4s]a.惊人的；巨大的第12页musical['mju:zik4l]a.音乐的，和谐悦耳的genius['d9i:nj4s]n.天才unquestionably[8n'kwest54n4bl]a d.无疑地，无可非议地rank[r16k]v.排列，把……分等musico-dramatic a.音乐剧的masterpiece['ma:st4pi:s]n.杰作headache['hedeik]n.头痛；使人头痛的事loot[lu:t]v t.掠夺 n.掠夺物，战利品trilogy['tril4d9i]n.(小说、戏剧等的)三部曲faithless['fei7lis]a.背信弃义的，不忠的compromise['k3mpr4maiz]v i.背弃；妥协downright['daunrait]a d.彻底grand[gr1nd]a.显赫的，高傲的forgive[f4'giv]v.原谅，饶恕scratch[skr1t5]v.抓；擦；乱涂shriek[5ri:k]v i.尖声喊叫miracle['mir4kl]n.奇迹in relation to关于，涉及in one's eyes根据某人的观点，意见in support of支持at sb's expense归某人付费needless to say不必说out of sorts不高兴地under obligation (to do)有责任(义务)做good for有效的；有益于lay one's hands on逮住，抓住；找到，得到run up抬高on record记录在案connection[k4'nek54n]n.连接，关系-stricken(后缀)表示被打中的，遭殃的，患病的ice-encased a.(像)放在冰箱的hysterical[his'terik4l]a.歇斯底里的lick[lik]v t.舔subsequently a d.其后，其次，接着hind[haind]a.后面的，后部的follow-up a.接着的，后续的dispatch[dis'p1t5]n.急件disappearance['dis4'pi4r4ns]n.消失，消散；失踪rescue['reskju:]v t.拯救，营救，挽救nap[n1p]n.(白天)打瞌睡，打盹第13页defrost[di:'fr3:st]v.除霜，解冻unfair['8n'fA4]a.不公平的luckless['l8klis]a.不幸的，坏运气的indisputably a d.无争论余地地；无可置疑地exorbitant[ig'z3:bit4nt]a.过度的，过高的，昂贵的storage['st3:rid9]n.贮藏，保管；仓库facility[f4'siliti]n.设备；容易；便利row[r4u]n.吵嚷substantial[s4b'st1n54l]a.很多的；大量的refund[ri:'f8nd]n.归还，偿还额，退款publicity[p8b'lisiti]n.宣传，广告enterprise['ent4praiz]n.艰巨的事业；企业；事业心whimper['wimp4]n.牢骚，怨声fee[fi:]n.酬金；费ironclad[ai4n'kl1d]a.装甲的，打不破的，坚硬的mainstay a.支柱，中流砥柱admirable['1dm4r4bl]a.令人倾佩的，值的赞美的chamber['t5eimb4]n.室，房间hue and cry追捕犯人时的叫喊声；(表示反对的)叫嚷crime[kraim]n.罪，罪行；犯罪haul[h3:l]n.获得量anonymity[1n4'nimiti]n.匿名enforcement[in'f3:sm4nt]n.实施，执行agent['eid94nt]n.代理人；工具；力量fugitive['fju:d9itiv]n.逃亡者，亡命者illegal[i'li:g4l]a.不合法的，非法的diligently a d.勤勉地，坚持不懈地bizarre[bi'z2:]a.奇怪的unparalleled[8n'p1r4leld]a.举世无双的liquidate['likwideit]v t.清算；偿付yacht[j3t]n.游艇，快艇arduous['a:dju4s]a.费劲的goodly a.颇大的，颇多的pensioner['pen54n4]n.领年金者proportion[pr4'p3:54n]n.比率，比例；大小inexhaustible[inig'z3:st4bl]a.无穷无尽的insupportable[ins4'p3:t4bl]a.忍耐不住的，不能忍受的marital['m1ritl]a.婚姻的confession[k4n'fe54n]n.坦白；忏悔incarcerate[in'kars4'ret]v t.幽闭；监禁第14页unamiable['8n'eimj4bl]a.不和蔼的，不友好的spouse[spauz]n.配偶scheme[ski:m]n.计划，规划；诡计visit['vizit]v t.惩罚；降罪于lifework n.一生的工作，毕生的事业fanatically a d.狂热地，盲信地meticulous[m4'tikjul4s]a.细致的，过细的double-check n.重新检察或检查；证实shrewd[5ru:d]a.机敏的，精明的dissatisfy[dis's1tisfai]v t.使感觉不满、不满足greed[gri:d]n.贪心，贪婪greedy['gri:di]a.贪吃的；贪婪的expand[iks'p1nd]v.使膨胀，详述，扩张grievance['gri:v4ns]n.不平；冤情；抱怨immature[im4'tju4]a.不成熟的，未完全发展的frivolous['friv4l4s]a.不严肃的，轻浮的foresee[f3:'si:]v t.预见，预知slip[slip]n.犯过失，出错elapse[i'l1ps]v i.过去，消逝awesome['3:s4m]a.引起敬畏的sweetheart['swi:tha:t]n.心肝，宝贝accusation['1kju:'zei54n]n.罪名，谴责rumor['ru:m4]n.谣言；传闻freezer['fri:z4]n.冷冻箱mandatory['m1nd4't4uri]a.强制性的choke[t54uk]v t.哽，噎；阻塞transport[tr1ns'p3:t]n.运输；运输工具Congress['k36gres]n.立法机构，如美国国会warehouse['wA4haus' 'wA4hauz]n.仓库dehydrate[di:'haidreit]v t.使脱水in brief简言之；以简洁的形式as far as就……来说，一直到……的程度for one举个例子说dry off弄干stop dead in one's tracks猛地停下来be bound up with与……有密切关系first and last总的说来，主要地put away放好，储存……备用die down变弱，逐渐停止，渐渐消失on the track of追踪，得到……线索第15页make a living谋生at that另外，而且还是be caught in被缠住、绊住；被雨淋，被风吹to the point where到……程度play around玩耍settle down定居，平静下来take with a grain of salt对……持怀疑态度；有所保留go through被通过genre[92:6r]n.(文艺作品的)体裁，样式；类型controversial['k3ntr4'v4:54l]a.争论的，争议的forecast['f3:ka:st]v t.预想，预测planetwide a.遍布整个星球的humankind['hju:m4nkaind]n.人类probable['pr3b4bl]a.很可能的，大概的inevitable[in'evit4bl]a.不可避免的，必然的mode[m4ud]n.方式，模式spaceship['speis5ip]n.太空船，宇宙飞船flexibility['flAks4'bil4ti]n.灵活性，柔韧性tabular['t1bjul4]a.制成表的gimmick['gimik]n.别致的玩意儿；新奇的发明robot['r4ub3t]n.机器人；自动机sorrow['s3r4u]n.悲哀，悲伤；遗憾prehistoric['pri:hi'st3:rik]a.史前的，古老的formula['f3:mjul4]n.公式，规则decisive[di'saisiv]a.决定性的；果断的exterior[eks'ti4ri4]a.外部的，外在的 n.外部，表面clash[kl15]n.冲突lurk[l4:k]v i.埋伏；潜伏；隐藏joint[d93int]a.共同的，联合的headline['hedlain]n.大字标题；新闻提要hectic['hAktik]a.忙乱的badger['b1d94]v t.纠缠，使困恼tragedy['tr1d9idi]n.悲剧historian[his't3:ri4n]n.历史学家craft[kra:ft]n.工艺；手艺，行业covertly['k8v4tli]a d.偷偷摸摸地poetry['p4uitri]n.诗，作诗法endeavor[in'dAv4]n.努力，尽力sober['s4ub4]a.冷静的plodding['pl3di6]a.沉重缓慢的，单调乏味的第16页phalanx['f1l16ks]n.方阵，密集的人群(兽群、东西) soulless['soulis]a.没有精神的，没有灵魂的electromagnetism[ilektr4u'm1gnitiz(4)m]n.电磁(学) slice[slais]n.薄片，切片electronics[ilek'tr3niks]n.电子学stolid['st3:lid]a.不易激动的awe[3:]n.敬畏underarm['8nd4r'2:m]a.手臂下的，腋下deodorant[di:'oud4r4nt]n.除臭剂deride[di'raid]v t.嘲笑，愚弄fuzzy['f8zi]a.模糊的，失真的egghead['eghed]n.有知识者，受过高等教育的人，理论家minority[mai'n3riti]n.少数(民族)；少数tuck[t8k]v t.存放于安全地；储藏site[sait]n.地点，地基；场所Pacific[p4'sifik]a.太平洋的atoll['1t3:l]n.环礁，环状珊瑚礁humanist['hju:m4nist]n.人道主义者，人文主义者humanistic[hju:m4'nistik]a dj.人文主义的glorification[gl2:ifi'kei54n]n.赞颂chaotic[kei'3tik]a.混乱的celebrate['selibreit]v t.庆贺，庆祝；表扬，赞美tidal['taidl]a.潮水的unperturbed[8np4't4:bd]a.泰然自若的mythology[mi'73l4d9i]n.神话集；神话学manfully a d.男子气概地，雄伟地geological[d9i4'l3d9ik4l]a.地质学的，地质的politician['p3li'ti54n]n.政治家；[贬]政客preach[pri:t5]v.说教，布道；鼓吹gospel['g3sp4l]n.信条；教义archaic[a:'keik]a.古老的，古代的，陈旧的fruitful['fru:tful]a.富有成效的interpreter[in't4:prit4]n.翻译interpret['in't4:prit]v i.解释，说明evangelize[i'v1nd9ilaiz]v t.传福音，使信基督教farthermost['f2:04moust]a.最远的knowledgeable a.有见识的come out被出版；被刊行bit by bit渐渐，一点一点lean on靠着第17页feel for同情in one's hands在……控制之下on the ground that因为；由于think out仔细考虑back up支持tuck away藏起来take thought寻思，考虑rusty['r8sti]a.生锈的lining['laini6]n.衬里inheritable[in'herit4bl]a.可继承的，会遗传的worrier['w4:l4]n.爱担心的人，常发愁的人glum[gl8m]a.阴郁的，阴沉的gene[d9i:n]n.基因reflower[ri:'flau4]v i.再开花，使再开花all-purpose a.通用的，多用途的suck[s8k]v t.吸vogue[v4ug]n.时髦(品)；风气fad[f1d]n.(infml)时尚celestial[si'lestj4l]a.天空的，天的UFO飞碟，不明飞行物ominously a d.不吉祥地worrisome['w4:is4m]a.令人不安的polar['p4ul4]a.两极的，极地的submerge[s8b'm4:d9]v.浸没，淹没tasty['teisti]a.好吃的，可口的inexorably a d.无情地，冷酷地riddle['ridl]v t.刺出无数窟窿，打排孔wreck[rek]n.遇难船的残骸quaint[kweint]a.离奇的；有奇趣的transient['tr1nzi4nt]a.短暂的，瞬时的manageable['m1nid94bl]a.易控制的，可应付的rust[r8st]v.(使)生锈terror['ter4]n.恐怖，令人恐怖的事surrender[s4'rend4]v.交出；引渡；放弃optimist['3ptimist]n.乐观主义者inspiration['insp4'rei54n]n.灵感eastern['i:st4n]a.东方的；朝东的posture['p3st54]n.姿势trump[tr8mp]v t.胜过antique[1n'ti:k]n.古物，古董第18页inundation[in8n'dei54n]n.洪水，泛滥；水灾overdue['4uv4'dju:]a.过期(未付)的warning['w3:ni6]n.警告；前兆canal[k4'n1l]n.运河；(人体内)导管pedestrian[pi'destri4n]n.步行者，行人a.(fig.)单调的，平凡的，枯燥的immemorial['imi'm3ri4l]a dj.古老的，远古的，无法追忆的cryogenically a d.使用冷冻地toe[t4u]n.趾，脚趾relocate[ri:'loukeit]v.重新部署self-cancelling a.自相抵消的enlarge[in'la:d9]v.扩大，放大rink[ri6k]n.溜冰场dud[d8d]n.哑弹, 无用物, (sl.) 失败的人或事digest[di'd9est, 'daid9est]v t.消化；领会spit[spit]v t.吐出flash[fl15]n.(火焰等)一闪,闪亮chinch bug麦虱menopause['men4p3:z]n.绝经期endorse[in'd3:s]v t.认可，签署suck up吸收，抽取but then但另一方面，不过at hand即将到来turn back往回走look up to尊敬,仰望get through到达；完成；接通电话drop dead倒毙，猝死make room of为……提供场地run out of用完，耗尽ease off缓和，减轻burn out烧掉，烧尽play a part参与debate[di'beit]n. & vt.争论；辩论unknowable[8n'nou4bl]a.不可知的puzzlement['p8zlm4nt]n.迷惑turbulence['t4:bjul4ns]n.骚动subside[s4b'said]v i.减退，衰减package['p1kid9]v t.组装glimpse[glimps]n.一瞥，一看incomprehension[in'k3mpri'hen5n]n.不了解，不领悟reconfirm['ri:k4n'di54n]v t.再次证实，再次确认第19页。
小王子第六章中英文版摘抄
小王子第六章中英文版摘抄全文共四篇示例，供读者参考第一篇示例：《小王子》是法国作家圣埃克若瑟里《圣-埃克若札里》所著的一部童话小说，被誉为“世界上最畅销的图书之一”。
这部小说以“懂得了才是永远”为主题，讲述了小王子从他的小行星出发，经过一系列的奇遇和经历，最终找到了对友谊、爱情、责任和生活的真正理解。
下面是小王子第六章的中英文摘抄，希望能给读者带来一些启发和感悟。
Chapter 6"I'm sorry to hear that," replied the little prince, "but I don't think you should drink to forget. It won't solve the problem, it will only make things worse."第六章“这是我唯一剩下的东西了，”老掩护说，颤抖地举起酒杯。
“喝醉有什么好处呢？至少它可以稍微减轻一些痛苦。
”“听到这些我真的很难过，”小王子回答道，“但我认为你不应该喝酒来忘记。
那并不能解决问题，只会使事情变得更糟。
”“你不懂，”老掩护痛苦地说，“你只是一个孩子。
你知道什么关于痛苦和苦难的事情？”小王子带着怜悯的眼神看着老掩护。
“我可能年幼，但我见过足够的苦难，知道喝酒不是答案。
它只是暂时使痛苦麻木了，但并不能使它消失。
真正愈合的唯一途径是面对你的痛苦并接受它。
”老掩护惊讶地看着小王子。
“你这个孩子看问题深刻啊。
也许我还有希望。
”说完，老掩护放下酒杯，擦去了眼泪。
很久以来，他第一次感到心中有了一丝希望。
这一章节深刻地揭示了小王子对痛苦和苦难的认知，以及他积极的态度和智慧。
无论在何时何地，对待痛苦和困境都需要勇气和坚强的意志。
小王子通过他的言行举止，向我们展示了一种积极的生活态度和对待问题的智慧。
希望我们能从小王子身上学到更多的启发和感悟，不仅在面对困难时能够坚强勇敢，而且在生活中也能以一种积极的心态面对各种挑战。
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The Summary of Chapter 6Different language may be described as distinct systems and therefore, sociolinguists prefer to focus on the study of the choice of language in various circumstances."Code" is a neutral term used to refer to any kind of system that two or more people employ for communication. In fact, there is few single-code speakers in society. People are always faced with code choices when they speak since they command several varieties of any language they speak. In Singapore, there are four official languages and each of them is used for the special purpose in particular situations. People from a multilingual society will face that choosing the right language to use on a particular occasion can be quite a delicate matter. It can be a difficult task to choose a code in a setting clearly marked by bilingual because language plays a symbolic role in our lives. The motivation of the speaker is an important consideration in the choice and such motivation is always unconscious.Code-switching is a process that when bilingual or multilingual speakers converse, they integrate material from their languages within the same discourse segment. Switched elements retain sound patterns of their origin. There are situational code-switching which occurs when languages used change according to the specific situations and there is no topic requires a change in the language used. Code-switching has numerous functions. First, linguistic and interactional functions which have simple lexical uses; and second, discourse and interactional functions. It sometimes involved use of routine phrase for markers of politeness and solidarity, and it can be signal changes in types of syntactic constructions. It may perform several kinds of shifts within discourse. To sum up, code-switching is a complex process having many grammatical and interactional functions. Switching requires communicative competence.Code-switching involving various purpose and aims according to who is talking, the topic, and the context of the conversation. There generally related to thirteen aims.1) emphasizing a particular word or phrase, 2) substituting the word which speaker does not know, 3) expressing a concept without an equivalent in the culture ofthe other language, 4) reinforcing a request, 5) clarifying a point, 6) communicating friendship or family bonding, 7) relating to an early conversation, 8) interjecting into a conversation, 9) easing tension and injecting humor into a conversation, 10) reflecting a change of attitude or relationship, 11) creating a distance from the listener, 12) excluding people from a conversation, 13）introducing certain topics. From these, we can know code-switching is not "just" linguistic, it indicates important social and power relationships.The causes of shift are multiple and interrelated. Some linguists have pointed many specific factors which could be summarized into four groups. The first are economic factors which are the most salient factors leading to shift. The second are demographic factors. Apart from absolute numbers, or proportions of speakers of dominated language to dominating language, the distribution of speakers is of some significance. The third is institutional support. The use of a minority language in education, religion, the media or administration may assist attempts to support its position. The last is status. A group's self-esteem and status of their language plays a role in maintenance of or shift.Code-mixing different from code-switching is a process that incorporates material from a second language into base language, adding morphological markers of the base to introduce elements. And it has pragmatic functions. It may mark the speaker as well educated, sophisticated, and refined. And it used as a solidarity marker.The identity and language of a speaker are inseparable. The verb identity could be illustrated in two semantic fields. The first is language taken up by her. And identity is endlessly created anew along the life process according to various social factors. The link between language and identity is complex and some symbolic language item may be include or exclude somebody from a social group. Two main reasons( human psychology and linkage by constitution and by law) can be used to explain the close link of language and identity.Besides identification by a single feature of language use, a language's name serves as a label covering any kind of intuitive knowledge. Language itself can also function as a symbol.。